DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Southern Denmark Environmental Technology For

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Southern Denmark Environmental Technology For University of Southern Denmark Environmental technology for treatment and management of Bio-waste Sommer, Sven G.; Christensen, Knud Villy; Jensen, Lars S. Published in: Environmental Technology for Treatment and Management of Bio-waste Publication date: 2008 Document version: Final published version Document license: Unspecified Citation for pulished version (APA): Sommer, S. G., Christensen, K. V., & Jensen, L. S. (2008). Environmental technology for treatment and management of Bio-waste. In S. G. Sommer (Ed.), Environmental Technology for Treatment and Management of Bio-waste (1 ed., Vol. 1, pp. 1-104). Syddansk Universitet. Go to publication entry in University of Southern Denmark's Research Portal Terms of use This work is brought to you by the University of Southern Denmark. Unless otherwise specified it has been shared according to the terms for self-archiving. If no other license is stated, these terms apply: • You may download this work for personal use only. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying this open access version If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details and we will investigate your claim. Please direct all enquiries to [email protected] Download date: 08. Oct. 2021 Environmental Technology for Treatment and Management of Bio-waste Compendium written by Sven G. Sommer and Knud Villy Christensen, University of Southern Denmark, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering & Lars Stoumann Jensen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Science, Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Department of Agriculture & Ecology 2010 Gylleseparering - Kemira Miljø A/S FarmTest 2010 2 Foreword There are several reasons for studying environmentally friendly technologies for managing animal manure efficiently and in a sustainable manner. For the engineer the challenges lay in developing and producing the technology and contribute to the implementation of the technology on livestock farms. As environmental friendly technologies for management of bio-waste is becoming a commodity in great demand on a rapidly growing global market many engineers will find their future jobs in this field. Competence in the domain of livestock production and environmental impacts are also highly needed, because a rapidly changing and increasing livestock production is causing a range of environmental problems at both the local (odour and ammonia emissions), regional (nitrate leaching to the aquatic environment) and global scales (greenhouse gas emissions). Thus, for the student interested in contributing to the reduction of pollution caused by livestock farming this course will give an understanding of mechanisms behind the pollution. Knowledge needed if one wishes to contribute to alleviate the problems caused by the pollution from livestock farming. The EU countries have agreed on regulation and directives with the objective of reducing the pollution risk by enforcing a maximum livestock density thereby balancing production of animal manure with plant need of N and P. This policy is under revision and new regulations support the use of environmental technologies to mitigate environmental problems in industrialised livestock production. This change will enhance a great and uncovered need for specialists in environmental technologies and management of manure. Bio-waste specialist will be needed in the industry and consulting, as farmer advisors, in public service and in research and development. The intention of this compendium is to introduce the future scientist and engineers to the biological and physical-chemical processes controlling the pollution and the technologies needed for working in the manure sector. A short presentation about the need of environmentally friendly technologies for treating and managing animal manure is given. Thereafter, characteristics of the physical and chemical nature of animal manure are introduced as well as methods for sampling and measuring manure characteristics. After this section environmentally friendly technology for reducing ammonia and odour emission, separation technologies, energy production in biogas plants and the effect on greenhouse gas emission is presented. Further the compendium will introduce the reader to sustainable use of the animal manure for fertilization of crops and for soil amelioration. This chapter will also link leaching and erosion loss to application of manure. This is the first issue of the compendium which gives an overall presentation of technologies that can mitigate environmental impact caused by manure from livestock production. We will greatly acknowledge feed back i.e. about inclusion of technologies and processes, comments to chapters and overall impression of the writing. The comments will be used when revising the compendium and also when we in the near future write a textbook about the issues presented in this compendium. 3 Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Environmental challenge.................................................................................................................. 6 2.1. Manure recycling –plant nutrients and carbon ........................................................................ 6 2.3. Ammonia emission .................................................................................................................... 7 2.4. Odour ........................................................................................................................................ 8 2.5. Green house gases .................................................................................................................... 8 2.6. Disease ...................................................................................................................................... 9 3. Manure management systems ..................................................................................................... 10 3.1. FAO-Classification of livestock production ............................................................................ 10 3.1.1. Grazing Systems ............................................................................................................... 10 3.1.2. Mixed systems .................................................................................................................. 10 3.1.2. Industrial Systems ............................................................................................................ 10 3.2. EU classification of animal manure categories ...................................................................... 11 3.3. Manure management practises ............................................................................................... 11 3.4. Animal houses ......................................................................................................................... 12 3.5. Manure stores ......................................................................................................................... 13 3.6. Application of animal manure ................................................................................................ 14 4. Animal manure characterization ................................................................................................ 16 4.1. Nitrogen and carbon - Microbial and biochemical degradation processes ........................... 16 4.2.1. Mineralisation – immobilisation ...................................................................................... 17 4.2.2. Nitrification and denitrification ....................................................................................... 17 4.2.3. Carbon ............................................................................................................................. 18 4.4. Inorganic components ......................................................................................................... 20 4.5. pH buffer systems ................................................................................................................ 20 5. Sampling and analysis of organic waste ..................................................................................... 22 5.1. Slurry sampling ................................................................................................................... 22 5.1.2. Solid manure .................................................................................................................... 22 5.1.3. Homogenizing samples .................................................................................................... 24 5.2. Statistical sample treatment .................................................................................................... 24 5.2.1.Statistics of repeatability, reproducibility, detection limit, quantification limit and precision of the analysis ............................................................................................................. 24 5.2.2. Calibration, linear regression, standard error and confidence limits ............................. 25 5.3. Example on the use statistics on a mass
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Poultry Litter/Manure Management Practices in Intensively Managed Poultry Farms in Portharcourt
    IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 8, Issue 3 Ver. II (Mar. 2015), PP 53-58 www.iosrjournals.org Poultry Litter/Manure Management Practices in Intensively Managed Poultry Farms in Portharcourt Ekenma Kalu Department Of Veterinary Public Health And Preventive Medicine. Micheal Okpara University Of Agriculture, Umudike. Abstract: The investigation to determine the different litter/manure management practices of poultry farmers was carried out in Port Harcourt urban area. A well structured questionnaire was administered to 30 randomly selected poultry farmers in the study area by one on one interview and observation of the environment. The results revealed that poultry farming is on the increase. Majority of these farmer’s management practices showed that they have little knowledge about proper disposal of litter/manure resulting from their farm operations. 53.3% sell their waste immediately after clearing their farms while 43.3% store them for later use and 3.4% applied theirs directly to nearby farm lands. During the period of study, 96.7 % of the farmers had not heard of manure treatment before disposal while 3.3% have heard of it but did not practice it. It was also noted that improper handling of poultry production from start to finish could lead to environmental hazards. Keywords: Intensively managed, Poultry farms, Litter/manure, Port Harcourt. I. Introduction Poultry is one of the most developed animal industries in Nigeria. Historically, the growth of poultry industry began as a result of its high level of energy and protein, rapid turnover rate and short incubation period (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Quality and Odor (H)
    Please note that this document has been reformatted and the electronic version may visually appear different than the original printed version. All the content has remained the same, except that the Tables of Contents of certain chapters have been simplified to make all chapters uniform and that the portions of certain chapters relating to comments from the GEIS Citizens Advisory Committee and responses to those comments have been deleted. Generic Environmental Impact Statement on Animal Agriculture: A Summary of the Literature Related to Air Quality and Odor (H) Prepared for the Environmental Quality Board Prepared by: Larry D. Jacobson, Roger Moon, Jose Bicudo, Kevin Janni, Sally Noll, Dept. of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Gerald Shurson, Dept. of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Jun Zhu, David Schmidt, Charles McGinley, Engineer, McGinley and Associates, Philip Goodrich, Richard Nicolai, Charles Clanton, Kenneth Davis, Lisa Brosseau, Jill Bruns, Public Health Nurse, Renville County, Minnesota, Carlos Pijoan, Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Thomas Blaha, Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota Beverly Durgan, UM Project Leader, Associate Dean for Research, COAFES Kathryn Draeger, UM Project Manager, Environmental Ground Inc. Unless otherwise noted all of the team members are associated with the University of Minnesota, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences. H-i MH ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY BOARD September, 1999 To Interested Minnesotans: The GEIS on Animal Agriculture is a statewide study authorized and funded by the 1998 Minnesota Legislature and ordered by the EQB. The Legislature directs the EQB to “. .examine the long-term effects of the livestock industry as it exists and as it is changing on the economy, environment and way of life of Minnesota and its citizens.” The intent of the GEIS is twofold: 1) to provide balanced, objective information on the effects of animal agriculture to future policymakers; and 2) to provide recommendations on future options for animal agriculture in the state.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs
    PREPUBLICATION COPY ADVANCE COPY Not for public Release Before 3:00 pm, EST, Thursday, December 12, 2002 Final Report Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs This prepublication version of Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs has been provided to the public to facilitate timely access to the committee’s findings. Although the substance of the report is final, minor editorial changes may be made throughout the text and citations will be checked prior to publication. The final report is anticipated to be available in February 2003. PREPUBLICATION COPY Final Report Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs This prepublication version of Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs has been provided to the public to facilitate timely access to the committee’s findings. Although the substance of the report is final, minor editorial changes may be made throughout the text and citations will be checked prior to publication. The final report is anticipated to be available in February 2003. Ad Hoc Committee on Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations Committee on Animal Nutrition Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Division on Earth and Life Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • How Safe Is Chicken Litter for Land Application As an Organic Fertilizer?: a Review
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review How Safe is Chicken Litter for Land Application as an Organic Fertilizer?: A Review Margaret Kyakuwaire 1,2,*, Giregon Olupot 2, Alice Amoding 2, Peter Nkedi-Kizza 3 and Twaha Ateenyi Basamba 2 1 Department of Agriculture, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, Kampala 759125, Uganda 2 Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala 759125, Uganda; [email protected] (G.O.); [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (T.A.B.) 3 Department of Soil and Water Sciences, University of Florida, 2181 McCarty Hall, P.O. Box 110290, Gainesville, FL 32601-0290, USA; kizza@ufl.edu * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 August 2019; Accepted: 26 August 2019; Published: 20 September 2019 Abstract: Chicken litter application on land as an organic fertilizer is the cheapest and most environmentally safe method of disposing of the volume generated from the rapidly expanding poultry industry worldwide. However, little is known about the safety of chicken litter for land application and general release into the environment. Bridging this knowledge gap is crucial for maximizing the benefits of chicken litter as an organic fertilizer and mitigating negative impacts on human and environmental health. The key safety concerns of chicken litter are its contamination with pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, helminthes, parasitic protozoa, and viruses; antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant genes; growth hormones such as egg and meat boosters; heavy metals; and pesticides. Despite the paucity of literature about chicken litter safety for land application, the existing information was scattered and disjointed in various sources, thus making them not easily accessible and difficult to interpret.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Short-Term Storage on the Quantity of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia Coli in Broiler Litter Under Practical Conditions
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institutional Repository of the Freie Universität Berlin Impact of short-term storage on the quantity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Escherichia coli in broiler litter under practical conditions Paul Siller,*,1 Katrin Daehre,*,y Nadine Thiel,z Ulrich Nubel,€ z,x,# and Uwe Roesler* *Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universit€at Berlin, Berlin, Germany; yDepartment of Food, Feed and Commodities, Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin, Germany; zDepartment of Microbial Genome Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Miroorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany; xBraunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technical Uni- versity, Braunschweig, Germany; and #German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany ABSTRACT Applying broiler litter containing until 72 h and qualitatively until the end of the trial in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing winter. In summer detection was possible quantitatively Escherichia coli (E. coli) to arable land poses a potential up to 36 h and qualitatively until 72 h. For surface litter risk for humans to get colonized by contact with samples a qualitative detection of ESBL-producing E. contaminated soil or vegetables. Therefore, an inactiva- coli was possible in all samples taken in both trials. In the tion of these bacteria before land application of litter is deep samples a significant decrease in the bacterial crucial. We performed 2 short-term litter storage trials counts of over 2 Log10 was observed for total E. coli in the (one in summer and winter, respectively), each covering winter and for total E.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Quality and Emissions from Livestock and Poultry Production/Waste Management Systems Kenneth D
    Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications 2006 Air Quality and Emissions from Livestock and Poultry Production/Waste Management Systems Kenneth D. Casey University of Kentucky José R. Bicudo CH2M Hill Canada Ltd. David R. Schmidt University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Anshu Singh University of Kentucky Susan W. Gay Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ abe_eng_pubs/361. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Air Quality and Emissions from Livestock and Poultry Production/Waste Management Systems Abstract The bjo ective of this paper is to summarize the available literature on the concentrations and emissions of odor, ammonia, nitrous oxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, non-methane volatile organic carbon, dust, and microbial and endotoxin aerosols from livestock and poultry buildings and manure management systems (storage and treatment units). Animal production operations are a source of numerous airborne contaminants including gases, odor, dust, and microorganisms. Gases and odors are generated from livestock and poultry manure decomposition (1) shortly after it is produced, (2) during storage and treatment, and (3) during land application.
    [Show full text]
  • Stability and Maturity of Different Poultry Manures and Potential Utilization for Horticultural Production
    Environment and Pollution; Vol. 7, No. 2; 2018 ISSN 1927-0909 E-ISSN 1927-0917 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Stability and Maturity of Different Poultry Manures and Potential Utilization for Horticultural Production Mebelo Mataa1, Namakau Manzi1 & Kalaluka Munyinda1 1 School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia Correspondence: Mebelo Mataa, School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. E-mail: [email protected] Received: February 26, 2018 Accepted: March 14, 2018 Online Published: July 16, 2018 doi:10.5539/ep.v7n2p1 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/ep.v7n2p1 Abstract This study evaluated stability, maturity and the efficacy of different poultry litter for possible use in container plant production. Three types of poultry manure- Battery cage (BC), Deep litter (DL) and Free range (FR) were used, with Kraal manure (KM) as a comparison. The experiment was set up as a Split- split design with 6 replications. Composting period was main plot, poultry manure type the split plot and mixing ratio as the split- split plot. The litter was mixed with garden soil in 2 ratios (3:1 and 1:1 soil: manure ratio) and tested for up to 12 weeks. Rape (Brassica napus) was used as a bioassay for maturity, which was determined at 1 month, 2 months and 3 months. The pH declined slightly from 7 to about 6 for all treatments except for the kraal manure. Respiration trends were similar to electrical conductivity. Within 2 weeks of curing the respiration rate for all manures declined to below 4 mg CO2- C/ kg.
    [Show full text]
  • COMPOST {Built .. Up) LITTER CHICKEN HOUSES
    RESEARCH BULLETIN 843 OCTOBER 1959 The use of COMPOST {Built .. up) LITTER lll CHICKEN HOUSES D. C. KENNARD - V. D. CHAMBERLIN -E. N. MOORE A. R. WINTER Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Wooster, Ohio CONTENTS * * * Introduction _ ---- _- ___ - ----------------------------------- 3 What is Compost (built-up) Litter------------------------- 3 Objectives ______________ ----------------------------- 4 Sanitary Value of Compost Litter----------------------------- 4 For Starting and Growing Chickens----------------------- 4 Immunity Against Coccidiosis ----------------------- 4 Control of Losses Due to Parasites-------------------- 11 Destruction of Salmonella Bacteria-------------------- 13 For Pullet Layers __________________ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 Nutritional Value of Compost Litter ____ ---- __ - _- ____ -- __ -- _ _ _ _ 14 Early Studies ____________________ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 Riboflavin in Compost Litter----------------------------- 15 Vitamin B12 (APF) Factor)------------------------------- 15 Growth of Chickens-------------------------------- 15 Hatchability of Eggs------------------------------- 19 Unknown Growth Factors------------------------------- 21 Protein-sparing Effect _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 Economic Value of Compost Litter---------------------------- 21 Saving of Labor-------------------------------------- 21 Saving of Litter _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 Warmer House _ _ _ _ _ _
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Air Quality Impacts Resulting from Particle Emissions from Poultry Farms
    Environment Defra Review of Air Quality Impacts Resulting from Particle Emissions from Poultry Farms Environment Defra Prepared by: .................Checked by: ................. Sam Pollard Gareth Collins Principal Environmental Scientist Technical Director Approved by: ...................... Michele Hackman Technical Director Review of Air Quality Impacts Resulting from Particle Emissions from Poultry Farms Rev No Comments Checked Approved Date by by 1 Draft for Bureau Veritas Comment GMC MPH July 2011 2 Revised to incorporate initial comments from Bureau Veritas GMC MPH July 2011 3 Revised to incorporate additional comments from Bureau Veritas GMC MPH September 2011 4 Revised to incorporate additional comments from Bureau Veritas GMC MPH September 2012 5 Final version GMC MPH October 2012 6 Final version incorporating BV amendments YV* YB* November 2012 * YV (Yasmin Vawda – Bureau Veritas), YB (Yvonne Brown – Bureau Veritas) 9th & 10th Floors, Sunley House, 4 Bedford Park, CR0 2AP Telephone: 020 8639 3500 Website: http://www.aecom.com Job No 60190372 Reference SJP Date Created November 2012 This document has been prepared by AECOM Limited for the sole use of our client (the “Client”) and in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and the terms of reference agreed between AECOM Limited and the Client. Any information provided by third parties and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM Limited, unless otherwise expressly stated in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM Limited. f:\projects\environmental services - laqm services lot 1\laqm poultry farms\pm emissions from poultry farms 26112.doc Table of Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Short Communication Evaluation of Microbial Contamination of Feces
    Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia © 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia ISSN 1806-9290 R. Bras. Zootec., 45(4):190-194, 2016 www.sbz.org.br Short Communication Evaluation of microbial contamination of feces and soil on a laying-hen farm depending on sampling site and season Beata Trawińska1, Anna Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska1, Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek1, Leszek Tymczyna1, Teresa Bombik2, Magdalena Pyrz1, Monika Tymczyna-Sobotka3 1 University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Animal and Environmental Hygiene, Lublin, Poland. 2 University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce, Department of Reproduction and Animal Hygiene, Siedlce, Poland. 3 Medical University of Lublin, Department of Jaw Orthopaedics, Lublin, Poland. ABSTRACT - The objective of the present study was to evaluate soil collected from a laying-hen farm and bird manure according to the season of the year and sampling site. Soil samples were taken at the poultry facility wall and at the distances of 15 m and 45 m from the building. Bird feces samples were collected inside the poultry house at the entrance and at ¼ and ½ length of the building. Soil and bird feces samples were evaluated by bacteriological qualitative and quantitative analyses. The largest bacterial load was determined in the samples taken at the poultry facility wall in December/January. Soil microbial contamination degree was low. The highest bacterial count in bird manure was found in the samples collected at ½ length of the hen house at the end of December/January. The qualitative study of bird feces showed the presence of E. coli bacteria all through the research period and Enterobacter spp. in the samples taken from July until September.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Contamination of Poultry Litter During Fattening Period
    Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 35 (3), 253-265 , 2019 ISSN 1450-9156 Publisher: Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun UDC 636.083.1'636.5 https://doi.org/10.2298/BAH1903253M MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF POULTRY LITTER DURING FATTENING PERIOD Dubravka Milanov1, Slobodan Knežević1, Suzana Vidaković1, Marko Pajić1, Milica Živkov-Baloš1, Nevenka Aleksić2 1 Scientific Veterinary Institute ‘Novi Sad’, Rumenački put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia 3University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Corresponding author: Nevenka Aleksić, [email protected] Original scientific paper Abstract: The results of the research into the microbiological contamination of litter used by broiler chickens are presented. Litter samples were taken prior to the introduction of chicks (day 0) and in 7-day intervals until the end of the fattening period. The total numbers of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, yeasts, moulds and Clostridium perfringens spores, and the presence of bacteria of the Salmonella genus were determined. The total microbial count in newly laid th litter was 7 log10 CFU/g, which increased to 9 log10 CFU/g by the 4 week. However, at the end of the 5th week, it was at the same level as in newly laid litter. C. perfringens spores, presumably originating from chicks’ faeces, were first detected on day 7. In the next 7 days their number increased, reaching 3-4 log10 CFU/g, and remained at approximately same levels until the end of the research. The initial mould contamination was 5-6 log10 CFU/g. However, from day 21 moulds were not isolated, but only yeasts of the Saccharomyces genus.
    [Show full text]
  • FACTORY FARMING from a Report by Michael W
    FACTORY FARMING From a report by Michael W. Fox, D.Sc., Ph.D., B.Vet. Med., M.R.C.V.S. Director, Institute for the Study of Animal Problems Published by The Humane Society of the United States 2100 L Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20037 ©1980, The Humane Society of the United States Introduction .............. · · · · · · · · · .. · · .2 Table of Contents Defining the Systems ..................... 3 The Factory Farm ........................6 Productivity vs. Animal Suffering ......... 10 Regulation of Farm Animal Welfare .......26 Checklist of Humane Concerns ............ 29 Human Health Concerns ................. 32 Solutions and Resolutions ................33 Tables Table 1 - Factory Farming at a Glance ..... 24 Table 2 - Eating Humanely .............. 37 1 Introduction Cattle, sheep, and pigs are the domesticated It is easy to follow the pattern of how the Defining the descendants of wild animals, and man's earli­ various factory farming systems came about. est relationship with their ancestors was as a Extensive, free-range conditions were first Systems hunter. Then, as agriculture began to evolve, replaced by semi-intensive conditions of rais­ our forefathers caught and tamed �hese ani­ ing livestock in enclosed pastures or fields. mals. Generally, the animals were allowed to Next, with increasing land costs dictating a roam free, but were tended by a herdsman more frugal use of arable land, animals were who lived among the flocks. The dog, and removed from the land to intensive confine­ later the horse, also played a vital role in ment systems ... more animals crammed into helping the herdsman protect and husband his less space. livestock. Most cattle and sheep are still raised for Because of man's close association and de­ part of their lives under extensive, free­ pendence upon domesticated animals, espe­ ranging conditions.
    [Show full text]