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Environmental and Social Management Plan

Table of Contents 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Project Location 2 1.3 Objectives of the ESMP 6 1.4 Associated Reports 7 1.5 Report Structure 7 2 Project Description ...... 9 2.1 Background 9 2.2 Description of the Main Project Components 9 2.2.1 Project Layout 9 2.2.2 River Diversion and Cofferdam 13 2.2.3 Dam and Reservoir 13 2.2.4 Spillway 16 2.2.5 River Diversion 16 2.2.6 Power Intakes 16 2.2.7 Power House 16 2.2.8 Switchyards 16 2.2.9 Dam Instrumentation 16 2.2.10 Transmission Line 17 2.3 Access Roads 17 2.4 Construction Materials 18 2.5 Disposal Areas 22 2.6 Construction and Operation Labour Requirements 22 2.7 Camps and Construction Facilities 24 2.8 Reservoir Impounding 24 2.9 Operation Characteristics 24 2.10 Project Costs 27 2.11 Economic 27 2.12 Construction Programme 28 3 Environmental Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework...... 31 3.1 Regulatory Framework of the FDRE 31 3.1.1 Constitution of FDRE 31 3.1.2 Environmental Policy Frame Work of Ethiopia 31 3.1.3 Environmental Framework Legislation/Proclamation 32 3.2 Regional and International / Multilateral Agreement 33 3.3 Environmental Assessment Procedures and Guidelines in Ethiopia 34 3.3.1 EPA’s EIA Guidelines 34 3.3.2 EIA Process 35 3.4 Regulatory Requirements of International Financial Institutions 37

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3.4.1 African Development Bank 38 3.4.2 World Bank Group 39 3.4.3 European Investment Bank 41 3.5 Standards Applicable to the Project 42 3.5.1 National Standards 42 3.5.2 IFC Standards 43 3.6 Contractual Requirements of Gibe III Scheme 45 3.6.1 EPC Contract Document 45 3.6.2 Environmental Impact Statement 45 3.6.3 Environmental Management Plan 45 3.7 Institutional Framework 45 3.7.1 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 45 3.7.2 Environmental Protection Authority 45 3.7.3 Environmental Policy Framework of EEPCO 46 3.7.4 Environmental Policy of the EPC Contractor 48 4 Summary of Impacts ...... 50 4.1 General 50 4.2 Beneficial/Positive Impacts 50 4.3 Adverse Environmental Impacts 53 4.3.1 Impacts on Physical Environment 58 4.3.2 Impacts on Biological Environment 59 4.3.3 Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment 61 4.3.4 Impacts on Downstream Environment 64 4.3.5 Impacts Associated With Ancillary Works 66 5 Environmental Mitigation and Enhancement Measures ...... 67 5.1 Background 67 5.2 Pre-construction Phase 67 5.2.1 Buffer Area Development Plan 67 5.2.2 Watershed Management Plan 76 5.2.3 Wildlife Resource Management and Protection Plan 76 5.2.4 Submergence of Chida-Sodo Road Section and the Omo Bridge 82 5.2.5 Severance of Access at Omo Valley 84 5.2.6 Agro-pastoralists Population 87 5.2.7 Archaeological and Cultural Remains Management Plan 89 5.3 Environmental Impacts during Construction 92 5.3.1 Erosion and Sediment Control Plan 92 5.3.2 Spoil Disposal 93 5.3.3 Waste Management Plan 98 5.3.4 Spill Contingency and Response Plan 101 5.3.5 Quarries Development and Restoration Plan 102 5.3.6 Water Pollution 104 5.3.7 Air Quality Impacts 105

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5.3.8 Noise and Vibration Impacts 106 5.3.9 On-Site Traffic Management Plan 107 5.3.10 Explosive Storage and Handling 108 5.3.11 Construction Camps and Site Installations 109 5.3.12 Spontaneous Settlement Areas 112 5.3.13 Conflict between Imported Workers and Local Population 112 5.3.14 Project Staff Health Program 113 5.3.15 Environmental Awareness Training Plan 115 5.4 Impacts during Reservoir Operation 117 5.4.1 Water Quality Improvements by Reduction of Biomass in the Reservoir 117 5.4.2 Controlled Environmental Floods 118 5.4.3 Riparian Release 120 5.4.4 Sterilisation of Base Camp and other Worksite Areas 120 6 Monitoring Programmes and Parameters ...... 132 6.1 Overview of the Monitoring Programme 132 6.2 Components of Environmental Monitoring 133 6.2.1 Monitoring to Establish Baseline 133 6.2.2 Monitoring Plan: Construction Phase 133 6.2.3 Monitoring Plan: Impounding and Operation Phase 137 6.3 Checking and Corrective Action 142 6.3.1 Inspection of Environmental Performance and Monitoring 142 6.3.2 Non-conformance, corrective and preventive action 142 6.3.3 Records 142 6.4 Monitoring Framework 142 7 Public Consultation ...... 150 7.1 Background and Objectives 150 7.2 Stakeholders Identification 150 7.3 Consultation Methodologies 151 7.4 Total Consulted stakeholders 151 7.5 Major Findings of Consultation 152 7.5.1. Major Findings of Consultation at Local Leaders Level 152 7.5.2. Major Findings of Consultation with Community Groups 155 7.5.3. Finding of Consultation on Cultural Resources 157 7.5.4. Major Findings of Consultation with Agro-pastoralist Community 157 7.6 Major Findings of Consultation at Lower Omo 159 7.6.1. Views of Zonal Administration 159 7.6.2. Views of Wereda Administrations 159 7.6.3. Views of the Community 161 7.6.4. Consultations with Wildlife Department (WCD) and Protected Areas Personnel 162 7.6.5. Views of NGOs and other Organisations 163 8 Organisations and Institutions Responsible for ESMP Implementation ...... 164

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8.1 Inter-Organisational Coordination 164 8.2 EEPCO’s Environmental Monitoring Unit 166 8.3 Environmental Protection Authority 169 8.4 EPC Contractor 170 8.5 Environmental Advisory Panel 170 8.6 Site Auditing 171 9 Reporting and Reviewing ...... 172 9.1 General 172 9.2 Monthly Site Inspection Report 172 9.3 Monthly Progress Report 173 9.4 Site Environmental Management Plan Report 173 9.5 Record Keeping and Reporting 174 10 Project Feedbacks Adjustment and Grievance Mechanisms ...... 175 10.1 Project Feedbacks 175 10.2 Amending the Environmental and Social Management Plan 175 10.3 Change Management 175 10.4 Grievance Mechanisms 176 11 Training and Capacity Building ...... 177 11.1 The Need for Training and Capacity Building 177 11.1.1 Environmental Management Unit 177 11.1.2 Components of the Training Programme 178 11.2 Other Federal and Regional Level Agencies 179 11.3 Training to Construction Workers 180 11.4 Environmental Training Costs 180 12 Procurement Plan ...... 181 13 Environmental Mitigation, Management, Monitoring and Training Costs ...... 182 13.1 Implementation Cost of ESMP 182 13.2 Funding Mechanism 186 14 Work Plan ...... 190 References ...... 194 Annexes ...... 196

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List of Tables

Table 1.1: Administration Around the Reservoir Area 3 Table 2.1: Gibe III Scheme: Major Site Facility 13 Table 2.2: Summary of Main Characteristics of the Project 14 Table 2.3: Project Cost in Euro (in million) 27 Table 3.1: EIA procedures in Ethiopia 35 Table 3.2: National standards for Ambient air quality and Noise level 43 Table 3.3: Indicative values for treated sanitary sewagw discharges Table 3.4: Noise levels guideline 44 Table 3.5: Noise Levels guidelines in working environment 44 Table 4.1: Prediction and evaluation of Potential Environmental Impacts: Gibe III Hydroelectric Project 55 Table 5.1: Proposed Woodland Intervention Restoration Area by Wereda 70 Table 5.2: Summary of species for proposed agro-forestry interventions 73 Table 5.3: Priority species for restoration and compensatory afforestation spoil disposal site 95 Table 5.4: A summary of activities and required inputs of restoration of quarry and disposal sites 96 Table 5.5: Priority Species for Restoration and Compensatory Afforestation Quarry Site 103 Table 5.6: Environmental Awareness Principles and Topics 117 Table 5.7: Construction Phase: Environmental Mitigation and Enhancement Measure 123 Table 5.8: Operation Phase: Environmental Mitigation and Enhancement Measure 132 Table 6.1: Wildlife Monitoring Data Sheet 137 Table 6.2: Monitoring Plan Construction Phase 145 Table 6.3: Monitoring Plan Operation Phase 148 Table 7.1: Summary of Consultation Meetings 153 Table 8.1: Agencies and Organizations Responsible for ESMP Implementation 166 Table 11.1: Environmental Training and Study tour Costs in Birr 181 Table 12.1: Preliminary List of Equipment for Monitoring Programme 182 Table 13.1: Summary of Estimated Environmental Mitigation, Management, Monitoring and Training Costs 187 Table 14.1: Schedule for Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring 191

List of Figures Figure 1.1: Location Map of the Project Area 4 Figure 1.2: Administration Boundaries Around the Reservoir Area 5 Figure 2.1: Overall layout of the Gibe Hydroelectric Scheme. 10 Figure 2.2: General Layout of the Gibe Cascade 11 Figure 2.3: General Layout of the Site Installations 12 Figure 2.4: Chida – Sodo Relocation Road 19 Figure 2.5: Site Roads General Layout 20 Figure 2.6: Construction Material Sites – Quarries Along Omo River 21 Figure 2.7: Spoil Disposal Sites 23 Figure 2.8: Site Installations General Layout 25 Figure 2.9: Living Camps for Construction Workers 26

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Figure 2.10: Comparison of Reservoir Monthly inflow and Overflow 27 Figure 2.11: Construction Schedule 29 Figure 3.1: EIA Application Process 36 Figure 5.1: Location Map for the proposed Buffer Area Development Plan 71 Figure 5.2: Proposed River Crossing Sites 86 Figure 5.3: Map showing the movement of the Agro-Pastorialist Community of Hadiya 88 Figure 5.4. Grassing for Slope Protection and Revegetation 97 Figure 5.5 Comparison of Monthly flows at Lake Turkana with and without Gibe III Dam Regulation and the Recommended Environmental Flood 120 Figure 6.1: The Gibe – Omo River System and Existing Stations 140 Figure 6.2: Proposed Water Quality Mointoring Sites 141 Figure 7.1: Locations of Public Consultation Places around Gibe III Dam and Reservoir 155 Figure 7.2: The Locations of Public Consultation Meetings at Lower Omo 161 Figure 8.1: System Map of Inter-Organizational Relationships in the Framework of the Gibe III Hdroelectric Project 167 Figure 8.2: Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Organisation Structure 168 Figure 8.3: Proposed Organisational Structure for the EMU 169 Figure 11.1: Proposed Capacity Building Program Strategy 178

List of Annexes Annex A: Environmental Policy of EPC Contractor 196 Annex B: International and National Standards 199 Annex C: Person Contacted and Institutions Visited 206 Annex D: Sample Minutes of Public Consultation Meetings 211 Annex E: ESMP Consultant Team 229

List of Photos Photo 2.1: Gibe III Dam Site Looking downstream 15 Photo 5.1: Woodland vegetation around the dam site 68 Photo 5.2: The woodland vegetation on fire 68 Photo 5.3: View of the Omo Bridge 83 Photo 5.4: Partial View of King Ejajo Kella and King Halala Wall 89 Photo 5.5: Sample Notice to inform the construction workforce about the Presence of Historic Sites around the construction sites 90 Photo 5.6: Recommended EEPCO’s Permanent Camp Site 110 Photo 5.7: Partial View of Construction Camp Site 110 Photo 7.1: Consultation with Kindo Koysha Wereda Council 156 Photo 7.2: Consultation with Dawro zone Administration Office 156 Photo 7.3: Ose kebele community discussion 158 Photo 7.4: Belila kebele community discussion 158 Photo 7.5: Consultation with agro-pastoralist community 159 Photo 7.6: Consultation with Dasenech Wereda Council 162 Photo 7.7: Consultation with Hammer Wereda Council 162 Photo 7.8: Community Consultation with the Omo Rate 162 Photo 7.9: Community Consultation with the Karadus kebele People 162 Photo 7.10: Community Consultation with the Fishermen of Bubua near Lake Turkana 163 Photo 7.11: Consultation with the Selamago wereda, Mursi communities 163

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ACRONYMS AfDB Afican Development Bank ARCCH Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage BARD Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development BOH Bureau of Health EEPCO Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation EI Environmental Inspector EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMU Environmental Monitoring Unit EPA Environmental Protection Authority EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ESMP Environmental Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EA Environmental Assessment EIB European Investment Bank EAP Environmental Action Plan EAP Environmental Advisory Panel ERT Emergency Response Team FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Govts. Government HEP Hydroelectric Project HEPP Hydroelectric Powerr Project HH Household IFI International Finance Institution IFC International Finance Corporation ICS Intern connected System m a.s.l meter above see level MOL Minimum Operating Level MDI Mid-Day International Consulting Engineers MWR Ministry of Water Resources MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development NGO Non-Governmental Organization OEP Oromiya Environmental Protection PA Peasant Association PM Particulate Matter PAP Project Affected Person PCDP Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan

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RAP Resettlement Action Plan SNNPRS Southern Nations and Nationalities People Regional State STD Sexually Transmitted Disease SS Suspended Solid TOR Terms of Reference UCS Uniaxial Compressive Strength Wereda District, Administrative Unit WB World Bank WARNRDB Wereda Agriculture Rural and Natural Resources Development Bureau WTHP Wereda Tourism, Hotels and Parts Agency WMU Wildlife Management Unit WC Wereda Wildlife Committee WERT Wildlife Emergency Response Team

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1 Introduction

1.1 Background Hydroelectric has been recognized for decades as the single most valuable resource in Ethiopia. The hydroelectric potential of the country has been estimated at some 40,000MW. The existence of large rivers flowing in deeply incised valleys provides very attractive conditions for medium to large scale hydroelectric schemes. However, the country’s climate is such that relatively large reservoirs are required to store the high flows during the pronounced 3 to 4 month high run-off season for release during the remaining drier months. Ethiopia’s 10 year perspective plan recognised the importance of low cost energy towards fulfilling the poverty reduction objective of the government and as an incentive to industrial and economic development. The plan also realised that export sales could provide an attractive long term development opportunity. Therefore, EEPCO is currently focusing on developing the country's hydroelectric potential and the Gibe III scheme provides generating capacity to meet domestic demand and increase exports of electricity and make the sector a major foreign currency earner for the country. The Gibe III hydroelectric project comprises a 240m high dam and creates a reservoir with a surface are of some 200km2 and a total active storage of some 11,750 Mm3. The direct benefits of the project will be 1,870 MW of electrical power and 6,400 GWh of energy per year. In June 2006, Salini Costruttori S.p.A. of Italy completed and delivered to Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) a technical report on the Gibe III scheme Basic Design. EEPCO approved the Basic Design and commissioned Salini Costruttori S.p.A. in July 2006 for the Gibe III Hydroelectric project on a turnkey Engineer, procure and construct (EPC) bases. In October 2007 the EPC Contractor submitted a revised design (level II design). According to EPA’s screening criteria, Gibe III Hydroelectric project is a category “1” project, and it is also categorized as falling in category “1” as per AfDB guidelines and in category “A” as per IFC/WB guidelines for which a full scale EIA is required. As per the requirements of the TOR and the EPA, IFC/WB and ADB’s guidelines, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has been carried out as an integral part of the Basic Design Phase of this project and in June 2006 the draft report has been submitted to EEPCO for their review. In October 2007 the EPC Contractor submitted a revised design (level I design) and based on this the ESIA Consultants carried out an additional investigation and prepared a revised ESIA report. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) guideline (EPA, 2004) places strong emphasis on the preparation and implementation of ESMP. The environmental assessment proclamation and related procedures thus require the proponent or their consultants to prepare an ESMP as a major output of the EIA. The EPC contract also requires the EPC contractor to prepare Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). Therefore, in response to both the requirements of the EPC Contract and the EPA guidelines, Mid-Day International Consulting Engineers of Ethiopia was charged by the EPC contractor with the responsibility of preparing this ESMP. The ESMP for the Gibe III hydroelectric project has been prepared within the framework of national and international environmental regulations. The legislative framework applicable to the proposed project is governed by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

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(FDRE) and international financing institutions who will be involved in the financing of the project investment and these includes; African Development Bank (AfDB), World Bank/International Finance Corporation (IFC) and European Investment Bank (EIB). In January 2007, the Preliminary Environmental and Social Management Plan has been prepared according to the EPC Contract requirements and submitted to EEPCO for their review. It identifies and recommends environmental management and monitoring plans to deal with the impacts predicted by the ESIA prepared based on the Basic Design. On the bases of the impacts of the project identified in the revised ESIA report and the Level I design this Environmental and Social Management plan has been prepared. It describes the proposed measures that the EPC contractor, EEPCO and other institutions shall implement during construction and operation phases of the project to ensure compliance with the environmental requirements of the EPC Contract and EPA’s guidelines.

1.2 Project Location The Gibe III hydroelectric is located within the Omo Gibe River Basin in the middle reach of the Omo River around 450km by road South of Addis Ababa. The approximate geographic coordinates of the location of the dam axis is between 312,044E and 757,343N and 312,542E and 757,107N. Figure 1.1 shows the location of the project Area. The environmental and social study area extends for approximately 540 km along the Omo River, from the Gibe III dam and reservoir upstream to the confluence with Lake Turkana. For ESIA study and ESMP purpose this area was divided into the following two areas and the results are presented on the following two separate stand alone reports.

i. The dam for Gibe III is on the Omo River and the reservoir stretches to its tributaries the Gibe and Gojeb Rivers. The scheme, from the end of the reservoir to its tailrace out fall, extends over a corridor of some 150 m long. The ESIA for this part has been carried out by CESS of Italy in association with MDI Consulting Engineers of Ethiopia. ii. The Downstream area/lower Omo Region up to the confluence with Lake Turkana (approximately 380 km long). The ESIA for this part has been carried out by AGRICONSULTING of Italy and MDI Consulting Engineers of Ethiopia.

Administratively, the reservoir stretches over five zones and nine Weredas. However, all the works concerning the construction of the Gibe III scheme dam, tunnel, power house, switchyard, construction camps and access road are concentrated in a small area under the jurisdiction of the Loma Wereda of the Dawro Zone and Kindo Didaye Wereda of Wolayta zone of the Southern Nations and Nationalities People Regional State (SNNPRS). The administration map around the reservoir area is shown in Figure 1.2 and the administration locations of the major works is listed in Table 1.1

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Table 1.1: Administration Around the Reservoir Area. Project Areas Region Zone Wereda Dam and other Access Reservoir project facilities road Kindo Didaye √ √ √ Wolayita Kindo Koisha √ √ √ Boloso Sore √ Genal Bosa √ Dawro Loma √ √ √ SNNPR Hadiya Soro √ Gibe √ Kembata -Timbaro Kacha Biro √ Omo Sheleko √ Yem Yem √ Jimma Omo Nada √ Oromiya Dedo √

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Figure 1.1: Location Map of the Project Area

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Figure 1.2: Administration Boundaries Around the Reservoir Area

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1.3 Objectives of the ESMP

The objective of the ESMP is also to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures included in the Environmental and Social Impact Statement will actually be carried out during the construction and operation phases of the Gibe III hydroelectric project. It has also been prepared to ensure the effective long-term protection of the biodiversity and watershed values of the Omo catchment while at the same time safeguarding the well-being, traditional livelihoods and culture of its human inhabitants. In accordance with the above objectives this ESMP has been prepared and the approach adopted to develop it includes the following:
Examine the project in terms of its major activities and identify the aspects associated with the project construction which generate environmental impacts,
Identify the environmental issues associated with the major activities,
Develop mitigation measures for the aspects identified as having environmental impacts,
Incorporate environmental mitigation measures into construction schedules and activities and develop corrective actions and ensure monitoring.
Develop further environmental provisions through a series of Site Environmental Management Plans and procedures,
Define the specific actions required, roles and responsibilities for these actions, timetable for implementation, and associated costs.
Describe capacity building and training requirements for the implementation of the ESMP, and
Define a proposed institutional structure to govern the implementation of the ESMP. In addition to the above, this ESMP has also been prepared with the objective to:
comply with existing national environmental regulations;
decrease short- and long-term liabilities of EEPCO (the developer);
improve relations with Regional and Federal regulatory authorities; and
improve EEPCO’s and the EPC Contractor’s public image by complying with local laws and regulations, which seeks to ensure that construction work does not adversely affect the environment and social community resources. Therefore, this ESMP plan identifies the aspects of construction activity which have environmental issues associated with them; it proposes mitigation to minimize resultant impacts and serves as a basis to further examine and improve environmental construction and operation performance of this project.

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1.4 Associated Reports This Environmental and Social Management Plan is accompanied by the following volumes of reports: i). Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment are contained in a “stand-alone” report. This report describes the baseline environment in the project area, identifies potential impacts of the Gibe III hydroelectric project, and proposes mitigation and/or benefit enhancement measures. The report is prepared by CESI of Italy in association with MDI Consulting Engineers of Ethiopia. ii). Downstream Impact Assessment The Downstream Impacts associated with this project are also addressed in a separate report. In this report, the downstream impacts which arise in relation to the construction and operation of Gibe III scheme are addressed. iii). Resettlement Action Plan The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is documented in a separate report. The RAP for the Gibe III Hydroelectric facilities (dam, reservoir, powerhouse, access roads, etc) details the resettlement and compensation commitments of EEPCO, and the process by which resettlement and compensation will be implemented. iv). Public consultation and Disclosure Plan Since the middle of 2006 as part of the ESIA study and preparation of ESMP and RAP several public consultation have been carried out with local, regional and Federal agencies, institutions, potentially affected people and communities, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) etc. to obtain information and to seek views on the design, construction and operation of the hydroelectric facilities, including their potential impacts, and means and methods of mitigation. The concerns, priorities and opinions of the affected stakeholders related to Gibe III project were recorded in this report. 1.5 Report Structure The ESMP is structured as follows: Chapter one is the introduction and gives information on the objectives and scope of the study. Chapter two describes the project and illustrates the form and scope of the works, and operational characteristics. This ESMP has been prepared within the framework of national and international environmental regulations and these are summarized in Chapter 3. EEPCO’s institutional environmental policy and its commitment to work towards realizing the objectives of sustainable development and continual improvements in its environmental performance are also presented in this chapter. Chapter four summarises the potential environmental impacts and in chapter five the management activities to be carried out during construction and operation stages of the project are summarized and provides linkages between impacts and mitigation measures identified in the EIA report. In Chapter six the environmental monitoring plan is presented. It outlines the specific monitoring parameters and expected frequencies. Where possible it also elaborates sampling locations and frequency.

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In Chapter seven the public consultation activities are described. The ESMP includes a plan for meaningful public participation and communication mechanisms during the implementation of the ESMP. Chapter eight specifies the institutional arrangements for implementation-taking into account the local conditions. Responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring are defined along with arrangements for information flow, and for coordination between responsible agencies. It also specifies the organisations and individuals that are responsible for undertaking the mitigation and monitoring measures. All necessary information related to environmental management and monitoring will be collected and the findings regularly be reported. The expected reports and their contents and institutional responsibilities and roles for preparing, submitting, receiving, reviewing, and approving the reports are specified in Chapter nine. Chapter ten outlines procedures and mechanisms for project feedbacks and adjustment. Chapter eleven recommends capacity building that is required for EEPCO’s Environmental Management Unit. The training is in the area of environmental management and monitoring of projects in the power sector. The procurement plan and preliminary cost estimates are presented in Chapter twelve and thirteen respectively. In the cost estimate chapter the cost for implementing the recommended environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, environmental management and monitoring plans and training and capacity building have been included. The procurement plan includes equipments required to implement the monitoring programme and capacity building for EMU. Chapter fourteen of the report contains the work plan and specifies staffing chart and proposed schedules of participation by the project team members, and activities and inputs of related government agencies. Tables, figures, annexes and list of references are incorporated in this Environmental and Social Management Plans. A list of experts who were involved in the preparation of this Environmental and Social Management Plan are listed in Annex E. However, ESMP effort was greatly assisted by CESI and AGRICONSULTING of Italy who were involved in the preparation of ESIA for both reservoir and downstream area.

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2 Project Description

2.1 Background The Omo-Gibe basin is one of the significant surface water resources of Ethiopia. The Gibe cascade project is one of the most attractive potential hydroelectric developments in the country and it has been selected by EEPCO as one of its key hydroelectric development areas. In subsequent studies various several options were considered for the Gibe river development plan and as a result hydro-projects in series along the main Gibe river in a cascade style were proposed. The general layout of the Gibe cascade plan is shown in Figure 2.1. These four projects are shown in the longitudinal profile in Figure 2.2, from upstream to downstream and summarized below. The Gibe III hydroelectric project is a third stage of the Gibe hydroelectric cascade scheme on the Greater Gibe River which includes three other schemes. The Gibe III scheme is designed to generate 6,400 GWh of electricity with an installed capacity of 1,870 MW.

Scheme Installed Capacity Firm Energy Status Gibe I 184 MW 722 GWh/year in operation Gibe II 420 MW 1,635 GWh/year under construction Gibe III 1,870 MW 6,400 GWh/year under construction Gibe IV 2000 MW 8,000 GWh/year Planning stage

2.2 Description of the Main Project Components

2.2.1 Project Layout The Gibe III reservoir (from the powerhouse of Gibe II to the dam of Gibe III) is about 155 km long. The only large river entering into the omo is the Gojeb (on the right side). The valley is very narrow and deep canyon and only in two zones the valley is relatively wider. The morphology of the Gibe-Omo is favourable for the creation of large reservoir and has been used for the selection of the Gibe III dam site. Figure 2.3 shows the overall layout of the Gibe III scheme and the scheme consists of a dam, underground penstocks, an indoor powerhouse equipped with ten power generating units and switchyards. The works concerning the construction of the Gibe III hydroelectric project are concentrated in a small area of about 1 Km2.

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Figure 2.1: Overall layout of the Gibe Hydroelectric Scheme.

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Figure 2.2: General Layout of the Gibe Cascade

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Figure 2.3: General Layout of the Site Installations

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The most significant works for the major site facilities is showing in Table 2.1. The data sheet (project characteristics) for the Gibe III Hydroelectric project is presented in Table 2.2 and it summarises the project location and the technical parameters for the civil, mechanical and electrical works.

Table 2.1: Gibe III Scheme: Major Site Facility

Facilities/Description Facilities/Description Diversion tunnel (left and right) Batching plant (temporary and permanent) Cofferdam (u/s and d/s) Temporary construction worker’s camp (expatriate and local) Dam Employers and Contractors permanent camp Spillway Realigned Chida-Sodo road Reservoir Site access roads Power tunnel Airport strip Power house Quarry site Switchyard Spoil disposal ara Crushing plant (temporary and permanent)

2.2.2 River Diversion and Cofferdam Three diversion tunnels will be constructed in the right abutment in order to pass the design flood safely. Left tunnel has a length of 970 m, while the length of the middle and right tunnel is 1,030 and 120 m respectively. The capacity of the diversion tunnels is 5,200m3/s. Only after the river has been diverted into the tunnels, can the construction of the main cofferdam be undertaken. A primary cofferdam would be constructed in front of the main cofferdam, and after initial diversion, the main cofferdam will be constructed. Only once the main cofferdam has been completed, the excavation of the dam foundation may be started.

2.2.3 Dam and Reservoir Dam Different dam types were investigated and finally to RCC type dam has been selected with an upstream impervious facing provided by either an asphalt membrane or a concrete slab. Dam design studies have been undertaken to develop the layout of the least-cost dam that will meet internationally recognised safety standards. These design studies have drawn information from the site topographic surveys, the hydrological studies, the geological and geotechnical investigations, the seismic, the reservoir operation and the cost studies. The approximately 231 m high Gibe III dam is located at a relatively narrow valley section (See Photo No. 2.1).

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Table 2.2: Summary of Main Characteristics of the Project Gibe III Dam and Reservoir Dam Dam Type Roller compared concrete (RCC) dam
Foundation elevation 665 m asl
Height above river bed elevation 231 m
Crest elevation 896 m.a.s.l
Crest length 580 m Reservoir , 34,150 km2 Catchment area 800 m asl Minimum operating level 889 m asl Normal operating level 892 m asl Maximum water level in the reservoir 892.5 m.a.s.l Extreme flood level in the reservoir (PMF) 11,750 Mm3 Live storage volume 200 km2 Surface area at normal operating level 438.2 m3/s Average annual runoff 10,600 m3/s 10,000 years return peak flood 18.3 Mm3/y Mean annual sediment yield River Diversion Diversion tunnel (No, D) 3, 7/13.5 Cofferdam Crest Elv. 720 m.a.s.l Design flood 5,200 m3/s Spillway Type Ungated (side channel) +gated (overflow) Radial gate (No. Wx4) 4,135x17.5 #, m Design flood/safety check flood 10,600/18,660 m3/s Outlet works Operating level (bottom and mid-level) 750/820,805/889 m.a.s.l Maximum discharge (bottom mid-level) 700/1150 m3/s Reservoir lowering period 5 months Powerhouse Powerhouse type Outdoor Dimension (WxLxH) 250x46x55 m

Power Waterway Head race tunnel (No, D) 2, 11 m Penstocks (No, D) 2, 7.5 m Surge shaft (No. D) Top Elev. Height 2, 20 m 915 m.a.s.l 140 m EM equipment turbines (No. IP) 187 MW Generators (No, phases, output) 10, 3, 220 MVA Power Generation Max. Net Head 211 m 186 m Average Net Head 3 Design flow 950 m /s Plant load factor 0.46 Installed power 1870 MW Average energy production 6400Gwh/y

Switchyard and Transmission Line Switchyard type Outdoor Rated voltage 400 kV Transmission line length 65 km to Sodo substation Roads Site temporary and permanent access road 100 km Chida -Sodo Relocation roads 80 km

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Photo 2.1: Gibe III Dam Site Looking downstream

Reservoir The project aims to dam the Omo River thereby creating a reservoir with a total live storage of about 11,750 Mm3 and a total surface area of 200 km2 at normal operating level (889 m asl). The minimum operating level is 800 m asl, The reservoir is approximately 155 km in total length. The catchment area is about 34,150 Km2. The reservoir level will rise during the rainy season (June to September) and be drawn down during the dry season. The very large reservoir volume, together with the kind of spillways adopted, make it possible to control the floods in safe condition.

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2.2.4 Spillway A spillway is an outlet from a reservoir or section of a dam designed to release surplus floodwater that is not to be used for generating power or to be discharged through some other outlet works.

2.2.5 River Diversion Three diversion tunnels will be driven on the right bank (2 Nr. 13.5 m dia. and 1 No. 7m dia.). On completion of one of these (the 7m dia.) a dry season diversion will be effected, by constructing an u/s pre-cofferdam and a d/s cofferdam. By the end of the 2008 dry season, the two remaining diversion tunnels will be completed, as well as the main u/s cofferdam. During the rainy season, the u/s cofferdam will be high enough to divert the river into the diversion tunnels for a maximum flood with a 1 in 30 years return period (5200 m3/s). 2.2.6 Power Intakes The power intakes are located on the left bank. Two inlet structures, two headrace tunnels and two penstocks will feed 5 powerhouse units each. 2.2.7 Power House The power house will be located along the river, on the left bank and the power house structure will have an approximate size of 250m x 46m x 55m. The hydrological study indicates that the design flow is 950m3/s. The 10 generating units have been selected taking in consideration the characteristics of the Ethiopian grid, thus overruling the economic advantage of opting for a reduced number of larger units. Here below are the main data relevant to the elevations assumed for powerhouse design
Exceptional flood level (Q=10,600 m3/s) - 696 m.a.s.l
Normal tail water level (Q=950 m3/s) - 682 m.a.s.l.
Minimim tail water level - 678 m.a.s.l
Invert level draft tube outlet - 658 m.a.s.l 2.2.8 Switchyards The generators are twin coupled to three windings 15 kV / 400 kV main step-up transformers. In order to limit size and weight of equipment to be transported to site, five banks of three single phase three windings step-up transformers are proposed. Five, three phase overhead lines connect the Power House to the switchyard. The switchyard is equipped with a double bus bar scheme as adopted in other recent power plants like Gilgel Gibe II and Beles. Therefore, there will be a total of ten (10) bays plus one spare. The overall dimensions of the switchyard layout are approximately 300 m by 100 m, with a distance between bays of 22 m.

2.2.9 Dam Instrumentation The Gibe III dam will be instrumented for continuous monitoring and the objectives of instrumentation include:

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to monitor structural behaviour during construction for the purpose of quality control, so that proper decisions may be made during constructions; to monitor the behaviour of the dam during reservoir impounding and during its service life time. The observed data will form the basis for decisions on the need for any future rehabilitation or other safety measures; to identify critical points and suspected areas of safety concern in the dam, so that proper measures may be taken if necessary; to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the dam design in order to confirm the safety of the dam. 2.2.10 Transmission Line The power produced by the 1,870 MW powerhouse at Gibe III will be delivered to inter connected system (ICS) through a 400 kV transmission line to the following substations: 65 km; two 400 KV double Circuit transmission lines from Gibe III to Wolaita Sub station 120 km; 400 KV Single Circuit transmission line from Wolaita Sub station to Gilgel Gibe II Substation; 314 km; 400 KV Double Circuit transmission line from Wolaita Sodo to Sebetta Substation No.2; and 383 km; 400 KV double Circuit transmission line from Wolaita Sodo to Mega which is the main feeder to Mega-Nairobi connection 2.3 Access Roads Site access roads will be required to provide all weather access to channel all the traffic generated by the construction activities for the safe transport of personnel, materials and equipment both during construction and operation. Most of them will be used only during construction, since they will be inundated by the reservoir. By the construction of these site access roads the external traffic and the site traffic have be separated. In addition to providing access to the construction activities, the road will greatly benefit the local community by making the transport of people and produce safer, easier and quicker. Direct access roads to the dam and powerhouse site did not actually exist, consequently two new roads were required, one on the Right bank (road R-1) and one on the Left bank (road L-1) of the Omo River The first one starts from the Chida - Sodo Road near Kindo Halale village, reaches the SP_1 temporary camp on the plateau, then goes down to the dam site at river level and goes up to the right plateau. The second one starting from the Chida - Sodo Road and follows the Omo River at low level, reaches the dam site at river level and then goes up to the left plateau. The existing bridge across the Omo River (on the Chida-Sodo road) will be submerged by the future Gibe III reservoir and therefore a new bridge will be required. This new road bridge will be built downstream of the dam. After reservoir impounding, the permanent link between the Omo River left and right banks will be possible utilising Road R1 (on the right bank plateau) to the dam site, passage over the d/s toe of the dam and a new road on the left plateau from the dam site to the existing road (or to Kindo Halale).

This permanent link will therefore include : a 24.5 km road on the right bank starting at a small village called Yalo nearby Lala; the foreseen Omo bridge which crosses the river slightly d/s of the dam;

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a 54.8 km road on the left bank ending about 4 km west of Bele. The detailed design of the road is illustrated in the relevant reports currently being under completion. Existing roads, the relocation road and the project’s permanent and temporary access roads to the project facilities are shown in Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.5 respectively.

2.4 Construction Materials The Gibe III dam is a RCC type and the scheme will require huge quantities of quarry material for various project uses, such as the main dam, spillway, power station, intake structure, tunnels, access road, various temporary and permanent camps, etc. There are several material sites that can be used for construction. These material sites are shown in Figure 2.6 The results of material survey are presented below:

Recent alluvium The best source of material for the construction of the dam body is the recent alluvium deposited in the Omo River meanders, both upstream and downstream of the dam site. The quarries of alluvium under investigation cover a length of about 8 km (approximately 5km u/s and 3 km d/s) and are the following: Quarry 02 = Omo L u/s Quarry 03 = Omo R u/s
Quarry 08a = Omo R d/s

The analysis performed have indicated that the alluvium can be classified as poorly graded gravel (GP), mostly of basalt origin. Quarry 8a (on the right side of the dam gorge exit) is rich in silty sand (5m) with low plasticity and will be used only marginally. Ancient Alluvium The spillway excavation area is rich in ancient alluvium material classified as well graded gravel with boulders (GW). This quarry is named Quarry 05 = R3 Spillway Even with a lower basalt content, this material would still be appropriate with a percentage of fine particles (passing at the sieve 0.075 mm) always below 15%. The only difficulty in quarrying the ancient alluvium is caused by the necessity to remove the overburden layers. The alluvium (recent and ancient) represents the best material for the construction of the dam. The first results of the in situ measurements indicates that such materials, after compaction, has low void index and high deformation moduli (EOC and FF). It will be used in the zones where low settlement is required.

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Figure 2.4: Chida – Sodo Relocation Road

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Figure 2.5: Site Roads General Layout

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Figure 2.6: Construction Material Sites – Quarries Along Omo River

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Basalt The basalt (Ba) under investigation is located in: Quarry 05 = R3 Spillway Quarry 04a = Tsida 1 (see Photo 2.1 ) Laboratory tests have confirmed the high strength of the this material with a UCS (Uniaxial Compressive Strength) ranging from 270 to 350 MPa. The columnar basalt of the Tsida quarry is affected by a large number of micro-fissures. Both the grading and the shape factor of the rock particles are smaller than the value typical of a sound basalt. These parameters affect positively the void index and the deformation moduli of the embankment. Trachyte An additional, interesting source of construction material has been identified in the Trachyte (T), which is very suitable, especially due to the huge amount available on site. Laboratory tests on the Light Gray (LG) and Dark Gray (DG) Trachyte have revealed a good UCS which ranges respectively from 80 to 120 MPa for LG and from 100 to 130 MPa for DG. The unweathered trachyte on the left side has shown the best mechanical features. These new information make this material a valuable resource for the construction of the embankment. Almost all of these material sites (except some portion of the impervious material borrow area) are located within the borders of future Gibe III reservoir, thus will be inundated. In addition, the excavated materials from the appurtenant structures such as spillway, power intake, power plant and tunnels are planned to be used as rockfill materials, where appropriate. 2.5 Disposal Areas The disposal areas for excavated materials are planned downstream of the dam site and others within the borders of future reservoir. The locations of disposal sites are indicated in Figure 2.7 which also shows the construction facilities. These disposal areas are going to be inundated by the reservoir as well. 2.6 Construction and Operation Labour Requirements Construction and operation of the scheme will provide employment and career opportunity for several thousands of local people. The initial personnel requirement during construction is approximately 1,200, while at peak construction periods approximately 5,000 personnel will be employed on the project. The number of skilled (technical and administrative) workers will be around 1000 in the construction phase at peak periods. The number of semi-skilled and unskilled workers, including the workers for supporting services will reach about 4000 in the peak construction periods. EEPCO will be responsible for the operation and maintenance of the plant. During the operation phase, approximately 200 staff persons are needed to operate the power plant and the auxiliary facilities of the dam. Around 50 of these will be highly skilled staff (engineers, mechanics, hydromechanics, electricians, electronics specialists) and administrative staff, and the remaining will be unskilled workers and support staff (guards, cooks, gardeners, etc) who will, preferably, be hired locally.

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Figure 2.7: Spoil Disposal Sites

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2.7 Camps and Construction Facilities The construction workforce peaks just two years into the project with a maximum of more than 5,000. Of the latter a substantial part will be local personnel. The planned camp facilities will house local and international staffs. Figure 2.8 and 2.9 show the construction camp sites and the different site installations respectively. 2.8 Reservoir Impounding Based on long-term discharge records developed during the hydrologic studies the reservoir filling characteristics were determined. The impoundment of the reservoir is expected to take ten to fifteen months to get the first unit in operation.. The filling times are defined as the time required to reach minimum operating level (MOL 800 = m.a.s.l.) in the reservoir. This represents the time after which reservoir operation, i.e. reservoir releases and thus energy production, could commence.

2.9 Operation Characteristics The Gibe III power plant will have ten units, each one equipped with a vertical axis Francis type turbine generator with rating of 187 MW. In accordance with the Gibe III project design, the stored and regulated water will be used for power generation of a maximum output of 1870 MW and annual energy production of 6,400 GWh. Annual mean inflow at the dam site is 440 m3/sec with 85% of the annual inflow concentrated in the five months period from June to October (rainy season) with an average peak of about 1,523 m3/sec in August. Lowest flows usually occur in March with an average minimum flow of 62.6 m3/sec. Thus, one of the major consideration in the hydroelectric development scheme is to store and regulate the inflow of large seasonal variations in the reservoir aiming to average out the available discharge. When Gibe III scheme is put into full operation, following the filling of the reservoirs the river flow would be regulated by the Gibe III dam so it can be expected that flow would be distributed throughout the months of the year rather evenly with a design flow of about 950 m3/sec. In broad terms there will be an increase in the flows during the dry season and a reduction of the flows during the rainy season, when the water is retained to fill the reservoir, with a substantial decrease of peak flood flows. Further downstream, as unregulated flow enter the river system from tributaries, the effect of the regulation decreases. The Gibe III hydroelectric plant is designed to allow the optimization of the reservoir operation and energy production during the operation life basing on the requirements both of the energy market and of the downstream environment. 3 This since the wide outlet structure (two middle outlets each Qmax = 725 m /sec, spillway 3 3 with nine bays each – Qmax = 2,065 m /sec, ecological outlet – Qmax = 24 m /sec) together with the large reservoir volumes (11,750 Mm3 live storage) and the installed capacity allow a particularly relevant flexibility of the plant operation. Figure 2.10 compares the monthly average inflows (historical series: 1964 – 2001) with the simulated outflows from the reservoir considering one of the possible operating scenarios.

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Figure 2.8: Site Installations General Layout

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Figure 2.9: Living Camps for Construction Workers

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Figure 2.10: Comparison of Reservoir Monthly inflow and Overflow

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

Flows (m3/s) Flows 600

400

200

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Inflows Outflows

2.10 Project Costs The project costs are included in Table 2.3. The total costs of the Gibe III scheme are estimated at 1,55 Billion EUR. This total includes the costs of the construction works, equipment, engineering and administration services. If the total project cots, some 36% will be in local currency and the remainder in foreign currency. Cost for implementing the environmental mitigation, management and monitoring programmes have been estimated and the total costs amount to some EUR 11.5 million and this figure has been considered as a component of the financial requirements of the project.

Table 2.3: Project Cost in Euro (in million) No. Item Foreign Currency Local Currency (Euro) (Birr) 1 Construction cost 972,000,000 5,411,000,000 2 Supervision cost 27,964,203 3 Other cost 3.1 Environmental mitigation 120,000,000 3.2 Project administration and other costs 479,901,642 TOTAL 999,964,203 6,010,901,642

2.11 Economic An analysis comparing the total costs of the hydroelectric scheme with the costs of constructing and fuelling the least cost equivalent thermal alternative, a cost-benefit ratio of 1.15 at a discount rate of 10%.

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In financial terms, the scheme could generate energy at some use 2.86 Euro cents/kWh. This is an indicative of a reasonably attractive hydroelectric scheme.

2.12 Construction Programme Construction of the Project begun in January 2006 and will take more than five years to complete. It could thus be in operation by the beginning of the year 2012. The power and energy generated will be available for industrial, commercial and domestic consumption thereby improving both social and economic conditions in the country. Neighbouring countries are poorly endowed with water resources that can be converted to inexpensive energy and they face the continuing prospect of increasing oil import in order to meet their own domestic demand. With the implementation of Gibe III hydroelectric project, there will be surplus generation of energy which can be exported to earn much needed foreign exchange, in line with Ethiopia’s Energy Policy. The construction schedule is presented in Figure 2.11.

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Figure 2.11: Construction Schedule

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3 Environmental Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

The ESMP study for the proposed Gibe III Hydroelectric project has been carried out within the framework of local, national and international environmental regulations. The legislative framework applicable to the proposed project is governed by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) and International Financing Institutions who will be involved in this project and these includes: the African Development Bank (AfDB), the World Bank/ International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the European Investment Bank (EIB). The following sections describe the national and international regulations/conventions/ standards applicable to the construction and operation of the Gibe III Hydroelectric project.

3.1 Regulatory Framework of the FDRE 3.1.1 Constitution of FDRE Ethiopia adopted its Constitution in 1995, which provides the basic and comprehensive principles and guidelines for environmental protection, and management in the country. The concept of Sustainable Development and environmental rights are enshrined in Articles 43, 44 and 92 of the Constitution of FDRE. In Article 43: the Right to development, where people’s right to:
Improved living standards and to sustainable development;
Participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community;
The enhancement of their capacities for development and to meet their basic needs, are recognized; In Article 44: Environmental Rights, all persons are entitled to:
Live in a clean and healthy environment;
Compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance In Article 92: Environmental Objectives, it is declared that,
Government shall ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and healthy environment;
Programs and projects design shall not damage or destroy the environment;
Peoples have the right to full consultation and expression of views;
Government and citizens have the duty to protect the environment. 3.1.2 Environmental Policy Frame Work of Ethiopia The first comprehensive statement of Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was approved by the Council of Ministers in April 1997. It was based on the policy and strategic findings and recommendations of the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia. The overall policy goal is to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and to promote sustainable social and economic development through the sound management and use of natural, human-made and cultural resources and the

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environment as a whole so as to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The Environment Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) advocated the promotion of long-term sustainable socio-economic development through sound environmental management policies. The following are extracts from the National Environmental Policy and have provided essential guidance for activities of environmental agencies in general.
Incorporate the full economic, social and environmental costs and benefits of natural resources development;
Appropriate and affordable technologies which use renewable resources efficiently shall be adopted, developed and disseminated;
Incorporation of impact containment measures within the design process for both public and private sector development projects, and for mitigation measures and accident contingency plans to be incorporated within environmental impact statements.
Ensure that preliminary and full EIAs are undertaken by the relevant sectoral ministries or departments, if in the public sector, and by the developer if in the private sector.
Regular and accurate assessment and monitoring of environmental conditions shall be undertaken;
Ensure that EIAs consider not only physical and biological impacts but also address social, socio-economic, political and cultural conditions;
Recognise that public consultation is an integral part of EIA and ensure that EIA procedures make provision for both an independent review and public comment before consideration by decision makers;
Establish the necessary institutional framework and determine the linkage of its parts for undertaking, coordinating and approving EIAs and the subsequent system of environmental audits required to ensure compliance with conditions;
Development of EIA and environmental auditing capacity and capabilities within the environmental protection authority, sectoral ministries and agencies, as well as in the regions. Thus EPE provides a number of guiding principles that indicate and require a strong adherence to sustainable development. 3.1.3 Environmental Framework Legislation/Proclamation EPA has established an Environmental Impact Assessment system for Ethiopia including the preparation of Procedural and Sectoral Guidelines as a prerequisite for the approval of new development activities and projects. “Environmental Protection Organs Establishment Proclamation (Proclamation no. 295 of 2002)” stipulates the need to establish a system that enables to foster co- ordinated but differentiated responsibilities among environmental protection agencies at Federal and Regional levels. The proclamation requires the establishment of Sectoral and Regional Environmental Units and agencies, respectively. This shows that institutionalizing and mainstreaming environmental concerns has a legal foundation. “Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation no. 299 of 2002)” has made EA to be a mandatory legal prerequisite for the implementation of major development projects, programs and plans. This proclamation is a proactive tool and a

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backbone to harmonizing and integrating environmental, economic and social considerations into a decision making process in a manner that promotes sustainable development. “Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proclamation no. 300 of 2002)” is promulgated with a view to eliminate or, when not possible to mitigate pollution as an undesirable consequence of social and economic development activities. This proclamation is one of the basic legal documents, which need to be observed as corresponding to effective EA administration. The EIA Process as applicable to development projects is detailed in the ‘Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines Series 1’ of November 2003. As per the Schedule I, which lists projects requiring a full EIA and is annexed to the Guidelines, both hydroelectric project has significant environmental impacts, and, therefore, require a full EIA/ EA. 3.2 Regional and International / Multilateral Agreement In addition to national environmental legislations, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is also a party to a number of regional and international conventions and protocols on environment. The international agreement to which Ethiopia is a signatory includes: Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity has three goals. These are: the conservation of biodiversity; the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity; and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. The Convention was ratified by Ethiopia by Proclamation 98/94, on May 31, 1994. By Proclamation No. 362/2003, Ethiopia has ratified the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) The objective of the Convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of droughts in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa. Ethiopia has ratified the Convention through its Proclamation No. 80/1997. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer The basic objective of the Convention is to combat the negative impact on the environment and human beings resulting from ozone depleting substances by reducing the amounts released and eventually banning their commercial use through internationally agreed measures. The Montreal Protocol entered into force in 1989 to facilitate the implementation of the Convention. Ethiopia ratified and became party to the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol in January 1996. The National Meteorological Services agency has been mandated for the coordination and supervision of implementation of this convention. Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) Ethiopia ratified this convention through Proclamation No. 97/1994 on May 2/1994. This convention takes into account the fact that climate change has transboundary impacts. The basic objective of this convention is to provide for agreed limits on the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere so as to prevent the occurrence of climate change. It also aims to prepare countries to minimize the impact of climate change should it occur.

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The Basel Convention The objective of the Basel Convention is to control and regulate the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes. The Bamako Convention of 1991 plays a similar role at the level of the African continent. Ethiopia ratified the Basel Convention through its Proclamation No. 357/2002. Its amendment was ratified through Proclamation No. 356/2002. The country has also ratified the Bamako Convention through Proclamation No. 355/2002. The Stockholm Convention In the year 2002, Ethiopia fully accepted and ratified the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants by proclamation No. 279/2002 designed to ban the use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS). The Environmental Protection Authority has the full mandate to implement the Convention at the national level. The Rotterdam Convention This Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Concert (PLC) relates to prior informed consent in the context of international trade in specific hazardous chemicals and pesticides. The Environmental Protection Authority is the organ responsible for the domestic implementation of this convention, which has been ratified by Ethiopia proclamation No. 278/2002. The Environmental Protection Authority is preparing a framework for its implantation. 3.3 Environmental Assessment Procedures and Guidelines in Ethiopia 3.3.1 EPA’s EIA Guidelines As part of the ongoing effort to develop environmental legislation and guidelines in Ethiopia, EPA has released the final version of its EIA Guideline document (EPA 2002). This guideline follows the conventional pattern adopted in many other parts of the world, and makes provision for screening, scoping, identification and evaluation of impacts, the development of environmental management and monitoring plans, consideration of alternatives etc. At the project identification phase, based on EPA’s guideline projects are categorised in one of the following three categories: Schedule 1: Projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts, and may, therefore, require full EIA. Schedule 2: Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to cause some significant environmental impacts but not likely to warrant an environmental impact study. Schedule 3: Projects which would have no impact and does not require environmental impact assessment According to the guideline, all projects in environmentally sensitive areas are treated as equivalent to Schedule 1 activities irrespective of the nature of the project. EPA has also prepared a document on environmental impact considerations for projects in different sectors. The document provides a comprehensive statement of the types of adverse impact, which may occur, and sets out clearly the aspects, which need to be addressed in an EIA. The Proclamation on EIA is now issued; the EIA guideline document has enforceable legal status, rather than being of an advisory nature as in the past.

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3.3.2 EIA Process The general description of the EIA process and the permit requirements are detailed in the Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guideline Series 1 of the FDRE released in Nov 2003 (see Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1). As per the Guidelines, an EIA shall contain:
Sufficient information to enable the determination of whether and under what conditions the project shall proceed.
as a minimum, a description of: i. the nature of the project, including the technology and processes to be used and their physical impacts; ii. the content and amount of pollutants that will be released during implementation as well as during operation; iii. source and amount of energy required for operation iv. characteristics and duration of all the estimated direct or indirect, positive or negative impacts v. impacts on living things and the physical environment vi. measures proposed to eliminate, minimize, or mitigate negative impacts vii. a contingency plan in case of accidents viii. procedures of internal monitoring and auditing during implementation and operation. Table 3.1: EIA procedures in Ethiopia EIA Stage Action Agency involved Screening
Preparation of project profile EPA
Decision on whether or not the project requires an EIA Scoping of the EIA
Developing TORs EPA,
Initiating initial public consultation Funding agency,(if there is any) Environmental Consultant Environmental Impact
Impact assessment EPA, Study
Design of mitigation and benefit Funding agency, (if there is enhancement measures any) Environmental
Design monitoring and audit plan Consultant
Public Consultation Proponent Reviewing the
Review contents and provide comments EPA, adequacy of the EIA for necessary revisions Funding agency (if there is any) Decision Making
Summary evaluation made available to EPA public
Decisions and conditions for approval made public Systematic EA Follow
Ensuring implementation of agreed Private Contractors, ups mitigation measures EPA,
Periodic review and alteration of Funding Agency (if there is management plan if required any)

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Figure 3.1: EIA Application Process Proponent’s Proposal to undertake Activity /Investment

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Subsequent to an EIA Study, the stages, which have already been completed for the Gibe III Hydroelectric project, the balance stages involved in the EA include the following: Reviewing The purpose of review is to examine and determine whether the EIA report is an adequate assessment of the environmental effects and of sufficient relevance and quality for decision- making. Reviewing may include considerations of the adequacy of:
Compliance with the “approved TOR”;
Required information;
The examination of alternatives, assessment of impacts, appropriateness of mitigation measures and monitoring schemes as well as implementation arrangements;
The use of scientific and analytical techniques;
The extent of public involvement and reflection of their concerns;
Presentation of the information to decision makers at Regional, Sectoral, and Local levels. Decision Making EIA is an on-going process of review, negotiations and incremental decision-making at various levels of the project cycle, about whether or not the proposal is to proceed, and under what conditions. Decision-making is consultative, participatory and influences others to behave responsibly and sustainably. It also acknowledges and implements mandates and responsibility. Full-scale assessment is required where the project is known to have significant adverse environmental impacts. Important considerations of decision-making are:
A summary of evaluation is made available to the public;
Reasons for decision and conditions of approval are made public;
There is the right of appeal against decision;
Approval can be reversed or permit can be revoked on the advent of changing circumstances;
Approval of a proposal cannot immune the proponent from being accountable of the occurrence of adverse significant impacts in the course of the implementation of the project. The licensing agency shall, prior to issue of an operating license for a project, ensure that the EIA of the project has been approved. Approval of an EIA report is only to mark a simple agreement to the proposal. The culmination of the approval procedure will be the issuance of an Environmental Clearance Certificate upon the satisfactory trial operation phase.

3.4 Regulatory Requirements of International Financial Institutions The following provides a summary of the environmental and social requirements of the key International Financial Institutions (IFI) who will be involved in this project, expected to include African Development Bank, World Bank/IFC, European Investment Bank.

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3.4.1 African Development Bank The African Development Bank (ADB) has adopted an Environmental Policy and Environmental Assessment Guideline in 1990 and 1992 respectively. The Bank has also issued an Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures (ESAP) in 2004 and the main purpose of this policy is to improve decision-making and project results in order to ensure that Bank-financed projects, plans and programs are environmentally and socially sustainable as well as in line with Bank’s policies and guidelines. The ESAP formalise the use of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Environmental and Social Audits as instruments to enhance project benefits and (in order of priority) to prevent, minimise, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts. The ESAP describe the various steps that shall be followed to mainstream crosscutting issues along the project cycle, from country programming to post-evaluation. At the project identification phase, the ESAP screening exercise focuses on the environmental and social dimensions of a project to categorize it in one of the following four categories: Category 1: these are projects that are likely to have the most severe environmental and social impacts and require a full ESIA. Category 2: these are projects that are likely to have detrimental and site-specific environmental and social impacts that can be minimised by the application of mitigation measures included in an ESMP. Category 3: these are projects that shall not induce any adverse environmental and social impacts and do not need further ESA action. Category 4: these are projects that involve investment of Bank’s funds through Financial Intermediaries (FIs) in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental or social impacts. Specific requirements for this type of project include an assessment of FI capacities to handle environmental and social considerations. The Gibe III Hydroelectric project is screened as Category 1 Project requiring Detailed Environmental Assessment. The following AfDB publications are relevant to the preparation of the Gibe III Hydroelectric Project EIA, ESMP and RAP:
Environmental Policy (AfDB, 1990);
Environmental Assessment Guidelines (AfDP, 1992);
Environmental Sectoral Policy Guidelines for the Industrial Sector (AfDB, 1995);
Guidelines on Involuntary Displacement and Resettlement in Development Projects (AfDB, 1995);
Environmental Assessment Guidelines – Fisheries (AfDB, 1997);
Environmental Assessment Guidelines – Forestry and Watershed Management (AfDB, 1997);
Cooperation with Civil Society Organisation: Policy and Guidelines (AfDB, 2000);
Integrated Water Resources Management Policy (AfDB, 2000);
Population Policy (AfDB, 2000); and
Gender Policy (AfDB, 2001).

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3.4.2 World Bank Group 3.4.2.1 World Bank and IFC Safeguard Policies Safeguard Policies: OP4.01, Environmental Assessment (EA) Summary of Provisions:
States that all projects proposed for World Bank Group funding require EA review/analysis to ensure that they are environmentally and socially sound/sustainable.
An EA evaluates a project’s potential environmental impacts; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of preventing, minimizing, mitigating or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts.
EA considers: the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, cultural property); as well as, trans-boundary and global environmental aspects.
Projects are categorized based on environmental significance. Category ‘A’ projects require a full EIA undertaken by independent EA experts.
Project sponsors for Category A projects must prepare a Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan (PCDP) and an Environmental Action Plan (EAP). Project sponsor must consult project-affected groups and local NGOs at least twice: before TORs for EA are finalized and once a draft EA report is prepared.
During project implementation, the project sponsor reports on compliance with (a) measures as agreed upon with IFC, including implementation of an EAP; (b) status of mitigative measures; and (c) the findings of monitoring programs. Safeguard Policies: OP 4.04, Natural Habitats Summary of Provisions:
Aims to promote and support natural habitat conservation, protection, maintenance, rehabilitation, and improved landuse.
The World Bank Group does not support projects that involve significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats.
Where impact to natural habitats is inevitable, there is an opportunity to identify an ‘offset’ as compensation. Safeguard Policies: OP4.10, Indigenous Peoples, and (World Bank), OP4.20, Indigenous Peoples (IFC). Summary of Provisions:
Operational Policy 4.10 is forthcoming; projects must comply with OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples in the interim.
Policy aims to ensure that indigenous people benefit from development projects and are unaffected by potentially adverse effects.
If Indigenous peoples are affected by project development, project sponsor must develop an Indigenous Peoples Development Plan.

Safeguard Policies: OP4.11, Cultural Property (WB), OPN11.03, Cultural Property (IFC).

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Summary of Provisions:
Operational Policy 4.11 is forthcoming; projects must comply with OPN 11.03, Cultural Property in the interim.
Policy aims to assist in the preservation, protection, and enhancement of cultural properties and to avoid their elimination.
If there is any question of cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken.
Cultural property definition includes unique natural environmental features (canyons, waterfalls) with cultural values. Safeguard Policies: OP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (WB), OD 4.30, Involuntary Resettlement (IFC). Summary of Provisions:
Operational Policy 4.12 is forthcoming; projects must comply with OD 4.30, Involuntary Resettlement in the interim.
Aims to avoid or minimise the involuntary resettlement of people required for projects.
Applied wherever land, housing, or other resources are taken involuntarily from people.
Sets out procedures for baseline studies impact analyses and mitigation plans for affected people.
Project sponsors must implement a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), as specified in the annex.
RAP must address both physical resettlement and economic effects of displacement. Safeguard Policies: OP 4.36, Forestry Summary of Provisions:
Aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development. Safeguard Policies: OP 4.37, Safety of Dams Summary of Provisions:
Dams over 15 m must be reviewed by a panel of three or more independent experts.
Must have detailed plans and periodic safety inspections.
Dams must be designed and constructed by experienced and competent professionals. Safeguard Policies: Statement on Forced Labour and Harmful Child Labour (IFC) Summary of Provisions:
IFC will not support projects that used forced or harmful child labour.
Forced labour consists of all work or service, not voluntarily performed, that is exacted from an individual under threat of force!/ Penalty.

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Harmful child labour consists of the employment of children that is economically exploitative, or is likely to be hazardous to, or interfere with, the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health, or physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development. Safeguard Policies: Policy on Disclosure of Information (IFC) Summary of Provisions:
Sets out IFC policy on disclosure of information, minimum requirements for public consultation and describes materials which the public has the right of access to,
Public consultation required at least two times for Category A projects: during the setting of project terms of reference in the scoping stage and during the review of the draft EA,
Project sponsors are required to make project information publicly available at or near the location of project for all Category A and B projects,
Summary of Project needs to be disclosed in local language(s) at project site,
Once Category A project EAs are complete, they are released through the World Bank’s Info Shop and simultaneously in the host-country at least 60 days before proposed Board date, closing date, or management approval date,.
EA reports must contain details of public consultations made from EA preparation including location and dates of meetings, description of parties consulted, overview of issues discussed and resolved and necessary future action. Main public comments and consultation are included after the EA is released, and
After negotiations between IFC and sponsor, the EAP is updated and re-released publicly to reflect final understandings between IFC and the project company on measures taken to manage mitigate and monitor environmental and social issues. 3.4.2.2 IFC Performance Standard IFC applies to all the projects it finances environmental and social standards to minimize their impact on the environment and on affected communities. Together the following eight performance Standards establish standards that Gibe III hydroelectric project is to meet throughout the project life:
Performance Standard 1 : Social and Environmental Assessment and Management System
Performance Standard 2 : Labour and Working Conditions
Performance Standard 3 : Pollution Prevention and Abatement
Performance Standard 4 : Community Health, Safety and Security
Performance Standard 5 : Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement
Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management
Performance Standard 7 : Indigenous Peoples
Performance Standard 8 : Cultural Heritage 3.4.3 European Investment Bank The European Investment Bank (EIB) is the financing institution of the European Union (EU). Therefore, all projects selected by the EIB have to be acceptable to, and consistent with, EU environmental policies and law. The European Community has an

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environmental assessment procedure the purpose of this procedure is to determine the likely environmental consequences of a project, and which protection measures need to be incorporated into its design, implementation and operation. Guidelines for project assessment are provided in the Sectoral Environmental Assessment Sourcebook. Accordingly, projects are screened as Category A, B or C projects:
Category A projects are those which are unlikely to have significant environmental impacts and require no Environmental Analysis;
Category B projects are those which have potential to cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. These projects require a Preliminary Environmental Assessment to determine whether some Environmental Analysis should be included within the Feasibility Study or, in extreme cases, whether an EIA study is needed;
Category C projects require a self-standing EIA study. The Gibe III Hydroelectric project is screened as requiring Detailed Environmental Assessment. The EIB environmental policies and procedures are set out in the EIB Environmental Procedures document. The other documents describing the general approach of the Bank to social and environmental safeguards include:
Environmental Statement (2004);
The EIB and its Contribution to Sustainable Development (2002);
EIB Public Disclosure Policy, Principles, Rules and Procedures, March 2006; and
EIB’s EIA Directive 85/337/EEC, amended by Directive 97/11/EC. 3.5 Standards Applicable to the Project 3.5.1 National Standards One of the important functions of EPA, under the 2002 proclamation is to establish in consultation with various lead agencies, National Environmental Standards. The EPA of FDRE has been actively engaged in the preparation of national environmental quality standards for air, water, noise, etc. To date many of these standards are still in draft form. As such, International Standards are commonly relied upon. The proposed draft standards as formulated by the FDRE for ambient air quality, noise levels, emission levels and discharge of wastewater are given in Table 3.2 and Annex B.

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Table 3.2: National standards for Ambient air quality and Noise level Sr. Element Requirement No Parameter Standard Averaging Time (µg/ m3) 1 Ambient Air Quality SO2 500 10 min 125 24 hr 50 1 yr NO2 200 24 hr 40 1 yr CO 100,000 15 min 60,000 30 min 30,000 1 hr 10,000 8 hr PM10 50 1 yr 150 24 hr 2 Noise quality Category of area Day Time 1 Day Time 2 a Noise standards Industrial 75 70 where people live or Commercial 65 55 work Residential 55 45 Note 1. Day time reckoned from 6 to 1m to 9 pm 2. Night time reckoned from 9 pm to 6 am b Vibration and Air Overpressure in Quarrying Peak particle Level of 12 mm/sec, measured in any three mutually vibration orthogonal directions at a receiving location when blasting occurs at a frequency of once per week or less Level of 8 mm/ sec2 for more frequent blasting 1, 2: For vibrations <40 Hz Air Overpressure Blasting should not give rise to air overpressure values in excess of 125 dB(Lin) max peak at sensitive locations

3.5.2 IFC Standards The EHS Guidelines released on 30 April 2007 are technical reference documents with general and industry specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). The World Bank ‘EHS Guidelines for Projects have set standards for effluent levels from sanitary sewage discharges as given below. Effluents Effluent guidelines as specified in the EHS Guidelines for Hydroelectric projects are applicable for discharges of treated waters for general use and are given in Table 3.3.

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Table 3.3: Indicative values for treated sanitary sewage discharges

S.No Pollutant Units Guideline value 1 pH pH 6 – 9 2 BOD mg/l 30 3 COD mg/l 125 4 Total Nitrogen mg/l 10 5 Total Phosphorus mg/l 2 6 Oil and grease mg/l 10 7 Total suspended solids mg/l 50 b 8 Total coliform bacteria MPN /100 ml 400a aNot applicable to centralized, municipal, waste water treatment systems which are included in EHS guidelines for Water and Sanitation bMPN = Most Probable Number

Noise Levels beyond the property boundary of the Plant The General EHS Guidelines on Noise Management specify the noise level guidelines applicable to this project. Noise levels should not exceed the levels as given in Table 3.3, or result in a maximum increase in background levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor location off site.

Table 3.4: Noise levels guideline

Sn Receptor One hour Leq (dBA)* Daytime Nighttime (07.00-22.00) (22.00-07.00) 1 Residential, institutional, educational 55 45 2 Industrial, commercial 70 70 Noise Levels in Work Environment The General EHS Guidelines on Occupational Health and Safety specify the noise level guidelines applicable to different working environments. Noise levels should not exceed the levels as given in Table 3.4. As per the guidelines:
No employee shall be exposed to noise levels greater than 85 dB(A) for a duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. In addition, no unprotected ear should be exposed to a peak sound pressure level (instantaneous) of more than 140 dB(C).
The use of hearing protection shall be strictly enforced when the sound level over 8 hours reaches 85 dB(A), the peak sound levels reach 140 dB(C) or the average maximum sound level reaches 110 dB(A).
For every 3 dB(A) increase in sound levels, the ‘allowed’ exposure period or duration should be reduced by 50%.

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Table 3.5: Noise Levels guidelines in working environment

S. Equivalent Level Maximum LAmax, Location/ Activity No. LAeq, 8h fast 1 Heavy Industry (no demand for oral 85 dB(A) 110 dB(A) communication) 2 Open offices, Control Rooms 45-50 dB(A) -

3.6 Contractual Requirements of Gibe III Scheme 3.6.1 EPC Contract Document The EPC Contract contains a number of environmental requirements relating to construction, termed the ‘Owners Requirements’ (OR). These requirements are designed to ensure implementation of measures that will mitigate or minimise impacts identified during the Project environmental assessment. The final EMP will include all requirements specified in the Owners Requirements. The General Condition of Contract and the Particular Condition of Contract have applicable clauses related to Environmental Protection. 3.6.2 Environmental Impact Statement The Environmental Impact Assessment for the Gibe III Hydroelectric Project scheme was carried out by CESI of Italy and MDI Consulting Engineers of Ethiopia. The Environmental Impact Statement is contained in a "stand alone" report and describes the prevailing situation in the project area, identifies potential impacts of the project and proposes mitigation and benefit enhancement measures. 3.6.3 Environmental Management Plan This Environmental and social management plan is concerned with the implementation of the measures necessary to minimise or offset adverse environmental impact and to enhance beneficial ones. Therefore, integration of this EMP with the overall project implementation effort is part of the contractual requirements. 3.7 Institutional Framework 3.7.1 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia The FDRE consists of the Federal State and Regional States, which are nine in number. Proclamations 33/ 1992, 41/ 1993 and 4/ 1995 define the duties and responsibilities of the Regional States which include planning, directing and developing social and economic development programs as well as protection of natural resources of their respective regions. The basic administrative unit is Wereda. Each Wereda is divided into Kebele. Several Sectoral Bureaus and Authorities including the Environmental Agencies/Offices have been established by SNNP and Oromiya Regional Govts. 3.7.2 Environmental Protection Authority The most important step in setting up the legal framework for the environment in Ethiopia has been the establishment of the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) by Proclamation no. 295 of 2002. It is an autonomous government body reporting to the Prime Minister. It has a brood mandate covering environmental matters at federal level. The proclamation sets out the main responsibilities of EPA and this include:

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The establishment of a required system for EA of public and private sector projects, as well as social and economic development policies, strategies, laws, and programs of federal level functions;
Reviewing and passing decisions and follow-up the implementation of Environmental Impact Study Reports of projects, as well as social and economic development programs or plans where they are
subject to federal licensing, execution or supervision;
proposed activities subject to execution by a federal agency;
likely to entail inter or transregional, and international impacts.
Notifying its decision to the concerned licensing agency at or before the time specified in the appropriate law or directives;
Auditing and regulating the implementation of the conditions attached to the decision;
Provide advice and technical support to the regional environmental agencies, sectoral institutions and the proponents;
Making its decisions and the EA report available to the public, resolving all complaints and grievances in good faith and at the appropriate time;
Develop incentive or disincentive structures required for compliance of EA requirements, pave the way and involve in EA awareness creation, etc. The Regional Environmental Agencies are responsible to:
Adopt and interpret Federal level EA policies and systems or requirements in line with their respective local realities;
Establish a system for EA of public and private projects, as well as social and economic development policies, strategies, laws, or programs of regional level functions;
Inform EPA about malpractices that affect the sustainability of the environment regarding EA and cooperate with EPA in compliant investigations;
Administer, oversee, and pass major decisions regarding impact assessment of:
projects subject to licensing by regional agency
projects subject to execution by a regional agency
projects likely to have regional impacts The Proclamation assigns responsibilities to separate organizations for environmental development and management activities on one hand, and environmental protection, regulation and monitoring on the other. It gives the EPA the legal powers required for enforcing as well as to spearhead the enforcement of and ensure compliance with environmental laws and standards. 3.7.3 Environmental Policy Framework of EEPCO Proclamation No. 10 of 1995 defines the powers and responsibilities of the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO). The duties, responsibilities and powers of the Authority, defined by the above proclamation cover the areas of power generation, transmission, distribution and sales. EEPCO is also concerned with carrying out technical development studies in the power sector. EEPCO is committed to work towards realizing the objectives of sustainable development and continual improvements in its environmental performance. EEPCO is

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also committed to adhere to the country's environmental Policy goals and principles as well as applicable legal environmental requirements. The environmental policy of EEPCO is set out below; Scope This policy applies to all units of EEPCO in particular to power projects *Hydro Power, Transmission Line. Thermal power and Distribution line projects), and operations where activities potentially affects the natural Environment and Social activities. Policy Rationale
The sectoral Environment policy is based on National Environment legislations, National Environmental policy, guidelines, etc, and takes into account international financers environmental requirements
The sectoral policy on the environmental aims at high level of protection taking into account the diversified activities of EEPCO.
The Ultimate goal is to enable EEPCO to handle in a successful manner all the social and environmental aspects involved in the phase of Energy planning and development.
The organization is beneficiary in the activity beyond fulfilling National and International requirements because of the fact that a project that conserves natural resources it relies upon will continue to be sustainable. Governing Principles The key guiding principles of the policy are:
The basic in Environmental protection is precautionary principle where preventive action should be taken in every action of power projects and operational activities.
Development activities shall minimize degrading and polluting impacts on ecological and life support systems.
The concept of sustainable development is thought to allow maintenance of the overall quality of life and continuing access to natural resources whilst avoiding lasting damage to the Environmental and people’s livelihood.
Based on sustainability principle, the development and use of renewable energy shall be encouraged.
Recognition of Environmental problems of global scale, such as climate change, depletion of ozone layer, depletion of natural resources, desertification and threats to the biological diversity requires a wide response from all sectors. Decision Rules
The achievement of sustainable development is the fundamental objective of the environment policy. The underlying premise is that since all human activity affects the environment, sustainable development can be achieved, if we all at the level of the individual, the corporation the state and the community accept the responsibility to avoid or minimize Environmental degradation.
Resettlement/rehabilitation of project affected people (PAP’s)
Power Projects might create adverse social impacts on the lives of the population living in the project area.
There is a need to mitigate adverse social impacts such as involuntary resettlement, relocation, loss of property and assets, income loss, etc.

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The adverse impact shall be addressed properly with adequate planning and implementation.
Use of chemicals in construction and operational activities Chemicals, which can be obtained in any forms as crystalline powders, paste or liquid concentrates needs proper handling in transporting usage, storage and diposal. Every precaution shall be taken to minimize the possibility of contamination of the Environment and affecting Human health.

Chemical used as dielectric fluid in power transformers, capacitors, voltage regulators, circuit breakers, etc, such as polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) classified as persistent organic pollutant needs careful attention.
EEPCO shall comply to the international conventions ratified by FDRE not to use PCB chemicals in electrical equipment and phase out in internationally accepted time frame.
Environmental and social impact assessment and monitoring of environmental conditions shall be under taken to all power projects and information disseminated to stakeholders.
Awareness and understanding of Environmental and social issues shall be promoted and “conservation cultures” adapted among project planners and implementing bodies.
Environmental management activities shall be integrated across all departments of the corporation in particulars to development planners, implementers and power systems operations.
The integrated implementation of all concerned bodies in the organization shall be seen as a prerequisite to achieving the objectives of the Environmental policy.
Promote the development of renewable energy sources and ensuing sustainability and protecting the Environment.
To recognize that water resources play crucial role to meet Ethiopia’s energy demand so that conservation and Environmental protection is fundamental.
To focus on tree planting around Hydro power plants and projects for the conservation of the area, reducing erosion and siltation that ultimately has positive effect on the life span of dams. 3.7.4 Environmental Policy of the EPC Contractor The policy of Salini Costruttori S.P.A (the EPC Contractor) is set out below. A copies of the policies are provided in Annes A. Environmental Protection Policy Salinie Costruttori S.p.A recognises the primary importance of Environmental Protection in business activities and pursues the objective of continuously improving the company’s environmental management system The company therefore intends to actively promote total actions addressed to personnel, customers, supplies and authorities aimed at reaching the highest environmental protection and conservation standards. Environmental Protection is an integral part of the company’s financial and operative performance and is a crucial instrument for reaching strategic goals in an extremely competitive global market.

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The Environmental Protection objectives to which Salini Costruttori S.p.A attributes the utmost importance are:
to protect the environment and prevent environmental damage by applying operative practices and procedures which are compatible with the environment where the works are carried out;
to minimize the effects caused by the company’s activities on the environment;
to respect national and international laws, codes and guidelines issued by international organisation as minimum requirements and apply the strictest standard wherever possible. Human and Safety Policy Salini Costruttori S.p.A recognises the primary, inalienable importance of health and safety protection of personnel and third parties during the performance of all activities. The company therefore intends to actively promote initiatives addressed to personnel, customers, suppliers and authorities, aimed at reaching the highest health and safety standards. The Health and Safety objectives to which Salini Costruttori S.p.A assigns the utmost importance are:
to prevent exposure to risks during all activities according to the principle that all accidents may be prevented.
to respect, as minimum requirements, national and international laws, codes and guidelines issued by international organisations and to apply the strictest standards everywhere feasible;
to protect the health of personnel and all other people concerned in any manner by the performance of operative activities;
to safeguard the properties of the company and of third parties. All Salini Costruttori S.p.A personnel will be directly responsible for applying these policies. The company will be responsible to reviewing and improving the contents of the policies and varying its implementation. Human Resources Management Policy Salini Costruttori S.p.A recognises the importance of targeted Human Resources Management policy, an articulated complex process relating to the acquisition and administrative and legal management of all personnel during their entire working cycle within the company, focusing on planning, recruiting, selection, hiring, training, performance and potential evaluation, administration and remuneration.

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4 Summary of Impacts

4.1 General Gibe III Hydroelectric Project will lead to a variety of changes in the local and wider socio-economic environment. Many of the effects will be beneficial, particularly the impact at a local and regional level of promoting and improving access to electricity. In this chapter, summary of the potential impacts of the Gibe III Project on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment is presented. In this chapter, summary of the potential beneficial as well as adverse impacts of the proposed project on the environment are discussed in Section 4.2 environmental and socio-economic benefits are presented. Section 4.3 describes the potential impacts of the project on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment. 4.2 Beneficial/Positive Impacts

Key potentially beneficial impacts associated with implementation of the Gibe III Project are all related to the post-construction phase and are as follows: Power Generation: The Gibe III scheme is designed to supply 1,870 MW of electrical power and 6,400 GWh of average energy per year to Ethiopia’s Interconnected system. Rural Electrification: Ethiopia has one of the lowest level of energy consumption per capita in the world, which is 28 kwh. Only 14% of the population has access to electricity. Presently, around 95% of energy consumed in the country is derived from biomass fuels and is almost entirely used for cooking. The use of these fuels has resulted in massive deforestation and soil erosion. A century ago, 40% of the country was covered with forest, now it is only a few percent. Deforestation leads to increased soil erosion, land degradation, changes in natural habitat and, in consequence, loss of bio-diversity. As deforestation takes place, the distance between settlements and nearest forest increases, making it more and more cumbersome and time consuming to go and collect fuel wood. This is a gender issue, as this work is generally done by women. The increased erosion washes away the best soils, causing a reduction of soil fertility, and silting up streams and reservoirs. Also runoff will become faster, aggravating downstream floods and reducing the groundwater table. The widespread use of fuel wood is one of the foremost problems in Ethiopia. If the quality of life of that population is to be improved and environmental degradation halted then a considerable amount of new electricity generating capacity must be developed. Under the power sector Development Programme, the government plans to increase electricity coverage from 22% in 2005 to 50% by 2010 and the number of customers from, 138,000 to 2.6 million. Establishing new connection to the grid requires that there is an adequate supply of power. The increase in generating capacity provided by Gibe III, together with ongoing rural electrification programmes will facilitate improved access to electricity for the Ethiopian population with associated downstream, benefits. Therefore, implementation of the proposed hydropower project will contribute for the reduction of fuel wood demand, to halt the clearing of forests for firewood, to conserve the nation’s soils, to stop environmental degradation. And thus, the proposed project will

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contribute to promote educational, commercial and industrial development in the country. Fishery Development: The project will create a reservoir of 20,000 ha in area and 230 meter deep at the dam site. This is a large artificial lake that provides different environmental and ecological niches for diverse fish species. A number of fish species in the lotic (riverine) habitat are expected to adapt to the new reservoir (lacustrine) habitat as these species also appear in other lakes in the Rift Valley – Abaya and Chamo. Hence the new reservoir would potentially provide opportunity for developing commercial fishery industry. At this stage one can estimate the potential yield based on comparing with other similar aquatic ecosystems. A modest estimate for annual yield from the new reservoir would be 40-50 kg/ ha. Based on this estimate the reservoir of 200 km2 area would yield 800 – 1000 metric ton annually. This would provide sustainable job opportunities for up to 400 fishers who would be primary or direct beneficiaries from the reservoir fish resources. Apart from this there will be much more indirect job opportunities that would be created through the fishery related activities like the boat making and repair, fishing nets production and supply, fish processing and distribution, fish retail, etc. A total of about 2000 new job opportunities being created by the reservoir fishery would be a reasonable estimate. The other beneficial aspect that would be attained from the reservoir fishery would be the increased fish (protein diet) supply to the local community that in turn contributes to the health of the people. Aquatic and Terrestrial Fauna Resources: The creation of reservoir and islands will be a very comfortable place for a considerable number of water birds. Resident as well as migrant birds will have a good chance to use the site. The Hippopotamus and crocodile will enjoy the creation of new habitat (increase in the water level and volume). The water volume and depth may make them swim easily, cool themselves, and makes them less accessible to their enemies mainly human. The marginal area created as a result of the reservoir may create new habitats like the moist soils which will harbour an aquatic and semi - aquatic invertebrates such as molluscs and arthropods as well as vertebrates such as snakes and turtles, thus providing feeding areas for predatory animals that contribute a bit for preservation of biodiversity of the project area. Prospects to Export Power: The project will increase the generation capacity of the country and will make the power export programme of the country viable.

Avoidance of CO2 Emission: Hydropower offsets thermal or other types of generation. Hydropower is a very efficient way to produce electricity, in terms of greenhouse gases (GHGs), showing emission factors between one and two orders of magnitude lower than the thermal alternatives. Nevertheless, hydroelectric dams can produce significant amounts of carbon dioxide and methane. Carbon emissions vary from dam to dam. Emissions of GHG are related to the decomposition of flooded "soft" organic matter. The GIBE III project shows the following main characteristics: Surface area = 20,599 ha, Volume= 15,245 Mm3, Water resident time: 6 months, Energy produced annually: 6,400 GWh and Flooded area per unit of energy produced annually = 3.22 ha. Estimated GHG emissions from Gibe III scheme is shown below.

Plant CO2 emission t/y Ratio t/GWh GIBE III HPP 87,592 13.69 Average thermal power plant park 4,478,420 699.75 Combine cycle thermal plant 2,710,682 423.54

Besides replacing capacity and energy, the use of Gibe III hydropower also leads to a reduction of thermal plant emission (about 4.5 million t/y of CO2 emission), which is the

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most important Green House Gas contributor. The cost of one tone of saved CO2 to date is about US$ 4 to 5 according to GEF, but is expected to rise considerably in the future. Although it is to early now, it may well be that when the project is commissioned there would be international trading of CO2 certificates, and the project could become a direct beneficiary.

Effective Utilization of the Country’s Water Resource: Effective and efficient utilization of countries water resource for the socio-economic development of the country will be one of the benefits. It is believed that through the production of electric power the economy of the country will grow. Availability of sufficient energy would encourage the development of other sectors such as industry and agriculture. Regulation of the River Flow for Irrigation: According to the expectations of the weredas’ officials, with the construction of the dam and creation of the reservoir the Omo River will come closer to the nearby settlements and the people will have the opportunity to use the river water for small scale irrigation development. The expansion of irrigation farms would increase crop production per unit area and compensate for the loss of land for the displaced community whose farmland areas have been covered under the reservoir. This contributes to higher income and increased food security to the community. The easy availability of water for domestic use for the surrounding rural community is also another benefit to expect from the impoundment. Flood Protection The presence of Gibe III reservoir will provide flood protection (will reduce floods both in peak and in frequency) to downstream areas. As a result, the damage due to floods like loss of crops, dwellings and the suffering and possibly death of affected people will reduce. With this regulation, areas prone to frequent flooding can be used for agricultural purposes. Besides the above, major benefits would be induced by the regulation of the river flow in the downstream lower Omo River valley in terms of public health (reduction of water logging that would facilitate the control of malaria, tripanosomiasis and other water-borne diseases), safety and infrastructure protection from floods (the 2006’ floods have caused in the area hundreds people and thousand animals dead besides 15,000 displaced population, with an estimate of over 17 million US$ of works needed to rehabilitate Health, Education, Shelter, Water and Sanitation, Agriculture, Livestock, Fishing, Roads and Telecommunication facilities washed away), permanent availability of water with stable water levels allowing for development of commercial irrigated agriculture, settled livestock, fishing and tourism, as well as reliable water-supply and sanitation facilities and all-weather road network throughout the year. Tourism Activities Tourism activities will be probably like an economic improvement in the socio economic environment such as the dam will be as an attraction. The reservoir offers potential for eco-tourism, environmental education, etc. for bird watching and sport fishing. The Omo River is famous for white water rafting starting from the Gibe Bridge on the way to Jima. Another tourism attraction would be probably connected to lake and river navigability respectively upstream and downstream of the dam. The regulated flow will make the water flow dependable for white water rafting and will maintain Omo’s biggest rapids for the adventurous rafter during low flow season. Transport by boat is not common in the region but it could be quite attractive in the river especially in the lower Omo all the way to Lake Turkana in Kenya. This is considered

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like an interesting tourism activities by the National Park Authorities, related to foreign or local people spare time. River Navigation Besides its leisure time use, the possibility of a water route could also involve new commercial relationship between villages and inhabited zones currently separated from great distance or difficult connections, eventually permitting the improvement of the economical life of the interested Weredas. This will be a shorter and most likely cheaper route for export of agricultural product and livestock in the region. Improved Access: More than 80km of new permanent roads will be constructed in the project area to provide vehicle access to the sites of the project components. This road will be of considerable benefit to the local communities by improving transport and thereby trade links from the project area to Sodo and beyond. Job opportunity during construction: Comparison with other projects of broadly similar type and magnitude, suggests that the total workforce on construction contract comprising the overall project is likely to be more than 4,000 persons at peak time. The creation of regular wage employment in the rural parts of project area at relatively good rates of pay is important, since there are currently few other opportunities available. The presence of the workforce, who is likely to be relatively cash-rich compared with the majority of the rural population, will undoubtedly encourage individuals to set up stalls to supply food and other consumables at worksites. Businesses in the local towns will also benefit financially through supplying goods and services to the workforce when they are on leave, as well as through the contractors purchasing some of the food requirements of the base camps. Therefore, the production of more hydropower would allow the expansion of power- requiring industries and factories in the surrounding urban areas creating more permanent job opportunities for the displaced and other people in the area. Gender Issues: Women as well as men will benefit equally from the employment opportunities that will be created and from convenient and safe access road facility. It is recommended for the contractor to use his best endeavours to maximise local hire of labour and give priority to women, in so far as this is compatible with his skill requirements, and to maximise local procurement of supplies. Women often run shops and bars in the area and obviously they will benefit from the increased business opportunities that will be derived from the project. During the construction period, there will likely be more women engaged in income- generating activities, running restaurants and bars, or selling local products to construction camp workers. These activities will benefit mainly women who are very often the sole supporters of their families. 4.3 Adverse Environmental Impacts Table 4.1 highlights the key issues and impacts likely to occur during the pre- construction, construction, and operation and maintenance phases of the project, as well as to identify impacts significance. It covers the range of impacts which may be associated with this hydropower project. For each potential impact, the checklist (subdivided into groups according to the phase pre-construction, construction, and post-construction in which they may occur) provides;

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The character of the impact in terms of 6 key parameters (impacts type, effect, duration, change, periodicity and areas extent), and
The evaluation of potential impact significance level based on 4 common characterization parameters (not significant, small, moderate or major).
Potential impact significance was assessed subjectively taking into account knowledge and experience of the environmental conditions of the project area It should also be noted that this evaluation of potential impact significance is based on the assumption that nothing will be done to prevent an impact occurring, or to minimize occurrence. In this respect, the assessment presents a “worst case” scenario in relation to environmental impact. The completed Checklist for the Give III Scheme is presented in Table 4.1 and th potential adverse impacts are presented in this section. The impacts described are potentially the most important as far as the overall impact of the project is concerned.

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Table 4.1: Prediction and Evaluation of Potential Environmental Impacts: Gibe III Hydroelecetric Project

Characterization Evaluation Significance Type Effect Duration Change Periodicity Areal extent level without mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS

No Impact Beneficial Impact Adverse Impact Unknown Direct Indirect Short term Medium term Long term Reversible Irreversible Continuous Periodic Irregular Localized Widespread Extensive Non-significant Small Moderate Major Pre-Construction and Construction

Phases Physical Environment Loss of property, residence and business X X X X X X X X X X X Loss of and displacement from agricultural land X X X X X X X X X X Destruction of National parks and protected X areas Restriction on wildlife corridor X Increased access to previously inaccessible X X X X X X X X areas Disturbance of landscape aesthetics X Generation of noise nuisance and air pollution X X X X X X X X Exposure of soil to erosion X X X X X X X X Interference with watercourses X X X X X X X X Generation of blasting vibration and safety X X X X X X X X hazards Enhancement of slope/landscape instability X X X X X X X X Spillage of pollutants(fuel, lubricants and X X X X X X X chemicals) Odour resulting from inadequate sanitary X X X X X X X conditions

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Characterization Evaluation Significance Type Effect Duration Change Periodicity Areal extent level without mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS

No Impact Beneficial Impact Adverse Impact Unknown Direct Indirect Short term Medium term Long term Reversible Irreversible Continuous Periodic Irregular Localized Widespread Extensive Non-significant Small Moderate Major Bilogical Environment Encroachment on ecologically sensitive areas X Wetland Ecosystem X Migratory species X Loss of Priority Forest Area X Wildlife hunting for bush meat and other wildlife X X X X X X X products Loss and reduction of riverine/riparian forest/ X X X X X X X X vegetation resource Loss of livestock feed resources X X X X X X X X River side habitat degradation X X X X X X X Impairment of fisheries (blocking for migratory X species) and aquatic ecology Socioeconomic Environment Impact on social services and infrastructures X X X X X X X Encroachment on cultural heritage areas and X X X X X X X monuments Disturbance of religious sites X X X X X X X Interference with services X Employment opportunities for local population X X X X X X X X Friction between workers and local population X X X X X X X X Health risks to workers and residents X X X X X X X Increased pressure on local services X X X X X X X X

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Characterization Evaluation Significance Type Effect Duration Change Periodicity Areal extent level without mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS

No Impact Beneficial Impact Adverse Impact Unknown Direct Indirect Short term Medium term Long term Reversible Irreversible Continuous Periodic Irregular Localized Widespread Extensive Non-significant Small Moderate Major Operation and Maintenance Phase Physica Environment Hydrology flow regime X X X X X X X X X Local siltation X X X X X X X Nutrient trapping of the reservoir X X X X X X X Biological Environment Loss or reduction of aquatic fauna and X X X X X X X Flora Aquatic Weeds X X X X X X X Restriction on wildlife corridor X Disease Ecology/Public Health X X X X X X X Socioeconomic Environment Employment opportunities X X X X X X X Increase in land values X X X X X X X X Increased access threats to traditional X communities

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4.3.1 Impacts on Physical Environment Impacts on Climate The construction of a reservoir with a surface area of approximately 200 km2 can cause microclimatic changes over an average area of some km (1-5 km) from the edge of the reservoir. At the edge of the reservoir daily temperature ranges could fall, relative humidity and wind speed increase; and, there could be reduced soil evapotranspiration. With development and protection of the buffer zone, the riparian forest would be greater after the reservoir fills than under the present conditions. This will also positively contribute for the local environment. Seismic Hazards The project area is more than 100 km far from the major Ethiopia seismic centres, located in the rift valley. Therefore, any seismic event that could happen would have negligible effects on the project area. However, for the project site rather conservative value has been recommended for use as design peak ground accelerations. Although the Gibe III project will create additional water bodies, there will be no increased risk to reservoir-induced seismicity. Impacts on Hydrology The Gibe III is planned to have a reservoir which is fairly large and the project would regulate the downstream Omo flow by markedly increasing the low flows and decreasing the high flows in the river reaches further downstream. Impacts on Water Quality Water Temperature: Stratification can limit the mixing of the water body and hence increase the potential for oxygen depletion and creation of reduced conditions in deep bottom waters. Given the inflow water temperature, volume of water in the reservoir, hydraulic behaviour of the reservoir and due to the operation of the Gibe III Schemes, the temperature regime of the reservoir is expected not to be uniformly mixed. Therefore, there will be stratification. Dissolved Oxygen Concentration: The inflow into the reservoir will be the primary source for dissolved oxygen. However, some exchange will occur at water surface, which will be enhanced by the flow in the reservoir. The average dissolved oxygen concentration in river water is approximately 7.7 mg/l. The potential for dissolved oxygen depletion in tropical reservoirs is related to reservoir area and residence time and at GIbd III reservoir oxygen depletion at depth is expected. Eutrophication: The amount of biomass flooded and ultimately likely to decompose can affect the water quality of the reservoir. The use of fertilizers (DAP and UREA) has intensified in the past few years in the project catchment area due to the implementation of an agricultural extension program. This increased input of nutrients to a water body can stimulate aquatic plant growth, which in turn can accelerate the growth of other higher trophic level organisms in the aquatic food chain. Excessive aquatic plant growth can interfere significantly with the use and aesthetic quality of water body. The operation of hydropower plant also become more expensive and time wasted for eutrophic water. Hence, in order to use the Gibe III reservoir effectively, it needs to be protected from the danger of eutrophication status.

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4.3.2 Impacts on Biological Environment Forest and Natural Vegetation The major unavoidable direct impacts which results from implementation of this scheme is the flooding and clearing of natural vegetation for the operation of quarry and borrow areas, construction of access roads, construction of temporary campsites, operators dwelling, etc. On the basis of the land cover assessment carried out as part of this study, it is estimated that the Gibe III reservoir will submerge an estimated 17,158 ha of deciduous woodland and 1,839 ha of riparian vegetation. The vegetation that will be impacted as compared to the available resources in the affected Weredas would not bring about marked differences in the carrying capacity as it represents only 5.0% and 1.0% of the available woodland and riparian vegetation in the affected weredas respectively. Although the vegetation is more of woodland, a conservative estimate of the biomass indicates that 211,043 m3 is woodland biomass and 194,015 m3 of forest biomass would be inundated by the water at full supply level. Although this volume seems attractive, there is no wood product, which can be used for commercial purpose. However, denser, taller and relatively straight trees are found around edge of the riverbank and valley bottoms. A terrestrial vegetation survey that was done in the course of the field investigations confirmed that there are no designated or protected areas of terrestrial ecological interest that will be affected by the proposed construction activities. Comparison of the species list of the woodland and the riparian and the surrounding vegetation with the list of endangered and endemic plant species of Ethiopia does not indicate any endangered species in the area. Wildlife and other Terrestrial Fauna Although the presence of wildlife within the project area is reported and confirmed by the local communities, the area harbours only limited number of wildlife which justifies the minimum opportunity cost lose suffered by the dam construction and creation of reservoir. There are no endangered, endemic or rare species in the reservoir area. There are also no species with restrictive habitat preferences and no adverse impacts in respect of sensitive wildlife habitat and wildlife reserves. The potential impact of flooding and construction activities on the wildlife habitat and feeding area is consider minor. However, although relatively minor it will also disturb the wildlife which were using the forest for shelter, breeding and feeding and push the animals. This may make the wildlife vulnerable to poachers, when they leave their usual dwelling and hiding sites. Not all the valley land is topographically uniform, therefore the inundation at some sites may also cause fragmentation of habitat and disrupt the movement of some animals.

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Impacts on Aquatic Ecology The potential impact of construction of the Gibe III dam and creation of the reservoir on the aquatic ecology include the following: • The change from a lotic to a standing reservoir system will result in an altered aquatic food web involving change of dominant functional groups (e.g. plankton become more important at the expense of benthos, riffle-loving groups such as Simulium will be replaced by stagnant water loving forms) and the establishment of disease vectors such as mosquitoes and snails in such systems. • No floating species was detected in the River. However, there are instances where reservoirs and lakes in Ethiopia have been shown to form favourable habitats for the excessive development of noxious aquatic weeds. Impacts on Fishery Resources The key potential impacts associated with implementation of the Gibe III scheme are summarised below: • There are no fish species listed as threatened or endangered in the River Omo basin fish fauna study that could be affected by the proposed Gibe III scheme. • Many of the fish species present in Omo River would adapt to the lentic environmental condition created in the reservoir and therefore the impact on the fish stock in the upstream of the Gibe III dam is less significant. • The dam is located far upstream on the River Omo beyond the limit of the spawning grounds of the migratory fish species from the Lake Turkana. • The riverine fish species in the main stream seasonally migrate up and down and sideways to the floodplains. The adverse impact of the dam on these downstream fish species would be due to the reduced flow rather than disruption of migratory route. As a result of the modified flow, the feeding and spawning grounds shrink and therefore there would be possible reduction in fish number. National Parks and other Protected Areas The Gibe III dam and reservoir areas are neither contiguous with, nor in close proximity with any of the nationally protected areas like National Parks, Wildlife Resources, and Controlled Hunting Areas. None of the Regional Forest Priority Area is directly influenced by the Gibe III reservoir. There are many birds in the project area. However, none of the nationally designated Important Bird Areas are found anywhere near the project area. Therefore no direct mitigation measures are necessary.

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4.3.3 Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment Impacts on Farm Land One of the most important points to note is that although the Gibe III project is one of the largest hydropower projects ever undertaken in the country, the impact from the reservoir in terms of population displacement is very small. This is because the impounded water will be confined within the gorge of the river far from large population settlement areas. On the other hand the largest proportion of displacement-related impact comes from the relocation of the Chida-Sodo road with regard to both the number of households to be affected as well as impact on assets. Of the three Weredas Kindo Didaye is the most affected Wereda in all respects (that is in terms of the number of households to be affected as well as magnitude of impact on all types of assets). The total number of households affected in all of the three Weredas and by the three components of the project is 1,000 and this total number of households will be affected by the loss of one or more of the assets noted above (land, housing and crops). In terms of land affected a total of 246 hectares of land will be lost in all three Weredas as a result of the impact of the various project components. Regarding impact by project components, the highest impact comes from the main (relocation) road, and the contributions of EEPCO permanent camp and that of the reservoir are very small indeed. Accordingly, 89.5 % of the total number of households affected and 54.1 % of the total land to be lost is due to the road. Housing and Settlements In spite of the fact that the size of the project area is large which affects 67 kebeles in eight weredas, no households will lose their residential houses to the reservoir. This is mainly because settlements are mostly on highland and far away from the Omo River and the future reservoir area. A total of 245 residential housing units (109 with CIS roofs and 136 with grass roof) will be affected in all Weredas and by all project components; Concerning impact on housing by project components, 215 housing units (87.8 % of the total) are affected by the road, while only 30 housing units (12.2 %) are affected by EEPCO permanent camp. As discussed above the reservoir will not affect residential houses. Once again the greatest impact is associated with the road for reasons explained above; Tribal People There are no ethnic minorities or tribal people whose traditional lifestyles could become compromised through the development of the proposed Gibe III dam and creation of the reservoir. Therefore, no indigenous development plan will be required. Livestock Resources There is very little farming and grazing activity in the reservoir area due to a less favourable rainfall and the Tsetse fly infestation and the consequent occurrence of cattle disease, trypanosomiasis. The steepness of the slope on either side of the valley appears to be another important factor which has discouraged the use of the valley for agricultural and grazing purposes. However, in times of feed shortage during the dry months of the year, livestock are taken to the lower altitude closer to the Omo River where water and pasture is available and with the risk of Tsetse infestation. In these areas farmers move their cattle only in times of the lowest risk into this area. With the beginning of the rain, when the occurrence of trypanosomiasis increases, farmers take back their livestock from the rivers to their permanent villages. The construction of the dam and creation of the reservoir is expected to flood an estimated 17,158 ha of woodland grassland. This loss would not bring about marked

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differences in the carrying capacity for cattle as it represents only 5.0% of the available woodland grassland vegetation in the affected weredas. The total land area affected by the reservoir is only 7.3% of the affected PA areas. Agro-pastoralists Population Several agro-pastoralists belonging to Hadiya community move from place to place along the banks of the Omo River in search of grazing for their livestock. The movement or transhumance of pastoralists is a rational and efficient response to the exploitation of arid environments. These agro-pastoralist groups move seasonally to make the best use of available resources. Movement with the livestock occur from the high altitudes to the low altitudes during the dry season and from the low altitudes to the high altitudes in the wet seasons when there is pastor available in the highlands and water in the dry rivers. The agro-pastoralists mostly move in Omo Sheleko, Kacha Bira, Boloso Sore and Kindo Koysha weredas. They usually construct temporary residential houses for their short stay (for about three months). The loss of grazing land to flooding in these four weredas used by the agro-pastoralists communities will not bring about marked differences in the carrying capacity at present and also no gradual deterioration and undesirable effects could be observed in the future. This loss will not compromise the traditional lifestyle of these agro-pastoralist communities and will not also push them into a more distant and marginal land. However, these communities will benefit from the recommended buffer area development plan which is integrated with feed resources. Public Health Damming and regulating rivers for hydroelectric project schemes can result in the tropics and sub-tropics in higher frequencies of water related diseases within the human population. The Project will likely increase the number of breeding sites for vectors through the creation of a reservoir. Current diseases and their vectors that have been identified as important for the project area include: malaria, schistosomiasis, etc. The potential public health impacts from various disease vectors species are, at this point not considered to be a major factor affecting the implementation of the project. Construction is inherently a relatively dangerous industry, and has a number of adverse impacts on public health and safety unless appropriate mitigation measures are undertaken. Particular concerns include the risk of increasing the incidence of social and communicable diseases due to the influx of migrant construction workers, the risk to the workers themselves of contracting malaria, the risk of injury from traffic accidents and blasting activities. Of the potential adverse social and health impacts, some of the most serious are the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS. Due to the immigration of workforce to the project area, this risk is expected to increase from time to time. Infrastructure and Severance of Access The long stretch of Gibe III reservoir formation on the Gibe, Gojeb and Omo Rivers, will impact upon some social service facilities and infrastructures. These include submergence of chid-soda road section and the Omo Bridge and several river crossings. As a result, people residing on both sides of the reservoir will be separated from each other. • The Gibe III reservoir will have no effect on social service facilities like public buildings, schools, health centres, water supply facilities, electric and telephone lines and religious institutions (churches, mosques, etc.). Therefore, no mitigation measures will be required.

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• Due to the creation of the Gibe III reservoir the Chida – Sodo road and the Omo bridge will be submerged. The road is an all weather road that connects the deep rural village population of the region with the main Addis – Sodo – Arba Minch highway. • Along the long stretch of the Gibe III reservoir there are an estimated nine river crossings. These crossings are mainly used when the river flow is low for transporting goods to market places and serve a significant portion of deep rural community belonging to Dawro, Wolayita, Hadiya, Kembata, Tembaro and Oromo ethnic groups. These people attend weekly markets and visit their relatives by crossing the Omo River using these trails. The interruption of these crossings will significantly affect the social interactions and the socio-economic values of the people living on both sides of the river. • One of the potential impacts to the local communities will be the loss of hot springs (located closer to the Rivers) to flooding. According to the interviewed community members, the hot springs are considered as holy water and people usually go to these springs to take bath expecting to be cured from different types of sicknes and diseases. Impacts on Cultural and Historical Sites The walls of kings of Wolayita and Dawro constructed to protect their people from ground-fighters and war-horses will be partially flooded by the reservoir. In Welayita Zone, four sites located at Menera kebele of Kindo Koysha Wereda are at very high risk of flooding. According to the survey results part of the walls of Ijajo, which will be submerged by the reservoir, is less than 2% of the available 67km long wall. In the Dawro Zone there are no wall sites that will be submerged by the reservoir. However, this does not mean that the walls of Halala are totally out of danger. There might be sites which were not covered by the survey team, which may be affected by the project. However, this loss will also be only a relatively small section of the available 170km long walls. As discussed above, the flooding of relatively small section of the King Ejajo wall is considered to be minor Therefore, to appropriately compensation are recommended. Impacts on Archaeological Sites The UNESCO World Heritage Site is known for its geological and archaeological importance and is located downstream of the Gibe III dam and reservoir site in the lower valley of the Omo river. Therefore, the UNESCO World Heritage Site will not be affected by the construction and the subsequent flooding and operation of the Gibe III hydroelectric scheme. There are no known archaeologically important sites in the reservoir area to hinder the implementation of the Gibe III hydropower project. The probability of encountering undiscovered sites and human remains in the reservoir area is low. Impacts on some Economic Advantages Although relatively minor, the inundation of the area by the reservoir will bring adverse impacts on the livelihood of the local people who collect forest product for home consumption and market in different ways. These include: • Fire wood • House construction woods • Grass for house roofing • Forest honey production • Hunting of animals for food consumption

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• Wild plant fruits and roots for food consumption in worst times • Cultural medicine plants and roots

4.3.4 Impacts on Downstream Environment The construction and operation of the Gibe III high dam and creation of a large reservoir will regulate the river flow (the dry season flow will be enhanced and the flood/wet season discharges reduced). This will impact on various down stream activities like flood retreat/river bank cultivation, fishery, and grazing resources. However, it is planned to avoid this impact by releasing flood flow. Hereunder, the potential downstream impacts are briefly described. Recession/River bank cultivation To satisfy the demand for traditional recession cultivation, seasonally more water will be released and flooding will be created on the land bordering the Omo River. This planned release will avoid the potential loss to the downstream communities who are currently living and earning their livelihoods from recession cultivation. However, the reduction of flood flow to downstream of the Omo River if not mitigated has the potential to cause an import to the fertile farm land used for recession cultivation. The whole of the unit is not used for recession cultivation in any one year and the extent and location of the cultivation vary with the extent and length of the flood, which may be quite variable from year to year. The supply of water will never be a constraint on the development of irrigation in the lower Omo: even the unregulated flows of the Omo River will irrigate more land than is likely to be developed. Therefore, construction and operation of the Gibe III scheme will have no impact on downstream irrigation schemes. Grazing resources The lower Omo floodplain has a potential advantage on the livestock feed resources, for example Hammer-Dasenech Rangeland system which is predominantly on the alluvial sediments of the Omo River is valuable feed sources. Most of the grazing resources both the grass and shrubs are a good source of livestock feed especially in the period of drought. To avoid the potential impact on dry season grazing resources that provides valuable feed close to cattle, sheep and goat, it is planned to seasonally release more water to ensure that annual flooding of the land bordering the river continue to occur. Fishery Under present ‘average’ flood condition, large tracts of floodplain are submerged annually along the Omo River and around the river mouth. These areas are essential for the breeding success of many species of commercial importance. Theefore, reduction in the area flooded or the duration of flooding may have consequences on the fishery resources. National Parks Within the National Parks located downstream of the Gibe III reservoir, the wild animals have abundant grazing lands outside the floodplain. Therefore they will not be affected by the operation of the project. However, seasonally more water will be released and

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flooding will be created on the land bordering the Omo River. This will create floodplain condition and improve grazing resource for browsing animals within the park area. According to the information obtained from both Omo and Mago National Park officials, currently there is an effort to start community tourism by using boat transport from Lake Turkana via Omo gorge to the upstream National parks (Omo and Mago National parks). Community tourism is expected to help encourage the tourist to visit the different ethnic groups along the Omo River. Adequate flows are essential for river navigation and excessively fluctuating water levels (as at present) would be a hindrance to operations. Therefore, to avoid this potential impact on the operation of this service, it is recommended to initiate consultation between the National Park management team and the Gibe III plant operators on their operation programme (time and volume of water to be discharged). Dipa Hayk Lake Dipa Hayk is a lake that is used by the Karo community for recession cultivation, grazing resources and fishery. During the month of July to September the Omo River floods and fills the Dipa Hayk. This creates the opportunity for the local community to plant crops around the lake using recession cultivation. For their subsistence they also fish from this lake. Therefore, to avoid the reduction in flood flow to Dipa Hayk and the associated adverse impact to the community in terms of reduced crop harvest gain, fishing and availability of grazing for their livestock, it is planned to seasonally release more water and replenish the Lake.

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4.3.5 Impacts Associated With Ancillary Works Quarry Sites The construction of Gibe III hydropower scheme will require huge quantities of quarry material for various project uses, such as access road, the main dam and diversion dams, spillway, power station, intake structure, tunnels, etc. The principal environmental concern related to opening a quarry site include: visual impact, sedimentation of waterways, dust and noise nuisance, and public safety aspects associated with the storage and use of explosives. However, in this Project Area there is less concern regarding the impacts of quarry development on locations with sensitive habitat and wildlife resources. There will also be no effects on agricultural lands or to settlements. Spoil and Waste Material Disposal Sites The construction of Gibe III hydropower scheme is expected to generate large quantities of spoil material and these spoils will need to be disposed off. The potential environmental concerns related to the spoil disposal include loss of natural vegetation, interference with natural drainage, increase in erosion and sediment deposition, increase in slope instability and visual alternation of landscapes quality.

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5 Environmental Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

5.1 Background The Environmental management plan describes the range of environmental issues associated with the project and outlines corresponding management strategies that will be employed to mitigate potential adverse environmental effects. The EMP conveys the project’s environmental constraints and other environmental components. Most of the project environmental management activities will be carried out during the construction phase, since this is when most impacts can be expected to arise. These impacts are principally associated with the construction of the Gibe III Dam, the tunnels, the power station, work camps, access road and the quarries development and spoil disposal areas, and the presence of large labour force. There are also impacts linked to the initial filling of the reservoir and subsequent operation of the plant. The environmental management plan is comprised of a series of management plans. Each plan is under separate section by environmental components. Each management plan contains specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures. The plan also recommends a number of sub-plans for implementing protection and mitigation measures addressing environmental impacts created by the construction activities. The recommended sub-plans are listed in Section 8.1. In general terms, the EPC contractor is responsible for implementing the majority of the day-to-day, construction related environmental mitigation and monitoring measures specified in this report and measures specified in the contract. EEPCO will be fully responsible for implementing the project related to resettlement action plan and buffer area development plan. Upon completion of construction, EEPCO will be responsible for implementing environmental management measures associated with operation of the plant and the Gibe III reservoir. Monitoring programmes are developed to ensure that these impacts during construction and operation phases of the project are effectively mitigated and controlled (see chapter 6). 5.2 Pre-construction Phase 5.2.1 Buffer Area Development Plan The buffer area development plan is designed to compensate for the loss of natural vegetation and details of the plan is discussed below. Impact origin and characteristics The vegetation within the future Gibe III reservoir is classified as deciduous woodlands and the riparian woodlands. The deciduous woodland is characterised by approximately 2% tree cover and 98% grass. In the reservoir area, very little farming activity (only 70 ha) is identified mainly because the area is confined within the gorge of the river far from the large population settlement areas and as a result of Tsetse fly infestation. The deciduous woodlands constitute Boswellia pirote, Lannea schimperi, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Terminalia browni, Combretum molle, Tamarindus indica, Streospermum kunthianum and Gardenia ternifolia. The narrow zone of riparian vegetation along river banks was also reported to have the same tree types to the woodlands with bigger sizes due to high moisture availability.

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The species dominance in terms of the number of trees per hectare is high for Combretum molle, Terminalia brownie and Euphorbia tirucalii. On the other hand, the species in terms of volume is high for Tamaridus indica, Terminalia brownie, Combreum molle, Sterculia Africana, Euphorbia tiruclii and Harrisona abyssinica. In general the vegetation is under stocked and is affected by frequent fire (see Photo below). The number of stems per hectare recorded within the woodland ranges from 20 to 230 with an average number of 170 trees per hectare. Similarly, the average volume per hectare is 12.23 cubic meters.

Photo 5.1: Woodland vegetation Photo 5.2: The woodland vegetation on around the dam site fire

On the other hand, the number of stems recorded of the riparian forest ranges from 180 to 500 per hectare which is denser than the woodland over the valley side. Similarly the volume per hectare is estimated at 105 cubic meters. The impact studied indicated an estimated 20,000 ha of land will be flooded of which 17,158 hectares is deciduous woodland (85.8%) and 1,839 hectares is riparian vegetation (9.2%) with an estimated total volume of 0.41 million cubic meters of wood. As confirmed by the survey, there is no wood product which can be used for commercial purpose. The woodlands are free accessed resources for local products including for house construction, fuel wood and charcoal making. Although this resource is confined within the gorge of the river and far from large population settlement, a relatively small number of local people around the reservoir are collecting and selling fuel wood and charcoal from the remnant woodlands I. Woodlands and Shrub lands Restoration The proposed interventions is a restoration of the woodland resources buffer area over the steep slopes of the valley so that the protective functions of the vegetation resources is realized and the local people around will use the resources on a sustained basis. The objectives of this component are to conserve and restore the remnant areas of the woodlands that are scattered on the steep slopes along the valley reservoir which are not used for agricultural production. The overall objective of the intervention includes:
effectively restore the woodlands in the valley;

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create awareness and initiate community participation in conservation and sustainable utilization of these resources through training; and
To rehabilitate degraded patches of remnant natural forest through enrichment planting, hillside closure by the user communities for multipurpose uses Through this intervention, the existing woodland resources that are not submerged by the reservoir will be rehabilitated through the active participation of concerned communities. They will be involved in the planning and implementation of the restoration of the woodlands and shrub lands in collaboration with the respective agricultural offices at Wereda levels. This intervention is proposed around the eleven (11) weredas that are affected by the creation of the Gibe III reservoir

Activities: The major activities to be in place regarding the woodlands and shrublands restoration include the following:
Prioritization and delineation of the existing woodland and shrub lands that require restoration in each affected Wereda;
Identify the users and use types of the delineated woodland and shrub land resources;
Identify and agree with local people on the measures that should taken (e.g. enrichment planting, boundary planting or area closure);
Define rules for responsibility, access, harvesting and use by the participating farmers;
Implement the measures agreed;
Monitor the impact ; and
Arrange experience sharing among the Wereda participants

Strategy for implementation Because of the important role that the woodlands play in protecting water quality and habitat, it is envisaged to initiate the restoration of the remaining woodland resources in the whole valley. This intervention would help for sequestering carbon, bio-diversity conservation and income generation to the benefits of the local people. All the Wereda Offices of Agriculture that fall and be affected directly or indirectly by the project will be involved in the intervention proposed. The beneficiaries of this intervention are certainly the communities who are found in the 11 Weredas. Local people will be involved in the delineation of the area enclosures. At first, the Development Agents and the Development Committee identify sites for protection. The selected areas are then presented to the general community in a general meeting of community members. After thorough discussion and based on the interest of the local people, a management agreement will be made involving all local stakeholders, and beneficiary communities. To this end, an ongoing training and education program will be maintained to promote sustainable use of the woodland resources. A management unit would be established at each Wereda as a focal responsible body for coordinating the activities. The intervention period will be for five years and would be implemented through community participation. For success of the interventions, it is important to legalize the ownership of land and manage the land through area closure. This intervention has been successful in Tigray

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Region where the highland areas are rehabilitated and became productive using the above strategy.

Expected Benefits Through the implementation of woodland restoration, forest management plans for an estimated 50,000 hectares of the highly disturbed woodlands will be fully restored (see Figure 5.1 and Table 5.1). Major environmental benefits will stem from the reduction of soil erosion, in particular the run off that threatens the valley. The local indigenous woodland forest will provide habitat for many local wildlife resources and enrich local bio- diversity. It will increase woody bio-mass resources for energy use and potential for CDM. Farmers will be trained in woodland restoration approaches. Tours will be organized to share experience. Table 5.1: Proposed Woodland Intervention Restoration Area by Wereda

Name of Affected Wereda Affected Proposed Buffer/ Area (ha) Area (ha) Kindo Didaye 1,649 1,904 Kindo Koysha 3,463 5,524 Boloso Sore 1,297 3,216 Loma 3,675 6,346 Gena Bosa 4,430 10,110 Kacha Bira 113 232 Omo Sheleko 1,369 3,544 Soro 1,718 9,183 Gibe 61 948 Omonado 2,010 6,959 Yem 215 2,034 TOTAL 20,000 50,000

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Figure 5.1: Location Map for the proposed Buffer Area Development Plan

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II. Promotion of Agro-forestry practices The goal of this intervention is to promote farm forestry in selected house holds in and around the buffer zone that are affected by the project. The objective is to reduce soil degradation, provides sufficient wood and fodder supply. Selected farming families will be involved in this intervention. Around 20,000 hectares will be covered in 5 years period. Activities:- The major activities to be in place regarding the promotion of agro-forestry include:
Identification of preferred species by farmers that can maintain their agricultural production;
Assess the status of existing nurseries in the participating Weredas and plan for up-grading or establishment;
Site selection for nurseries;
Establish nurseries;
Material for nurseries;
Seed procurement with the expectation of the tree seed production unit established by the SNNPRS to provide viable seeds;
Seedling production and distribution; and
Planting out Location: This will be implemented as part of the buffer area development plan around homesteads, roads, agricultural fields in the affected Weredas located on steep slopes of the valley around the reservoir. Technologies to be used a. Dispersed trees in croplands This agro-forestry practice is most common in the semi-arid areas. The native tree species are widely scattered in field boundaries. The trees will provide fuelwood, charcoal, shade, construction materials and farming implements, and fodder for livestock. They also provide bee fodder and traditional medicine. Integration for improvement in croplands will be through:
protection and management of selected mature trees of the native species already on the site,
planting new trees and/or
careful management of selected seedlings established on site through natural regeneration Since the species are palatable by most of the livestock, protection must be made against browsing while the seedlings are very young. This could be done by fencing the seedlings in groups (which would be economical than individual tree fencing) or exercising social fencing depending on the preference of the participating farmers. b. Tree planting in Home gardens Trees planted around homesteads can serve as windbreaks and shelter belts for humans, as well as provide feed and shelter for animals. Additional food supply and cash income could be obtained by planting fruit trees around homesteads.

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c. Live fence establishment This is practised to keep out domestic or wild animals. The native tree species are planted around a compound, house, cropland, fodder lot and garden. These trees will provide fuelwood, charcoal, shade for human and livestock, fodder, etc. while serving the primary objective of fencing. Protection is needed for young seedlings till they will be large enough to protect themselves. As the trees grow, they will be trimmed, providing either mulch for the soil or fodder for livestock. d. Fodder Banks Fodder tree planting on unproductive pasture and degraded hillsides as pure stands or mixed in different configurations with grass and herbaceous legumes. This will involve a cut and carry system from stands planted on hillsides. The native tree species will produce protein rich fodder on farm or rangelands. The trees will be closely planted where land is in very short supply. Pollarding and pruning will be done to maximise production of biomass. This intervention will be useful for the pastoral transhumens communities of Hadiya area who are estimated to contain around 400 households. The trees to be planted are shown in Table 5.2 below. Table 5.2: Summary of species for proposed agro-forestry interventions

Proposed Tree Planting Sites Species Name Farm Fencing Road Side Homestead Boundary Acacia albida √ Acacia decurrens √ √ Acacia saligna √ √ Albizia lebeck √ Azadirachta indica √ √ Cassia siamea √ √ √ Commiphora Africana √ Cordia Africana √ √ √ Erythrina abyssinica √ Leacaena leucocephala √ Sesbanea sesban √ Tamarindus indica √

e. Feed Resources Improvement Improvement of the feed resources will be undertaken on the grazing lands. In replacement of the 17,158 ha of the displaced grazing area, the buffer area (more the affected area of land) will be improved. Since the grazing lands in the area are communal the intervention will give due attention for the introduction of improved forages and proper range management practices. Improved forages include annual species of vetch and oats, while perennial species of sesbania, leucenea, tree Lucerne and elephant grass will be given due considerations. In addition, maintenance and planting of indigenous fodder species common to the area will be encouraged. Furthermore, individual farmers will be encouraged to plant both annual and perennial species of improved forages at their homestead plots. With the provision of improved forages and improvement of the grazing lands training will be provided for both the farmers and the technical staff in the respective weredas.

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Therefore, the total amount of money required to improve the grazing land will be financed by EEPCO as an integral part of the buffer area development plan. This includes cost of purchase, raising and management of annual and perennial improved forages and indigenous fodder species. This is a one time cost that will be incurred during the first year of the implementation phase. No other cost will be required thereafter, since multiplication can be done using both cuttings and collection of seeds. The type of inputs required after the introduction of the improved forages would be proper range management and feeding practices.

Closed areas and hillside distributions Degraded lands will be selected for closure since they have no production potential along the valley and will be set aside for natural rehabilitation. They shall be divided among young people who do not have land to farm. This will be decided through the consultation of the local people in the selected weredas. Expected Benefits Through the implementation of agro-forestry practise, an estimated 20,000 ha will be covered and the expected benefit includes;
Seeds/seedlings are made available;
Nursery sites are selected and up-graded;
Nursery materials are provided; and
Farmers will ensure the provision of fuel wood, construction wood and forage. III. Capacity Building Despite the existence of traditional knowledge in tree planting and raising of seedlings among the local people, there is still a need to upgrade the skill and introduce new technologies in nursery management. Therefore, a guideline will be prepared both for the two proposed interventions. A guideline for the management of nurseries and methods of seedling production and transplanting will be prepared by an expert in forestry and training will be provided for the participating farmers and the development agents selected from the involved Weredas. Similarly a guideline for the demarcation of woodlands and methods of restoration including rehabilitation methods and means to encourage the natural regeneration will be prepared by the concerned expert and training provided for the selected farmers and development agents. Since the Wereda offices of agriculture lack the required nursery tools for running the nursery operations, all materials for nurseries will be procured based on the pre- assessment of nursery resources during the first two or three months of the project period. The training for both interventions will be covered during the first year of the project implementation that involves three neighbouring Weredas for each training session. However, the Environmental Management Unit will coordinate with other trainings with other disciplines. The guideline for training is expected to cover the following disciplines:-
Nursery site selection
Methods of raising seedlings and the required techniques for sowing and weeding
Criteria for selection of areas of woodlands for restoration

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How to demarcate the area
Methods and techniques for encouraging natural regeneration Institutional Framework for Execution of the Interventions Under the Environmental Management Unit to be established by EEPCO, a sub-unit that comprises of experts in forestry and wildlife will be established to make the proposal a reality. The sub-unit will include one development agent and representative farmer from the affected kebeles. In collaboration with the Environmental Management Unit, the sub- unit will be responsible to accomplish the following tasks.
Prepare guidelines/ training manuals for agro-forestry and woodland restoration
Identify woodland areas for restoration based on a set of criteria
Organize training in both interventions
Delineate the area in collaboration with the local farmers
Prepare management agreement to be signed by the local people and project office
Facilitate the certification of the woodland resources in collaboration with the EMU of the project Once the Wereda offices that represent each affected communities are in place, will continue their functions to ensure timely execution, smooth coordination and implementation of the project objectives. IV. Requirements for the success of the interventions There is a supportive and enabling environment within which to initiate the proposed interventions. The interventions will contribute to the local priorities and the existing environmental policies and legislations are also supportive of the envisaged activities. It is also inline with some of the international conventions to which Ethiopia is signatory and will also address some of the International obligations such as the Convention to Combat Desertification and Conventions to Conserve Bio-diversity Resources. The application and implementation of the project should be coordinated under project sub-unit for forestry and wildlife to be able to put the technologies into effect. Consultation should be initiated with the Wereda administration office, Wereda office of agriculture, interested NGOs working in the area and farmer’s representative. The following issues should be considered for the success of the interventions.
Awareness creation among all parties i.e. community, administration staff etc. through training, workshop, seminars and tours.
Successful forestry related strategies require land tenure system that guarantees continued ownership of land. The ownership right of the community of patches of natural forests should be certified and legalized as this is currently practiced in Tigray region and proved successful. .
Choosing of the appropriate farm forestry technology for the specific area
Monitoring and evaluation of the activities proposed in the Log Frame. If any deviation from planned activities is observed, immediate corrective action should be taken. There are also lessons learned in the past regarding forestry operations. Decentralization and participatory approaches need to be supported by appropriate legal, regulatory and planning frameworks which must be reflected in institutional reforms that clearly define the mandates of the main stakeholders. Marginal groups,

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women and youths have roles to play in the formulation of local-level plans and implementation of natural resource management activities. Secure tenure rights to land and trees are the foundation on which to build an investment program on tree planting to ensure the supply of wood and non-wood forest products and other environmental and social services. Equitable partnerships and benefit sharing between collaborative stakeholders are essential if planted trees and forests are to be managed on a sustainable basis. The cost of implementation of this buffer area development plan to compensate the loss of natural vegetation within the future reservoir area is Birr 7.5 million. This cost is to cover the woodlands and shrublands restoration, promotion of agro-forestry practices, and capacity building.

5.2.2 Watershed Management Plan Water erosion is the dominant form of soil erosion in the catchment. Accelerated erosion is caused by the activities of man and is responsible for depleting soil productivity, destroying land and filling reservoirs with sediment. Within the Gibe III catchment, increase in population and the resulting need for opening up the vegetation for various uses accounted to rapid decline in the natural vegetation. Forest and bush fires have accounted for the most part in forest and bush degradation. Implementation of watershed management plan provides the necessary measures for protecting the catchments (or watersheds) of Gibe III Hydroelectric scheme. Absence of such a plan and inappropriate development in watersheds can lead to widespread soil erosion and therefore siltation of the reservoir. This can reduce the useful life of the Gibe III hydroelectric scheme. It is in the interest of EEPCO to reduce the sediment inflow into the Gibe I and Gibe III reservoirs. This is best achieved by implementing an integrated watershed management programme. Therefore, it is recommended that Birr 10 million be used by EEPCO to finance the implementation of the watershed development programme. This has a particular importance as it will create a precedence for establishing a system of having EEPCO as a Hydroelectric developer contributes to the conservation and protection of the Gibe III catchment. The management of the watershed will be in collaboration with the Agricultural and Rural Development offices the Regional governments. 5.2.3 Wildlife Resource Management and Protection Plan Impacts Origin and Characteristics As surveyed and reported in the ESIA for wild animals within the Gibe III reservoir and according to information obtained from local community, the area harbours only few and common wildlife which justifies the minimum opportunity cost lose suffered by the dam construction and creation of reservoir. Currently, there is no confirmed knowledge on any endangering of endemic or rare species in the reservoir area. There are also no known species with restrictive habitat preferences. No adverse impacts are anticipated in respect of sensitive wildlife habitat and nationally or internationally unique wildlife reserves. Therefore, no special management and protection plan will be required. However, these flooding and construction activities will disturb the wildlife which were using the forest for shelter, breeding and feeding. These and other potential impacts of the Gibe III scheme on wildlife resources and their habitats have been identified and include the following:

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1. The reservoir will require the flooding and/or clearance of natural vegetation and although minor this will shrink the wildlife habitat and feeding area. This loss would not bring about marked differences in the available habitat for the limited wildlife. Therefore, there are ample sites on both (up or down stream) locations of the river for the animals that move, provided a satisfactory protection is made by the regional government or the project. These sites can be a sanctuary for the animals that tend to occupy them. 2. Although minor, it is inevitable that the flooding will disturb and deprive the few wildlife inhabiting the area and their existing habitat and they will be pushed to the proposed buffer area. Hence, animals (especially the browsing animals) search for a new suitable habitat for feed source, shelter, breeding, egg laying and hatching sites. This may make the wildlife vulnerable to poachers, when they leave their usual dwelling and hiding sites. 3. Not all the valley land is topographically uniform, therefore the inundation at some sites may also cause fragmentation of habitat and disrupt the movement of some animals. 4. It is mentioned already that the steep cliffs of the gorge and the riverine forest along the river are important for several groups of birds such as herons and egrets, king fishers, barbets, chats and thrushes, wood peckers, pigeons, shrikes, warblers and flycatchers, etc. As the reservoir level increases some of their existing habitats will be flooded. However, because of the availability of wide areas in the River Basin (upstream and downstream of this project site) in which these birds are found, it is unlikely that the project will significantly affect the survivorship and well-being of these species. 5. As reported by settlers at Soro wereda specifically at Gortancho and Asawincho kebeles there were lions which have been turned to man-eating which extensive search have been made by experts from the Department of wildlife of ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Although the experts have found none, they speculated the existence of four such lions. This was later found to be true, and as a protection measure it was possible to hunt two of the lion legally (Kahsay and Chere 2007). Furthermore these authors have indicated that hunting was permitted only to get rid of these lions otherwise no hunting is allowed in the area. Recommended Measures The recommended management plan is divided into Pre-Reservoir impoundment and Reservoir impoundment Management Plan. These two management plan are briefly discussed below: I) Pre-Reservoir Impoundment a) Establish Buffer Zone During the survey it was observed that because of the risk of Malaria and Trypanosomiasis humans and livestock do not inhabit most of the hill-slope of terraces III and IV (altitude below 1,300 m asl). Therefore, it is recommended to establish a buffer zone in the area between altitudes 900 and 1,100 m asl. The buffer area will serve as a refuge for the wildlife to move to the area downstream or upstream of the reservoir. It will also support the bio-diversity conservation and enhance the biological value of the area. Given time there will be the reestablishment of the riparian zone on the edges of the reservoir from the woodland vegetation at the initial stage since the species composition of the woodland vegetation and riparian vegetation are more or less similar except differences in size.

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The proposed woodland restoration buffer area development plan is discussed in section 5.2.1. As the reservoir water level increases relatively slowly, wildlife (animals) that will be affected will have time to adapt themselves to the new habitat and move to the dry place. Those animals which afford to remain within the newly created condition will occupy the habitat. Those that are not comfortable with the modified situation will use the corridor as temporary refuge and later may move up stream or down stream along the river. However, it will be required to identify and protect corridors that may lead the wildlife to the potential alternative habitats (upstream or downstream). It is recommended for EEPCO to initiate a discussion with the Regional Governments to secure a resource protection zone status to the buffer area. This area is extensive, relatively isolated and lightly inhabited. It is also recommended to erect easily recognizable permanent marks such as concrete poles at appropriate intervals to mark the buffer zone. b) Species and Habitat Inventory During this phase the project will carryout a monitoring survey to determine the current wildlife population, seasonal movement and to understand the ecological role and importance of habitat use. Pre-impoundment species and habitat inventories has the objective to collect information on distribution and movements in the project area and the interaction between the species. It also deals with the evaluation of habitats suitability of the buffer area, potential methods for early mitigation to encourage animals to move before filling of the reservoir. c) Establish a Rescue Team When the reservoir fills, the animals will be displaced and can be vulnerable to poachers when they move upwards. They may also be drowned or stranded in the islands formed when higher sites are encircled by water. These necessitate some kind of human intervention to save the wildlife. In this respect, it is recommended to establish a Wildlife Rescue Team. A rescue team trained by wildlife specialists will have the duty to identify areas that can be safe from the inundation so that animals are assisted to move to safer areas before the inundation takes place. When assisted by the rescue team, the wildlife will have ample opportunity to find their most preferred route to the nearest refugia. During Construction and reservoir filling, it is recommended to assign competent personnel in charge of the team who is knowledgeable with the existing regulations and policy for wildlife of the regions and federal government who can assist for protection of wildlife and their habitat. He will organize and co-ordinate the management of the threats through well organized patrolling plan. He would also involve relevant institutions such as the police and Kebele guards to deal with problems such as those posed by harnessing wildlife by the movement of people and vehicles. d) Organise Awareness Creation Campaign Rural people usually have limited knowledge about wildlife and their importance. As a result, their cooperation for their conservation is minimal. Therefore, for the protection of the wildlife resources it is recommended to conduct a well coordinated community awareness creation program. The awareness creations will contribute to the protection of wildlife resources from most human induced problems. This awareness creation program should be organised in all villages adjacent to the reservoir area and include the community members and the authorities responsible for the different PAs.

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The Contractor should also organise on-job awareness creation training so that the construction workers refrain as much as possible from adversely affecting wild animals by avoiding unnecessary deforestation and creation of noise etc. In addition to the above, the following mitigation measures are recommended to offset the adverse impacts posed by the construction of the project:-.
Implement special and strong regulation and enforcement measures against hunting wildlife that move in search of alternative shelters;
Make the contractor responsible for the conduct of his workforce in relation to environmental protection matters and to specifically prohibit unnecessary felling of trees, killing of any wildlife, etc .
Prepare a rescue plan to take the necessary action before the reservoir filling takes place;
Periodic monitoring of habitat integrity of the Gibe III River area to check that these threatened wildlife and birds are safe and secure; and
Provisions of waste disposal facilities (for both human and construction wastes) to prevent transmission of disease to wildlife.

II) Impoundment and Post Impoundment Wildlife Management Plan The post-impoundment species management programme is concerned with the species of wildlife movement to the new non-inundated part of the project (the buffer zone) where it is mainly the last refuge for animals displaced. It is anticipated that the habitat can suit the animals in terms of proximity to water, availability of foraging area and food plants. It also has corridors that allow animals movement to alternative sites. The protection of wildlife species requires an organized wildlife protection programme. This condition necessitates to implement the following measures. a) Improve Enforcement Measures along the Buffer Area During the impoundment of the reservoir, animals will move upward from sites they were enjoying for a long time and will be exposed to human disturbance. Unless this is coupled by an organized patrol, the existence of the animal will be at risk. Therefore, this requires the increase in enforcement measures against hunting and can be done by assigning game guards along the buffer area at regular intervals. The game guards will carry out patrolling and need to concentrate on such kind of work for example, the abolishing of the use of firearm in the area and the establishment of new settlements etc. b) Wildlife Rescue Minimise impacts to animals stranded on newly formed isolands, and which could become valnerable to hunting and habitat loss. Therefore, it is recommended that the Rescue Team to prepare day to day activities and undertake measures to avert potential threats such as disturbance and poaching due to construction activities and the reservoir impoundment. c) Protection of wildlife and Human Conflict Although the local communities from the kebeles located close to the reservoir have expressed their concern that the incidents of wild animals’ attack on humans and domestic animals may increase due to flooding their habitat, during the survey it was observed that because of the risk of malaria and trypanosomiasis humans and livestock do not inhabit the area close to the future reservoir. Therefore, there is no risk to human and wildlife conflict in the

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area. However, a wildlife emergency response team has been proposed to deal with any such unforeseen risks. d) Wetland Management Programme As the Omo River at the project area run deep in the gorge no wetland of significance was observed. However, wetlands at the shorelines of the reservoir during operation can be formed due to reservoir fluctuation. Reservoir drawdown will create a considerable area of wetland where fish could occur as well as vast area of mudflats, devoid of permanent terrestrial vegetation. It is expected that grasses and shrubs could become established along the margins of the reservoir. A number of terrestrial vertebrates depend upon aquatic diversity and productivity of the river for food and shelter for some birds and mammals. The riparian habitat created is important for the many species that reach high densities in forest ecotone. The moist soils that will be created along the shoreline of the reservoir harbor a variety of aquatic and semi-aquatic invertebrates such as molluscs and insects, as well as vertebrates such as snakes and turtles, thus providing a foraging area for predatory animals. The standing vegetation exposed at drawdown (mostly dead trees) may provide cover for some wildlife species as well. Some migrating birds may also utilize the neighbouring habitats. e) Strengthening the existing Protected area along the Omo River Basin The Omo, Mago, Mazie and Chabera- Chorchora national parks which are explained earlier are located downstream of the dam and therefore, it is recommended to strengthen these parks. They all harbour at least some or all species of the animals and birds of the project area and these sites are eventually potential refuge for some of these animals in the project area. f) Establish Cooperation with the Regional Government It is recommended to initiate communication and coordination between the different stakeholders, like Federal and Regional Authorities, local community leaders and NGO’s. From experience, we know that the history of wildlife conservation of the SNNP State is relatively among the best in the country. This fact can be witnessed by: i) Strong protection measure implemented to protect the formerly established protected areas like Omo and Mago National Parks. These parks are better protected than other national park in the country; ii) The establishment of additional national parks such as Mazie and Chehbera – Chorchora. Therefore, the project should capitalize on the above fact and strengthen its cooperation with the region to protect the wildlife in the project area. It has been recommended that one way of protecting the wild animals of the project area is by strengthening the wildlife protection area in the Omo River Basin specially the newly established Mazie and Chebera - Chorchora National Parks. These parks are closer to the reservoir than the others. It is anticipated that wild animals that are affected by the flooding of the reservoir area will take refuge mainly in these parks. Hence, proper conservation activities in these parks ensure the existence of the wild animals. However, despite the Regional Government’s attempt to do its best to execute the various mitigation measures recommended for the protection of the parks, it is already

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constrained by shortages of budget. This necessitates that the support of EEPCO continue for sometime. EEPCO’s support is required to strengthen the protection and management of these parks and needs to focus on: • Financial assistance to preparing management plan for the parks (priority may be for Chebera – Chorchora) as this park is rich in wildlife resources; • Regular monitoring of the parks by their respective Regional, Zonal or Wereda experts; • Support to improve access roads; • Increase the frequency of patrol by wildlife scouts or guards by increasing the parks budgets; • It has been noted that the Natural Resource Conservation offices of the weredas hardly have means to access the parks. Therefore, a four-wheel derive pick-up would improve the management of the park to a great extent; • Equipments such as communication radio, binoculars and a couple of firearms are also important; • Give few temporary employments for the surrounding community members; and • Build outpost at two or three sites in each national Park.

Responsibility Wildlife Management Unit (WMU) Under the Environmental Management Unit to be established by EEPCO, a sub-unit called wildlife management unit (WMU) will be established. EEPCO is responsible to assign a wildlife expert to this unit and he will organize the unit and will be responsible to implement the wildlife management plan. WMU is mainly responsible for most technical matters and these includes species and habitat inventory, involve in the establishment of other teams and committees as required organization of Community level awareness creation programmers, capacity building and monitoring. The wildlife expert together with experts from the Wereda office of Tourism, Hotels and Parks (WTHP) and a natural resource expert from the Wereda office of Agriculture, Natural Resource Development (WARNRD) will coordinate the wildlife management plan. Wereda Wildlife Committee (WWC) This is a committee whose members include representative/experts from Wereda Administration, WTHP, WARNRD. The committee is responsible to follow up and assist the WMU and others engaged in the project activities. The WWC is also responsible for post-impoundment species management programme. After project commissioning this is the committee that will take over the responsibility of managing wildlife and their habitat from EMU. Wildlife Emergency Response Team (WERT) WMU together with local authorities will establish an Emergency Response Team. This is a team that includes representatives from WMU, WWC and a wildlife rescue team. The WERT will be responsible for wildlife rescue, law enforcement, protection of human and animal conflicts, and organize public awareness creation programmes.

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Wildlife Rescue Team (WRT) Six months before reservoir impoundment, the EMU will establish a wildlife rescue team with representatives from Wereda officials, police, military or militia and local communities. This is a strong patrolling team that will carry out a proactive, well organized and coordinated patrolling programme to protect and save wild animals that are displaced or stranded. Training and Capacity Building EEPCO with its WMU will organize a public awareness creation as well as capacity building programme for members of the various committees and teams. This will ensure that all execute their responsibilities satisfactorily. To this end, the project office will implement training and capacity development programmes in wildlife rescue, environment and natural resource (wildlife) protection. The Local Leaders and wildlife experts will be trained in data collection and analysis and managements of the information and reporting. Member of the WRT and WERT will be trained in the proper techniques of monitoring and use of appropriate equipments. EEPCO will provide Technical and financial support for strengthening the teams to fulfil their assigned obligations.

III) Wildlife Conservation Initiative When the implementation of the mitigation measures for the conservation of wildlife by EEPCO during pre and post impoundment of the reservoir come towards the end, it is necessary that the work initiated continue unabated so that the wild animals protected so far do not suffer a threat from disturbance by the communities. To minimise activities that may adversely harm the wildlife as a result of conflict with human, the following measures must be considered:-
Regular wildlife and habitat monitoring to know the existing status of the resource;
Anti-poaching (established earlier or newly established ones) must regularly patrol to combat poaching;
Extension of settlements towards the protected buffer area must continue to be discouraged to avoid direct conflict between human and wildlife;
Conduct workshops and give trainings on wildlife conservation to the different stakeholders such as project employees, local communities, wereda wild animal experts, teachers etc. to update their capacity for conservation; and
Give advice and encourage all concerned to make use of the buffer area as an ecotourism site for visitors and share benefits with the communities adjacent to the reservoir so that they enjoy and appreciate the presence of the resource in their surrounding.

5.2.4 Submergence of Chida-Sodo Road Section and the Omo Bridge Impact Origin and Characteristics The creation of the Gibe III reservoir will submerge the section of the Chida Sodo road and the bridge across the Omo River (see Project Photo 5.3). The road is an all weather road that connects the deep rural village population of the region with the main Addis- Sodo-Arba Minch highway. This is an important trade route for the rural population and

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serves a number of villages and is the only road access to serve the community in the Dawro zone to get agricultural inputs and to sale their products to the market. It is planned to realign the road section by diverting from Chida-Sodo road near Kindo Halale village and goes down to the dam site (see Figure 2.4). The total length of the road is approximately 80 km. The existing surface in short section of the route is earth and in the remaining section no road exists. The new bridge will be built downstream of the dam. The nature of the proposed works and environmental setting of the project are such that no adverse direct or indirect impacts are anticipated in respect of sensitive habituate wildlife or cultural heritage. During the operation phase, traffic levels are unlikely to be high enough to give rise to problems of noise, air pollution or cross road access for pedestrians. The principal potential adverse impact is the land and property expropriation associated with land take requirement to accommodate the construction of the new road. A full ESIA has been recommended and the finding will be presented in a stand alone report.

Photo 5.3: View of the Omo Bridge

Recommended Measures In relation to engineering design, it is recommended to give due consideration to the relaxation of design standards to reduce the need for land and property expropriation without significantly compromising the functionality of the road, However, even with these considerations, although this impact will reduce, the issue of land and property expropriation will still have to be addressed. Therefore, it is recommended to payment full and fair cash compensation, which leaves those, affected by relocation at least no worse off than they were previously. A full resettlement action plan (RAP) has been initiated and the finding will be presented in a stand alone report. The key adverse environmental impacts anticipated to occur during the construction phase of the project and the recommended mitigation measure include the following:

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Appropriate measures to be taken during construction to minimize earthworks, erosion and for embankment slopes to be grassed or otherwise protected against erosion with minimum delay following completion of earthworks at each location;
The soils of the project area are highly erodible and therefore, design suitable permanent drainage works to reduce flow down cut and fill faces, including cut- off drains upslope of cuttings where these are necessary.
As much as possible earthworks will be concentrated in the dry season to reduce environmental damage and sediment loading to streams.
Although large quantities of construction materials will have to be extracted from quarries and borrow pits in connection with the works, project requirements will have a small and marginal impact in terms of resource depletion, (in view of the large resources base compared to the quantities required).
Potential impact of dust is negligible in rural sections which form the entire route, where housing is sparsely distributed. However, the contractor is required watering of works sections where dust is likely to cause nuisance, particularly in the vicinity of housing, schools, etc.
Appropriate measures to be taken during construction to minimize earthworks, erosion and for embankment slopes to be grassed or otherwise protected against erosion with minimum delay following completion of earthworks at each location.
The Contractor is required to complie with local regulation procedures concerning the transport, handling, storage and use of explosives, and adopt all necessary precautions to safeguard the workforce, the public and property.
Provide protective gears appropriate to the activities being undertaken by the workforce, and to make it a condition of employment that these are work when appropriate.
Implement an AIDS awareness education programme.
Give maximum local employment consistent with the contractor’s skill needs and as much as possible to give preference to the project affected person and the locally unemployed. 5.2.5 Severance of Access at Omo Valley Impact Origin and Characteristics Along the Omo River, river crossings will be submerged by the long stretch of the Gibe III reservoir. These crossings give service when the rivers water flow is at is minimum and serve a significant portion of deep rural community belonging to Dawero, Wolyeta, Hadiya, Kembata, Tembaro and Oromo ethic group. These crossings are mainly used for transporting goods to market places and visit relatives. The interruption of these crossings will significantly affect the socio-economic opportunities of the communities living on both sides of the river, since there is no a well developed alternative infrastructure available that could be used to alleviate the problem. Traditionally, there are interest groups to provide transport service and assist peoples to cross the river and charge for their services. However, with the creation of the reservoir, this opportunity will be lost permanently to these people and boat transport will be the only way to cross the river.

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Recommended Measures To maintain the socio-economic opportunity to the communities living on both sides of the river it is recommended to reinstate the river crossing by establishing a boat service at nine (9) existing locations and a bridge across the Gibe River for the agro-pastoralist communities. Figure 5.2 shows the locations of these proposed crossing sites. As part of the mitigation measure of lost income to service provides and transport facility for the public, these people shall be assisted by providing them with modern transport boats. The unit cost for the establishment of the boat service is estimated at 500,000 Birr/station. This includes cost of purchase of boats and related accessories. In addition, considering the high fluctuation of the water level in the reservoir appropriately designed and constructed 9+9 wharfs will be required. The total amount of money required to establish the boat service at 9 crossings including the construction of wharfs is estimated at 9.0 million Birr. This is a one time cost that will be incurred during the first years of the implementation phase and no other cost will be required thereafter, since co-operatives could be organized to operate and maintain the boats as they provide services by charging passengers. Responsibilities EEPCO is responsible to reinstate the river crossing by establishing a reliable boat service.

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Figure 5.2: Proposed River Crossing Sites

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5.2.6 Agro-pastoralists Population Impact Origin and Characteristics Along the Gibe, Gojeb and Omo River, established river crossings used by the agro- pastoral communities will be submerged by the long stretch of the Gibe III reservoir. Several agro-pastoralists belonging to Hadiya community use these crossings when they move from place to place along the banks of the Omo River in search of grazing for their livestock. The agro-pastoralists mostly move in Omo Sheleko, Kacha Bira, Boloso Sore and Kindo Koysha weredas (See Figure 5.3). The construction of the dam and creation of the reservoir is expected to flood an estimated 17,158 ha of woodland grassland used by these agro-pastoralist and the other communities around the reservoir area. Recommended Measures The loss of grazing land to flooding in these affected weredas used by the agro- pastoralists communities will not bring about marked differences in the carrying capacity at present and also no gradual deterioration and undesirable effects could be observed in the future. This loss will not compromise the traditional lifestyle of these agro- pastoralist communities and will not also push them into a more distant and marginal land. However, these communities will benefit from the recommended buffer area development plan which is integrated with forage improvement and development. Improvement of the veterinary services in project affected PAs is also one of the recommended intervention meant to partially offset potential negative impacts stemming from loss of benefits from the natural vegetation in the area. To compensate for the loss of traitional crossing points it is recommended to construct a bridge across their major crossing point across the Gibe River (See Figure 5.3). Responsibilities EEPCO is responsible to finance the implementation of the buffer area development plan (integrated with forage improvement). It will also reinstate the cattle crossing at least at one location between Buryo Lenge and Ambe Lenge PAs of the Soro Wereda by financing the construction of a bridge across the Gibe River. The cost of construction is estimated at Birr 15 Million and this includes the cost of access road to the bridge site.

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Figure 5.3: Map Showing the Movement of the Agro-Pastoralist Community of Hadiya

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5.2.7 Archaeological and Cultural Remains Management Plan 5.2.7.1 King Ejajo Kella Wall Impact Origin and Characteristics During the site investigation for the EIA, a preliminary survey has been carried out for objects and sites of physical cultural resource within the project areas. The results of the surveys indicate that a historical site known as King Ejajo Kella wall will be flooded (See Photo No 5.4). The walls were constructed by the Wolayta people during the reign of King Ejajo Kalla. There is now a request by the Regional Government to carry out an additional survey and properly map the location of the walls to assess the extent of the damage.

Photo 5.4 Partial View of King Ejajo Kella and King Halala Wall

Recommended Measures The flooding of relatively small section of the walls is considered to be minor and therefore no direct mitigation measure is recommended. However, to appropriately compensate this loss it is recommended to implement the following measures. Establishment of the Ijaajo Keelaa of Wolayta and the Halala Keelaa of Dawro as a Heritage Site: Generally, these sites need an urgent attention from the ARCCH, the Information and Culture Bureau of SNNPR and other stakeholders and researchers. ARCCH, as responsible body, should immediately register these sites as cultural heritage sites; ARRCH to carry out archaeological and historical researches on walls of Ijaajo and Halala. Based on these research findings, all responsible bodies together with stakeholders and collaborators should prepare management plans to protect, conserve and manage the remaining sites (more than 98%) from manmade and natural hazards (animal, human and developmental). To implement the planned documentation works on the very high-risk sites of Menera (Wolayta) before the sites will be submerge by the reservoir. The documentation should include preparation of site plan and mapping, taking measurement, photograph and description of the sites with their contexts. Establishment of a view point for the Ijaajo Keelaa of Wolayta and the Halala Keelaa of Dawro sites for tourists. The unit cost for the establishment of these stations is estimated at 1.5 million Birr per station. This includes for the construction of access road to the nearest representative sites and associated services (catering and information

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desk) to ensure satisfactory standards to the tourists visiting the sites. This is a one time cost that will be incurred during the first years of the implementation phase and no other cost will be required thereafter, since Office of Information and Culture would operate and maintain the site as they provide services by charging domestic and international tourists. Therefore, the total amount of money required to establish these stations is estimated at 3.0 million Birr. Inform the construction workforce to be vigilant in the detection and reporting of, and the prevention of disturbance and damage to these Historic walls. (See photo 5.5) Instruct construction workers who identifies the presence of the wall to inform the supervisor’s representative upon identification of the Historic walls, the location must not be disturbed.

Responsibility The research documentation works has already been initiated by EEPCO and ARCCH. The cost for this research to fully document the historic site is estimated at 1.5 million Birr will be covered by EEPCO. The EPC contractor is responsible to inform the construction workforce through the orientation programme and by a notice (see the proposed notice below) to be vigilant in the detection and reporting of damage to these Historic walls.

Photo 5.5: Sample Notice to inform the construction workforce about the Presence of Historic Sites around the construction sites

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5.2.7.2 Accidental Discovery of Physical Cultural Resources Impact Origin and Characteristics During construction, objects and sites of physical cultural resource may be accidentally encountered and these objects include sites having archaeological (prehistoric), palaentological, historical, religious, sacred and unique natural values including isolated graveyards and burial sites. Therefore, a procedure is required to prevent damage to the accidentally discovered objects and sites of Physical and Cultural Resource and to enable appropriate action to be taken by the EPC contractor or /and EEPCO. Recommended Measures While the probability of encountering undiscovered sites and human remains in this project area is very low, the purpose of the Management Plan is to assist in the event that an unexpected deposit or remains are encountered. The construction workforce will appropriately be informed to be vigilant in the detection and reporting of, and the prevention of disturbance and damage to objects and sites of physical cultural resource. Through the orientation program the contractor will ensure that all workers are aware of the criteria for identification of possible sites. Specifically, anyone who identifies a possible find will inform the Supervisors Representative. He will contact the appropriate government department for an assessment of the potential find to determine if it is significant. If, on the advice of outside experts that this find is archaeologically and culturally significant, the following steps will be taken:
Upon identification of suspected archaeological or cultural remains, the location must not be disturbed. Therefore, operations will immediately cease in the affected area and minimize activities that create ground disturbance in and adjacent to the affected area;
Discoveries will be reported to the Owner’s Representative who will contact the appropriate government officials;
No work will resume within 30m of the discovery site until an appropriate directive has been received from ARCCH or Regional Bureau of Culture and Information.
Mitigation measures will be employed to protect discoveries and flagging the area boundaries;
Unauthorized entry will be prohibited, and
An archaeologist will be retained to conduct a data recovery prior to the continuation of construction activities within the 30 m “no work zone”.

Responsibility The EPC contractor is responsible for notifying the owner of any previously unknown physical cultural resources uncovered during the preparation of site for construction activities, using the “chance find Procedure”. All fossils, coins, articles of value or antiquity, and structures and other remains or items of geological and archaeological interest found on the Site shall be placed under the care and the authority of the Employer. The Contractor shall take reasonable precautions to prevent Contractor's personnel or other persons from removing or damaging any of these findings.

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The Owner, in coordination and consultation with Government Authorities, will be responsible for the overall management, protection and preservation of all objects and sites of physical cultural resource encountered within the Construction Areas.

5.3 Environmental Impacts during Construction 5.3.1 Erosion and Sediment Control Plan Impact Origin and Characteristics Site clearance involving removal of vegetation and topsoil is needed before construction of the project facilities commences. The soils in the project area are highly erodible and, coupled with the rainstorms during the wet season earthworks are likely to be eroded. Soil erosion has adverse effects on the water quality (in terms of increases suspended solid loading) in the watercourses to which the drainage water is discharged. Concerns regarding the introduction of sediment to water courses also include potentially negative impacts to aquatic habitat and fishery resources. Recommended Measures To control the potential erosion problem, the following measures will be implemented: As much as possible earthworks (including access road construction) will be concentrated in the dry season to reduce environmental damage and sediment loading to streams; Stabilize slopes at cut faces and maintain by “benching” and installing erosion protection devices during construction; The drainage works shall direct site runoff to established watercourses. They shall be inspected regularly for damage caused by scouring, sediment deposition, channel obstruction, and loss of vegetation cover; Along the access roads provision will be made for suitable and adequate permanent drainage facilities; Stockpiles and spoil disposal areas shall not be located on drainage lines or in floodway zones or other areas important for the conveyance of floodwaters during major floods; Excavated materials will not be dumped on stream banks. This will avoid adverse effects on channel morphology and increased sediments load; To avoid the death of down-slope vegetation and the stimulation of erosion, as much as possible excavated materials will not be side-tipped on steeply sloping and erodible soils. If excess sediment is occurring, immediately cease the activity causing sedimentation and re-establish sediment control measures to reduce the contribution to the environment. Stability of spoils will be ensured to minimize erosion both during and after completion of placement by implementing erosion protection measures and temporary and permanent drainage works where these are necessary.

Responsibility The responsibility for implementing erosion and sediment control measures at each site will be the EPC contractor and his sub-contractors. The EPC contractor is responsible for determining the type and locations of controls. The Engineer will ensure that erosion and sediment control measures are adequate and fulfil the obligation of this ESMP.

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5.3.2 Spoil Disposal The construction of Gibe III hydroelectric scheme is expected to generate large quantities of spoil material and these spoils will need to be disposed off. A suitable spoil disposal site with the capacity to contain the anticipated quantity of spoil has been identified. In Figure 2.7 a site plan showing the location and the extent of these spoil disposal sites are shown. As shown in the figure, two major sites have been identified as suitable disposal sites and one is located downstream of the Gibe III dam site and the other within the future reservoir area. These proposed sites are located in unproductive land and no productive farmland will be compromised through the development of the site for spoil disposal. The sites are not in close proximity to settlements. During the operation of the spoil disposal site no adverse direct or indirect impacts are also anticipated in respect of sensitive habitat. The principal environmental concerns related to spoil disposal include loss of natural vegetation, interference with natural drainage, increase in erosion and sediment deposition, increase in slope instability and visual alteration of landscape quality. For disposal of spoil (waste soil and rock), both the placement of the materials (not indiscriminate dumping) and the rehabilitation methods are important. Therefore, spoil disposal activities shall be executed in a manner which minimises damage to the environment, and in particular minimises erosion of placed material, and maintains stability during all stages of placement and also when the site is in its final form. Spoil Disposal Area – within the Reservoir Area

Impact Origin and Characteristics Based on the site investigation, there is no established fishery on the river section near the spoil disposal site or for several kilometres further downstream. There are no rare, endangered or endemic fish and other aquatic species near the disposal site. The larger aquatic fauna found in the river section near the disposal site include a relatively small population of crocodiles and hippos. The formation of largely unconsolidated spoil banks can result in large quantities of material being eroded during rainy periods, with the silt entering the Omo River, potentially reducing quality problems associated with its eventual deposition. However, this effect is of marginal significance when viewed in the context of regional erosion level. The principal environmental concerns also relate to interference with natural drainage. Recommended Measures Therefore, it is recommended to execute spoil disposal activities in a manner which minimises damage to the water quality of the river water and its aquatic environment. It is also recommended to minimise erosion of placed material and maintain stability during all stages of placement and before reservoir impoundment. Avoid the potential effects of erosion and sedimentation on channel morphology and capacity to convey flood flows, Install and maintain appropriate temporary and permanent site drainage systems Spoil Disposal Area – Downstream of the Dam Site Impact Origin and Characteristics The only land cover identified in the proposed spoil disposal site is a riparian vegetation. There is high species diversity in these sites due to the microclimatic conditions and soil moisture availability in this site. The dominant species include combertum molle, Terminalia brownii, celtis africana and harrisonia abyssinica.

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Recommended Measures After the completion of construction, most of the disturbed areas will require some re- contouring to encourage natural drainage pattern, improve slope stability, and mimic the original shape of the slope. Therefore, to mitigate and minimize the impacts of spoil disposal on the local environment the recommended measures include the following: Restoration Plan Spoil Disposal Site Careful implementation of restoration will minimize biodiversity loss, soil erosion and land degradation. The main purpose of the site restoration as a management plan for disposal sites is to maintain the ecological balance and to protect the environment of the area. After completion of the spoil disposal, the site will require re-contouring and rehabilitation. The restoration plan involves the natural and artificial methods of restoration or regeneration. In general, the management plan comprises:
Baseline information on the diversity and composition of biodiversity in the sites;
Identification of ecologically and economically important species;
Identification of vegetation loss, habitat degradation and the loss associated values and services; and
Selection of species for restoration of sites by site regeneration and compensatory afforestation.

Species Recruitment and Habitat Identification Species of high ecological and economic values from the disposal sites are identified and priority species are recommended for planting within the sites and in the surrounding areas. The two endemic species Boswellia pirottae and Rhus glutinosa should be planted or conserved in-situ by habitat protection and the compensatory afforestation. Keeping in view the climatic conditions, status of soils, vegetation types and ecological and economic values in and around sites 21 species are prioritised for restoration and compensatory afforestation (see Table 5.3). Therefore, assure successful establishment of these species by planting the area with seedlings from indigenous shrubs and trees of the area. The few trees and shrubs to be planted cannot completely represent the whole assemblage of the natural communities but enhance the resilience of the vegetation to restore to natural conditions within a foreseeable future. It is suggested that for stabilization, grass and herbs should also be grown over these slopes. Establishment of Nurseries: Nurseries should be established for successful restoration of the disposal site vegetation to compensate for the loss during the project development activities. The nurseries are for the above species recruited based on their ecological and economic values. Each species has general requirements for germination and growth, and there is a need to examine the germination, propagation and growth mechanisms of the species. Lots of seed have to be collected from each of the various species from the natural environment. The seedlings to meet the nursery requirements will be obtained from the nurseries and can be supplemented by saplings from surrounding markets.

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Table 5.3: Priority species for restoration and compensatory afforestation spoil disposal site Species Reason Berchemia discolor Ecological role, construction, fodder Boswellia pirottae Economic role, rarity Bridellia scleroneura Fodder, ecological role Celtis Africana Ecological role, construction, fodder Combretum collinum Ecological role, construction, fodder Combretum molle Ecological role, construction, fodder Croton macrocarpa Ecological role, charcoal, construction Euphorbia tirucalli Firebreak, fence, soil conservation Gardenia ternifolia Soil conservation, construction Grewia mollis Fodder, construction Harrisonia abyssinica Ecological role, construction, fodder Lonchocarpus laxiflorus Ecological role, fodder, fire resistance Pseudocedrela kotschyi Medicinal value, construction Rhus glutinosa Fodder, ecological role Sclerocarya birrea Construction, fruits eaten, fuelwood Sterculia setigera Ecological role, fodder, beehive hanging Stereospermum knthianum Ecological role, medicine Tamarindus indica Ecological role, soil fertility Terminalia brownii Ecological role, multipurposiveness Turrea nilotica Ecological role Uvaria leptacladon Ecological role Ziziphus mauritania Browse, soil conservation, wildfood, beeforage

Area Closure and Natural regeneration: The vegetation in the sites can be restored naturally by area closure and artificially by planting ecologically important native species within the sites. Area enclosure may restore the vegetation given its resilience in a given period of time (5-10 years). The involvement of local communities in area closure, compensatory afforestation and all other restoration activities is indispensable for effective and sustainable management of the sites. Site Plantation and Compensatory Afforestation: For successful regeneration of the vegetation in the sites, the exposed surface will require special attention to allow for its re-vegetation.

preserve and protect from any damage all natural vegetation which is not specifically required to be cleared or removed for spoil disposal purposes; carefully prepare the site to enhance vegetation growth and reinstate it to its previous use/cover; absence of topsoil makes the establishment and growth of plants more difficult. Therefore, remove and stockpile all topsoil from the area to be used for spoil disposal and handle it carefully not to destroy the soil structure and soil organisms. The soil will be used for landscaping and restoration of work areas. Prior to commencement of restoration, relay the topsoil to allow a fast re-vegetation of the slopes and thus avoiding erosion; plant suitable vegetation species and ensure the development of vegetative cover that has root systems which will hold the soil in early stages, then with trees and larger vegetation for later stages. This re-vegetation will meet technical, ecological and aesthetic (landscape) requirements;

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It will be necessary to create a good covering of vegetation before the first wet season, to ensure that the slope is stable and not subject to erosion. Planting of trees shall be carried out as far as practical during the beginning of the rainy season when planting is most likely to produce beneficial results. Plan Implementation Requirements: The inputs, requirements and costs for the restoration plan include manpower, costs for the establishment of nurseries, technical, transport, capital and miscellaneous costs. A summary of activities and required inputs of restoration of spoil disposal and quarry sites are listed in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4: A summary of activities and required inputs of restoration of quarry and disposal sites Impact Objectives Activity carried out to Required achieve these objectives Inputs Loss of vegetation Restoration of Development of nurseries, Money, land, and biodiversity vegetation and plantation/ afforestration, labor, barbed Loss of habitat for biological diversity community forestry, area wire, other wildlife Habitat restoration enclosure structures, indigenous and scientific knowledge Loss of ecologically Restoration and Selection of species of high Seedlings, water important species afforestation of ecological and economic source, nursery Loss of useful ecologically important importance, nursery establishment beds, labor, plants such as species and planting economically useful money, transport medicinal plants, plants Compensatory afforestation wild food and restoration of the sites, enclosure Soil erosion and Prevention of soil Step drain, check dams, Labor, money, land degradation erosion, siltation terraces, angle iron barbed wire stone, structures, Prevention of land fencing, stone masonry, check machinery, degradation, dams, revegetation, ecological community restoration and monitoring involvement landscaping of quarry and disposal sites Invasive species, Control of invasive Monitoring of weeds and Labor, trained weed and pest species and invasive species, control of manpower and infestation notorious weeds weeds capital

Increase Slope Stability: In view of the potential slope stability problems associated with the creation of disposal sites on sloping ground and to minimise instability of the placed material during and after construction, adopt the following measure: Design the spoil placement with slopes that will be stable at all times (during construction and in the post-construction state). Compact daily all the dumped material; and Incorporate all necessary design features to promote stability including drainage works and formation of benches (see Figure 5.4). Prevention of erosion and sediment deposition: The formation of largely unconsolidated spoil banks can result in large quantities of material being eroded during rainy periods, The silt entering the Omo River, potentially reduces the quality of the river water. Therefore it is recommended to:

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Avoid the potential effects of erosion and sedimentation on channel morphology and capacity to convey flood flows by installing and maintaining appropriate temporary and permanent site drainage systems. Re-contour the site such that water neither pools on the site, nor flows through with sufficient velocity to erode soils and overburden. Figure 5.4: Grassing for Slope Protection and Revegetation

Re-vegetate the site to contribute for soil stabilisation, surface protection and erosion control. Promote pioneer vegetation to cover bare areas quickly in order to protect the soil surface against erosion, accumulate soil and improve the micro climate. Visual Alteration of Landscape Quality: Although the proposed spoil disposal site is located in a valley with a reasonable landscape quality, it is not an area where spoil disposal is unacceptable on the grounds that landscape quality would be impaired. However, if no rehabilitation works are carried out disposing spoil at this site will disfigure the landscape. Therefore, the EPC Contractor should exercise care to preserve the natural landscape by adopting the following measures. Conduct all disposal operation so as to prevent any unnecessary destruction, scarring, or defacing of the natural surroundings in the vicinity of the work. Plan the placement and rehabilitation of spoil materials to be executed with sensitivity to topographic and visual aspects and in such a way that the disposal areas enhance rather than detract from the visual quality of the disposal site. Access road stretches to the spoil disposal site and which will have to be abandoned after completion of the operation will be harmonised and re-vegetated to reform the ugly

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scars so that the landscape gets back its natural look and present an opportunity for environmental enhancement. Avoid Interference with Natural Drainage: Operation of this spoil disposal area will not have any major adverse impacts on the main natural drainage patterns. However, to protect relatively minor interference with natural drainage system in the disposal area the following measures are recommended: The proposed spoil disposal area shall not interfere with natural drainage including the Omo river channel. and Avoid as much as possible altering or blocking smaller local natural drainage patterns; and Responsibility The EPC Contractor is responsible to implement the recommended measures and to rehabilitate the site as soon as working has been completed. The Contractor is also responsible for determining the amount of grading and re-contouring depending on the type of spoil and the quantity of material deposited. If the EPC Contractor requires additional spoil disposal sites, the site shall be located as much as possible in unproductive land and outside flood conveyance areas with preference being given to backfilling quarry and borrow sites which have been developed by the contracted. However, for any additional spoil disposal site a Site Environmental Management Plan will be required for each proposed spoil disposal sites located outside the future reservoir area and this plan will include environmental studies and consultation to assess the potential impacts of each proposed spoil disposal sites recommend site specific management measures. The plan details the locations, designs and environmental safeguards, etc. The additional investigations include the following: Contoured site plan showing the location, maximum area to be used for spoil disposal area. Field inspection of sites and geomorphologic studies to determine if any proposed spoil disposal areas are located in floodway zones of the flood plain; Land use impact assessment, with attention to those areas of land used and designated for agricultural purposes; and Consultations with the communities, if any, living close to the proposed spoil disposal sites which may be affected. The Contractor shall use the findings and results of the above activities to prepare a site specific Spoil Disposal and Management Plan. The Owner’s Engineer shall review the proposed plan and may require modifications to the proposals. Therefore, in accordance with the comments provided by the Engineer, the modifications shall be incorporated in the final site selection or design. 5.3.3 Waste Management Plan Impact Origin and Characteristics Large scale construction work like Gibe III Hydroelectric will produce huge amount of waste. The following are some of the materials that can be expected to generate during construction: vegetation stripping, concrete forms, packing materials, containers for various construction materials, plastics, waste oil, filters, lubricants and hydraulic fluids, food, sewage, etc. These wastes unless properly managed, would cause pollution of environment, particularly surface and ground water resources. Therefore, it is recommended to handle

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all waste generated during construction in a way that protects the environment and complies with applicable regulations Recommended Measures Construction wastes will not be allowed to accumulate on the construction site but will be collected promptly and regularly removed from the site. The disposal practices include the following: Open burning, refuse disposal, recycling, reuse, sewage disposal, and camp waste disposal practices. i) General Waste Sufficient number of garbage bins and container will be made available at all construction sites. All organic and inorganic materials will be placed and/or disposed of so as not to directly or indirectly impact any watercourse or groundwater. The placement and disposal of all such products and materials will be done in an environmentally acceptable manner. Solids, sludges and other pollutants generated as a result of construction or removed during the course of treatment or control of wastewaters will be disposed of in a manner that prevents their direct or indirect discharge to any watercourse or ground waters. Any waste material that is inadvertently disposed in or adjacent to watercourses will be removed immediately in a manner that minimizes adverse impacts, and the original drainage pattern will be restored. All wastes which are not designated, as combustible waste to be burned on-site, will be recycled, disposed of in an approved landfill, or shipped to an approved disposal facility. Waste materials will be placed and stored in suitable containers. Storage areas and containers will be maintained in a sanitary condition and shall be covered to prevent spreading of wastes by water, wind or animals. ii) Open burning and Disposal Open burning of wood debris generated by land clearing will be conducted in accordance with acceptable Standard and these include: Open burning must be planned so that it does not adversely affect local residents (if there are any and construction works) during their daily lives. Burning pits should not be located within 1 km from the nearest village/settlement and 50m of any watercourse, wetland or other Environmentally Sensitive Area, or in areas where ditches are to be constructed. Burning methods will be employed that will prevent heat or smoke damage to all vegetation that has been designated for preservation. The use of waste oil and/or tires as fire accelerator is not permitted. To protect the groundwater from pollution by leachate, burning in a waste disposal site shall be thorough and complete and impermeable clay be placed and compacted at the base of the disposal sites; Clean up landfill releases to prevent groundwater pollution and compact and cover dumped waste frequently with several inches of soil to reduce odour, to control insects and rodents and, finally, to protect public health; A perimeter fence shall be constructed at the burning and disposal sites to protect the nearby residents including children and stray animals from intruding and roaming around in searching any usable items and being exposed to a higher health risk; Rehabilitate those areas used to bury waste and when parts of the waste disposal area are full, they shall be covered by a minimum depth of 1.5 m of soil; and

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A sign shall be placed at convenient locations around the site indicating the installation is a waste disposal site with potential health hazard, and wording used that discourages trespassing; In situations where the material generated as a result of clearing and/or grubbing may not be burned on-site, the alternative disposal method must be approved by the supervisor’s Representative or the Environmental Inspector. iii) Waste Oils and Special Wastes Waste oils, special wastes, and refuse generated during the servicing of equipment (e.g., air and oil filters, hydraulic fluids, petroleum products) will be stored, transported and disposed of in accordance with regulations and Standard and will not be disposed of by dilution or burial. Where possible, waste oil, lubricants and other waste materials generated during the servicing of equipment and machinery will be recycled. The dumping of oil or other deleterious materials on the ground or in a watercourse is strictly prohibited. Refuse generated during the servicing of equipment will be removed from the site and disposed of in an approved facility. Develop separate collection and storage for hazardous or toxic waste, such as batteries, unused paint thinners and hydrocarbons, disused electronic equipment, etc. Stockpile these waste and subsequently transport to special solid waste treatment plant capable of proper disposal of such hazardous or toxic waste; iv) Concrete Wastes Containers or trucks carrying cement or fresh concrete will be washed at designated site. Concrete waste, including wastewaters from batching or cleaning, will only be disposed of at approved and designated disposal sites. All cement-contaminated wastewater from cleaning or mixing is to be considered toxic, and must be prevented from entering any watercourse for at least 48 hours to allow the water to reach neutral pH. v) Food Waste Adequate facilities for collection, conveyance and disposal of waste needs to be developed. All food wastes will be collected and stored in containers at appropriate locations in labour camps and should be emptied at regular intervals and the collected waste can then be transported to designated project operated landfill site. Therefore, the EPC contractor should identify and design a suitable landfill site to contain the waste generated from the construction site. It should also provide and put it in service covered truck to collect the waste from common collection points and to transfer it to the disposal site. vi) Sewage Disposal When a camp is developed, regardless of size, the sewage system shall be of a standard that meets all local health standards. Therefore, suitable sanitary waste collection and disposal facilities or systems at all camps, workshops, stores, offices, long term main work sites shall be provided. Sanitary wastes will not be discharged into watercourses or on the soil surface. All temporary toilets will be placed in environmentally acceptable areas, and will be equipped with approved septic tanks having safe drainage that are emptied only into approved treatment plants or sewage tanker truck. The site will be secured to avoid or minimize damage form animals or vandalism.

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vii) Camp Closure When closing camps developed by the contractor, buildings and ancillary structures including equipment, lumber, refuse, surplus materials, and other such items will be removed, adequate cover will be placed over the ash pit, the sceptic systems will be removed or filled and the site reclaimed and re-vegetated.

Responsibility The responsibility for collection and disposal of waste material will be the EPC contractor. The contractor assigns a responsible person to operate and maintain waste collection and disposal system. 5.3.4 Spill Contingency and Response Plan A spill of any liquid, solid or gaseous substance, which could impair the usefulness of the land, water or air where it is released will be responded to by the procedures outlined below. All spills will require immediate action as necessary to protect lives and prevent injuries, protect the environment and property. The spill contingency measures and response plan is designed to reduce impacts to the environment in the event of a spill through ensuring established procedures are followed. The EPC contractor is responsible to provide spill response equipment and to promptly replace any used spill abatement and clean-up materials. In addition, for any operations adjacent to a watercourse the EPC contractor will make a spill kit present. It is important from both a safety and an environmental perspective that prompt and proper cleanup of the spill is undertaken. This must take into account the types of materials, their physical and chemical properties, and also the correct methods of neutralization, handling and/or containment. Fuel and petroleum products spills will be contained using local earth materials and/or sandbags. Spill clean up equipment specifically designed for petroleum products are to be located at camp and in the maintenance shop. Fuel spills will be responded to by the following procedures:
Contain the spill by constructing an earth berm down slope of the running or seeping fluid;
Special care should be taken to prevent the fuel from entering a body of water where it will have greater negative impact;
Fuel spills on water must be contained immediately to restrict the extent of the floating fuel.
Plastic tarps may be placed at the base of the berm to allow the fuel to pool on the plastic for easy capture with absorbent pads and the pads may be squeezed into empty drums and re-used;
If the spill reaches a drainage ditch, contain the spill by placing an earth berm across the ditch far downstream of the spill and isolate the drainage, if possible;
Clean up and recover material using protective gear. Material recovery may utilize pumps or absorbents as appropriate for the type of spill;
Contaminated soil and vegetation may have to be removed and disposed of;
Store/transport recovered material and review the mode of disposal;
Notify downstream water users, if appropriate; and

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Implement environmental monitoring of downstream waters as soon as possible. Reporting of Spills and Training: All spills major or minor must be reported. Workers are to report all spills to their supervisor or Environmental Inspector who will in turn report to the Supervisor’s Representative and to EEPCO. Plan Review and Training: The Spill contingency and Response Plan will be reviewed periodically and the reviews will include updates to products on site, suggested amendments to the plan, and reviews of handling and spill mitigation measures and other relevant information. The Spill contingency and Response Plan will be a key component of the Environmental Awareness Training Program. 5.3.5 Quarries Development and Restoration Plan Impact Origin and Characteristics The construction of Gibe III hydroelectric scheme will also require huge quantities of quarry material for various project uses, such as access road, the main dam and diversion dams, spillway, power station, intake structure, tunnels, etc. The principal environmental concern related to opening a quarry site include: loss of natural vegetation, visual impact, sedimentation of waterways, dust and noise nuisance, and public safety aspects associated with the storage and use of explosives. The only land cover in the proposed quarry site is woodland vegetation. The woody vegetation in and around the quarry sites was recorded to have fifteen species. Boswellia Pirottae is an economically valuable species found in some areas of the quarry sites. Croton macrocaspa, Harrisonia abyssinica, Combertum molle and Tamarindus indica have the highest tree volume. The total stand volume per hectar in the quarry sie is estimated to be 1,287 m3. However, in this Project Area there is no concern regarding the impacts of quarry development on locations with sensitive habitat and wildlife resources. There will also be no effects on agricultural lands as areas where there are rock outcrops are generally unsuitable for agriculture. The quarry sites are not located in close proximity to any settlement, since most of these are concentrated in the agricultural lands on the highland. Therefore, potential impacts associated with quarrying include noise and dust, and public safety aspects associated with the storage. The risk related to the use of explosives is minor and is related to construction workers. Recommended Measures For the rehabilitation of the quarry areas, the following measures are recommended; re- establishment of vegetation, restoration of natural water courses, avoidance of flooding of the excavated areas wherever possible, achievement of stable slopes, and avoidance of features which would otherwise constitute a risk to health and safety or a source of environmental pollution. Quarry faces and excavations will be made safe and buildings, plant, equipment and debris and stockpiles of material will be removed from the areas. As much as possible progressive restoration will be implemented. Absence of topsoil makes the establishment and growth of plants more difficult. Therefore, remove and stockpile all topsoil from the area to be used for spoil disposal and handle it carefully not to destroy the soil structure and soil organisms. The soil will be used for landscaping and restoration of work areas. Prior to commencement of restoration, relay the topsoil to allow a fast re-vegetation of the slopes and thus avoiding erosion;

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After completion of quarrying, the site will required re-contouring and rehabilitation.For site restoration, fifteen species are recommended. The priority species are listed in Table 5.5 and activities are discussed in section 5.3.2 and summarized in Table 5.4

Table 5.5: Priority Species for Restoration and Compensatory Afforestation Quarry Site Species Reason Combretum molle Ecological role, multi purposiveness Commiphora erythrae Ecological role, rarity, economic value Croton macrocarpa Ecological role, medicine, charcoal, construction Euphorbia tirucalii Ecological role, firebreak Ficus ingens Ecological role, wildfood, fence Garcinia volkensii Ecological role Harrisonia abyssinica Ecological role, construction Lannea rivae Rarity, construction Pseudocedrela kotschyi Medicinal Rhus natalensis Fodder, ecological role Sclerocarya birrea Construction, fruits eaten, fuel wood Sterculia setigera Food value, beehive hanging, fodder Tamarindus indica Ecological importance, soil fertility Terminalia brownii Ecological dominance, multipurposiveness Trichillia prieuriana Medicinal, ecological dominance Uvaria leptacladon Medicinal

Responsibility Depending upon the availability of the quarry material, the EPC contractor may also open additional sites. Therefore, for the newly proposed quarry sites, the EPC contractor is required to prepare a site Environmental management plan for each quarry located above full supply level. The plan details the location, design and environmental safeguards and these include:
A site plan showing the location and proposed extent of the quarry, and any other facilities which may be installed;
A method statement defining the proposed working methods;
Details of land use and land cover;
The proposed access and haulage routes between the quarry and the destination for the extracted material;
Quantities of material to be extracted and an estimate of the waste materials to be generated and disposal details for such waste materials;
Details of the measures taken to minimize the quarry area and its visual impact on the surrounding area; and
Slope stability analysis (before and after excavation) shall be carried on, both in short terms (during excavation) and long terms after excavation completion; and
Measures which will be taken to minimize erosion caused by access road construction and drainage system operation The EPC contractor is responsible to execute all quarrying and related works at site in accordance with approved plan and should address all matters relevant to environmental protection and the minimisation of impacts. The contractor is also responsible to

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implement measures to make the quarry site safe on completion of exploitation, and to rehabilitate the site which has been affected by quarrying and related activities.

5.3.6 Water Pollution Impact origin and Characteristics Construction activities may impact water quality and the major sources of construction- related impacts on water quality will be from erosion of disturbed areas required for the construction activities (construction sites, concrete batch plants, material storage areas, vehicle maintenance areas, spoil disposal areas), from wastewater discharge at the construction camps, and from contaminated water (oil, grease, petrochemicals, cement, chemicals). All cement-contaminated wastewater from cleaning or mixing is considered toxic, and should be prevented from entering any watercourse without proper treatment. Recommended Measures All construction related activates should not pollute water ways, in accordance with applicable standards. Therefore, the contractor is required to carryout construction activities as much as possible by methods that will prevent entrance or accidental spillage of pollutants and wastes into flowing and dry water courses and groundwater resources. Therefore, the following measures will be implemented to protect the water resources from being polluted by the construction activities:
Construct sedimentation tank and other facilities to prevent water pollution and make the wastewater contain the least concentration of settleable material possible. Tunnel drainage water could also create imports if discharged to adjacent water bodies without treatment. Collect and analyse water sample from the tunnel for its quality. If required, during construction of the tunnel drainage water will be collected and treated. Undertake all refueling of heavy equipment and machinery by a service vehicle, with appropriate safeguards and protection measures to prevent any spillage or contamination by chemical wastes or maintenance oils, lubricants etc.; To prevent any spillage problems adequately bound all the fuel and hazardous material storage sites.
Immediately remove any waste material that is inadvertently disposed in or adjacent to watercourses or other designated environmentally sensitive areas in a manner that minimizes adverse impacts, and restore the original drainage pattern.
Containers or trucks carrying cement or fresh concrete will be washed at approved site and the concrete waste, including wastewaters from batching or cleaning, will only be disposed of at approved and designated disposal sites.
Carry out servicing of plant, equipment and vehicles at a workshop area. Properly equip these workshops with secure storage areas for oils, and other fluids and make adequate provisions for the safe collection and disposal of wastes in such a manner as will not result in any form of pollution or hazard to water and land resources. Collect and treat in hydrocarbon separation pits/tanks. Provide suitable sanitary sewage and solid waste disposal facilities or systems at all long term work sites, workshops stores and offices;

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Pipe all wastewater and sewage from construction camp sites, office, etc to septic tank and install toilets at each short term work site. Regularly monitor the quality of potable water supplied to the construction work camps and work sites; and Warn EPPCO Owner and the nearby communities of the discovery or measurement of any abnormal and/or dangerous concentrations in water which could cause harm to human beings or the environment.

Responsibility EMU and the EPC contractor are responsible to monitor the effects of surface run off and wastewater discharge from areas disturbed by all construction related activities on water quality and implements the measures to prevent water pollution to surface and ground water resources. The contractor is also responsible to place and dispose all waste that impact water quality in an environmentally acceptable manner. 5.3.7 Air Quality Impacts Impact Origin and Characteristics Air pollution is one of the potential socio-environmental problems of construction sites. Fugitive dust from quarry activities, crushing and concrete batching plants, and construction works, construction equipments and emissions from vehicles have the potential to negatively affect air quality in the vicinity of the construction sites and access roads. The burning of wastes also has the potential to affect air quality. However, impacts from these activities will likely be confined to areas within 300-400 meters downwind from construction sites.

The major effects on air quality during construction would be an increase in suspended particles from blasting, excavation and quarrying as well as movement of heavy machinery, trucks and trailers over unpaved roads. However, these operations take place in locations away from settlement areas.

Recommended Measures

The potential risk to air pollution will be mitigated or minimized by implementing the following measures: Water access road section and construction sites to reduce fugitive dust generation to prevent damage to dwellings and avoid nuisance to persons. Construction roads should be watered on a set schedule depending upon weather conditions. Near settlement traffic speed should be reduced to prevent high dust. For all underground works, install mechanical/forced ventilation systems which shall provide air pollution concentrations that comply with the requirements of the internationally recognized air quality standard. Dust suppression equipment should be installed on batching plants Construction machinery should be well maintained to minimize excessive gaseous emissions. The engines of construction machinery and vehicles will be inspected and adjusted as required to minimize pollution levels; Avoid disposing of any volatile chemical to the air, Burn waste and/or garbage in designated areas and at a distance of at least 1 km from nearby villages and in accordance with Applicable Law; and

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Avoid the burning of materials such as tires, plastic, rubber products or other materials that create heavy smoke or nuisance odour. Do not burn material which produces toxic gases Responsibility The EPC contractor is responsible to minimise fugitive dust from construction areas and access roads and to minimise emission from vehicles and equipments used for construction activities, The contractor is responsible for regularly spraying of roads used by construction vehicles, regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment, and limiting burning of waste.

5.3.8 Noise and Vibration Impacts Impact Origin and Characteristics Noise and vibration result from construction activities in general but particularly from operation of heavy machinery including vehicles, excavation equipment, concrete batching plants and crusher plant sites. Other sources of noise will be explosives used for tunnelling and to prepare the foundations for construction of the dam and access road. Sustained noise levels during construction are expected to be much higher than the ambient noise levels in the project area. Noise intensities from blasting at quarry sites or in areas of rock excavation, construction of access roads range from 80 to 100 dBA at source. Sustained noise levels during construction are expected to exceed 70 dBA at a distance of 200 meters from source. There are no sensitive noise receptors like schools, hospitals and worship places in the vicinity of the construction areas and consequently, noise generated from the construction sites will not be a major annoyance to a large number of people in major settlement areas. Although noise impacts on communities are unlikely, excessive noise is likely to impact the construction workers in and around the construction areas. The wildlife that inhabit the project area are not familiar with the noise level related to the traffic and construction activities and some may move away from the noise and eventually return to the area when construction is complete. Recommended Measures The potential noise impacts will be mitigated or minimized by adopting the following measures:
Near settlements activities producing excessive noise level including blasting should be restricted to day time except for underground works. To reduce night time disturbance from construction noise, that is unavoidable, the practice of conducting construction activities should be limited between the hours of 2100 and 0600 in areas which are within 500 meters of residences. To cause least disruption to local population, it is recommended that construction producing nuisance level noise be minimized or rescheduled regarding special religious holidays.
noise surveys to determine the degree of hazardous noise exposure by surveying any area in which workers are likely to be exposed to hazardous noise (>80 dBA) level and hazard depends on noise intensity, duration of exposure during a typical working day and overall exposure during working life;
controls shall be undertaken to reduce exposures to >80 dBA, including: design location and layout of equipment, selection of quieter machines. treatment of noisy rooms, isolation of the worker from noise source;

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Equipment normally producing high levels of noise should be suppressed and screened when working within a distance of 200 meters from any settlement, clinic, religious places or other sensitive noise receptors.
Provide with adequate hearing protection; to construction workers exposed to noise levels of 80 dB or more; and
Repair or replace if mufflers and other noise control devices of construction equipment and vehicles are defective.

Responsibility The EPC contractor is responsible to minimise the amount of nose generated at construction sites. The contractor is responsible to prepare and implement a noise control plan and monitoring the noise level in the construction areas and provide to the construction workers with adequate personal protection equipments, hearing protection and noise control device as required. As part of the environmental awareness training programme, the EPC Contractor will inform the construction workers the importance of good hearing conservation practices on and off the job and about other factors or diseases that may affect their hearing.

5.3.9 On-Site Traffic Management Plan Impact Origin and Characteristics The construction of Gibe III hydroelectric project involves large quantities of materials, all of which are moved by vehicles. These include: rock from quarries to crusher plants/stockpile areas, aggregate from crusher plants/stockpile areas to concrete batching plants, and concrete to work sites, rock from stockpile areas to work sites, borrow material to work sites, excavated material from cuttings to fill areas or to spoil disposal sites. The presence of heavy construction traffic, which is usually slow-moving and involves wider loads than normal may result in an increased frequency of accidents, particularly those involving overtaking traffic. Even though it is of short duration these risks are much greater where the access route has steep gradients and bends. Recommended measures Traffic management during construction is very essential, and to address these potential risks, the following measures are recommended:
Impose and enforce speed limits on all haulage vehicles operating on haul routes;
Establishment of safe sight distances including within construction areas and construction camp sites;
Prepare detailed plan for signage around the Construction Areas to facilitate traffic movement, provide directions to various components of the Works, provide safety advice and warnings. Details regarding maximum permissible vehicular speed on each section of road. All signs shall be in both English and Amharic language
Plan to move as far as possible heavy, wide or slow-moving loads at times when traffic volume on the roads concerned is least;
Employ haulage vehicles which are suitable in all respects for the intended purpose, and are not overloaded;

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regularly inspecting the access roads conditions and, whenever necessary, repair damages related to construction traffic;
Plan while moving special loads, such as hazardous material, or heavy loads;
Personnel authorised to the construction areas shall be briefed on traffic regulations applicable to the construction areas; and
training and testing of heavy equipment operators and drivers, including vision tests, with records kept of all trainings;
Create traffic awareness to the local people and inform parents to keep children from exposing themselves to the traffic in the construction area;
Maintaining records of all accidents involving project vehicles and implementing a traffic complaint and corrective action procedure.

Responsibility The EPC contractor is responsible for all traffic management related issues at construction sites.

5.3.10 Explosive Storage and Handling Impact Identified There is a great need to use explosives for rock excavation, the explosives are to be stored, handled, and used with the utmost caution and strictly in accordance with the statutory government regulations. Under most circumstances blasting, if carried out in a controlled manner appropriate to the rock type and the proximity of sensitive structures, is unlikely to result in impacts in terms of damage. Safety hazards are also controllable. Recommended measures All blasting operations should be carried out in a safe and controlled manner, using only permitted explosives appropriate to the type of rock concerned and the sizes required according to approved methods of working, and so as to minimise ground vibrations likely to cause structural or other damage to nearby properties or facilities.
Transport explosives to the storage magazines in appropriate containers and within the project with appropriate vehicles and accompanied by trained personnel;
All magazines used for the storage of explosives shall be kept locked at all times except when opened by the designated person, under the supervision of the blaster. Locking systems installed in magazines shall comply with the safety requirements. All tools, as well as electrical and mechanical equipment used in connection with blasting, shall be separately stored in a compartment devoted exclusively to such purpose at all times except when in use;
No person, unless duly authorized by the responsible person/Site Manager, shall have access to or enter any magazine or explosives storage enclosure. Detonators or other explosives when removed from magazines shall not be left unguarded where children or other unauthorized persons may have access to them;
Each magazine containing explosives shall be inspected regularly. Such inspection shall include the magazine exterior and interior with special attention to door and locking mechanisms. Any evidence of unauthorized entry or

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attempted unauthorized entry or missing explosives shall be reported immediately to the relevant person/authority;
Throughout the project area locate magazines capable of storing explosives in approved locations;
The blasting plan shall be prepared and executed by a specialist professional experienced in work in this area;
Carry out blasting in a manner which promotes safety of the construction workforce and members of the public. Therefore, use as necessary mats or screens to control flying debris in open-cut areas during blasting operations;
No person shall smoke or carry open flames, lighted objects or other spark- producing devices in or within 30 m of any magazine containing explosives nor within 30 m of any other explosives;
All blasting operations should be preceded by a warning alarm and create awareness among both to the site workers and the local population of the blasting codes and procedures used on the site;
Give consideration to scheduling blasting operations to avoid holidays of local religious days or market days; and
Explosives which have deteriorated or have been damaged so as to be unfit for use or are unwanted shall be destroyed in a safe manner only by a certified blaster. There is no any historic monument in the vicinity of the project construction area that will be affected by activities producing high vibration levels including blasting. Therefore, no mitigation measure is recommended.

Responsibility A well coordinated and managed explosive will avoid the risk of damage to human life. Therefore, the EPC contractor is responsible to take all possible measures to prepare explosive Storage and Handling Plan for the total works in accordance with Applicable laws. The plan shall address the transport, storage and security arrangements, vibration damage and site safety aspects into account. 5.3.11 Construction Camps and Site Installations Impact Origin and Characteristics Construction of major projects involves a large workforce, many of whom, and in particular unskilled labour, are likely to be engaged locally. Two zones have been identified for potential construction camp development to accommodate a construction worker population of approximately 4,000 workers. These include camp for the contractor staff and local workers on the right bank and temporary camp for the employer and its representative and the permanent camp for EEPCO on the left bank (see Photo No. 5.5). One of the selected areas is shown in Photo No 5.6 These camps will allow local workers to settle within the camps and will ensure that services are provided within these camps, preventing the development of spontaneous and illegal settlements in the proximity of the camps.

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Photo 5.6 Recommended EEPCO’s Permanent Camp Site

Photo 5.7 Partial View of Construction Camp Site

There are no environmental grounds that will make these sites unacceptable or be excluded from the list of potential base camp sites. However, the construction camps will have both short and long term impacts on the sparsely populated area. Although the construction camps are planned to be temporary,

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past experience show that many camps turn out to be permanent settlement places after the construction period is over and these camps have developed with time into real towns. The camps themselves are like small towns with residential and office buildings, storehouses and workshops, most of the services will be bought from the neighbouring environment. For many people the way of life will be different due to the new economic activities, being dependant on business (charcoal, bars etc.) and not on agricultural activities. It can be assumed that some of the spontaneous development along the access road may turn out to be permanent settlement places and continue the life of their own without the construction camp proper. Although there are many other and more direct reasons for the growth of urban areas, the creation of new access will change the present development trend in the area and will have direct impacts on the existence of the new settlement and on the growth rate of the local population. The potential impacts from the workforce and of the spontaneous development, at the work camps in the construction areas, will be in terms of additional pressure on land and natural resources. The camps and spontaneous development will generate solid and liquid wastes. Additionally the spontaneous development near the construction camps could create public health risks, including an increase in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. Without treatment, wastewater from the work camps and the spontaneous development could cause water quality problems and could affect the construction workers. Inappropriate solid water disposal could also lead to contamination of soil and river, and the spread of communicable diseases. Recommended Measures Therefore, to alleviate these potential impacts the recommended measures in section 5.3.3, 5.3.6 and 5.3.14 will be implemented. It is also recommended to design and construct construction work camps for the workers which satisfy the following requirements:
Recruitment of unskilled employment should be given to the local population. This not only has the advantaged of fostering a positive view of the project by generating income for the local population (including project affected persons), but it will also minimize social disruption because resident members of the community do not place addition strains on local resources;
Although the contractor will choose the construction camps on a technical basis and major ethnic conflicts are not expected, the decisions of the camp locations should take this possibility into consideration;
Ventilation of buildings within the camp areas shall be in accordance with Applicable Laws and Standards;
Mess halls and residential accommodation shall be mosquito and fly proofed;
Fire fighting equipment and services and portable fire extinguishers shall be provided as required;
The camp areas shall have an adequate supply of potable water compliant with WHO criteria and Applicable Laws;
Adequate drainage structures shall be located and constructed to prevent formation of stagnant pools;
Internal roads, adequate day-time, night-time and security lighting shall be provided;

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Camps will consist of living facilities with housing, mess, shopping, recreational and sanitary facilities for all workers accommodated within the camps;
Suitable sanitary, sewage and solid waste collection and disposal facilities shall be provided to serve the construction camps. Provision of such facilities should minimise any threat to public health;
Medical and first aid facilities shall be provided at each camp area.
Site considerations are important. The introduction of heavy construction equipment will not only arose the curiosity of local children but will present a natural playground Site security should be sufficiently effective to prevent children obtaining access to such machines to avoid accidents. Responsibility The EPC contractor is responsible to plan, design and construct construction work camps for the construction workers which satisfy the above requirements.

5.3.12 Spontaneous Settlement Areas During Construction, there will be potential for spontaneous settlement areas to be developed without sufficient consideration of planning, health and environmental requirements. During the construction period residents of these illegal settlements could potentially overload available public services, mainly in the health sector. Therefore, the project shall provide some assistance to the local health services. Where required, the Local Authority will plan and provide, in the vicinity of each major work site, areas outside formal construction camps for the spontaneous settlement and development that will be associated with the families and merchants that may be attracted to the construction activities. 5.3.13 Conflict between Imported Workers and Local Population Impact Origin and Characteristics During construction employment opportunities for more than 5,000 skilled and unskilled labourers will be created. Suitable skills are not available in the project area, therefore skilled and semi-skilled workforce will have to be imported from outside the project area. Development of major conflicts between the local communities and imported workers are not to be expected. However, minor disputes concerning real or perceived issues may arise during the construction period. This will mainly be if labour is predominantly from communities not in the immediate vicinity of the project area. Due to the increased trading possibilities the local residents might easily accept the presence of imported workers and their camps. The suddenly created demands on the items such as food, drinks, fuel wood, etc, and different services may considerably raise the prices of local products inflate local prices and cause bad feelings in the local population. The people selling their products or services will benefit, while those local people who are dependent on the same purchases may suffer in the form of increased prices. Therefore, occasional and personal conflicts may be expected due to this and many other reasons. Recommended Measures Although labour recruitment is a mater of the contractor, who has the right to determine whom he shall and shall not employ, an attempt will made to maximize the benefit distribution to the local residents and increase social acceptability of the project.

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The contractor will use his best endeavour to maximize local hire of labour, in so far as this is compatible with his skill requirements;
Provision of information regarding the project including job opportunities will be circulated to the local population through their leaders;
Any complaints will be recorded and resolved through negotiations with the community; and
A public Relation Officer will be assigned from the contractor side to liaison with local communities and authorities and he will be permanently on site to promote social integration and development of mutually satisfactory solutions to problems affecting local communities. Responsibility The EPC contractor is responsible to maximise local hire of labour in so far as this is compatible with his skill requirements to assign a Public Relation Officer.

5.3.14 Project Staff Health Program Impact Origin and Characteristics Construction activities in the project area have a number of adverse impacts on public health and safety unless appropriate mitigation measures are undertaken. Particular concerns include the risk of increasing the incidence of social and communicable diseases due to the influx of migrant construction workers, the risk to the workers themselves of contracting malaria, the risk of injury from traffic accidents and blasting activities. These migrant workforces may also have brought non-endemic diseases to the project area. Due to the creation of water bodies the incidence of malaria will also increase to the construction workers and the nearby settlements. Of the potential adverse social and health impacts, some of the most serious are the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS. Due to the immigration of workforce to the project area, this risk is expected to increase from time to time. Recommended Measures At the construction site, a quality health services will be provided to the construction employee’s by establishing appropriate health facility. There will also be a subsidiary treatment posts at the local camp and first aid posts at each construction sites. To these establishments, medical and non-medical supplies will be provided, and health staff will be recruited. These facilities will be staffed by doctors, trained senior nurse, laboratory technician, etc. The service it provides will include; diagnosis of simple medical complaints, the handling of medical emergencies and accidents, etc. Awareness campaign on sexually transmitted diseases and their prevention methods will be organised for the construction works. Workers will be sensitized to the risks, particularly of HIV/AIDS. Prevention vector -borne disease Malaria has been found to be the major vector-borne diseases in the area and the main breeding season of the malaria vector is the rainy season. The preferred habitat is stagnant or slow moving water. It is unlikely to be any significant changes incidence with in the local community resulting from the project .. To reduce the risk of workers contracting malaria and to contain malaria cases it is recommended to implement a measure to manage malaria cases and control vectors.

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1. Management of malaria cases The recommended measures under this approach include the following: Cases detection: all fever cases attending the clinics at construction sites for treatment to be presumed to be suffering from malaria. Treatment: presumptive treatment of all suspected/ clinical malaria cases and radical treatment after microscopic confirmation of species. In general, anti-malaria measures following current accepted practice will be instituted at campsites and facilities established for the early diagnosis and treatment of patients with the disease; 2. Vector control strategies Vector control strategies are still one of the major measures to control malaria in endemic area like the Gibe III project area. Therefore, the following measures are recommended:
Protection will be made available to all workers in the form of spraying the inside of houses with residual of insecticides. Workers will be provided chemoprophylaxis.
Buildings will be made mosquito proof and as much as possible pyrethroid- treated mosquito nets will be provided to the workers;
The construction camps will have good drainage, water supply, and sewage disposal system;
Borrow pits will be graded after use to avoid ponding and mosquito breeding;
Avoid the presence of pools of standing water, and any containers full of water and remove discarded items that could contain water; and
Educating construction workers and area residents about the potential health risk, preventive measures and available treatment; Communicable Disease Communicable diseases of most concern during the construction phase due to labour mobility are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV/AIDS. Concern was expressed during public consultation that the already high prevalence of HIV found in Ethiopia could be exacerbated through spread of the disease by the construction workers and prostitutes attracted to workers camps. Since no single measure is likely to be effective in the long run, successful initiatives shall combine a series of behavioural and environmental modification. Therefore, the recommended measures at the project level shall include the following:
Incorporate STD/HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention program into the training programme for all construction workers. An awareness programme will ensure that workers are apprised to the modes of risk of infection;
Develop a program designed specifically for promoting safe sex for the construction workforce;
Condoms will be made available to workers if wanted, via the site clinics;
Deliver STD/HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention programme to local communities;
Use of various modes of media to educate people on AIDS, its nature, transmission and prevention;

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Strict sterilisation practice to be ensured in clinics; and
As much as possible initiate and coordinate distribution of the anti-retrieval treatment at the nearest health centre. Although not a contractual obligation, the Contractor’s Project Staff Health Program shall also provide some assistance to the nearby communities for emergency matters at no cost if spare resources become intermittently available. Availability of this health services to local communities is not required to be guaranteed. For the control of communicable diseases and other public health issues it is recommended to employee Sanitarian and he will work full time and his responsibilities will include:
Control vector borne and other diseases;
Ensure the continued safe disposal of all solid waste and sewage;
Implement fly and other insect pest control at construction camp sites and in the project area;
Provide appropriate information and education to the workforce on prevention of diseases, including, malaria, diarrhea, STD and HIV/AIDS;
Investigate and document disease outbreaks within the Contractor’s workforce; and
Ensure correct maintenance of water and sewage treatment plants with the assistance of qualified staff. Responsibility The EPC contractor is responsible to implement measures that will reduce the risk of an increase in STDs/HIV/AIDS as a result of the project.

5.3.15 Environmental Awareness Training Plan Purpose and Scope: All employees will be required to comply with environmental protection procedures and therefore, proper training will be given to these workers. The training program is to ensure that project personnel:
Are aware of the environmental issues associated with the project;
Understand their responsibilities with respect to these issues;
Are aware of the liability potential if adequate and reasonable (due diligence) measures are not taken to protect the environment;
Understand requirements for protection of the environment, best management practices and avoidance measures; and
Are aware of the relevant regulations and guidelines. Delivery: Classroom training should preferably be given before they are assigned on construction work; this can coincide with health and safety orientation. Short, follow-up sessions will be delivered in the field or in the field offices as required. Environmental awareness messages will be posted in the field office(s). Indicative environmental awareness principles and topics are shown in Table 5.6. Training materials should include: formal training sessions supported with written environmental awareness material; overhead projector, slide or power point presentation as required; video, and environmental awareness poster messages, signs in construction and camp areas, etc.

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Table 5.6: Environmental Awareness Principles and Topics

Topics Objectives Erosion and Sediment Control To educate project personnel on practices that can be implemented to control erosion and maintain good water quality. Air Quality That machine operators will be made aware of the potential effect on air quality that their machines can have and how to keep their equipment in good running order Dangerous Goods Transportation, To educate and make all personnel aware of the Storage and Handling harmful or dangerous substances present on-site. To educate personnel on the best methods and requirements for transporting, off-loading, installing facilities and servicing of equipment. The emphasis will be on spill prevention Solid Waste Management To educate and make project personnel aware on the practices permitted to dispose of wood, food and paper, sewage and special wastes Spill Prevention To educate project personnel on spill response procedures to protect the environment or minimize impacts from spills of hazardous materials and release of deleterious substance, including sedimentation. All personnel will be made aware of the Spill Prevention and Emergency Response plan and the location of spill prevention and clean- up equipment. Safety Equipment For their own sake, the construction workers should be instructed to observe safety rules. Good protective clothing (working garments), helmets, boots, gloves, etc. should be provided. Regulation must be enforced to ensure that they are worn at all time when working Archaeology and Cultural Remains To educate all project personnel, especially excavator operators and surveyors, on the sensitivities of archaeology sites and those that contain cultural and human remain, and the procedures to follow in the event of a discovery Reporting Structure This part of the course will inform project personnel of who to call if an environmental concern arises.

Generally, an employee will inform the Government Agencies as appropriate.

Responsibility: The EPC construction team including technical manager, safety officer and Environmental Inspector or their designate are responsible to deliver the training to all construction personnel.

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5.4 Impacts during Reservoir Operation 5.4.1 Water Quality Improvements by Reduction of Biomass in the Reservoir

Impact origin and characteristics The amount of biomass flooded and ultimately likely to decompose will potentially affect the reservoir water quality. In the project area, available biomass is mainly due to existing woodlands riverine forests and the grassland, which would contribute to degradation of reservoir water quality. The contribution from grassland is considered to be well below the level that would contribute to degradation of reservoir water quality and the contribution from the riverine forest and woodland is high. The overall objectives of mitigation for water quality are to maintain the current beneficial uses of water in the Omo River, and avoid or minimise any water quality impacts on the fisheries and other aquatic resources. It should be noted that, apart from fisheries, beneficial uses (irrigation, domestic water supply (only rural) etc.) has been indicated as minimal along the Omo River with no permanent settlement existing up to 250 km downstream.

Recommended measures Biomass Reduction: In order to reduce the amount of biomass decomposition and therefore the extent of anoxic condition that may develop in the reservoir in the initial years after inundation of the reservoir the project will encourage enterprises or individuals living in the surrounding area harvest the biomass through salvage logging and promotion of firewood collection and/or charcoal collection by the people well before the reservoir filling begins. It is also recommended to burn the existing grassland during the dry season that the amount of organic matter flooded is as low as possible. This is required so that water quality degradation does not become a constraint to downstream water users and aquatic flora and fauna. However, if not regulated, harvesting will exert a very salient impact on the surrounding. The community may continue to harvest the vegetation outside the target area and it would be required to adopt protection measures to the surrounding of the future reservoir area from the long term effect of encouraging the people to use the vegetation in their own way. Therefore, it will be important to implement a strict regulation and policing to stop harvesting and protect the rest of the hill slopes once the vegetation which will be inundated are fully harvested and/or flooded. Engineering works: multi-level intake at the Gibe III dam site will help to reduce the downstream impacts of any anoxic conditions that may develop in the Gibe III reservoir and will also allows water to be sourced from a specific depth in the reservoir. The multilevel intake will source water for the downstream release from only the good quality surface (epilimnion) water and not the potentially oxygen poor bottom (hypolimnion) water. At the Gibe III dam, if the riparian release is discharged through an aerating structure into the stilling basin, it is anticipated that, this can increase dissolved oxygen levels in the discharge water by up to 5 mg/l.

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Responsibility EEPCO in consultation with the local administration will maximise the removal of biomass from Gibe III reservoir area. The local authorities will also promote firewood collection from the inundation area during construction phase. EEPCO will be responsible for providing technical assistance in relation to the clearing activities. The Regional Government is responsible to provide special policing to protect illegal timber extraction outside the future reservoir area. The EPC contractor is responsible to integrate the appropriate engineering measures in the reservoir operation manual. 5.4.2 Controlled Environmental Floods Gibe III inflows and outflows The reservoir operation will regulate the flows in the Omo River downstream of the plant. In broad terms there will be an increase in the flows during the dry season and a reduction of the flows during the rainy season, when the water is retained to fill the reservoir, with a substantial decrease of peak flood flows. Further downstream, as unregulated flow enter the river system from tributaries, the effect of the regulation decreases. The Gibe III hydropower plant is designed to allow the optimization of the reservoir operation and energy production during the operational life basing on the requirements both of the energy market and of the downstream environment. Recommended Measure: Controlled Environmental Floods Under present ‘average’ flood condition, some areas along the riverbanks are submerged annually along the lower Omo River and around the river mouth. The annual flooding of the land bordering the Omo River soaks the land for traditional recession cultivation and dry season grazing, replenishes lakes and swamps on the floodplain and favours fish breeding. To satisfy the demand for traditional recession agriculture, dry season grazing and fishery resources, seasonally more water will be released and flooding will be created on the land boardering the Omo River. Therefore, it is recommended to release controlled floods during the rainy season in order to recreate, even with a shorter duration, the natural hydrological regime downstream of the plant. The current assessment envisages controlled environmental floods within the following ranges of characteristics: • Period : August / September • Flows : about 1600 m3/sec at lake Turkana ( 1000 - 1300 m3/sec released from Gibe III ) • Duration : 10 days ( with Q = 1600 m3/sec at Turkana ) The design flows will compare approximately with the monthly average inflows at Gibe III site (38 years sequence) of September (Q=1,057 m3/sec) and August (Q=1,520 m3/sec). This discharged volume will allow recreating a flood reasonably similar to a natural yearly “average” flood at Lower Omo with duration of about 1 week.

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However, during the first filling of the reservoir and the first years of operation of the plant the design environmental flood will be further verified and optimized by carrying out a more detailed monitoring programme. 3 The wide outlet structures (two middle outlets each Qmax=1080 m /sec, spillway with 3 3 nine bays each Qmax=2065 m /sec, ecological outlet Qmax=24 m /sec) together with the large reservoir volumes (11,750 Mm3 live storage) and the installed capacity allow a particularly relevant flexibility of the plant operation. Therefore, flexibility of the Gibe III plant allows the optimization of the reservoir operating rules basing on the requirements of the energy market and of the downstream environment. Figure 5.4 compares the monthly average flows at lake Turkana with the simulated regulation from the reservoir considering one of the most relevant operating scenarios (Ref. 200 POW R SP 002 A Reservoir operation study, June 2006 ).

Figure 5.5: Comparison of Monthly flows at Lake Turkana with and without Gibe III Dam Regulation and the Recommended Environmental Flood

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These controlled floods will allow maintaining the required environmental flows also during the drought years, such as the 80’s, when the average flows at Gibe III site reached only 819 m3/sec (August 1987) and 581 m3/sec (September 1987) with well known famine crisis in the area. The regulating capacity of the Gibe III reservoir will also allow controlling the natural floods peak discharges with short durations like the one which caused the 2006 flooding ( 3500 / 4000 m3/sec ). 5.4.3 Riparian Release Environmental Flow The flow in the Omo River just below the powerhouse depends on the mode of operation of the turbines, and change in seasonal flow is expected the dry season flow will be enhanced and the flood wet season flow reduce. When the plant is not operating a minimum flow shall be however released downstream by means of one of the several outlet works available. Although there is no regulation in Ethiopia defining required minimum flow in the rivers, this minimum flow would have to be maintained naturally to meet the ecological requirements of the Omo downstream. From the ecological point of view, the minimum flow in the normal dry season is the most relevant having little contribution from the tributaries downstream. The recorded natural minimum mean monthly flows is in the month of March (about 25 m3/s) and as a priority this value has been recommended as absolute minimum monthly average compensation flow which must be sustained under whole operation of the scheme. This flow preserves the natural regime during the dry season. However with plant operation because the flow will be regulated there will be the added environmental benefit of reducing the incidence of extreme low monthly average flows which have been experienced in the past. During reservoir filling, it is also recommended to release a compensation flow of about 25 m3/s. This compensation flows representing the environmental released (generally 25 m3/s) will be possible by means of two separate device:
A conduit discharging the flows into the dam body (temporary device operating during the first impounding only up to el. 800 m a.s.l).
A conduit within the PH which derives from the u/s manifold and returns the flow to the river bed (permanent device, operating from above el. 800 m a.s.l). 5.4.4 Sterilisation of Base Camp and other Worksite Areas When the construction works have been completed, base camps and other areas used temporarily by contractors are often left in a deplorable condition. Scrap metal, old tires, other wastes and large masses of concrete, can pose problems for the nearby communities who have the task of removing and disposing them, and may be left with contaminated land. Therefore, EMU should have the responsibility for ensuring that environmental precautions are implemented by the EPC contractor and that the required landscape and re-vegetation programs are implemented as part of construction demobilization process. This shall also include all work necessary to rehabilitate sites including reclamation of the borrow pits, removal of waste materials generated during the construction process, surplus materials from right-of-way, and permanently repair or replace all damages resulting from construction activities.

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Unless the land holder (community) or EEPCO may wish to retain some or all of the facilities which have been established by the contractor e.g. buildings, base slabs etc. all these sites should be fully reinstated before abandonment, and all wastes etc. removed. On completion of construction activities base camp should be reinstated, leaving them as far as possible in a clean and tidy condition, and suitable for the purposes for which they were used prior to occupation by the contractor. However, unless the landholder, the community or the developer wishes to retain some or all of the facilities which have been established by the contractor, the sites should be fully reinstated and all wastes removed by the EPC contractor before abandonment. The Contractor is also required to prepare a Restoration and Camp Closure Plan for the approval of the Engineer, prior to abandonment of base camps, which indicates what facilities are to remain at the request of EEPCO or the local community, and what activities are to be carried out to clean up the site. These activities should include removal and disposal of all wastes (line scrap metal, old tires, etc.), demolition and removal of unwanted structures, removal and disposal of any earth which has been contaminated by the spillage of diesel or any other polluting material, and any others necessary to restore the site, as far as possible, to its initial state. Site Reclamation and Restoration: All sites that are disturbed during construction and if located outside the boundary of the future Gibe III reservoir will be re-vegetated/ rehabilitated. Disturbance areas include quarry and borrow areas, equipment marshalling and storage areas, rock deposition areas, and any other planned or unplanned areas where native vegetation is disturbed due to activities associated with construction. All disturbed areas will be seeded and planted on completion of grading, scarification, and capping with soil. The intent of this restoration is to prescribe treatments that will decrease natural re- vegetation time, reduce erosion and sedimentation and increase visual cover for aesthetics. Once the minimum necessary vegetation has been cleared, soil and overburden material will be removed when dry, and if possible, stockpiled in separate areas. In particular, the soil removed from the floodplain has high organic content, and will provide the natural replacement for slope treatments and site restorations. If the topsoil is to be stockpiled for longer time, it will be seeded with a recommended grass mix. Re-contouring: After the completion of construction, most of the disturbed areas will require some re-contouring to encourage natural drainage pattern, improve slope stability, and mimic the original shape of the slope. The amount of grading and re-contouring will depend heavily on the type of disturbance and the quantity of material extracted or deposited. The extent of re-contouring may be significant in the rock quarry and borrow sites. Disturbance areas will be reshaped to form a gentle land contour with stable slopes. Contouring will also consider drainage such that water neither pools on the site, nor flows through with sufficient velocity to erode soils and overburden. Responsibility The EPC contractor is responsible to rehabilitate all disturbed areas outside the future reservoir area. The EPC contractor is also responsible to as much as possible adopt and implement a progressive restoration plan.

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Table 5.7: Construction Phase: Environmental Mitigation and Enhancement Measure

No. Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Institutional Estimated Impacts Measures Responsibility Cost (Birr) for Implementation

1 On-Site Erosion and Run-off Implement an Erosion and sediment Control measures EPC Contractor Covered in (on construction sites) appropriate to the location/specific conditions of each Project Budget construction site

2 Erosion of soils from newly Re-vegetation of newly exposed areas EPC Contractor Covered in exposed areas Project Budget 3 Slope Stability To provide stability of the cut slopes in particular for EPC Contractor Covered in roads Project Budget

4 Occurrence of slope failure Employing appropriate methods for identifying, EPC Contractor Covered in and land slides defining and measuring the development of cracks, Project Budget subsidence and uplift

Undertaking appropriate conservation measures in and EPC Contractor Part of around the project area (Physical and biological Construction conservation method) Cost

5 Due to opening a quarry site: implement a quarry, borrow and Disposal restoration EPC Contractor Covered in Loss of natural vegetation, plan including restoration measures for the borrow and Project Budget visual impacts, dust and disposal sites and sites nuisance In the construction of roads, top soil on the alignment EPC Contractor Covered in will be carefully removed and stored in a manner so Project Budget that it would preserve its properties to be used for landscaping

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No. Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Institutional Estimated Impacts Measures Responsibility Cost (Birr) for Implementation

6 Air Pollution Implement the Emissions and Dust Control Plan EPC Contractor Covered in Project Budget Installation of ventilation systems for underground EPC Contractor Covered in works Project Budget Watering of access roads passing through the EPC Contractor, Covered in residential and near village settlements BOH Project Budget Regular maintenance of equipment EPC Contractor Covered in Project Budget Use appropriate blasting techniques to minimize dust EPC Contractor Covered in Project Budget Use of mufflers on construction equipments and supply EPC Contractor Covered in of protection equipment to personnel Project Budget 7 Noise Implementing a Noise Control Plan EPC Contractor Covered in Project Budget Blasting operations will be performed in daylight hours EPC Contractor Covered in using best practices and the program will be Project Budget announced to the nearby settlements in advance as appropriate Use of mufflers on construction equipment and EPC Contractor Covered in provide with adequate hearing Project Budget Fit Noise Suppressers to machineries (Compressors, EPC Contractor Covered in grinders, etc ) where possible. Project Budget Keep all machineries well maintained EPC Contractor Covered in Project Budget Provide protection equipment to construction workers EPC Contractor Covered in exposed to noise levels of 80 dB or more Project Budget 8 Water pollution Adopt construction methods that will prevent entrance EPC Contractor No Additional of pollutants and wastes into water bodies. Cost

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No. Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Institutional Estimated Impacts Measures Responsibility Cost (Birr) for Implementation

9 inappropriate solid waste Adopt adequate solid waste collection, storage and disposal practice at base disposal procedures camps and work sites No additional EPC contractor causing land and water cost pollution, public health hazards 10 Spill of any liquid, solid or Prevent spill. Prepare a spill response plan. Provide

gaseous substance, which spill response equipment. Covered in EPC contractor could pollute land and water project budget ’’ ’’ 11 Spoil disposal After completion of disposal activities, re-contour the Covered in site to encourage natural drainage pattern, improve EPC contractor project budget slope stability, mimic the original shape of the slope

and re-vegetate the site with priority species 12 Creation of large quantities of Construction wastes will not be allowed to accumulate

construction waste on construction site but will be collected promptly and

regularly removed from the site and disposed. The

disposal can be open burning, recycling, reuse, etc, Covered in EPC contractor project budget 13 Wildlife Displacement Implement wildlife rescue measure EMU 500,000 Disturbance due to Construction Minimize indiscriminate disturbance due to EPC contractor No Additional construction Cost 14 Loss off Wildlife Habitat Establish a buffer area EMU, THPA, 5,000,000 Re-vegetation of disturbed sites to provide habitats for reptiles, birds and small mammals (if required)

15 Conflict between wildlife and Training, awareness creation and patrolling EMU, THPA 200,000 human

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No. Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Institutional Estimated Impacts Measures Responsibility Cost (Birr) for Implementation

18 Wildlife Poaching Implement strict enforcement measures WC, THPA, No additional WMU, and local cost Police Improve enforcement patrol WC, THPA, No additional WMU, and local cost Police Designation of alternative habitat creation on a buffer EMU,THPA No additional area WARNRDB cost 19 Loss of habitat, breading and Strengthening the existing protected areas along the EEPCO,BOARD 2,000,000 feeding areas Omo river Develop buffer area to serve as alternative habitat EMU,THPA Included above

20 Increased risk to poaching Organize public awareness programme EMU,THPA Included above

Establish a rescue team to protect and save the EMU/WWC/WER 250,000 wildlife T/WRT 21 Increased incidence of wild Initating the buffer area development before the EMU/EEPCO, animal’s attack on humans reservoir impoundment MoARD Included above and domestic animals Protection of wildlife and human conflict 22 Terrestrial vegetation Restoration and rehabilitation of disturbed terrestrial EPC Contractor Covered in vegetation project budget Organize awareness creation programme for the local EEPCO/EMU, Included above people MOA, BoARD Establishment of Nurseries to produce locally EPC Contractor, Covered in adoptable seedlings for reforestation of the project project budget area 23 Submergence of section of Realign the road section and construction of new road. EPC contractor Covered in Chida-Sodo road and the project budget bridge across the omo river

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No. Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Institutional Estimated Impacts Measures Responsibility Cost (Birr) for Implementation

24 Land and property Payment of full and fair cash composition expropriation associated with Under EEPCO land take requirement for the preparation new road 25 Severance of acess on Omo Reinstate the river crossings by establishing boat River/ Submergence of service at nine (9) crossing points EEPCO 4,500,000 Traditional river crossings Construction of a bridge across the Gibe river for the agro-pastoralist community EEPCO 15,000,000

26 Flooding a short section of Initiate proper research and prepare management plan historic king Ejajo wall to protect, conserve and manage the remaining sites EEPCO 1,500,000 from manmade and natural hazards Construct a view points with associated services like catering and information desk on both King Ijaajo and EEPCO 3,000,000 King Halala sites for tourists. Inform construction workers to be vigilant in the detection and reporting of and the presentation of No additional disturbance and damage to these walls and report to EPC contractor cost supervisor’s up on discovery of the site with in construction area 27 Accidental discovery of Inform construction workers to be vigilant in the EPC contractor No additional physical cultural resources detection and reporting of site of cultural resources cost

Upon identification of suspected remains to EPC contractor No additional immediately cease operations around the site cost

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No. Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Institutional Estimated Impacts Measures Responsibility Cost (Birr) for Implementation

28 Health and safety hazards to Provide educate on site with medical service with EPC contractor the work force arising from qualified professionals together with approved Covered in participating in an inherently evacuation plans/procedures for transporting seriously project budget dangerous occupation injured persons to hospitals

Provide protective gears appropriate to the activities EPC contractor being under taken by the work force, and to make it Covered in condition of employment that, these are worn when project budget appropriate

Adopt safe working practices during construction EPC contractor No additional operations cost

Provide quality health services to the construction EPC contractor Covered in employee’s by establishing appropriate health facility project budget

29 Risk of increasing the To reduce the risk to workers contracting malaria EPC contractor incidence of social and implement a vector control strategy including avoiding Covered in communicable diseases the presence of pools of standing water, educating project budget including malaria construction workers, etc

All buildings will be made mosquito proof and to EPC contractor construction workers provide parathyroid treated Covered in mosquito ruts project budget

Institute anti malaria measures following current EPC contractor accepted practice for early diagnosis and treatment of Covered in patients with the disease project budget

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No. Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Institutional Estimated Impacts Measures Responsibility Cost (Birr) for Implementation

30 Transmission of sexually Organize awareness campaign on sexually transmitted EPC contractor transmitted diseases disease and their prevention methods for construction EMU Covered in including HIV/AIDS works. Sensitize workers to the risk, particularly of project budget HIV/AIDS

Use of various modes of media to educated people on EPC contractor Covered in AIDS, its nature, transmission and prevention EMU project budget Make condom available to workers if wanted via the EPC contractor Covered in site clinics project budget As much as possible initiate and coordinate distribution EPC contractor, of anti-retrieval treatment at the nearest health centre EEPCO, Local No additional Health Institutions cost and NGOs 31 Increased road safety Incorporate specific vehicle safety features (on EPC contractor Covered in Hazards caused by increase constructed road) such as road signage, improved project budget construction related traffic junction layout, provision of crush barrier’s at critical location, etc.

Impose and enforce speed limited on all haulage EPC contractor No additional vehicles cost

Personnel authorized to the construction areas shall EPC contractor No additional be briefed on traffic regulations applicable to the cost construction areas

Create traffic awareness to the local community and EPC contractor No additional inform parents to keep children from exposing EMU cost themselves to the traffic

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No. Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Institutional Estimated Impacts Measures Responsibility Cost (Birr) for Implementation

32 Safety hazard to the Compliance with local regulations/procedures EPC contractor No additional workforce and general concerning the transport handling storages and use of cost public, damage to the explosives to safeguards the workforce public and property, disturbance to property wildlife and other risks arising from the storage and use of explosives 33 Loss of residence and other There will be no need for any mass resettlement, Land EEPCO, local Covered in RAP assets around the home and property requirements are such that relatively few Administration, Cost stead families will be affected by the construction of the dam Regional Offices and creation of the reservoir implementation of appropriate compensation measures is recommended

34 Loss of 123 ha of agricultural Compensation arrangement in the form of land to land EEPCO, local Covered in RAP land in the reservoir and and cash compensation for forgone benefits Administration, Cost camp site Regional Offices 35 Loss of 19,000 ha of natural Compensation for loss of natural vegetation and EEPCO, local, 5,000,000 vegetation riverine forest by establishing an estimated 50,000 ha Regional Offices of Buffer area Local Administration, 36 Loss of hot spring located in This impact is unavoidable due to the nature and EEPCO 1,000,000 the reservoir area location of the resource and no direct mitigation is possible. However, it is recommended to locate and develop new hot spring sites (if there are any) and improve or provide access roads. This would be done in consultation with the affected communities and their leaders.

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No. Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Institutional Estimated Impacts Measures Responsibility Cost (Birr) for Implementation

37 Conflict between imported The contractor to use his best endeavour to maximize EPC Contractor No additional workers and local population local hire of labour in so far as this is compatible with cost his skill Assign the responsibility for liaison with local EPC Contractor No additional communities and local authorities to a named cost individual to promote social integration, and the development of mutually satisfactory solutions to problems affecting local communities

38 Development of The contractor to use his best endeavour to maximize EPC contractor No additional spontaneous settlement local hire of labour, in so far as this is compatible with cost areas without sufficient his skill requirements consideration of planning for health and environmental requirements Where required, the local authority will plan and EEPCO and No additional provide, in the vicinity of major work site (areas out Local Authorities cost side formal construction camps for the spontaneous settlement). Prevent all illegal and spontaneous settlement EEPCO and No additional Local Authorities cost 39 Environmental Coordination Assign Environmental Inspector to ensure proper EPC Contractor Covered in implementation of mitigation measures Project Budget

Conduct Environmental Training Programme for EPC Contractor Covered in construction workers Project Budget

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Table 5.8: Operation Phase: Environmental Mitigation and Enhancement Measure Institutional Potential Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Responsibility for Estimated No. Environmental Measures Implementation Cost Impacts

Enforcing the national and International quality No additional EEPCO, MoWR Reservoir water standards to protect the Reservoir water quality cost 1 quality deterioration EEPCO, BoA, EPC Covered in Removal of vegetation before reservoir impounding Contractor project budget Catchment Erosion Reforestation and Proper watershed management EEPCO,BOA, Local Part of the 2 and reservoir Administration ESMP costs Sedimentation No additional Keep the recommended environmental EEPCO, MoWR costs Reduction of river Part of the 3 flow to the down Monitoring hydrologic gauge station regularly EEPCO, MoWR operation costs stream Community Establishing and Implementing Proper water Part of the MoWR management operation costs EEPCO/EMU,BOA, Implement Buffer area 5,000,000 Forest and natural Local Administration 4 vegetation Reforestation and Re-vegetation with local EEPCO/EMU,BOA, Included above adoptable species Local Administration Implement the recommended Wildlife EEPCO/EMU,BOA, Included above management plan Local Administration Establish Cooperation with the Regional EEPCO/EMU,BOA, Included above Wildlife and Government Local Administration 5 Terrestrial Fauna Strengthening the existing Protected area along EEPCO/EMU,BOA, Included above the Omo River Basin Local Administration Improve Enforcement Measures along the Buffer EEPCO/EMU,BOA, Included above Area Local Administration

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6 Monitoring Programmes and Parameters

6.1 Overview of the Monitoring Programme Environmental monitoring is an essential tool in relation to environmental management as it provides the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control. Monitoring should be performed during all stages of the project (namely: construction, commissioning, and operation) to verify the impact predictions and to ensure that the impacts are no greater than predicted. By using the information collected through monitoring, environmental management plan can be improved when necessary (e.g. adapting mitigation measures to changing situations throughout the project construction and operation) to ensure that the anticipated impacts are mitigated. Should the environmental monitoring determine construction works or operation pose an environmental concern; the works or operation will be modified or halted. The objectives of the environmental monitoring programme include the following:
to monitor the changes in the environmental conditions by the construction and operation of the Gibe III Project;
to check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures have actually been adopted, and are proving effective in practice;
to provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the time of preparation of the EIA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to provide a basis for formulating appropriate additional impact mitigation measures; and
to provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation and benefit enhancement measures which, through a feedback mechanism, can improve the planning and execution of future, similar projects. There are two basic forms of monitoring:
Compliance monitoring, which checks whether prescribed actions have been carried out, usually by means of inspection or enquiries, and
Effects monitoring which records the consequences of activities on one or more environmental components, and usually involves physical measurement of selected parameters or the execution of surveys to establish the nature and extent of induced changes. For this project, it is recommended to carry out both compliance and effects monitoring. However, during construction compliance monitoring will play a big role in checking whether recommended impact mitigation and management plans have been carried out or not. This is because most impact control takes the form of measures incorporated in project designs and contract documents, and the extent to which recommendations on these matters, as set out in the ESIA and ESMP, are complied with, plays a major part in determining the overall environmental performance of the project. The environmental monitoring plan outlined below and summarised in Table 6.1 and 6.2 describes the particular resources that will be monitored through construction and operation phases of the project respectively. The types of data that will be collected to describe each resource are also included in these Tables. This section presents a comprehensive environmental monitoring programme for the Gibe III Hydroelectric project

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6.2 Components of Environmental Monitoring 6.2.1 Monitoring to Establish Baseline The quality of environmental assessment usually to a large extent constrained by limitation of baseline information and data time series. The environmental baseline conditions, which will form a basis for some of the monitoring activities, were determined by the EIA studies during the pre-construction Phase. However, there is a need for additional information about present status and development trends for good predication of impacts of the project environment. A monitoring regime will begin at the earliest convenience to be established against which changes during construction, and on into operation, can be assessed. Some of this can be included in the ongoing activities of government agencies already active in the project area and some will be carried out by EEPCO or organisations appointed by it. Therefore, it is recommended for EEPCO to set-up an environmental and social monitoring system and establish a databases as well as support system for data storage and dissemination. Such system might be established for general state of the environment reporting. 6.2.2 Monitoring Plan: Construction Phase General Environmental monitoring during the construction phase will comprise two principal groups of activities:
review of the contractor’s plans, method statements, temporary works designs, and arrangements so as to ensure that environmental protection measures specified in the contract documents are adopted, and that the contractor’s proposals provide an acceptable level of impact control.
systematic observation of all site activities and the contractor’s offsite facilities including quarry and borrow areas, as a check that the contract requirements relating to environmental matters are in fact being complied with, and that no impacts foreseen and unforeseen are occurring. Most of the monitoring will comprise visual observations during site inspection and will be carried out at the same time as the engineering monitoring activities. Site inspections will take place with emphasis on early identification of any environmental problems and the initiation of suitable remedial action. Where remedial actions have been required on the part of the contractor, further checks will need to be made to ensure that these are actually being implemented to the agreed schedule and in the required form. All sites where construction is taking place will be formally inspected from an environmental viewpoint on a regular basis. These activities will also be integrated with other construction supervision and monitoring activities to be carried out by the Owner’s Engineer. He will decide on the appropriate course of action to be taken in cases where unsatisfactory reports are received from his field staff regarding environmental matters. In the case of relatively minor matters, advice to the contractor on the need for remedial action may suffice, but in all serious cases, Owner’s Engineer should issue a formal instruction to the EPC Contractor to take remedial action, depending on the extent of his delegated powers. EEPCO as an implementing agency of this project has the responsibility to be involved with the construction supervision team to see the implementation of this environmental monitoring plan. EEPCO will establish Environmental Management Unit (EMU) at site office level and is responsible to coordinate the environmental management and monitoring activities on a day-to-day basis.

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The EPC contractor will assign an Environmental Inspector and he will carryout check monitoring on an intermittent basis. In addition to visual observation, it is particularly important that monitoring should also include limited informal questioning of members of the local community and their leaders who live near to the project since they may be aware of matters which are unsatisfactory, but which may not be readily apparent or recognized during normal site inspection visits. In the following sections, monitoring activities are presented for various impact components during the construction phase. Table 6.1 below outlines the overall package of environmental monitoring that will be carried out in relation to the Project. The table also assigns responsibilities for each monitoring activity, and proposes parties capable of carrying out the monitoring on behalf of EEPCO. Air Quality Particulate matter (PM) at constructions sites (including quarry sites, crushing and concrete batching plants, large engineering structure sites, road construction, embankment and tunnel construction), roads used by trucks for haulage of materials, and construction work camps will be monitored by portable dust analyzer. Also, PM will be monitored at the villages close to or on the relocation road alignment during construction at those sections. Monitoring will be carried out throughout the construction activities on a basis on alternating observation locations. Measurements shall be continuous for 8-hours per day(as and when required). If nuisance dust is generated around settlement areas and religious places during the construction period, it will be the responsibility of EMU to ensure that appropriate control measure are taken. To avoid emissions of dust unannounced inspection of stock piled material sites (if moistened) will be inspected. In addition, trucks and machinery shall occasionally be inspected unannounced regarding engine emissions (i.e., when black clouds of soot are visible). Engine maintenance shall be requested in case of any deficiency noticed. Noise The implementation of the measures required by the noise control plan will be monitored during construction activities for continuous and stroke (from drilling, blasting, etc.) noise. The noise level near settlements and at construction sites will be monitored with portable sound level meters once a week and upon complaints by residents. At construction sites the efficiency of the implementation of the noise control and health and safety plan will be monitored. Thus compliance with the Regulation on the Assessment and Management of the Environmental Noise and Regulation of Worker’s Health and Work Safety will be ensured. If nuisance noise is generated around settlement areas and religious places during the construction period, it will be the responsibility of EMU to ensure that appropriate control measure are taken Water Quality Monitoring of water quality will ensure proper implementation of the wastewater management plan for the construction phase and complying with the Water Pollution control Regulation. The wastewaters from concrete operations (for aggregate washing, batching concrete, etc.) will be basically clarified and neutralized to prevent water pollution in the construction phase by a physical treatment facility. The suspended solid (SS) concentration and pH will be monitored regularly (once a week) in the discharge from the treatment facility.

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The water quality monitoring program shall also include the potable water supplied to the construction work camps and work sites. Periodical water analysis of the drinking water provided to the workers and an awareness program on safe water shall be performed in order to limit waterborne diseases. Soil Erosion EMU to ensure the implementation of effectiveness of erosion and sedimentation control measures during construction stage. Waste Management Wastes will be handled to ensure compliance with related Ethiopian Legislation, and internationally accepted standards. To handle all types of wastes properly during construction, solid waste and spoil, and hazardous waste management plans have been prepared and implementation of the measures proposed in these plans will be monitored regularly to comply with all relevant legislation and standards. All the records for storage, transportation and disposal of these wastes will be kept as required by the management plans. The Environmental Monitoring Unit shall check on regular basis the activity in the disposal areas. Natural Vegetation It is the responsibility of EMU together with the Wereda office of agriculture and Rural Development to ensure that the recommended mitigation measures for natural vegetation are implemented. Parameters to be monitored include areas of woodland restored the densities of trees increased, etc. The monitoring would allow EMU to assess whether or not the recommended mitigation measures are effective or not, and that the cutting and removal of trees and bush is carried out in accordance with proper forest conservation practices. Equipment, Fueling and Maintenance It will be the responsibility of EMU to check on the proper storage and operations of equipment fueling facilities and maintenance to ensure these facilities are safe and secure. Wildlife The EMU office at the project site will be carrying out regular monitoring by field observations of the wildlife in and around the reservoir area and produce monitoring report. The reports include information on the sightings of wildlife, such as date, time and locations of sighting and also information regarding any hunting incidents. This monitoring practice will be continued during construction and throughout operation of the project. The EMU will pay particular attention to potential interaction of wildlife with the construction activities and any changes in their daily migration patterns and use of habitat range. The habitat and wildlife monitoring should be in place to undertake regular measurements and to detect changes and these include:
The monitoring should focus on impacts of the project on the wildlife species and their habitats.
Record of accidents with animals will be kept, and in case of accumulation of incidents on certain locations appropriate measures shall be considered.
Detection as yet unrecorded species and confirmation of previously recorded species can be simultaneously carried out during the monitoring programme. More species may be added to the list of monitoring indicators if monitoring is conducted continuously and regularly. A sample wildlife monitoring data sheet is shown in Table 6.1.
Birds, reptiles and mammals species associated with swamps will be monitored and these include species and habitat inventories.

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The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development at Federal Level and Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development at Regional level are the responsible agencies for monitoring the status of wildlife, as well as wildlife protection and protection of illegal hunting and development of protected areas. The responsible agency for implementing monitoring is the Wereda office of Agriculture and Rural Development. This office will be supported by MARD, BARD and EEPCO in terms of human resources capacity and for any other needs. During construction the EPC contractor will also contribute to necessary coordination activities as and when required.

Table 6.1: Wildlife Monitoring Data Sheet

The buffer area ______Page ______of ____ (Total Pages)

Date ______Starting from (Place) finishing at ______

Start time ______stop Time ______Total time ______

______km ______

Start km ______stop km ______Total Distance ______

Observers: 1______2. ______3. ______

Time Dist. Species Sight Total MA Fa Sa Jv Cf Un Altit Habitat Comments (24 (km) of Distance (m) h) Wildlife

Note: Sex and age categories: Ma = Male Adult, Fa = Female Adult Sa = Sub Adult, Jv = Juvenile Cf = Calf Un = Unknown

Health and Safety: The monitoring of public health should focus primarily on conducting periodic survey of the project area, assess safety issues associated with the construction. Cultural and Historical assets The Historic walls will be managed by ARCCH, Regional Government and EEPCO before impounding. The measures will be performed in coordination with and monitored by the ministry of culture and information and in association with the local administration. Social Status As a part of monitoring activity the social status of the community with regard to health, disease vector, in-and out- migration, the function and performance of social services and safeguard measures, effectiveness of environmental requirements in controlling occupational hazards, waste collection facilities, establishment and function of pit latrines, will be considered. Division of labour (paid and unpaid work), income generating activities

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(money or kind), access to and control over productive factors, involvement of women in societal organisation will also be monitored as part of the social status monitoring. 6.2.3 Monitoring Plan: Impounding and Operation Phase Impounding will follow construction and when the necessary tests are completed operation phase (energy production) will start. Monitoring will be an integrated part of operation of the project to comply with the standards and improve management practices. The principal fields of interest requiring monitoring during operation phase are discussed below and summarized in Table 6.3. Hydrology The purpose of this programme will be to monitor a range of hydrological and climatic parameters that either affect or are affected by the operation of the Gibe III scheme. As part of the monitoring process, hydrologic monitoring stations will be established to measure river inflow, stored water volume, and resulting reservoir level, volume of water used, down stream river flow, etc. Once the project becomes operational, river hydrology will continue to be monitored to enable adjustment of the operation of the project as required by the uncertainties of the hydrologic regime. Additionally, records of the inflow and outflow from the reservoir will be used in conjunction with water quality data. The hydrology be of the Omo River will be monitored on a continuous basis. Appropriate equipment will be installed to provide a continuous record of reservoir water level necessary for optimizing operation of the project. The catchments and stations are shown in Figure 6.1. This monitoring primarily will be the responsibility of the Ministry of water Resources and EMU/EEPCO will initiate the task and coordinate the activities. EEPCO will finance the cost to strengthen the existing stations as determined necessary. Water Quality This monitoring program is required to establish the seasonal variation of water quality of the Omo River and the reservoir and to determine the effectiveness of the implemented water quality protection measures. The water quality parameters that will be monitored will include temperature, dissolved oxygen, BOD, pH, conductivity, nitrates, phosphates, ammonia, suspended matter and chloropylla. The water samples from the reservoir will be taken as depth profiles at regular intervals up to 100m for sampling in epilmnion and hypolimnion. It will be monitored at a minimum of six locations on the Omo River (On the river upstream of the reservoir, in the reservoir and from the outfall). The locations of the water quality monitoring stations are shown in Figure 6.2. It is recommended that water quality sampling be undertaken on monthly bases for the first five years at least two times per year in both high and low flow season after that. It is recommended to subcontract this activity to Addis Ababa or Hawasa University. Riparian Release The monitoring will determine how the total volume released should be managed to maintain the ecosystem and it will be used to measure and assess the effectiveness of the riparian release regime. With the outputs of this monitoring, the management strategy of the release can be revised. A monitoring and evaluation approach will be the driving force for optimizing the riparian release regime.

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The monitoring programme includes water quality sampling stations on the lower Omo to monitor the evolution of water quality released from the reservoir. Based on the outcome of the monitoring activities, the flow rhythm (of water to be released from the reservoir) be regulated and synchronised with the biological rhythm of the fish species to enhance or sustain the regular spawning activity of these migratory downstream fishes. Sufficient monitoring will be conducted prior to the closure of the dam to obtain adequate baseline. The water quality monitoring shall continue to determine whether the potential effects of increased retention time in the reservoir is disturbing or adversely affecting aquatic life and wildlife population. Aquatic Ecology The purpose of this programme is to document how the aquatic community responds to the operation of the Gibe III scheme. Submerged vegetation may deplete reservoir oxygen levels and promote algae and weed growth damaging fisheries and impairing dam operation. Periodic inspection of the reservoir water quality will be carried out and limnological sampling of microflora, micro fauna, aquatic weeds and benthic organisms will be carried out. It is recommended to subcontract this activity to Addis Ababa or Hawasa University to carryout periodic inspection of the aquatic life after the formation of the Gibe III reservoir. Fish Stock A regular biological sampling of the fish stock, species diversity, abundance and distribution both in the reservoir and the Omo River would be necessary to detect and monitor any changes in the fish stock. Based on the outcome of the monitoring activities the flow rhythm may be regulated and synchronized with biological rhythm of the fish species. The fishing activity will be monitored to protect the brooding stock from being exposed to heavy fishing pressure and become more vulnerable to fishing. EMU will coordinate the monitoring of fish life after the formation of the Gibe III reservoir for the first five years. It is recommended to link this monitoring with the Fish Research at the University of Hawasa and the Regional BoA to get proper technical and professional backup as required.

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Figure 6.1: The Gibe – Omo River System and Existing Stations

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Figure 6.2: Proposed Water Quality Mointoring Sites

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Wildlife The purpose of this programme is to monitor changes in the terrestrial community (including birdlife, reptiles and mammals) around the reservoir and downstream on the Omo River. Acceptance of the buffer area by the wildlife will also be monitored. The wildlife monitoring will be coordinated by the EMU in accordance with the proposed wildlife management plan. This plan includes detailed monitoring activities and relevant institutional capacity building measures. It is recommended to subcontract this activity to Addis Ababa or Hawasa University. Public Health The monitoring of public health will focus primarily on the survey and prevalence of vectors in the reservoir and control of malaria, schistosomiasis and other epidemic diseases that may become established in the reservoir area. In addition, periodic survey will be conducted once the reservoir is filled to determine any further remedial measures that may be required to reduce the potential for establishment of mosquito and mollusc population within the reservoir area. It is recommended to jointly carryout this activity with the Ministry of Health or Health Bureau of the Region. Safety Occupational health and safety issues of the hydroelectric plant operation will be monitored to ensure compliance with legislation related to occupational health and safety management. This monitoring will be performed by EEPCO. Compensation and Resettlement Monitor changes in economic and social status of compensated and resettled population including livelihood improvement, effectiveness and timing of public information/participation and consultation activities; Implementation and effectiveness of social development plans; effectiveness of resettlement planning, complaints or grievances regarding resettlement and effectiveness of corrective/preventive activities performed for them. The main type of monitoring to be adopted for the purpose of this project will be both internal and external performance monitoring. Accordingly, EMU and institutions charged with the implementation of the RAP will undertake continuous and systematic performance monitoring of the resettlement. Buffer Area Management As part of the environmental management, implementation of buffer area management programme is recommended. The purpose of this programme will be to monitor the effectiveness of the recommended major buffer area development interventions. It is recommended to jointly carryout this activity with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Region. Construction Site Restoration This programme will be maintained for only a short duration during the construction period and the cleanup of the construction site. The programme will have the responsibility of ensuring that the EPC contractor implement environmental precautions and that the required landscaping and re-vegetation programme are implemented as part of the construction demobilisation process.

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6.3 Checking and Corrective Action

6.3.1 Inspection of Environmental Performance and Monitoring Environmental monitoring of site activities is undertaken through a set of inspection reports and incidents forms. Environmental Inspections Report (EIR) are issued to Site Management when the Environmental Inspector identify negative impacts, poor environmental practices and/or breach of the standards and its procedures. This is normally supported by photographic evidence. If a case of poor environmental performance is observed, the Owner’s Engineer has the authority to stop work on site immediately. 6.3.2 Non-conformance, corrective and preventive action When procedures are not followed, action is taken to prevent the occurrence of environmental problems. Non-conformances include breach of environmental legislation and failure to follow ESMP procedures. The Environmental Inspectors and EMU investigate the cause of non- conformance in order to determine appropriate corrective actions. Once and corrective actions are complete, the non-conformance is closed and no further action is required. 6.3.3 Records The Environmental Inspectors and EM keep records of the documentation of the environmental inspection and monitoring. These records include:
Environmental Inspection Reports;
Monthly Environmental Summary;
Environmental Incidents and any no-conformance reports;
Corrective and preventive actions;
Complaints;
Permits and approvals;
Employer/Consultant and EPC Contractor internal minutes of meeting; and
Environment audit findings. Records shall be kept to demonstrate the environmental performance at the site. This serves as a basis for interested parties to evaluate the site’s performance. The records shall be legible, identifiable and accessible. 6.4 Monitoring Framework

Effective monitoring of all stages of the project could be managed through an environmental management team. The principal aim of the environmental management team would be advising the project authorities and local administration about the best practicable means for protecting the environment during all stages of the project's life span. It would provide the project developers and station operation managers with concrete proposals for monitoring the environment, and indicate operational procedures for protecting the environment. The primary responsibility of this monitoring plan is of EEPCO who is the Project Developer. The Gibe III Environmental monitoring plan will be administered within EEPCO’s project coordination office. EMU will begin the implementation of the programme by forming team of specialists to assist in monitoring the environmental

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effects during construction period. The team members would be chosen from local scientists and will include the following specialists: Limnologist, Terrestrial Ecologist, Fishery Expert, Sociologist/Resettlement Planner and Public Health Expert on part-time basis. Furthermore, independent external environmental monitoring may also be considered by EPA for the activities that are not under the responsibility of the owner’s engineer. In addition, there are other agencies (see section 8.1) that have the responsibility and authority to monitor some of the measures. It is also recommended that EEPCO involves other Agencies (including EPA) and subcontractors as required to form the environmental management team. During the construction phase, the EPC contractor will designate an Environmental Inspector who will be responsible for environmental monitoring issues regarding the Gibe III project. It is recommended to carryout a formal annual audit of environmental and social performance by an independent body.

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Table 6.2: Monitoring Plan Construction Phase

Parameter to be Institutional No Location Measurement Frequency Cost monitored Responsibility 1 On-Site Erosion Construction sites Observation and reporting Continuous controls and EPC Contractor, Covered in and Runoff and material borrow regarding the provisions in monthly reporting EMU Project Budget areas, disposal sites, Erosion and Sediment access road Control Plan 2 Air Quality At construction sites Observation and Occasionally throughout EPC Contractor, 200,000 Birr for and access road and inspection/sampling and the construction period EMU equipment and close by settlements analysis using portable (alternating locations) its installation dust analyzer 3 Air Quality Trucks and Observation and Occasionally throughout EPC Contractor, Included above machinery exhausts inspection construction period EMU 4 Noise Near settlements and Portable sound level Once a week and upon EPC Contractor, 500,000 for construction sites meters for measuring complaints near by EMU equipment noise levels settlement and camps 6 Water Quality In the effluents from Measurement, sampling Monthly and upon EPC Contractor, 1,500,000 Birr treatment facilities and analyses for relevant incidents EMU for equipment and at all discharge parameters and its points installation

7 Water Quality Material storage Observation and Monthly for floor Spot EPC Contractor, Included above areas inspection checks for storm water EMU runoff 8 Waste At construction sites Observation and record Monthly EPC Contractor, Covered in Management and camp facilities keeping EMU project budget

9 Equipment fueling Workshop and Visual inspection Monthly EPC Contractor, Included above and maintenance garage EMU

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No Parameter to be Location Measurement Frequency Institutional Cost monitored Responsibility 10 Sightings of Construction sites Observation Photographic Continuous EPC Contractor, 200,000 Wildlife and vicinity (including documentation the alignment of the relocation roads) 11 Wildlife variation The reservoir area numbers Once per month EMU Included above in species number and the surrounding and Composition habitat Buffer area Occurrence of wildlife “ “ Included above 12 Wildlife level of The reservoir area Increase in Population and Two times a year once in THPA , EMU Included above hunting Pressure and the surrounding animals killed six month habitat 13 Wildlife The reservoir area Number of wildlife killed Once every two weeks WC, THPA, EMU Included above Poaching/Hunting and the surrounding for a year incidents habitat 14 Wildlife Local Communities Number of wildlife in the Upon incidents and once EEPCO, EMU, Included above Frequency of buffer area a month for two years THPA conflict between human and wildlife 15 Buffer areas of Buffer area and Visual inspection Bi annually EMU 100,000 woodland nearby watershed photographic restored documentation

16 Buffer area the Buffeer area and Visual inspection annually EPC Contractor, Included above density of trees watershed of the photographic EMU increased project area documentation

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No Parameter to be Location Measurement Frequency Institutional Cost monitored Responsibility 17 Buffer area number In and Around the Observation and counting annually Included above of established or project areas and upgraded nurseries weredas 18 Buffer area number In and around the Observation and counting annually Included above of seedlings project areas and produced Weredas 19 Availability of fuel In and Around the Visual inspection annually Included above wood, construction project areas and wood, and fodder weredas 20 Cultural and In areas where Supervision works during During construction EPC contractor, No additional cost Historical sites Historical site construction EMU, ARCCH, present and RBITC construction site 21 Health and Safety All work places Observation, inspection and Daily, monthly EPC Contractor, Covered in Project reporting/ Health and safety EMU Budget support 22 Environmental NA Monitoring of the implementation Monitoring EPC Contractor 100,000 Monitoring and success of the mitigation continuously Coordination measures (including the relevant Reporting bi- environmental and health and annually safety plans) Reporting on monitoring results, and compliance with relevant legislation, contract and technical requirements 23 Resettlement and Monitoring and supervision of implementation of the resettlement Action Plan (for details see RAP Report) Socioeconomic

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Table 6.3: Monitoring Plan Operation Phase No Parameter to be Location Measurement Frequency Institutional Cost monitored Responsibility 1 Reservoir Gibe and Omo rivers and Depth of sediment in the Monthly MWR Covered in Sedimentation reservoir reservoir and sediment operation budget concentration in the river 2 Hydrology River flow (Upstream and Inflow, outflow and reservoir Daily MWR Covered in downstream of the reservoir) level Operation Budget and reservoir level 3 Riparian release Downstream of the reservoir Sampling water quality Monthly EMU 500,000 area including lake Turkena composition of aquatic flora and fauna 4 Water Quality Upstream of the reservoir Sampling and analysis Monthly EEPCO/EMU 50,000 per year Physical, chemical parameters biological 5 Water quality Downstream of the reservoir Sampling and analysis Monthly EMU Included above Physical and chemical parameters 6 Wildlife species Reservoir, buffer area, Visual inspection and Monthly for the EEPCO 20,00 per year number and relocation road and Buffer photographic documentation first 2 yrs and composition area and along river and delta Twice a year area afterwards 7 Wildlife hunting Reservoir and buffer area and Visual inspection, record Upon incident EEMU Included above and accidents relocation road keeping 8 Terrestrial Swamps around the reservoir Species and habitat Monthly for the EMU Included above Birdlife, reptiles area inventory at riverine and first 2 yrs and and mammals riparial environments Twice a year afterwards 9 Aquatic Reservoir and downstream - Visual survey- Monthly the 1st EMU 50,000 per year Invertebrates Omo River and Tributaries and year, and yearly Lake Turkana afterwards

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No Parameter to be Location Measurement Frequency Institutional Cost monitored Responsibility 10 Aquatic Reservoir and downstream - Visual survey Monthly the 1st EMU Included above macrophytes Omo River and Tributaries and year, and yearly Lake Turkana afterwards 11 Fishery resources Reservoir and downstream - Biological sampling of Monthly for the EMU Included above Establishment of Omo River and Tributaries and fisheries ( Gillnets and seine first two years Baseline Data Lake Turkana nets, catch surveys) and and twice and successive species diversity yearly trends afterwards 12 Buffer area and Non inundated buffer area Observation and record Bi annually EMU 20,000 per year areas of and nearby watershed keeping on restored trees woodland and plantation area restored 13 Terrestrial Riverine and riparian Visual inspection , transects Yearly EMU Included above Riparian Flora environments 14 Health and Safety All work places Visual inspection and Monthly EMU Covered in reporting/Health and safety operation cost survey 15 Malaria vectors Seasonal swamps and river Visual survey Monthly the 1st EMU 100,000 per year delta year, and yearly afterwards 16 Malaria incidence 4 Weredas Clinics records Monthly the 1st EMU Included above year, and yearly afterwards 17 Occurrence of Banks of reservoir and 50 Visual inspection - Identify Yearly EMU Covered in slope failure and km interval observation and measure slope failures operation cost landslide points and at selected and land slide prone areas meanders 18 Agriculture: Strip 20 km wide along river Land Cover updating, Yearly EMU 500,000 per year riverbank and and delta area Wereda records floodplains extension and productions; input

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No Parameter to be Location Measurement Frequency Institutional Cost monitored Responsibility supply, sale prices 19 Livestock: 4 Weredas Survey and Wereda records Yearly EMU Included above consistency, localisation, migration, feed sources and health conditions. 20 Changes in food Strip 20 km wide along river Survey and Wereda records Yearly EMU Included above consumptions, and delta area incomes, health status, quantity of market sales, water uses for Agriculture 21 Environmental Monitoring of the Monitoring EMU Covered in Monitoring implementation and success continuously operation cost Coordination of the mitigation measures and Reporting on monitoring Reporting bi- results, and compliance with annually relevant legislation, contract and technical requirements 22 Resettlement and Monitoring and supervision of implementation of the resettlement Action Plan (for details see RAP Report) Socioeconomic

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7 Public Consultation

7.1 Background and Objectives The Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan (PCDP) was initiated in 2006 during the initial phase of the Gibe III Hydroelectric project and continued in 2007 and 2008. The public consultation has been conducted to ensure that the Gibe III project has taken full account of the priority concerns of project-affected people and other relevant stakeholders in order to make both EEPCO (the project developer) and the EPC contractor aware about the potential adverse impacts of the project and concerns raised by the stakeholders. “People have the right to full consultation and to the expression of their views in the planning and implementation of environmental polices and projects that affect them directly”. The FDRE Constitution, Article 92. Public consultations were held with Federal, Regional, Zonal, Wereda and local officials and institutions, PAPs, community elders, NGOs, etc. with the following key objectives among others: The public consultation process is designed in order to:
To develop and maintain avenues of communication between the project and stakeholders in order to ensure that their views and concerns are incorporated into project design and implementation with the objectives of reducing or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits from the project;
To inform and discuss about the nature and scale of adverse impacts and to identify and prioritise the remedial measures for the impacts in a more transparent and direct manner;
Include the attitudes of the community and officials who will be affected by the project so that their views and proposals are mainstreamed to formulate mitigation and benefit enhancement measures;
Increase public awareness and understanding of the project, and ensure its acceptance; and
To inform local authorities of the impacts and solicit their views on the project and discuss their share of the responsibility for the smooth functioning of the overall project operations. 7.2 Stakeholders Identification At the beginning of the EIA process, the Consultants together with local Government offices worked together to identify the key stakeholders that should be consulted at various stages of project implementation. This process was completed with the identification of project-affected areas and communities. Governmental Organisations: The identified stakeholders for consultations are selected from Federal, Regional, Zonal, Wereda and Kebele levels. Consultation was made mainly with wereda and kebele level government offices as these are the immediate and the primary responsible governmental bodies for any development activities taking place within their administrative boundaries. They will also be responsible during implementation of some of the mitigation measures and liaison with the communities. The participation of these governmental administrative bodies from the initial phases of the project through the construction and operation phases of the project benefit both the project affected communities and the project developer. These consultations with the local leaders help to

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understand the potential negative and positive impacts of the project as well as the identification of potential mitigation and benefit enhancement measures. Community Identified at Kebele Level: The people that can best represent the ideas of the people were randomly selected from the project areas and consulted and they shared their experiences and discussed critical issues. Non Governmental Organisation (NGOs): Currently Farm Africa, Ethiopian Pastoralist Area Research and Development Association (EPARDA), Catholic Church and Refuge Trust are amongst associations actively involved in the socio- economic development activities taking place to in the Lower Omo area and these NGOs were consulted. 7.3 Consultation Methodologies A combination of various consultation methods were used to assess knowledge, perception and attitude of the communities about the proposed project and its potential impacts. The methods used during the consultation process include interview with key informants/people, small group discussion and public/community meetings. Several meetings, interviews and discussion were held with a number of community leaders and representatives of various sector offices. The consultative meetings were undertaken by the team of experts comprising of economists, socio economist, environmentalists and surveyors having relevant work experience and qualifications in the field. The project, its intended objectives, the location, its ownership as well as the need of public consultation were briefly discussed to the participants so that they can forward their views on these bases. During this consultation process, a number of project implementation related issues were identified by the stakeholders and these are presented in this report. 7.4 Total Consulted stakeholders More than 136 meetings and discussions were held with members of the community and their leaders drawn from various sector’s offices at regional level and their number amounts to more than 1,750 consisting of 203 Zonal and Wereda officials, 409 kebele peasant associations council members, 869 community members were consulted through community discussions and 268 individual household heads consulted privately. The consultative meetings include people from different demographic characteristics and this gave wider opportunity to gather satisfactory information about the attitude of the people towards the implementation and the consequences of the project. A summary of all consultations made is shown in Table 7.1.

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Table 7.1: Summary of Consultation Meetings

Sl. Times No. of Organisations/Party No. consulted Consultees 1 Local residents consultation 32 869 2 Regional, Zonal, Wereda Government 32 203 3 Peasant Association 72 409 4 Household/Individual 268 5 NGOs 6 EEPCO/Client Several meetings during 7 Consultant / Owner’s Engineer the study period 8 EPC Contractor 9 Others TOTAL 136 1749

The consultative meetings were done through an official language of Amharic. However, the community and individual based discussions were conducted in local language through an interpreter of the consultative members that can speak the language. Original minutes of consultations meetings and sample unofficial translation are presented in Annex E.

7.5 Major Findings of Consultation During public consultations with the community groups, PAPs and their leaders that lasted for 3 to 4 hours each, a number of important points were raised and discussed. Key agenda points that were forwarded for discussion with community groups and PAPs included:
to ensure stakeholders were able to understand the project;
to identify potential impacts of the project-both positive and negative;
stakeholders perception/attitudes about the project that affects them directly;
discuss opportunities for cooperation and participation; and
Other relevant issues. For details, sample unofficial translations of the transcription of the consultations held are presented in Annex D. Since the details of the consultations are too wide-ranging and too broad to be presented here, only a summary of key issues discussed and major findings are sub-divided into relevant categories and presented in the section below.

7.5.1. Major Findings of Consultation at Local Leaders Level All of the fifteen weredas (11 around the dam and reservoir area and 4 downstream/Lower Omo) affected by the potential impacts of the project were consulted. The full coverage of the weredas provides an exhaustive list of the impacts of the project and their associated

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recommendations proposed to overcome the potential negative impacts. Figure 7.1 shows the locations of public consultation meetings around Gibe III dam reservoir sites. Discussion and interviews conducted with local authorities indicated that the official attitude towards the proposed project is positive. They believe such project contributes to the attainment of local, regional and national development goals. The summary of the consultations and a key issues are presented below: Fears and Concerns
One of the main problems of the local communities is lack of transportation to the neighbouring Weredas located in Kenbata-Tinbaro, Wolyita, Hadiya, Jimma and other Zones. People usually cross the Omo River from both sides to attend weekly markets and for social affairs. Number of major crossing roads will be submerged by the Dam water and consequently the traditional crossing points across the Omo River will be difficult to the local communities. The future possible means of crossing the Omo River at the reservoir area will be by boat. The introduction of boat and provision training on boat construction to the immediate local residents will be fundamental measures to mitigate the problem. Moreover, boat transportation activities at the reservoir area will be a source of income for some local people engaged in such activities. It is also explained that every now and then the Dawro people are exposed to crocodile accident and death while crossing the Omo River. According to them, crocodile accident while people crossing the Omo River is their serious problem. Therefore, the introduction of a boat service will benefit the community by avoiding this risk.
The consulted leaders from Loma and Kindo Didaye and Kindo Koisha weredas believe that historic walls of King Halala and Ijajo are the identification of Dawro and Woloyta people respectively and expressed their concern about their flooding. Therefore, although relatively small section of the walls will be flooded they proposed that EEPCO should take this loss seriously and compensate to the community by financing project that will serve the public and visitors around these heritage sites.
They also expressed their concern about loss of productive farmland. They proposed that project affected persons need to be assisted in their effort to restore their income and livelihood.
In the absence of improved health facilities, the local communities usually use Holly waters and hot springs for human and horas for cattle treatment to get relief from different health problems. The Project will flood these natural gifts and the government should take consideration to these impacts and compensate by establishing modern health services in the affected areas.

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Figure 7.1: Locations of Public Consultation Places around Gibe III Dam and Reservoir

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The expansion of HIV/AIDS in the project area is unquestionable. Therefore, EEPCO should take immediate actions to prevent this problem. The program could be handled by local NGOs that has experience in such activities or by the Wereda health offices if they are assisted to develop their capacity.
Expressed concern about the possibility of increasing the incidence of malaria by creating large water body that will be conducive for the vector. Therefore, they proposed the project to consider the long term preventive measures.
According to the Dawro zone officials, the Project is labelled or named as “Gibe III project”. The naming of the Project is not correct. It does not reflect the actual reality. It is obvious that there is no Gibe River after the confluence with Gojeb River (only the great Omo River). The project is in the Omo River and not in Gibe River and the project name should reflect our society and identity. Therefore we will be glad if the project is renamed to “Oma Hydroelectric Power Dam Project” using the local language spoken around the dam and powerhouse sites. According to local officials, it is crucial for the project owner to fully engage affected communities (especially the project affected persons) and local governments from the outset raise their awareness, present costs and benefits of the proposed project and conduct a series of consultations on proposed mitigation strategies. It is only then that the proposed project could continue to win local support and acceptance and its sustainability could be ensured.

Photo 7.1 Consultation with Kindo Koysha Wereda Photo 7.2 Consultation with Dawro zone Council Administration Office

7.5.2. Major Findings of Consultation with Community Groups A total of 869 community members drawn from 24 Kebele Administration were consulted during different times, with the aim to inform the communities about the project and its potential impacts (both adverse and beneficial) and thereby encourage them to provide their attitudes towards adverse impacts, and propose the possible mitigation measure. Positive Impacts
Job opportunity during the project construction and operation;
Additional income through the sales of local food and beverages for the labour force;

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Additional income through the provision of accommodations (bed rent) for the migrant workers.
Cultural development as the result of social interactions among migrant Workers and the local people;
National capacity to export electric power to the immediate neighbouring countries and thereby able to build strong good relations with the same;
they expect supply with electricity and off-farm employment opportunities and development in different sectors including industry,
Possibilities for fishery and crocodile development, recreation establishments, irrigation development and other development of infrastructures;
Possibilities of using boat transport to communicate with neighbouring Weredas and communities during market days and other social occasions; and
Great advantages for women and the whole society at large as the women use electric power for light instead of collecting fire wood. This in turn will contribute in the endeavour of environmental protection. Negative Impacts
Loss of farmland
Psychological problem for those who would be displaced;
Loss of common grazing land along the banks of the River;
Spread of HIV/AIDS to the local people
Loss of holly/hot springs along Omo River which are used by the local community and their cattle
Loss of crossing paths on the Omo River and causes disruptions to the social and economic relations among different communities living on both sides of the Omo river,
Loss of incense trees, gum trees and other important trees found along the banks of the River;
Loss of forest honey production as the result of flooding;
Loss of natural forest products such as mitimita, berbere, zinjible, Korerima, etc;
Flooding of some parts of King Halala Wall and King Ijajo Walls;
Spread of malaria to the nearby residents due to the creation of large water body;.
Flooding of wildlife habituate may cause wildlife attack on humans and their cattles.
Extra travelling time and cost as the result of shifting the existing Chida-Sodo road bridge to as far as down stream ;

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Photo 7.3 Ose kebele community discussion Photo 7.4 Belila kebele community discussion

7.5.3. Finding of Consultation on Cultural Resources About the two Historical heritage site of King Halala Keelaa of the Dawro Zone and King Ijjajo Keelaa of the Wolyta Zone. Consultation was made with the concerned stakeholders at Federal, Regional, Zonal and Wereda level. The consulted stakeholders include; Federal Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage; Information and Cultural Bureau of The South Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regions(SNNPR); Wolyta Zonal Administration Offices; Dawro Zonal Administration Offices; and Gena Bosa Wereda, Loma and Kindo Koysha Weredas. Key Summaries of the Discussion include:
They expressed their concern about the potential damage the flooding will cause to these Heritage sites.
The local leaders requested ARCCH together with Information and Culture Bureau of SNNPR to carry out research on these walls.
Full and urgent documentation works should be carried out on the very high risk sites.
Requested for the establishment of both the Ijajo Keelaa of Wolayta and the Halala Keelaa of Dawro as a heritage site.
As compensation to the loss due to flooding they proposed EEPCO to implement a social development plan.

7.5.4. Major Findings of Consultation with Agro-pastoralist Community The study team held discussion with an agro pastoralist community from Orecha, Gorotancho, Cureyo, Lanre Gebaba, Lange and Ombolange Kebels of Soro Wereda reside along the Gibe River with the objectives of identifying the view and ideas of the community towards the Gibe III hydropower project.

The livelihood of the people is based on agro-pastoralist farming system dominantly livestock rearing. However, between the family members there is a division of responsibilities and some are engaged in crop farming and others in livestock rearing. They move to different places along the Gibe, Gojeb and Omo River banks in search of grazing land. They cross these rivers and go to the different Kebeles of Omonada, Bolso, Bomb, Tembro, Besagne and Dedo weredas and Konta and Yeme Special Weredas.

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Most of the people stay in these Kebeles from January to September and in November they return to their respective Kebeles. However, some members of the households stay back during May for farming seasons.

The community views the potential flooding of their crossings and the possibility of losing their traditional grazing resources on the other side of the rivers as “unthinkable and impossible” as it greatly affects their major sources of pasture land for their livestock.

The other important point raised in the discussion is that there is a strong trade, cultural, blood and marriage ties between communities on both sides of the river. The people of Hadiya zone particularly Soro Gibe and Gembor Wereda make a weekly market with the community of Dawro and Jimma zones and Konta and Yem Special Weredas. The detail about pattern of movement of the pastoralist is shown in Figure in Figure 5.3.

As a mitigation measures, the Agro-pastoralist community proposed construction of a bridge across the Gibe River (for the location see Figure 5.3).

According to the information obtained from Soro Wereda Office of Agriculture and Rural Development, an estimated 632 households belonging to this agro-pastoralist community who move from place to place in search of pasture land for their livestock. They also indicated the serious shortage of livestock feed resources within their Wereda.

During the consultation it was learnt that, although the Hadiya community members use the pasture land of Dawro, Omo Nada and Yem Weredas, they are constantly in conflict over resources use with the indigenous people from these areas. They are often attacked them, robbed their property and set on fire their temporary dwellings.

Photo 7.5 Consultation with agro-pastoralist community

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7.6 Major Findings of Consultation at Lower Omo

7.6.1. Views of Zonal Administration The contributions of the project to the development of the country in terms of local development opportunities and energy potentials were discussed. However, the Zonal Authorities expressed their concern about the potential reduction of the river flow and made it clear to the Team that people living in the different Weredas, with particular reference to communities residing along riverbanks, are largely dependent upon the Omo River for their livelihood. The Zonal Administration was informed that the Gibe III development would not cause an all-out reduction in the river flow, but rather, a regularisation of flow was to be expected. Possible negative impacts on local populations stemming from an expected reduction of floods were highlighted, pointing out that mitigation actions in terms of artificial floods, as well as agricultural, livestock and fishery support activities were advocated.

Figure 7.2 shows the locations of Public consultation meetings at Lower Omo.

7.6.2. Views of Wereda Administrations

The study team conducted discussions with Wereda officials and experts of the Weredas situated downstream of the project. The discussion was made to assess the perception and attitude towards the proposed project, through which awareness will be created about the project in order to gain support for their (Weredas) future participation in project implementation and monitoring during the different phases of the project (construction and operation).

The views of the Wereda officials concentrated on the identification of the different impacts as well as proposing mitigation measures for the potentially negative effects that could have been expected.

Assurances were sought that the project implementation would not negatively affect socio- economic and natural environment of the different Wereda with particular reference to the livelihood of the ethnic groups residing on the floodplain of the river. A substantial decline in the production of crop from recession agriculture, dry season grazing resources and fishing was feared in the absence of proper mitigation actions.

Future expansion of small scale irrigation which can be operated by diesel or wind pump as well as creating artificial lake to sustain and improve fish production, and releasing of artificial floods, were seen as suitable mitigation measures.

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Figure 7.2: The Locations of Public Consultation Meetings at Lower Omo

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Photo 7.6 Consultation with Dasenech Photo 7.7 Consultation with Hammer Wereda Council Wereda Council

7.6.3. Views of the Community The Community stressed the importance of the Omo River for agricultural, livestock and fishery activities both for home consumption as well as for commercial and economic aspects.

It was felt that the project could accelerate the expansion of small-scale irrigation developments in the area thus permanently improving the standard of living of the local community.

Potential negative consequences were also aired by community, expressing concern and fears that the Omo River would undergo a reduction of flow, thus affecting crop production (reduction of recession cultivation) and fishing. Lack of grazing lands would also result in serious shortage of livestock feed and other related problems. Shortage of livestock feed is particularly felt as a critical problem for all the communities residing along the riverbank due to the fact that many of the people are pastoralists owning large number of livestock.

Mitigation measures including artificial floodings to guarantee overflowing of the river and thus continuation of recession agriculture and presence of riverine green grazing lands, as well as development of small-scale irrigation schemes were discussed to offset potentially negative project impacts.

Photo 7.8 Community Consultation with the Omo Photo 7.9 Community Consultation with the Rate Karadus kebele People

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Photo 7.10 Community Consultation with the Photo 7.11 Consultation with Selamago wereda, Fishermen of Bubua near Lake Turkana Mursi Communities

7.6.4. Consultations with Wildlife Department (WCD) and Protected Areas Personnel

The Wildlife Conservation Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD/WCD) is the responsible governmental body entrusted to oversee the Omo and Mago National Parks. The ministry’s was requested to provide comments on the potential impacts of the project upon the Parks and the surrounding areas.

WCD was informed that the downstream area may get almost constant flow of water throughout the year, apart from controlled releases of water (artificial floods) at the annual peak flood period.

WCD confirmed that there are people in the National Parks involved in farming activities, though at a very limited scale using traditional farming systems.

According to the office, there are no identified wildlife species that are entirely dependent on grass grown on floodplain. The livestock and wild animals have abundant grazing lands outside the river courses and therefore they will not be seriously affected by the project. There will also not appear to be any significant effect upon the aquatic life in the National Park areas.

Currently, “community tourism“ is initiated and this is taking tourists from Lake Turkana upstream on the Omo River through small hand operated as well as motorized boats. By this package a tourist will visit the National Parks as well as the indigenous people of the area. Therefore, excessively fluctuating water levels (as at present) would be a hindrance to operations.

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7.6.5. Views of NGOs and other Organisations

Currently Farm Africa, Ethiopian Pastoralist Area Research and Development Association (EPARDA), Catholic Church and Refuge Trust are amongst associations actively involved in the socio- economic development activities taking place to in the Lower Omo area. These organizations finance the implementation of various socio-economic development activities, which encompass sectors such as health, education, water supply, livestock development, conflict resolution, food security, natural resources and agriculture.

The implementation of the Gibe III project will have potential impacts upon the communities residing along the lower Omo River. A plan for development interventions was regarded as being desirable in order to offset or minimize impacts on various economic activities in the fields of crop production, fish and livestock grazing. Development of small-scale irrigation, forage development, demonstration plots for crop and forage, and fish marketing were mentioned amongst some of the activities that will mitigate these foreseen impacts.

They also proposed EEPCO to provide support to the construction of such facilities as public health, veterinary clinics, schools, potable water supply and electricity as compensation for potential loss of benefits to the community.

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8 Organisations and Institutions Responsible for ESMP Implementation

8.1 Inter-Organisational Coordination It is realised that effective Environmental Management will be achieved only if it is undertaken as a fully integrated part of the overall project management. In order to effectively implement a comprehensive environmental management plan, the coordination of efforts of the various Federal and Regional Agencies is necessary with a concept comprising three sub-components (See Figure below):
A clear framework of inter-organizational coordination measures
A specific information strategy
A tailored capacity building program

Inter-organizational Information strategy coordination measures

Capacity building programme

The key organizations for the implementation of ESMP during construction phase are the EPC contractor and EEPCO. During operation phase (for reservoir and for the operation of the plant), EEPCO is the major responsible agency. There are other government agencies which will have the responsibility for implementation of certain mitigation and monitoring activities and their activities will be coordinated by EEPCO. The main responsible institutions for implementation, coordination and administration of the Environmental management plan set out in this ESMP is summarised in Table 8.1. The key organisations responsible for the implementation of the various environmental management and monitoring plans are presented in the following sections. The EMU is responsible to facilitate and ensure permanent information and coordination amongst the institutions-level stakeholders (See the figure 8.1). The figure shows an institutional arrangement linking different organisations having a stake in the Project. As shown in Figure 8.1 and stressed in this report coordination at the local level is also equally important. Correct and timely information to the beneficiaries can effectively prevent conflicts, both within and among communities, and between Wereda authorities and communities, and in particular is meant to mitigate households’ economic impacts due to environmental changes.

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Table 8.1: Agencies and Organizations Responsible for ESMP Implementation

Organization or Role in the Project Construction Impoundment Operation Responsibility in ESMP Agency Implementation of resettlement Action Plan Project Developer (Owner) and Agency Coordination with other agencies EEPCO responsible for operating the Gibe III Monitoring HEPP √ √ √ During operation phase responsible for the dam and the reservoir √ √ √ Implementation of mitigation measures EPC Contractor Construction activities Monitoring (For the construction phases) Agency responsible for reforestation and √ √ √ Implementation of Buffer Area BARD erosion control Development Plan √ √ √ Documentation, Restoration and Monitoring Agency responsible for preservation of of the Historic walls ARCCH cultural and historical assets Provide advise during accidental discovery of physical and cultural resources √ √ √ Monitoring/ auditing for compliance with EPA and OEP Agency responsible for monitoring/ Federal and Regional Environmental auditing of environmental pollution ( SNNP, Oromiya) Regulations Agency responsible for the conservation √ √ √ Monitoring the implementation of the wildlife BARD and EPA of the nature and wildlife habitats, and management plan management of conservation areas Ministry of Health and √ √ √ Monitoring the implementation of the wildlife Regional Health Agency responsible for public health management plan Bureau Ministry of Labor Agency responsible for occupational √ √ √ Monitoring/auditing and Social Security health EEPCO and √ √ √ Implementation of RAP Agency responsible for resettlement Regional and construction of relocation sites Monitoring of resulted or compensated Governments families

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Figure 8.1: System Map of Inter-Organizational Relationships in the Framework of the Gibe III Hydroelectric Project

Donors

EEPCO

Main Contractor EPA

EEPCO’s EMU

Federal Ministry of Water resources

Ministry of Environment/Natural Resources. Affected NGOs Population

Ministry of rural Dev. Zonal Officials

Woreda Authorities

8.2 EEPCO’s Environmental Monitoring Unit The proclamation for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs No. 295/2002 requires at the Federal level each sectoral ministries and agencies to establish in-house Environmental Protection and Management Units to ensure harmony with respect to implementation of the Environmental Proclamations and other environmental protection requirements. This Unit will provide for a lower level inter-sectoral coordination structure. In response to this requirement, and to address environmental matters arising from its development programme EEPCO has established an Environmental Monitoring Unit (EMU). In order to discharge its commitments with respect to environmental management during construction and operation phase of the project, EEPCO will establish an Environmental Management Unit at site level and designate an environmental coordinator who will be responsible to coordinate the implementation of the ESMP and its components. The Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Coordination Office organization structure is shown in Figure 8.2 and the proposed organisational structure for the EMU is shown in Figure 8.3.

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Figure 8.2: Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Organization Structure

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Figure 8.3: Proposed Organisational Structure for the EMU

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The main responsibilities of the Unit in relation to Gibe III hydroelectric construction project include:
Submit environmental documents to EPA for review and approval and make clarification upon request.
Review and approve of the environmental components of the EPC contractor’s project plan.
Ensure that mitigation measures, conditions and specifications are fully implemented during construction and resolving problems as encountered.
Supervise restoration of construction area that was affected during construction period of the project to its natural state.
Conducting periodic environmental monitoring during construction and operation phases.
Conduct and supervise buffer area management and these include reforestation, soil conservation, wildlife restoration, etc.
Monitor reservoir forest clearing operation before impoundment. Monitoring proper implementation during resettlement and post resettlement of communities. Liaise with members of the public, local organizations, government and non-governmental organizations; and, Report results of mitigation and monitoring activities to EPA, Environmental Advisory Panel, Regional Environmental offices and other relevant parties. As indicated above the primary responsibility for the environmental monitoring during construction and operation stages of the Gibe III hydroelectric project is of EEPCO/EMU. However, it is also recommended that EMU involves other Agencies (including EPA) and subcontractors as required to form the environmental monitoring team. EMU will also work closely with other government agencies as appropriate and these are discussed in the following section.

8.3 Environmental Protection Authority The Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) was re-established in October 2002, under Proclamation 295/2002, and is an autonomous government body reporting directly to the Prime Minister. It has a broad mandate covering environmental matters at federal level. The Proclamation sets out the main responsibilities of EPA and the mandates relevant to this project implementation include the following:
preparation of directives and implementation of systems necessary for the evaluation of the impact of projects on the environment;
to ensure implementation of environmental protection laws;
preparation of recommendations regarding measures needed to protect the environment;
to enforce implementation of the EIA process (i.e. review EIA reports) and the recommendations which result from it for projects that are subject to Federal licensing, execution or supervision;
to enter any land, premises or any other places that falls under the Federal jurisdiction, inspect anything and take samples as deemed necessary with a view to ascertaining compliance with environmental protection requirements.

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With these powers, EPA has the mandate to involve itself with all environmental issues and projects that have a federal, inter-regional (involving more than one Region) and international scope. The Gibe III Hydroelectric Project has a federal and international scope. Therefore, EPA together with relevant Regional Environmental Agency has the mandate to involve itself to audit the implementation of the project.

8.4 EPC Contractor The EPC contractor will assign an Environmental Inspector during the construction phase. The Environmental Inspector is responsible to:
Check compliance with recommended conditions in the contract, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and Environmental and Social Management Plan;
Review the effectiveness of mitigation measures for proper management of construction risks and uncertainties;
Review the effectiveness of environmental management plan for the construction activities.
Review work schedule with respect to environmental measurement and monitories;
Recommend modifying or halting construction activities, or developing appropriate mitigation measures in case of unpredicted harmful effects on the environment or if environmental monitoring determine construction works pose environmental concern;
Identify and liaise to promote social integration and the development of mutually satisfactory solutions to problems affecting local communities; and
Provide advice and assistance to the Technical and Production Mangers, as and when required, on aspects of environmental management. 8.5 Environmental Advisory Panel The proposed Gibe III Hydroelectric Project is a Federal Government Project and Environmental Impacts has a Federal-Regional significance (inter-regional significance). Therefore, it is recommended that an Environmental Advisory Panel (EAP) be created to evaluate and provide guidance for EEPCO/EMU. The EAP will issue candid advice on programme and practical matters concerning environmental issues related to the project. The Panel will review the management plan to ensure that the document is an adequate reflection of the environmental impacts that may result from the development of the project and provides sufficient information on which decisions may be taken. The Advisory Panel is mandated to provide independent review of, and guidance on, the treatment of environmental and social issues associated with the Project. Amongst other duties, the AP will provide reports to EEPCO stating whether the environmental and social objectives have been complied within the amelioration or remediation of unforeseen project impacts and recommend remedial action in the case of considered non- compliance. The advisory panel should include representatives from the following institutions:
Ministry of Water Resources,
Federal Environmental Protection Authority,
Ethiopian Electric and Power Corporation,

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Representatives of SNNP Regional Council/Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development,
Office of Environmental protection/Representatives of Oromiya Regional Council,
A representative of environmental Non-Governamental Organizations, and
Members to be designated by the Lower Omo Ethnic Communities EEPCO is responsible to establish this panel as soon as possible and the Panel may decide upon the composition and procedures (e.g., conditions and timing of panel gatherings) of the advisory panel. The panel should meet at least twice a year to review the annual reports and to evaluate the success of the plan, suggest modifications, and determine whether additional measures need to be implemented.

8.6 Site Auditing Periodic internal and external environmental auditing will take place. These audits are intended to be periodic reviews to verify conformance and it will allow evaluation of environmental performance, analysis of root causes of problems, assessment of compliance with contractual and legal requirements, and enable identification of areas requiring corrective actions. 1. Identify any site activities which could give rise to environmental impacts; 2. Identify whether the environmental management system is still implemented, effective and maintained; and 3. Check the procedures and method statements are implemented and effective.

Internal Environmental Audit: Internal audits ensure that the environmental management system is working effectively. The EMU establishes an internal environmental audit programme, which is in accordance to this ESMP. The Internal Environmental Audit will be undertaken every six month during construction. External Environmental Audit: An External Auditor will be appointed by EEPCO to undertake periodic Environmental Management System Audits. Site visits of the EPA and members of the Environmental Advisory Panel may take place and recommendations can be forwarded to EEPCO through the Consultant. The external environmental audit will be undertaken once every two years. Reporting Audit Findings: EEPCO will be presented with the audit findings report. Through the internal and external audits the EPC Contractor can identify trends and achieve continual improvement in the environmental management system.

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9 Reporting and Reviewing

9.1 General Many of the measures in the ESMP concern actions to be taken in order to prevent environmental or social impacts, or to enhance positive impacts. A system of reporting and audit of the ESMP commitments is required. This will apply to EPCO the EPC Contractor. The expected reports include: Site Environmental Management Plan, Site Inspection and Progress Reports. Each of these organisations will provide monthly reports on the actions taken in the previous month to fulfill the ESMP. The Gibe III EMU Team will be able to draw on the reports it receives from the contractor and augments these reports with a report of its own performance. A complete set up to handle and manage data and information generated from the management plan and other monitoring activities will be established. Therefore, EMU shall maintain all necessary records related to environmental management and monitoring. At random intervals, the Environmental Advisory Panel will be required to verify whether the actual performance of the contractor is honestly reflected in these progress reports. The EPA will be required to randomly verify the actual performance of the EPC Contractor and the EMU Team. It is recommended for formal annual audit of environmental and social performance to be carried out by an independent entity. A complete set up to handle and manage data and information generated from the management plan and other monitoring activities will be established. Therefore, EMU shall maintain all necessary records related to environmental management and monitoring. 9.2 Monthly Site Inspection Report Environmental monitoring of site activities will be undertaken and the findings will be presented through a set of inspection reports and incidents forms. Environmental Inspections Report (EIR) will be regularly issued. The EIR is normally supported by photographic evidence and provides the following:
A description of construction activities that may affect the environment;
Remedial actions which have been initiated, and whether or not the resultant action is having the desired result;
Identify any unforeseen environmental concerns and recommend suitable additional actions;
Tracking of issues causing environmental concern; and
Amendments to the Environmental Management Plan or any other required plans. The monthly site Inspection Report will be distributed to Ministry of Water Resources, EEPCO, EPA and Regional Environmental Protection Offices.

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9.3 Monthly Progress Report Monthly reports prepared by the EPC contractor will contain a section referring to environmental matters. Environmental issues are discussed at the monthly progress meetings with the employer and consultant and the Environmental Inspector attends Employer/Consultant meetings as and when requested. The environmental summary provides the following:
Summary of environmental performance for the month;
Summary of environmental actions taken;
Details of any environmental incidents or accidents;
Objectives and targets for the following month; and
Non-Conformances, Corrective actions and Preventive actions. Any unresolved concern will be carried over to the next reporting period until the issue has been resolved. This will allow for the tracking of issues until it is confirmed the issue/concern has been resolved. 9.4 Site Environmental Management Plan Report The construction scale of the Gibe III Hydroelectric Project demands the need for the preparation of a comprehensive Site Environmental management Plan (SEMP) for the major activities. The ESMP report will provide for each construction site a description of the area, how the environmental measures will be adapted to the site, and the design of typical measures. Development of these plans will form the basis of continued improvement of environmental performance. Therefore, the following specific site environmental management plans will be prepared: 1. Spoil Disposal and Recovery Plan 2. Quarry Development and Recovery Plan 3. King Ejajo Kella Historic Wall Restoration Plan 4. Erosion and Sediment Control Plan 5. Emission and Dust Control Plan 6. Water Quality Management Plan 7. Landscaping and Re-vegetation Plan 8. Waste Management Plan 9. On-Site Traffic and Accident Management Plan 10. Explosive Storage and Handling Plan 11. Construction Work Camps and Spontaneous Settlement Area Plan 12. Reservoir Impoundment Management Plan 13. Environmental Training for Construction Workers Plan 14. Restoration and Camp Closure Plan

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9.5 Record Keeping and Reporting A complete set up to handle and manage data and information generated from the management plan and other monitoring activities will be established. Therefore, EMU shall maintain all necessary records related to environmental management and monitoring. Records of significant environmental matters, including monitoring data, accidents and occupational illness, and spills, fires and other emergencies shall be maintained. Recorded information shall be reviewed and evaluated to improve the effectiveness of the environmental, health and safety programme. An annual summary of the above information shall be provided to statutory authorities, if required. The Gibe III EMU has the responsibility to distribute all the reports to members of the Advisory panel and concerned ministries and agencies.

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10 Project Feedbacks Adjustment and Grievance Mechanisms

10.1 Project Feedbacks

The monitoring programme will establish effective feedback mechanisms so that the performance and effectiveness of the various elements of the ESMP can be evaluated, and if necessary corrective actions can be implemented. The monitoring results as well as the report on environmental performance and the occurrences of unforeseen circumstance may also be used to modify and reshape the project’s construction methods and/or operation. The ESMP is to be available at the project offices for all employees of the project. 10.2 Amending the Environmental and Social Management Plan

The ESMP has been developed with project knowledge and information available to-date. As project scheduling plans are developed and changed, and construction techniques determined, components of the ESMP might require amending. EEPCO may periodically revise the ESMP in consultation with the EPC Contractor, and subject to approval from review agencies, to accommodate changes in work and site conditions. Requests or need for amendments, additions or deletions to the ESMP should be directed to Contracting Authority and Supervisor’s Representative. 10.3 Change Management

ESMP is a working document that changes during the life of the project. Therefore, in the event that compliance regarding environmental requirements to be inadequate or to address unforeseen or unexpected conditions, changes to project design, procedures, process or activities can be proposed at any time during the project. Should the environmental monitoring also determine construction works or operation pose an environmental concern, the works or operation will be modified or changed to adopt mitigation measures to changing situations throughout the project construction and operation phases. EMU is responsible to ensure operations are conducted as recommended in the ESMP and in accordance with statutory requirements and recommends any necessary changes to the plan. The change management processes include the following:
identification of item/situations potentially requiring change;
list and document the reason for making changes to ESMP;
preparation of change request document that: o outlines the nature of the item/situation requiring change, o outlines impacts of the change (cost, schedule, safety, operability, etc.), and o identifies potential biophysical, socio-economic or health concerns.
review of the proposed changes to ensure that environmental protection measures will be adopted and the proposal provides an acceptable level of impact control;
documentation of the approval or rejection of the change request;
implementation of the approved change, including communication to appropriate parties concerning the nature, scope and timing of the change; and
summary of project changes and status to be included in the monthly program reports and the annual environmental status report.

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When a procedure is amended to suit a particular type of environment, both EEPCO and the EPC contractor are responsible for managing changes within their respective areas of responsibility. The EPC contractor is responsible for ensuring that work crews are aware of any changes to the ESMP and revised procedures. The owner’s Engineer and EMU are authorized to change and re-issue the ESMP. EMU will conduct follow-up assessments to ensure the proposed changes have been made and submit the follow-up assessment result to the Engineer and EPC contractor. 10.4 Grievance Mechanisms

Local Communities EEPCO and the EPC contractor should be prepared to respond to the communities, concerns related to Gibe III project. A grievance mechanism is proposed to be established to receive and facilitate resolution of the affected communities concerns. Liaison groups significantly reduce the aggravation and hostility of locals to EEPCO (the owner) and the EPC contractor and their staff. During construction phase, it is recommended that a community Liaison group be established. Therefore, both EEPCO and the EPC contractor should assign the responsibility of liaising with local communities and local authorities to their respective Public Relation Officers. These PR will be permanently on site and will provide effective liaison to promote social integration, and the development of mutually satisfactory solutions to problems affecting local communities. Regular interaction with local communities by the PRs will ensure that many problems are dealt with at an early stage and effectively. Both EEPCO’s and the EPC contractor’s PRs will be available to deal with issues arising out of construction sites. Therefore, it is recommended that the PRs be allocated an office at both EEPCO’s and the EPC contractor’s camps. Any aggrieved local residents can bring their grievance to EEPCO or the EPC contractor at any reasonable time and the matter will be discussed and dealt with in appropriate manner. The grievances shall be addressed promptly, using an understandable and transparent process, which shall be readily accessible to all segments of the neighboring communities. Complaints shall be resolved through negotiations with the community. In the negotiation it is recommended to involve existing community institutions like the kebeles and others community leaders. Appropriate public addressing system shall be used as well as other means to announce certain events, such as programmed hours of explosions in the construction, hazardous activities for the people to be aware of, closure of roads for certain hours due to construction activities, and the similar. This office will deal with the day-to-day information needs of the local people. Furthermore, provision of information regarding the project shall circulate to the local population through their leaders. Construction works EPC contractor shall develop a grievance mechanism for workers and their organizations to raise reasonable workplace concerns. The mechanism will involve an appropriate level of management and address concerns promptly, using a transparent process.

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11 Training and Capacity Building

11.1 The Need for Training and Capacity Building 11.1.1 Environmental Management Unit The establishment of environmental institutions in Ethiopia is still in the early stages of development. Environmental Monitoring Unit (EMU) within EEPCO is a relatively new office and it does not have a full complement of staff yet. Although EMU currently carry out environmental management and monitoring programs on hydroelectric projects, the office has serious limitations in undertaking these activities mainly due to the insufficient numbers of trained staff, inadequate budgets, office facilities and equipment. Therefore, in view of the key role the power sector is likely to continue to play in the economic development of Ethiopia, there is a need for training to strengthen EMU’s capability in the area of environmental management and monitoring of projects in the power sector. Figure 11.1 shows the proposed capacity building programme strategy.

Figure 11.1: Proposed Capacity Building Program Strategy

EMU General objective To support EMU to be prepared to manage the EMP in coordination and connection with other stakeholders. Specific objective To strength EMU’s capability in the area of EMP, monitoring and communication Contents Main issues of the training: Institutional Institutional strengthening and organization strengthening Communication Human Resources management Woreda General objective Woreda institutional strengthening to prevent and to cope with possible environmental and socio-economic changes. Specific objective Capacity To strengthen woreda officials in decision making and community awareness activities concerning short, medium and long term environmental changing. Building Contents Main issues of the training: CBOs awareness and training Conflict resolution Agricultural and irrigation issues

Communities General objective Community To aware and to support communities concerning short, medium and long term awareness environmental changing Specific objective To support communities within information sharing and practical support by agricultural and irrigation specific training Contents Main issues of the training: Community awareness activities concerning short, medium and long term environmental changing Agriculture in service training programme for Farmers Training Center (FTC) personnel

The EMU staff has a mixed background and they have basic science and art backgrounds. This suggests that there is a need for creating more understanding and knowledge about environmental and social issues. Furthermore, as EMU is responsible for ensuring the quality of the environmental assessment and management process,

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training on review of EIA documents and monitoring of implementation should be considered as a priority. The proposed capacity building programme will therefore improve EMU’s staff skills, managerial performance, planning methodology and activities. This will help to achieve more effective and efficient service delivery which is technically and financially sustainable as well as being responsive to changes occurring both within and outside the Authority. 11.1.2 Components of the Training Programme If the Environmental management and monitoring programme to be successful it is essential for a range of training to start as soon as possible. In general, training will be composed of workshops, in-service training, in-service formal courses, and to a certain degree, awarding of scholarship for university degree and certificate studies. In-service Training and Technical Assistance The technical assistance will facilitate adequate on-the-job training and technology transfer, enabling the EMU staff to undertake their monitoring activities during the Construction and Operation Phases of the Gibe III Hydroelectric Project. The Technical Assistance Project will have the following overall aims:
to help the EMU to implement the core EEPCO’s obligations with respect to the Environmental Measures, including the continuous review of the ESMP;
to help the EMU to monitor all EEPCO’s obligations with respect to the environmental measures, including monitoring of the work to be undertaken by or on behalf of EEPCO;
to provide on-the-job training to EMU staffs as well as the employees of the consultants involved in various activities. They shall participate in the environmental awareness training seminars and workshops This will help to build technical expertise in the environmental and social aspects of Gibe III Hydroelectric Projects;
to assist the EMU to coordinate its work with other government authorities and non- government agencies concerned with the Environmental Objectives; and
to instruct EMU staffs in the proper techniques of Project inspection, monitoring, use of field monitoring equipment, data analysis and reporting. It is proposed that the training should be aimed at EEPCO personnel and in particular, the staff members of the EMU, together with Federal EPA and Regional Offices of Environmental protection, Ministry of Water Resources, members of the Environment Advisor Panel and the various local committee members who are involved with Gibe III Hydroelectric Project. Training arrangements would need to be discussed in detail with EEPCO’s, EMU and with EPA, to establish precise objectives and requirements, so that the course content can be specifically targeted at real needs. The session could incorporate the following modules:
An introduction to the concepts, terminology, aims and objectives of EIA and environmental management, with specific reference to hydroelectric development projects.
An on-site review of existing environmental conditions in the project area, potential impacts and mitigation and benefit enhancement measures
A review of approaches which have been and are being adopted towards environmental management in the case of the present project, and their applicability in general to hydroelectric projects, with particular reference to how uncertainties are handled.

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A review of the role of environmental monitoring as a management tool.
On site comparison of impact predictions in the EIA with what has happened in practice, with particular emphasis on analyzing the reasons for any significant discrepancies.
On site review and analysis of the success or otherwise of the proposed mitigation measures, environmental management and monitoring approaches, including contribution from the contractor, the site supervision team, and representatives of the local authorities and the people who around the project area. Summary of lessons to be learned which could usefully be applied to similar, future projects. A generally informal approach would be adopted to the training session, in order to promote interaction between trainees and trainers, and in particular to facilitate the exchange and discussion of ideas. The training would probably be centered at Sodo and also at Construction Camp, since this is the only location in the project area where adequate accommodation and meeting facilities are available. Responsibility for setting up the training programme and its implementation would lie with the Environmental Management Unit from EEPCO’s Head office who would be supported by members of the site staff. The Technical Assistance Programme will be on an intermittent bases commencing at the start of the Construction Phase and ending one year after the start of operation. The programme includes international consultants and Ethiopian consultant. Short-Term Overseas Training In addition to the in-service training that will be provided as part of the Technical Assistance Programme, it is recommended to have a provision for a short-term overseas training course for the staff of EMU, as part of the institutional strengthening programme. The training programme will build EMU’s technical and managerial skills in environmental assessment of hydroelectric projects. Training courses in this field are provided at different institutes and universities; among these are the Environmental Impact Assessment Centre of the University of Manchester (UK) and the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies in Rotterdam (the Netherlands). International Study Tour In addition to the technical training programme, EEPCO will organise and finance an international study tour of hydroelectiric projects at which various types of mitigation and monitoring programmes have been established. The purpose of this tour, to be conducted as soon as possible, is to see firsthand how many of the environmental issues raised for the construction and operation of Gibe III scheme have been addressed at various projects in Africa and Asia. It is expected this tour will involve up to 10 individuals to be selected from EMU, Ministry of Water Resources, EPA and SNNPR and will require approximately four weeks to complete. 11.2 Other Federal and Regional Level Agencies Several government agencies at both Regional and Federal levels will be responsible (see section 8) for ongoing monitoring of construction and operational conditions and activities. All stakeholders involved in the project must receive support through capacity building programs. This capacity building will be designed for the different target groups by specific institutes, universities or consultancy companies specialized in environment, training, human resources management and change management. Therefore, it is recommended that

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EEPCO will consult with the applicable agencies to establish the extent of each agency’s “in house” capability for managing such activities, and identify any short falls. In an effort to strengthen institutional capacity and environmental awareness, the seminars and workshops to be organised under this project shall also be open for individuals from concerned ministries and agencies such as Federal MWR, EPA, Oromia’s office of Environmental protection, Regional Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Regional and Wereda level Environment departments, etc. The objectives of the seminar-workshops are to ensure environmental awareness, knowledge and skill for the implementation of this ESMP. 11.3 Training to Construction Workers The foremen, operators, and work crews (including any subcontractors) will be trained so that they understand the specific environmental issues on the work site and their responsibilities. All personnel will receive a brief environmental training course in accordance with the awareness training programme of the EPC Contractor. 11.4 Environmental Training Costs Budget cost estimates covering environmental training activities is Birr 4.0 million and breakdown is shown in Table 11.1. Costs associated with the deployment of the expatriate Environmental Advisor and the local Environmental Specialists in connection with environmental management and training have bee included since these are additional to normal site supervision costs. They exclude costs associated with environmental management duties carried out by the EMU, EPC Contractor and normal construction supervision staff, since these will be incidental to their main duties and no incremental costs are anticipated. Table 11.1: Environmental Training and Study tour Costs in Birr No. Item Cost

1 In-service training and technical assistance 1.1 Environmental trainers fee 600,000 1.2 Training courses (perdiem and course material) 300,000 1.3 Study tour to local hydroelectric sites 100,000

2 Short-term overseas training 2.1 Training in foreign university for 3 students 1,000,000 2.2 International seminars and workshop for 10 participants for 750,000 (2 weeks each) 2.3 International study tour for 10 participants (2 weeks each) 750,000

3 Workshop and Seminars 3.1 Local seminar and training 100,000 3.2 Community awareness raising activities 300,000 3.3 Preparation of documentation and support materials 100,000 TOTAL 4,000,000

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12 Procurement Plan

Although there is ongoing monitoring programme operated by the EMU, there are serious limitations in the undertaking of a systematic and reliable monitoring programme, mainly due to the lack of staff, equipment, vehicles, adequate budget and office facilities. It is also expected that in the future the tasks of the EMU will increase with the implementation of more and larger schemes. Recognising these limitations, it is proposed to strengthen EMU’s institutional capacity and to manage environmental issues related to EEPCO’s responsibilities. Capacity improvement in terms of facilities, working environment and available space is also necessary. It is recommended to establish a mobile laboratory and a preliminary list of equipment necessary for conducting some of the monitoring programmes described in this ESMP report is presented in Table 12.1. However, it is assumed that EEPCO will sub-contract the specialized monitoring programmes and they will have complete equipment, including field and laboratory equipment necessary to adequately perform the highly specialised monitoring programmes. Table 12.1: Preliminary List of Equipment for Monitoring Programme No List of Equipment Quantity Laboratory Equipment 1 Conductivity, Temperature and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) meter 2 (Portable) 2 Digital Wind Monitor (Anemometer) with all accessories 1 3 Laboratory Refrigerator 1 4 Water Sample Bottle 50 5 Portable Water Quality Analysis (Physico- Chemical parameters) 1 6 Portable Water Quality Analysis (Bacteriological Parameters) 1 7 Electromagnetic Flow Meter/Water Discharge Meter/ 2 8 Autoclave 1 9 Oven 1 10 Basic Laboratory Top pan Balances 2 11 pH meter 2 12 Stereo-Microscope 1 13 Flame Photometer 1 14 Sound Level Meters (Portable) 2 15 UV Range Spectrophotometer 1 16 Air Quality Monitoring Station 1 17 Air Quality meter (Portable) 2 Field Equipment 18 Digital Camera 3 19 Binoculars 3 20 GPS 5 21 Compasses 5 Office Equipment 22 Computers with printers and software 6 Transport 23 Motorcycles 4 24 Boat with motor 2 25 Trailer to be installed as mobile laboratory 1 26 4-wheel vehicles (Pick-up and Land Cruiser) 3

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13 Environmental Mitigation, Management, Monitoring and Training Costs

13.1 Implementation Cost of ESMP The total environmental mitigation, management, monitoring and training costs are summarised in Table 13.1 and amounts to some ETB 445.2 million. This estimate includes the costs for Resettlement Action Plan and downstream mitigations measures. Out of this, approximately ETB 32.3 million will be allocated to cover implementation of the environmental mitigation, management, monitoring programmes described in Chapter 4, 5 and 6 respectively. It should be noted that no significant increase in construction costs is expected in connection with requiring compliance with environmental protection clauses, since these merely require the contractor to behave in a responsible manner in relation to the environment and in accordance with good construction practice. Costs associated with several environmental mitigation and management plans are integral part of the construction contract (incorporated in unit rates and bill items), and no separate budget is necessary to cover these aspects. The cost estimate has made adequate provisions for contingencies and it has been considered as a component of the financial requirement of the project. Brief description of the various cost items are presented below: 1 Environmental Mitigation and Management Cost: Dam and Reservoir I. Buffer area development: This measure is designed to compensate for the loss of natural resources and by developing buffer area and restoring the woodland resources over the steep slopes of the valley through enrichment planting and hillside closure by the user communities for multipurpose uses. The plan also includes creating awareness and initiate community participation in conservation and sustainable utilization of these resources through training. The buffer area development includes compensation for lost grazing area by the community. II. Watershed management: Cost of protecting and rehabilitating forest cover in the Gibe III watershed to assure adequate water discharge with low suspended sediment. It also includes cost of conservation, maintenance and promotion of biological diversity. III. Reservoir fish resources development: To create the opportunity for engagement in commercial fishery. This programme will expand PAPs non-farm income generating opportunity. The cost will cover key inputs and services and these include: access to raw materials and inputs (wooden planks fishing boats and fish collection boat, gill nets, fish box, etc.,) skill training, capacity building, access to credit services, etc. Fisheries development by taking into account present and future fishery potential through study and this include: a regular biological sampling of the fish stock, species diversity, abundance and distribution both in the reservoir and the Omo River IV. Wildlife conservation initiatives: This is to provide financial assistance for wildlife conservation initiatives around the reservoir and to strengthen national parks and wildlife reserves located downstream of the reservoir.

2 Environmental Mitigation and Management Cost: Downstream Area I. Development of flood recession agriculture: Various interventions are proposed to offset possible negative impacts stemming from possible difficulties in fully implementing designed controlled floods as planned. Together with this measure,

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more support actions are proposed for recession agriculture and meant to increase productivity and attain self-sufficiency in the lower Omo. II. Irrigated Agriculture: the project would assist the lower Omo population by implementing and promoting small scale irrigation schemes. III. Livestock production: Rangeland development and management, forage improvement and development, improvement of the veterinary services, and improved livestock practices. IV. Fishery development: Expanding and developing the riverine and lake fishery to bring more income and improve the livelihood for the community. This requires inputs in terms of improved technical skill, fishing materials, infrastructure, processing, storage, transport and fish market facilities. V. Socio-economic support programme: Since not only economic opportunities (other than traditional and subsistence farming), but also technical and business skills among the Lower Omo populations are very low. Therefore, they will be supported by the project through training, facilitation and capacity building so that they can set up profitable ventures. In addition to capacity building (at community and Wereda level), the Project would also finance livelihood economy diversification support programme and agriculture in service training for Farmers Training Centre (FTC). Under this programme, cooperatives will be established and capacity building and technical assistance will also be provided. VI. Installation of flow variation acoustic warning system: “alert and danger” posts and acoustic signals shall be provided downstream of the dam to alert/inform about abrupt release of waters to the downstream communities. The cost is estimated to cover 50 -100 locations. VII. Food aid during reservoir filling: The food aid is to compensate for the loss of flood recession cropping until such time their source of livelihood has been restored. It will be required during reservoir filling and before the start of controlled flooding. VIII. Establishment of Data Collection and Monitoring Station at Omo Rate: This is a facility from which management, monitoring, technical support and training would be coordinated.

3 Resettlement Action Plan I. Compensation for loss of farmland, houses and other assets: Given their preferences, PAPs will receive cash compensation and/or employment within the project. For loss of productive farmland PAPs will accept cash compensation amounting to forgone benefits of 10 years. Cash compensation for loss of houses and other assets will also be paid to PAPs and this estimate reflects current rebuilding costs. II. Income restoration projects for the PAPs: The income restoration and improvement plan which directly targets PAPs incorporates various component activities including: land-agriculture based strategies (intensification of crop and livestock production through various extension packages), non-farm income restoration strategies (such as small-scale trade, business enterprises, employment opportunities in project construction activities), labour-saving technologies for women (e.g. fuel saving stoves and grain mills), and special assistance measures for vulnerable groups of PAPs (female-headed households, persons with disability, the elderly, and the poorest of the poor).

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III. Social-Community Development Project: The communities in the project area will be affected directly and indirectly by the project and these effects require commensurate mitigation, compensation and social development measures. These measures include: public health intervention, improving clean water supply and rural access roads, veterinary clinics and range development and management, etc. IV. Replacement of Affected Infrastructure and Social Services (Reservoir): The associated cost to establish a boat service to replace the affected nine river crossings sites has been estimated and included in the environment cost. Considering the fluctuation of water level of the reservoir (up to 90 m), a permanent infrastructure (wharf) will also be constructed at each boat service site. V. Construction of a bridge across the Gibe: Established river crossing sites (across the Gibe and Omo Rivers) used by the agro-pastoral communities from Hadiya will be submerged. Therefore, to compensate for this loss it is recommended to construct a bridge at one of their major crossing site across the Gibe River and the associated cost has been estimated and included. VI. Cultural Property Protection and Promotion: As a compensation measures for the partial loss of the historical sites known as King Ijajo Kella of Wolayita and King Halala Walls of Dawro, EEPCO will financially assist ARCCH and the Information and Culture Bureau of SNNPR to properly study, document and register these sites as parts of Ethiopian cultural heritage sites. The financial assistance also includes the establishment of view points (at two representative sites) and information centres (with associated services for tourists).

4 Training and Study Tour Cost of training to strengthen EMU’s capability in the area of environmental management and monitoring and international study tour to hydroelectric plant sites. In an effort to strengthen institutional capacity and environmental awareness, seminars, workshops and study tours to be organised under this project shall also be open for individuals from concerned ministries and agencies such as Federal MWR, EPA, Oromiya’s office of Environmental protection, Regional Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Regional and Wereda level Environment departments, etc. The objectives of the seminar- workshops are to ensure environmental awareness, knowledge and skill for the implementation of this ESMP.

5 Capacity Building and Procurement Cost to cover the establishment of a fully furnished and equipped monitoring station and a mobile laboratory has been included.

6 Environmental Monitoring To ensure that monitoring is adequately funded, costs to carryout a comprehensive environmental monitoring plan has been included. This will provide the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control. I. Baseline Monitoring: A monitoring regime will begin at the earliest convenience to be established against which changes during construction, and on into operation, can be assessed. EEPCO will set-up an environmental and social monitoring system and establish a databases as well as support system for data storage and dissemination. Such system will assist for general state of the environment reporting. II. Monitoring during construction: Most of the monitoring will comprise visual observations during site inspection and will be carried out at the same time as the engineering monitoring activities. However, factors to be monitored include: air

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quality, noise, water quality, soil erosion, waste management, natural vegetation, equipment, fuelling and maintenance, health and safety, cultural and historical assets, social status, wildlife, etc. III. Monitoring during operation: The principal fields of interest requiring monitoring (in the river and reservoir) during operation include: hydrology, riparian release, reservoir sedimentation (annual volume of sediment transported into reservoir), water quality (water quality at dam discharge and at various points along the reservoir and river), aquatic ecology, fisheries (species, populations. etc.), wildlife (species, distribution, numbers), public health and disease vectors, safety, compensation and resettlement, buffer area management, construction site restoration, etc.

7 Environmental Audit The cost of systematic evaluation of the environmental and social performance of the project will be covered by the project.

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13.2 Funding Mechanism The total funding needed for identified activities is presented in Table 13.1. EEPCO is responsible for providing these resources from the national budget for all activities related to the implementation of environmental mitigation, management, monitoring and training programmes. Therefore, EEPCO is responsible to set aside marginal benefits from the exploitation of the hydropower development for financing the long term financial needs of the social and environmental needs of the area such as environmental mitigation and management, resettlement, social development projects, development and management of buffer zones and watershed, environmental monitoring, capacity building and training, etc. With this, EEPCO would demonstrate its commitment to its own environmental policy “to work towards realizing the objectives of sustainable development and continual improvements in its environmental performance”. It will also decrease its short- and long- term liabilities and improve its public image by complying with existing national environmental regulations and ensuring that construction work does not adversely affect the environment and social community resources.

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Table 13.1: Summary of Estimated Environmental Mitigation, Management, Monitoring and Training Costs

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14 Work Plan

An indicative schedule for the proposed environmental and social management and monitoring plan has been prepared and provided in Table 14.1 Accordingly, the Environmental Inspector of the EPC contractor and EEPCO/EMU are responsible to carefully plan and schedule their construction activities in a manner that ensures the avoidance or absolute minimization of environmental impacts. The Supervisor’s Representative will be familiar with and be able to identify those areas and times that present environmental issues and prepares schedules and work methods accordingly.

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Table 14.1: Schedule for Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring

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References

1. African Development Bank (1995), Guidelines on involuntary Displacement and resettlement in Development Projects, Abidjan, Coted’Ivoire. 2. African Development Bank (2001), Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures for African Development Bank’s Public Sector Operations, Abidjan, Coted’Ivoire 3. African Development Bank. (2004). African Development Bank Group’s Policy on the Environment, Abidjan, Coted’Ivoire. 4. African Development Bank. 2003. Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Guidelines, Abidjan, Coted’Ivoire. 5. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 1/1995. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 6. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1996), Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 7. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1997), Environmental Policy of Ethiopia: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 8. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (2000), Guideline Document: Environmental Assessment and Management; EPA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 9. European Investment Bank (EIB). 2002. The EIB and its Contribution to Sustainable Development. 10. European Investment Bank (EIB). 2001. The EIB Project Cycle. European Investment Bank (EIB). 2004. Environmental Statement 11. European Investment Bank (EIB). 2006. Final Draft: Public Disclosure Policy, Principles, Rules and Procedures. 12. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (1995), Proclamation for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Authority. Proclamation No. 09/1995. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 13. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Ministry of Water Resources, 1995. Omo-Gibe River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan. Phase II, Survey and Analysis Report, Vol. I – XII, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 14. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2002), Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation. Proclamation No. 300/2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 15. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation. Proclamation No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa, 2002. 16. International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2006. Guidance Note: Performance Standard I Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Systems. 17. International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2003. International Finance Corporations Environmental and Social Guidelines for Occupational Health and Safety. 18. International Finance Corporation (IFC). 1998. International Finance Corporations General Health and Safety Guidelines. 19. International Finance Corporation (IFC). 1998. International Finance Corporations Health and Safety Guidelines for Construction Materials Plants. July 1, 1998. 20. International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2001. International Finance Corporations Health and Safety Guidelines for Hazardous Materials Management.

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21. International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2006. International Finance Corporation’s Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability. April 2006. International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2006. International Finance Corporation’s Policy on Disclosure of Information. 22. Salini Costruttori S.p.A. (2006) Environmental and Social Impact Assessement for Gibe III Hydroelectric Projects, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 23. Salini Costruttori S.p.A. (2007) Level II Design for Gibe III Hydroelectric Projects, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 24. World Bank (1991), Environmental Assessment Source Book, (Volume I, II and III). World Bank Documents Number 139, 140 and 141.

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Annexes

Annex A: Environmental Policy of EPC Contractor

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Annex B: International and National Standards Ethiopian EPA Standards Applicable to the Project EFFLUENT DISCHARGES TO INLAND WATERS Parameter Emission Limit Value (mg/l) pH 6 – 9 Temperature 40°C Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ) at 20°C 80 5 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 250 Suspended solids (SS) 100 Total dissolved solids (TDS) 3000 Total kjeldahl nitrogen (as N) 80 Total ammonia (as N) 30 Ammonia (as free ammonia) 5 Nitrate (as N) 20 Dissolved phosphorus (as P) 5 Total phosphate (as P) 10 Fats, oils and grease 20 Aluminium (as Al) 0.2 Arsenic (as As) 0.25 Barium (as Ba) 10 Boron (as B) 5 Cadmium (as CD) 1 Chromium (as total Cr) 2 Chromium (as Cr Vi) 0.5 Cobalt (as Co) 1 Copper (as Cu) 2 Cyanide (as CN) 0.5 Iron (as Fe) 10 Lead (as Pb) 0.5 Magnesium (as Mg) 100 Manganese (as Mn) 5 Mercury (as Hg) 0.001 Nickel (as Ni) 3 Selenium (as Se) 1 Silver (as Ag) 1 Tin (as Sn) 5 Zinc (as Zn) 5 Total heavy metals (combined) 15

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EFFLUENT DISCHARGES TO INLAND WATERS Parameter Emission Limit Value (mg/l) Calcium (as Ca) 100 Chloride (as Cl) 1000 Chlorine (total residual, as Cl) 1.5 Fluoride (as F) 20 Sulphide (as S) 2 Sulphate (SO4) 1000 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.5 1,1,2-Dichloroethyelene 0.2 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.06 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.04 1,3-Dichloropropene 0.2 Dichloromethane 0.2 Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 0.4 Tetrachloroethylene 0.1 Tetrachloromethane 0.02 Tricholoroethylene 0.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB’s) 0.003 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (as benzene) 0.1 Absorbable Organic Halogen Compounds (AOX) 2 Dioxins 0.002 Benzene 0.2 An-ionic detergents (as MBAS) 15 Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and insecticides 0.1 Phenolic Compounds (as C H OH) 1 6 5 Formaldehyde 1 Total coliform bacteria (numbers per 100 ml) 400 -7 Alpha emitters 10 µc/ml -6 Beta emitters 10 µc/ml

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CONTROLLED APPLICATION OF EFFLUENTS TO LAND Parameter Emission Limit Value (mg/l) PH 5.5 – 9 pH units Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ) at 20°C 500 5 Total dissolved solids (TDS) 2100 Fats, oils and grease 30 Arsenic (as As) 0.25 Barium (as Ba) 10 Boron (as B) 5 Cadmium (as CD) 1 Chromium (as total Cr) 2 Chromium (as hexavalent Cr) 0.5 Cobalt (as Co) 1 Copper (as Cu) 2 Cyanide (as Cn) 0.5 Lead (as Pb) 0.5 Manganese (as Mn) 5 Mercury (as Hg) 0.001 Nickel (as Ni) 3 Selenium (as Se) 1 Silver (as Ag) 1 Tin (as Sn) 5 Zinc (as Zn) 5 Total Heavy Metals (Combined) 15 Chloride (as Cl) 1000 Fluoride (as F) 20 Sulphate (SO ) 1000 4

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TOTAL DUST The dust emissions contained in waste gas may not exceed a mass flow of 2 kg/h 3 and a mass concentration of 100 mg/Nm .

EMISSION LIMITS FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES Parameter Limit value Total particulates 3 Coal 500 mg/Nm 3 Fuel oil 250 mg/Nm 3 Gas 50 mg/Nm Nitrogen oxides (as NO ) 2 3 Coal 700 mg/Nm 3 Fuel oil 1000 mg/Nm 3 Gas 400 mg/Nm Sulphur oxides (as SO ) 2 3 Coal 4300 mg/Nm 3 Fuel oil 5100 mg/Nm 3 Gas 100 mg/Nm 3 Carbon monoxide 150 mg/Nm Smoke 2 units on the Ringleman scale

STANDARDS FOR MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST Parameter Maximum permissible limit Measuring method Smoke 2 units on the Ringlemann Scale To be compared with during engine acceleration mode. Ringlemann Chart at a distance of 6 meters or more. Carbon New Vehicles. Used Vehicles. Under idling conditions: Non Monoxide 4.5 % of the 6 % of the dispersive infrared detection exhaust volume exhaust volume through gas analyzer.

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NOISE STANDARDS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES (Every motor vehicle needs to conform to the following noise standards.) Vehicle Type Maximum Permissible Noise Levels, dB(A) at 7.5 metres from the source Two wheelers (petrol-driven) 80 Three wheelers, all petrol-driven passenger cars 82 and two wheeler diesel driven cars. Passenger or light commercial vehicles fitted with 85 diesel engine with gross vehicle weight up to 4000 Kg. Passenger or commercial vehicles with gross 89 vehicle weight above 4000 Kg and up to 12000 Kg. Passenger or commercial vehicles with gross 91 vehicle weight above 12000 Kg.

IFC’s STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO THE PROJECT

WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines

3 Averaging Period Guideline value in mg/m

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 24-hour 125 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 20 (guideline) 10 minute 500 (guideline) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 1-year 40 (guideline) 1-hour 200 (guideline) Particulate Matter PM10 1-year 70 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 30 (Interim target-3) 20 (guideline) 24-hour 150 (Interim target-1) 100 (Interim target-2) 75 (Interim target-3) 50 (guideline) Particulate Matter PM2.5 1-year 35 (Interim target-1) 25 (Interim target-2) 15 (Interim target-3) 10 (guideline) 24-hour 75 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 37.5 (Interim target-3) 25 (guideline) Ozone 8-hour 160 (Interim target-1) daily maximum 100 (guideline)

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Fugitive PM Emissions Controls

Control Type Control Efficiency

Chemical Stabilization 0% - 98% Hygroscopic salts Bitumens/adhesives 60% - 96% Surfactants 0% - 68% Wet Suppression – Watering 12% - 98% Speed Reduction 0% - 80% Traffic Reduction Not quantified Paving (Asphalt / Concrete) 85% - 99% Covering with Gravel, Slag, or "Road Carpet" 30% - 50% Vacuum Sweeping 0% - 58% Water Flushing/Broom Sweeping 0% - 96%

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Illustrative Point Source Air Emissions Prevention and Control Technologies (continued) Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Percent Reduction by Fuel Type Comments Associated with combustion of fuel. May Combustion Coal Oil Gas These modifications are capable occur in several forms of nitrogen oxide; modification (Illustrative of reducing NOx emissions by 50 namely nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide of boilers) to 95%. The method of (NO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), which is Low-excess-air firing 10–30 10–30 10–30 combustion control used depends also a greenhouse gas. The term NOx on the type of boiler and the serves as a composite between NO and Staged Combustion 20–50 20–50 20–50 method of firing fuel. NO2 and emissions are usually reported Flue Gas Recirculation N/A 20–50 20–50 as NOx. Here the NO is multiplied by the ratio of molecular weights of NO2 to NO Water/Steam Injection N/A 10–50 N/A. and added to the NO2 emissions. Means of reducing NOx emissions are based on Low-NOx Burners 30–40 30–40 30–40 the modification of operating conditions Flue Gas Treatment Coal Oil Gas Flue gas treatment is more such as minimizing the resident time at effective in reducing NOx peak temperatures, reducing the peak emissions than are combustion Selective Catalytic 60–90 60–90 60–90 temperatures by increasing heat transfer controls. Techniques can be Reduction (SCR) rates or minimizing the availability of classified as SCR, SNCR, and Selective Non-Catalytic N/A 30–70 30–70 oxygen. adsorption. SCR involves the Reduction (SNCR) injection of ammonia as a reducing agent to convert NOx to nitrogen in the presence of a catalyst in a converter upstream of the air heater. Generally, some ammonia slips through and is part of the emissions. SNCR also involves the injection of ammonia or urea based products without the presence of a catalyst. Note: Compiled by IFC based on inputs from technical experts.

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Annex C: Person Contacted and Institutions Visited

Sr.No Persons Contacted Organization Responsibility Federal Offices Authority for Research and Prehistorical Archeology 1 Ato Berhanu Tadesse Conservation of Cultural Heritage Expert Basin Development studies Dep't 2 Ato Mesele Fishea Head of the Department Ministry of Water Resource Head Environmental Impact 3 Ato Solomon Kebede Environmental Protection Authority Assessment Service Ministry of Agriculture and Rural 4 Ato Yeneneh Teka Development (Wildlife Senior Wildlife Expert Conservation Department) Regional Offices Male Wereda, SouthOmo Zone 5 Ato Kaydaki Gezahegne Zone Administration Zone Administrator Representative of Zonal 6 Ato mohamed Mekonen Zonal Agri/Ru/Devt. office Agri/Ru/Devt. office Representative, Zonal 7 Ato Endeshaw Mamo Zonal Agri/Ru/Devt. office Agricultural Desk 8 Ato Seifu Lemma Zonal Agri/Ru/Devt. office Expert 9 Ato Meseret Mago National Park Head, Mago National Park Administration and Finance 10 Ato Samule Taye Omo National Park Coordination Hammer Wereda, SouthOmo Zone 11 Ato Tsegaye Assefa Wereda Administration Wereda Administrator Agri/Ru/Devet.Office Deputy 12 Ato Andualem Lala Agri/Ru/Devt. office Head 13 Ato Wondeferaw Kala Wereda Administration Wereda Deputy Administrator 14 Ato Emenet Gashawe Youth and Sport Office Youth and Sport Office Head 15 Ato Shewli Agke Agri/Ru/Devt. office Agri/Ru/Devet.Office Head 16 Ato Lale Biwa Education Office Head, Education Office Head,Finance And Economic 17 Ato Tamirat Gezahegne Finance And Economic Devt.Office Devt.Office 18 Ato Ersaere Ekoda Wereda Administration V/Administrator Water Resources Dev't office 19 Ato Ibrahim Ayele Water Resources Dev't office Delegation 20 Ato Halecha Areti Karaduse PA Member of PA 21 Ato Para Beleko Karakorecho PA Chairman 22 Ato Arbalo Luwayo Karakorecho PA Public Relation 23 Ato Sere Lepelo Karakorecho PA Justice and Security 24 Ato Lema Damo Karakorecho PA Farmer 25 Ato Petros Lema Karakorecho PA Farmer Dasenech Wereda, SouthOmo Zone 26 Ato Girmia Gneweriya Dasenech Wereda Wereda Administrator Head, Finance And Economic 27 W/O Meselech Meteki Finance And Economic Devt.Office Devt.Office 28 Ato Minlargew addisu Education Office Head, Education Office 29 W/O Meselech Zegeye Head, Womens Affairs Office Head, Women's Affairs Office

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Sr.No Persons Contacted Organization Responsibility 30 Ato Loyisa Ergudo Justice and Security Office Justice and Security Office 31 Ato Belay Metekiu Agri/Ru/Devt. office Head, Agri/Ru/Devt. office Head, Capacity Building 32 Ato Kebede Sahile Capacity Bulding Office Office Vice Head, Agri/Ru/Devt. 33 Ato Mulukasa Shiferaw Agri/Ru/Devt. office office Chairman, Peasant 34 Ato Akurekare Lukareya Rate Peseant Association Association 35 Ato Kebede Sahile Dasenech Wereda Deputy Administrator 36 Wondwossen Losilmay Administration Office Council main speaker 37 Ato Minlargew Addisu Education Office Head of education office 38 Ato Ekayo Lokabel Administration Office Justice security Public relation and political 39 Ato Merga Ayano Administration Office officer Women Association 40 W.ro Era Mere Peasant Association Lobet PA Chairman 41 Ato Ekreya Loluk Peasant Association Lobet PA Chairman Nyangatom Wereda, SouthOmo Zone 42 Ato Tefera Naskie Wereda Administration Deputy Wereda Administrator 43 Ato Tadele Fikadu Agri/Ru/Devt. office Head, Agri/Ru/Devt. office Head,Finance and Economic 44 Ato Guyola Olata Finance and Economic Devt.Office Devt.Office Agri/Ru/Devet.Office Deputy 45 Ato Demek Geteso Agri/Ru/Devet.Office Head Head,Finance And Economic 46 Ato Afework Abaye Finance And Economic Devt.Office Devt.Office Head,Finance And Economic 47 Ato Eyasu Lobarawye Finance And Economic Devt.Office Devt.Office 48 Ato Lukngamo Merem Wereda Administration Head, Information Office Agri/Ru/Devet.Office Deputy 49 Ato Tadesse Fekadu Agri/Ru/Devet.Office Head Head, Wereda Women's 50 W/ro Wat Tekele Wereda Women's Affairs Office Affairs Office Head, Capacity Building 51 Ato Melkamu Zewede Capacity Building Office Office Head, Wereda Women's 52 w/ro Hana Ejamo Wereda Women's Affairs Office Affairs Office 53 Ato Hiwas Ale Peasant Association Lupakor Kebele Administrator 54 Ato Lame Mubetero Peasant Association Ayepa Health Extension 55 Ato Losese Murale Peasant Association Lorengkachal Chairman of Kebele 56 Ato Hekurur Aseru Peasant Association Natekar Police 57 Ato Kotol Ayele Peasant Association Naktekar Health Extension 58 Ato Hepeko Hekerma Peasant Association Shenkora Administrator 59 Ato Muhu Hekoto Peasant Association Kucheru Pastoralist 60 Ato Buno Dabo Peasant Association Kucheru Student 61 Ato Edeme Hekem Peasant Association Narowaye Militia 62 Ato Senda Etabo Peasant Association Kucheru Student 63 Ato Selebo Ateme Peasant Association Kucheru Student 64 Ato Erot Heketeba Peasant Association Apetukoyet Militia

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Sr.No Persons Contacted Organization Responsibility 65 Ato Lokrewye Nasal Peasant Association Shenkora Chairman of Kebele 66 Ato Tefera Nalako Wereda office V/Administrator Selamago Wereda, South Omo Zone 67 Ato Melkamu Engida Wereda office General Manager Agri/Ru/Devet.Office Deputy 68 Ato Esubalew Tesfaye Agri/Ru/Devet.Office Head 69 Ato Hegu Ketatu Wereda office Main Speaker Ato Chanyalew 70 Head, Education Office Head, Education Office Yitebarek Ato Bezuayehu 71 Wereda office Public Relation Affairs Head Geremew Agri/Ru/Devet.Office Deputy 72 Ato Agu Deban Geso Agri/Ru/Devet.Office Head 73 W/o Abeba Seftaye Women's Affairs Office Head, Women's Affairs Office Capacity Building Office 74 Ato Berhanu Aragaw Capacity Building Office Head Capacity Building Office 75 Ato Yeredaw Ashene Capacity Building Office D/Head Ato Ketongeya Chairman, Peasant 76 Hayleweha PA Molognmer Association 77 Ato Gunazeg Gelbush PA Omo Hana Member of EPRDF 78 Ato Mako Aychekam Gura PA Kebele V/Administrator 79 Ato Luchnga Kenshema Gura PA member 80 Ato Arebu luluma Gura PA Pastoral Gena Bossa Wereda, Dawro Zone 81 Ato Tekle Demisse Wereda Agriculture R.D Office Agriculture R.D Office Head 82 Ato Kasim Ayuba Wereda Health Office Health Office Head 83 Ato Asrat Assefa Education Office Education Desk Head 84 Ato TaybeleroSohoneka Wereda Agriculture R.D Office Agriculture R.D Office Head Capacity Building Office 85 Ato Zekarias Sana Capacity Building Office Head 86 Ato Eshetu Mengesha Wereda Administration Public Relation Affairs Head 87 Ato Akalu Dinku Justice Office Justice Office Head 88 Ato Shingute seyoum Information Office Information Office Head 89 Ato Beyene Gizimu Youth and Sport Office Youth and Sport Desk Head 90 Ato Tefera Dinato Wereda Administration Political Leader 91 Ato Berhanu Duleto FEDO FEDO Leader Wereda Education Office 92 Ato Tsedeke Kefitewe Wereda Education Office Head Wereda Youth and Sport 93 Ato Derese Gitesa Wereda Youth and Sport Office Office Head 94 Ato Asnake Mengesha Wereda Administration Head of Political Office Wereda Finance and Economic Head of Finance and 95 Ato Teklu Gintenesa Dev't Office Economic Dev't Office 96 Ato Tekle Demisse Wereda Council Chief Administrator 97 Ato Kassahun Ayuba Health Desk Desk Head 98 Ato Zekarias Sana Office of Capacity Building Office Head 99 Ato Akalu Dinku Justice Office Justice Office Chief

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Sr.No Persons Contacted Organization Responsibility Youth and Sport Desk, Genna 100 Ato Beyene Gezimu Desk Head Bossa Wereda 101 W/t Ehitabeba Degoye PA Boza Shota Administration Worker Loma Wereda, Dawro Zone 102 Ato Medhine Mamo Wereda Administration Deputy Wereda Administrator 103 Ato Girma Belayneh Agri/Ru/Devt. office Head, Agri/Ru/Devt. office 104 Ato Lemma Bekele Youth and Sport Office Head, Youth and Sport Office 105 Ato Solomon Ayele Agri/Ru/Devt. office Agri/Ru/Devet.Office Head Head, Wereda Information 106 Ato Tadesse Unde Wereda Information Office Office 107 Ato Tadesse Unde Wereda Council, Loma Wereda Information Officer Kindo Koysha Wereda, Welayta Zone 108 Ato Odacha Kuba Wereda Administration Wereda Deputy Administrator 109 Ato Getachew Balcha Wereda Administration Wereda Administrator 110 Ato Mesele Taye Agri/Ru/Devt. office Agri/Ru/Devet.Office Head Head, Finance And Economic 111 Ato Lemaro Bonega Finance And Economic Devt.Office Devt.Office 112 Ato Negatu Getachew Agri/Ru/Devt. office Development Agent 113 Ato Techa Aka Wereda Administration Wereda Administrator Political Administration 114 Ato Getahun Ganta Wereda Administration Representative 115 Ato Berehanu Geletu Capacity Bulding Office Expert 116 W/O Zewditu Tonja Education Office Head, Education Office 117 Ato Asefaw Seta ARDO Head, ARDO 118 Ato Daniele Gijabo Education Office Head, Education Officer 119 Ato Tadesse Galecha Wereda Administration Public Relation Affairs Head Ato Zemennesh 120 Head, Womens Affairs Office Head, Women's Affairs Office H/Michael 121 Ato Degefu Daleka Education Office Scholl Director 122 Ato Amenhe Tube Agri/Ru/Devt. office Development Agent 123 Ato Addisu Negatu Youth and Sport Office Head, Youth and Sport Office 124 Ato Temesegn Tero Mundena PA Farmer 125 Ato Faleha Hateto Mundena PA Farmer 126 Ato Admassu Lulae Mundena PA Farmer Boloso Sore Wereda, Welayta Zone 127 Ato Tefera Meskele Wereda Administration Wereda Administrator 128 Ato Siba Seta Wegaso Youth and Sport Office Head, Youth and Sport Office 129 Ato Solomon Weysah Boloso Sore PA Farmer Sore W130ereda, Hadiya Zone 131 Ato Teshome Petros Wereda Administration Wereda Public Mobilization 132 Ato Tamirat Erjeno Agri/Ru/Devt. office Head, Agri/Ru/Devt. office 133 Ato Temesgen Alero Agri/Ru/Devt. office Head Of Cooperative Desk 134 Ato Tesema Tadesse Agri/Ru/Devt. office Water Office Expert 135 Ato Teshale Degu Agri/Ru/Devt. office Cooperative Expert Monitoring and Evaluation 136 Ato Mamo Lendebo Agri/Ru/Devt. office Expert

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Sr.No Persons Contacted Organization Responsibility Kacha Bira Wereda, Kembata Timbaro Zone Wereda Agriculture R.D 137 Ato Petrose Lemago Wereda Agriculture R.D Office Office V/Head Omo Sheleko Wereda, Kembata Timbaro Zone 138 Ato Ashenafe Abere Wereda Administration Wereda Administrator 139 Ato Melaya Mamiso Peasant Association Waro Farmer 140 W/ro Berada Botu Peasant Association Geacha Farmer Non Governemntal Organizations 141 Ato shigute Bifesse Omo Valley agro Industry PLC Expert 142 Dr. Tadesse Mesfen Farm Africa Advisor 143 Ato ahmed Jemal Farm africa Agricultural Expert 144 Ato Samule Taye Omo National Park Adm. and Finance Coordination

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Annex D: Minutes of Public Consultation Meetings

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Annex E: ESMP Consultant Team The experts that contributed to this ESMP Report are as listed below.

Team Member Position/Profession Qualification Dejene Woldemariam Team Leader/EIA Expert BE, MTech Seyoum Mengistu (Dr) Water Quality Expert/Limnologist BSc MSc PhD Zerihun Woldu (Prof.) Terrestrial Ecologist BSc MSc PhD Tesfaye Wudneh (Dr) Fishery Expert BSc MSc PhD Laluto Sadore Fishery Expert MSc Bedilu Amare Agriculturalist/ Environmentalist BSc MSc Habtamu Denboba Resettlement Planner BA MA Mulugeta Sergawi Socio-Economist BA Temsgen Yimer Sociologist and Gender Specialist BA Demirew Dagne Antropologist BA MA Hailu Zeleke Archaeologist BA MA Demeke Hailu Engineering Geologist BSc MSc Mesfin Alemu Livestock Expert BSc MSc Million Bekele Forest Management BSc MSc Sisay Nune Land Use Expert BSc MSc Mohammed Abdi Wildlife Resource Management BSc MSc Belay Seyoum GIS/Remote Sensing Expert BSc MSc Kibret Mammo Data Analyst BSc MSc Getachew Tadesse Biodiversity BSc MSc Bezawork Wondimu Surveyor Certificate

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