FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

WORLD VISION ETIOPIA

FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

Grants division February 2000 Addis Ababa FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 6

II. SURVEY RESULT CLASSIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION ...... 7

III. TIGRAY REGIONAL STATE...... 8

3.1. ATSBI WOMBERTA AND TSEDA AMBA WOREDAS (KILTE AWLAELO ADP) ...... 8 3.1.1. Back Ground ...... 8 3.1.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 8 3.1.3. Market Performance ...... 8 3.1.4. Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 9 3.1.5. Anthropometric Measurements...... 9 IV. AMHARA REGIONAL STATE...... 9

4.1. ARTHUMA JILLE AND DAWA CHEFFA WOREDAS (KEMISSIE ADP) ...... 9 4.1.1. Back Ground ...... 9 4.1.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 9 4.1.3. Market Performance ...... 10 4.1.4. Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 10 41.5. Anthropometric Measurement ...... 10 4.2. ANTSOKIA-GEMZA WOREDA (ANTSOKIA-GEMZA ADP)...... 11 4.2.1. Background ...... 11 4.2.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 11 4.2.3. Market Performance ...... 11 4.2.4. Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 12 4.2.5. Anthropometric Measurement ...... 12 4.3. MEHAL MEDA ADP (GERA KEYA WOREDA)...... 12 4.3.1. Back Ground ...... 12 4.3.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 12 4.3.3. Market Performance ...... 13 4.3.4. Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 13 4.3.5. Anthropometric Measurements...... 13 4.4. TENTA WOREDA (AJIBAR ADP) ...... 14 4.4.1. Background ...... 14 4.4.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 14 4.4.3. Market performance ...... 14 4.4.4. Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 15 4.4.5. Anthropometric Measurement ...... 15 V. OROMIYA REGIONAL STATE...... 15

5.1. ADAMA AND BOSSET WOREDAS (ADAMA ADP)...... 15 5.1.1. Background ...... 15 5.1.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 16 5.1.3. Market Performance ...... 16 5.1.4. Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 17 5.1.5. Anthropometric Measurement ...... 17 5.2. TIYA ADP (KERSA KONDALTITI WOREDA)...... 17 5.2.1. Background ...... 17 5.2.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 18 5.2.3. Market Performance ...... 18 5.2.4. Socio - Economic Conditions ...... 18 5.2.5. Anthropometric Measurement ...... 19 VI. SOUTH NATIONS NATIONALITIES AND PEOPLES STATE(SNNPS)...... 19

BADAWACHO WOREDA (SHONE ADP)...... 19 6.1.1. Background ...... 19 6.1.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 19 6.1.3. Market performance ...... 20 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

6.1.4. Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 20 6.1.5. Anthropometric Measurements...... 21 6.2. SHENKOLLA ADP ( WOREDA)...... 21 6.2.1. Background ...... 21 6.2.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 21 6.2.3. Market performance ...... 21 6.2.4. Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 22 6.2.5. Anthropometric Measurements...... 22 6.3. WOREDA (DAMOTA ADP) ...... 22 6.3.1. Background ...... 23 6.3.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 23 6.3.3. Market performance ...... 23 6.3.4. Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 24 6.3.5. Anthropometric Measurements...... 24 6.4. ZURIA WOREDA (DAMOTA ADP) ...... 24 6.4.1. Background ...... 24 6.4.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 25 6.4.3. Market performance ...... 25 6.4.4. Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 25 6.4.5. Anthropometric Measurement ...... 26 6.5.OMOSHELEKO & KACHABIRA WOREDAS (OMOSHELEKO ADP) ...... 26 6.5.1. Background ...... 26 6.5.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 26 6.5.3. Market Performance ...... 26 6.4.4. Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 27 6.4.5. Anthropometric Measurement ...... 27 6.6. ABAYA & (SAATUSA ADP)...... 27 6.6.1. Background ...... 27 6.6.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment...... 27 6.6.3. Market Performance ...... 28 6.6.4. Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 28 6.6.5. Anthropometric Measurement ...... 28 VII Conclusion 30 VIII Summary of anthropometric measurements ...... 31 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

ACRONYMS

ADPs Area Development Programs Belg Short rainy season from February to April BOA Bureau of Agriculture BOH Bureau of Health Kolla Ecological zones less than 1500 m.a.s.l. Weina-Dega Ecological zone varying from 1500 to 2500 m.a.s.l. Dega Ecological zone varying from 2500 to 3500 m.a.s.l. DPPC Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission EPI-INFO Epidemiological Information- Computer program used for anthropometric data analysis FFW Food For Work m.a.s.l. Meter Above Sea Level Meher Long rainy season from June to September Normal Long-term average PAs Peasant Associations Quintal Local measurement equivalent to 100 kg WAZ Weight for height Z score (indices) used to calculate acute and chronic malnutrition WHZ Height for age Z Score (indices) used to calculate chronic malnutrition WHZ Weight for height Z score (indices) used to calculate acute malnutrition Woreda Administrative area similar to sub-district WVE World Vision Z-Score Indices used to calculate Weight for height, weight for age and height for age. FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

LIST OF ADPs WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE WOREDAS (DISTRICTS)

Ser. No. ADPs Woredas 1. Adama Adama and Boset 2. Adjibar Tenta 3. Antsokia Antsokia Gemza 4. Damota I Humbo 5. Damota II Humbo and 6. Kilte Awlaelo Atsbi-Womberta and Tseda Amba 7. Mehal Meda Gera Keya 8. Omo Sheleko and Kachabira 9. Saatusa and Chencha 10. Shenkola Soro 11. Shone Bada Wacho 12. Tiya Kersa Kondaltiti FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

I. SUMMARY Of point (>10%)3. Woredas like Antsokia A joint food supply assessment mission Gemza, Arthuma Jille, Dawa Cheffa, Kersa comprising agencies like the UN, NGOs and kondaltiti, Adama, Bosset, Humbo, Sodo Zuria, Boreda Abaya and Chencha had the government, in which WVE has also 4 taken part, was launched in medium level of wasting (5.0-9.9%) while November/December 1999. The outcome of the rest two woredas (Soro and ) the crop assessment was disclosed through had low level of wasting (<5%) which is an official appeal made by the Disaster acceptable. (Please refer to list of Area Development Programs and respective districts.) Prevention and Preparedness Commission (DPPC) in January. The assistance needing Other early warning indicators like rainfall population of year 2000 was estimated at 1 distribution, copping strategy, crop 8,082,172 with a concomitant net food performance, livestock conditions etc. also requirement of 898,936 MT. While, a total confirmed the low nutritional levels shown of 2.5 million people were said to be on the in the anthropometric results. Production margin and need close monitoring. shortfall for instance has been observed in places like Ajibar, Kilte Awlalo and Mehal WVE conducts nutritional surveys in its Meda, Damota, Omo Sheleko, and Saatusa operational areas twice a year in May and Area Development Programs. As traditional November. The objective of the survey copping mechanisms, the community being to provide timely information for reduced frequency, quality and quantity of early detection of an impending disaster, meals, sold livestock, and involved in generate data that can be used in the begging. designing of relief and development projects and also to constantly measure the impacts During the year, unevenness and erratic of development interventions. The survey nature characterized the main rainy season makes available information for the national in WVE operational areas. Some of the Area early warning system. Development Programs found in the highlands of the country had excessive rain The nutritional survey was conducted in 18 that caused flood and water logging. Others, districts or woredas. A total of 6856 (Lowland Area Development Programs) children were sampled for measuring the were affected by long dry spells in the status of wasting, stunting and underweight. middle of crop growth stages. Community members were also consulted as key informants in collecting socio- Due to late cessation of the main rainy economic, livestock and crop production season however, the physical condition of information. Time series price information the livestock was good in most of the has also been compiled to reflect the operational areas. fluctuations in the food supply status. The food need estimate of WVE operational According to the survey, the levels of areas thus stands at 73,613 MT for 617,177 wasting in each woreda are as follows: The affected people. The above figure will highest wasting was reported in Tenta 2 increase depending on the outcome of the woreda (23%) . Atsibi womberta, Tseda small rains (February-April) that are long Amba, Gera Keya, Omo sheleko, and overdue in most places in the south. The Kachabira had wasting level above the cut- Ethiopian meteorological Services Agency will soon provide its prediction of the small rains. 1 DPPC Summary of Emergency Assistance . Requirement in 2000. January 2000 3 Selective supplementary feeding of the malnourished is of high 2 Additional food to all children and vulnerable groups is priority. recommended. 4 Supplementary feeding if possible.

6 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

II. SURVEY RESULT CLASSIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION Low HA is considered as an indicator of stunting or shortness (chronic malnutrition) Anthropometric calculations described in associated with poor overall economic this survey are based on the growth conditions or repeated exposure to adverse reference curves recommended by the WHO conditions. The third index WA (weight for (World Health Organization) for age) is primarily a composite of WH and international use. Anthropometry is used to HA and fails to distinguish tall, thin asses nutritional status at both the individual children. and the population level to indicate illness and/or nutritional deficiencies and to detect Z - scores are useful because they have the the prevalence of low anthropometric statistical property of being normally indices by determining the proportion of the distributed allowing meaningful average and population that falls below the cut off points standard deviation for a population to be (<-2 SD) calculated. It has also a greater capacity to determine the proportion of a population The two preferred anthropometric indices that falls below extreme anthropometric for determining nutritional status are WH values than do percentiles. (weight for height) and HA (height for age). Low WH is considered an indicator of To interpret the prevalence of low wasting or thinness (acute malnutrition) due anrthropometric values (<-2 SD) the to failure to gain weight or loss of weight. following classification is used.

Table 1- Prevalence of low Anthropometric Values Relative Index Low Medium High Very high Low WH <5.0% 5.0-9.9% 10.0-14.9% ³15.0% Low HA <20.0% 20.0- 29.9% 30.0-39.9% ³40.0% Low WA <10% 10.0-19.9% 20.0->29.9% ³30.0%

N.B. The interpretation of the anthropometric survey must take into account the following main aggravating factors such as household food security, migration, mortality figures and major epidemic out breaks.

7 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

III. TIGRAY REGIONAL STATE 3.1.3. Market Performance

3.1. Atsbi Womberta And Tseda Amba Due to the inflow of newly harvested crops, Woredas (Kilte Awlaelo ADP) supply of food through FFW and relief distribution, the market price of some 3.1.1. Back Ground cereals in the two woredas has shown a general decreasing tendency during the four Kilte Awlaelo ADP operates in Atsbi months (Fig.1) Womberta and Tseda Amba Woredas, Eastern Tigray zone at 870 Kms north of Addis Ababa. The project area lies within an Fig. 1 Average Market Price Trend of Major Crops in Kilte Awelalo ADP altitude ranging from 2040 to 3000 m.a.s.l. 350

300 3.1.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment 250 200 Rainfall 150

Price in Birr/100kg 100 The onset of Meher season rain was late by 50 0 Barley Wheat Maize Taffe Sorghum 4 dekads. The distribution however, was Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Period Covered good in Atsbi Womberta woreda until the On the other hand, the price of livestock has vegetative stage of the crops. Nonetheless, it been stable during the reporting period. abandoned during the grain filling stage for (Fig.2) two consecutive weeks. In Tseda Amba woreda, on the other hand, excessive rain was reported up to the end of August.

Crop Performance Fig. 2 Average Market Price Trend of Livestok in Kilte Awelalo ADP 1000 Late onset and erratic nature of the rain 800 coupled with the infestation of pests and 600 diseases during the season resulted in poor 400 crop performance. 200

Price in Birr/Livestock 0 août-99 sept-99 oct-99 nov-99 Livestock Condition Period Covered Oxen Cow Sheep Goat The availability of pasture and water in all PAs of the two woredas was unsatisfactory. As a result, the physical condition of The decrease in prices of some cereals livestock was poor. Livestock diseases such coupled with livestock stable price resulted as milk fever and lactation tetanus also in moderate increase in the terms of trade. contributed in the deterioration of livestock (Fig. 3) status.

8 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

Fig. 3 Terms of Trade in Kilte Awelalo ADP IV. AMHARA RE GIONAL STATE

60 50

40 4.1. Arthuma Jille and Dawa Cheffa 30 Woredas (Kemissie ADP) 20

Barley in Kg/Sheep 10

0 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 4.1.1. Background Period Covered Kemissie ADP operates in Arthuma Jille and Dawa Cheffa woredas, Zone of 3.1.4. Socio-Economic Conditions Amhara Region and is located at 320 kms The three major food sources in the two north east of Addis Ababa. The livelihood woredas at the reporting period were food of the population depends mainly on crop production, food-for-work and market agriculture. The major food crops grown purchase. However, crop production as a include maize, teff and sorghum. major food source would be for short duration since the expected yield of the 4.1.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment season was very poor. As traditional copping mechanisms the Rainfall community involved in daily labor, The onset of long rains (June-September) migrating to nearby woredas and PAs in was late by 5 weeks in most of the woreda search of food and labor work. Moreover, PAs. On the other hand, cessation of the rain food-for-work, loan from friends and was late in 80% of the PAs by an average of relatives, reduction in frequency, quality, 5 weeks. The distribution of the rain was and quantity of meals and begging were continuous though its intensity was high, common in Tseda Amba woreda. causing flood and water logging.

3.1.5. Anthropometric Measurements Crop Performance Area planted for the major crops was more A total of 451 children were weighed and than normal in 67% of the PAs. However, measured in 6 sample PAs of the two the excessive rain that caused flood and Woredas. The 1999 Meher anthropometric water logging and pest occurrence resulted survey result of the two woredas showed in crop damage. Hence expected crop that 13.3% of children aged 6-59 months production was low. were wasted, 49.7% underweight, and 47.7% stunted. This level of malnutrition as Livestock Condition compared to 1998 November and 1999 May averages was high. (Fig 4) Due to late cessation of the rainfall, the availability of pasture and water in the two Fig. 4 Prevalence of wastig, underweight and stunting in Kilte Awlaelo ADP woredas was satisfactory. As a result, the 60 physical condition of the livestock was 50

40 good. With the advent of the rain, there 30 occurred livestock epidemic that caused 20

Prevalence rate 10 death of some cattle. However, the ADP in

0 wasting underweight stunting collaboration with woreda agriculture office Nov"99AnthropometricNov'98 indicesMay'99 took control measures.

9 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

4.1.3. Market Performance 4.1.4. Socio-Economic Conditions

The market price of cereals in Kemissie area The three major food sources were food was stable till September and declined crop production, market purchase and milk afterwards. This was due to the inflow of products. This was similar to normal years. newly harvested crops to the markets and relief distribution made by DPPC. (Fig. 1) Wage rate floated between 3 to 4 Birr per day and was much lower than normal years. Malaria, dysentery and typhus epidemic Fig 1. Average Price Trends of Major Crops in Kemissie & Cheffa Robit of Kemissie ADP outbreaks were reported during the survey. 400 300 The epidemic outbreaks were mild and 200 hence no human death was reported. 100 0 Price in Birr/100Kg Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Period Covered 4.1.5. Anthropometric Measurement Teff Sorghum Maize In November 1999, 751 children were measured in 7 sample PAs of the two On the other hand, there was improvement Woredas. According to the survey findings in the prices of cattle up to September 1999 the level of wasting was 8%, underweight This was attributed to better physical 36% and stunting 38.7%. The level of condition of the livestock and increased wasting was below the cut-off points (10%) demand for oxen power for agricultural and equal to the national average (8%). This activities. (See Fig. 2) nutritional status when compared to May 99 survey, there was no significant change. The Fig. 2 Average Price Trend of Livestock in two consecutive surveys indicate that acute Kemissie & Cheffa Robit Markets of Kemissie ADP nutritional status of the area is marginal to

1000 the cut-off points and needs close 800

600 monitoring. (See fig. 4)

400

200 Fig. 4 Prevalence of wasting,underweight & 0 stunting for May'98 & Novembe'r99 in Kemisse Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 ADP

Period Covered 45 40 Oxen Cow Sheep Goat 35 30 25 20 15 10 Prevalence rate 5 The decline in prices of cereals and small 0 wasting underweight stunting price increase in livestock resulted in Anrhropometric indices improvement in terms of trade. (Fig. 3) Nov'99 May'99

Fig. 3 Terms of Trade in Kemissie & Cheffa Robit Markets of Kemissie ADP

80

60

40

20 Maize in KG/Goat 0 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Period Covered

10 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

4.2. Antsokia-Gemza Woreda 4.2.3. Market Performance (Antsokia-Gemza ADP) Generally the price of major crops had 4.2.1. Background decreased starting from September due to new harvest. (Fig.1). Antsokia-Gemza ADP operates in Antsokia- Gemza woreda, North Shoa Zone at 350 Fig.4 Average price trend of major crops in Antsokia Gemza ADP Kms North East of Addis Ababa. The total population of the woreda is about 92,920 300 250 and it lies with an altitude ranging from 200

1400 to 3050 m.a.s.l. The major crops 150 grown in the area are Teff, Sorghum Maize, 100 Wheat, Barley and Pulses. 50 0

June'99 July'99 Aug'99 Sept'99 0ct'99 Dec'99 4.2.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment Period covered

Teff Sorghum Maize Wheat Rainfall

In 80% of the PAs onset of the Meher rain On the other hand, the average price of was late by one week. Similarly, the livestock was stable through out the months. cessation was late by 1-2 weeks in all PAs (July to November) (Fig. 2). of the woreda. The amount of the rain was also observed to be excessive in some of the Fig. 2 Average price of livestock in Antsokiya-Gemeza PAs causing flood. As a whole, the Meher woreda of Antsokiya-Gemza ADP rain was sufficient for crop production. 800 700 600 500 400 Crop Performance 300 200

Price in Birr/Head 100 During the reporting period, the overall 0 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 performance of the crop production was Period Covered found to be good. In 60% of the surveyed Oxen Cow Sheep PAs the area planted was much higher than the normal years. As compared to normal production years productivity of teff, barley, The terms of trade between the major- peas, wheat and bean was increased. marketed crop (Maize) and livestock (Ox) in the woreda moderately increased. (Fig. 3). Livestock Condition

Due to the availability of water and pasture, Fig. 3 Terms of Trade in Antsokiya-Gemza woreda of Antsokiya-Gemza ADP the physical condition of livestock was 600 good. Similarly, the size of livestock was 500 better than the normal years for there was no 400 300 livestock epidemic diseases. 200 Maize in Kg/Ox 100

0 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Period Covered

11 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

4.2.4. Socio-Economic Conditions 4.3. Mehal Meda ADP (Gera Keya Woreda) During normal years crop production, livestock products, and market purchases 4.3.1. Background were the three major sources of food in the area. However, food crop production, Mehal Meda ADP operates in Gera Keya market purchase and loans from friends & woreda, North Shoa Zone and is located at relatives were the primary sources of food 282 Kms North of Addis Ababa. The during the survey. Cash income for food altitude ranges from 1500 to 3500 m.a.s.l. purchase was obtained from sale of cash The livelihood of the population depends crops, vegetables, live animal, firewood and mainly on agriculture. The major food crops charcoal. grown include barley, wheat, feba beans, sorghum and oil seeds. The area receives The two copping mechanisms practiced by 700 to 1100 mm of rainfall annually. some households confronting food shortage during the survey were changing cropping 4.3.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment pattern and decreasing meal frequency and quantity. There was no major human Rainfall epidemic that broke out in the whole woreda during the reporting period. Both the onset and cessation of Meher and Belg rains was late by two weeks in most of 4.2.5. Anthropometric Measurement the woreda PAs.

A total of 418 children in 5 sample PAs Crop Performance were measured and weighed during the The late onset of rain created unfavorable survey of November 1999. The survey condition for long cycle Meher crops. findings revealed that 6.2% were wasted, Moreover, excessive rain, incidence of frost, 41.1% underweight, and 54.6% stunted. and pest infestation like aphids, ball worm, This level of wasting was below the cut-off root rot were the major damages on the points (10%) and the national average (8%). crops reported during the survey. Hence (Fig 4) there was production shortfall at the time of the survey. Fig. 4 Prevalence of wasting stunting & underweight of Antsokiya Gemaza woreda Livestock Condition

60

50 Availability of pasture & water was 40 satisfactory. As a result, the physical 30 condition of the livestock in the woreda was 20 Prevalence Rate

10 good. The herd size was low because

0 farmers sold their livestock to cope up with Wasting Underweight Stunting Anthropometic Indicies the prevailing food shortage. Since the

Nov'99 May'99 problem has been prolonged, most farmers became ox-less.

12 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

4.3.3. Market Performance 4.3.4. Socio-Economic Conditions Food aid, market purchase and livestock Due to relief food distribution there was products were the major sources of food moderate fall in the prices of all major crops during the reporting period. Cash income at Mehal Meda market starting from July. for market purchase was generated from (Fig.1) sale of firewood, charcoal, grass and daily Fig 1. Average crop price in Mehal Meda ADP labor. During normal time the major sources

300 of food were food crop production and 250 market purchase. The sources of cash 200 income for market purchase was sale of 150 livestock and livestock products.

Price in Birr/!00kg 100 50 Daily wage rate has declined in all PAs as 0 June'99 July'99 Aug'99 Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 compared to the normal time. Period covered

Teff Mixed Barley Mixed Wheat Food aid, change of cropping patterns, and reduced frequency, quantity and quality of meals were the copping mechanisms There was also slight decline in the prices of practiced by the community to confront with livestock after September. (Fig 2) the prevailing food deficit in the Woreda. Fig. 2 Average livestock price in Mehal Meda ADP No distress migration was reported in the

700 area. 600 500 400 4.3.5. Anthropometric Measurements 300 5 200 Price in Birr/Head 100 A total of 564 children were measured in 8 0 June'99 July'99 Aug,99 Sept,99 Oct'99 Nov'99 randomly selected PAs. According to the survey, wasting was 13.5%, underweight Ox Cow Sheep 47.9% and stunting 42.9%. The level of wasting was above the cut-off points (10%) The terms of trade had moderately increased and the national average (8%). The from September to November because of nutritional status of the area as compared to the low crop prices received during the November 1998 survey was significantly months. (See fig 3) low and needs immediate attention.

Fig.4 Prevalence of wasting, underweight & stunting in Fig.3 Terms of Trade between Sheep and Mixed Barley mehal meda ADP. 60 50 45 40 40 30 35 20 30 10

25 prevalence rate 0 20 wasting underweight stunting 15 10 Anthropometric indices Barley (Kg)/ Sheep (head) 5 0 Nov'99 Nov'98 May'99 June July Aug Sep. Oct. Nov. Period Covered

4.4. Tenta woreda (Ajibar ADP)

13 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

wheat, barely, beans, lentil, oat and chick 4.4.1. Background pea had declined as compared to normal production years by 71%, 64%, 62%, 83%, Ajibar ADP is located in Amahara Region, 61%, 31% and 55% respectively, resulting South Wollo Administrative Zone, Tenta in an aggregate production decline of over woreda about 522 km North of Addis 61%. The major causes for the crop damage Ababa. The altitude of the area ranges were pest outbreak, abnormal rain, frost and between 1500 – 4000 m.a.s.l. The woreda disease. has a population of 162,625. The livelihood of the community depends mainly on rain- Livestock Condition fed agriculture and livestock rearing. The major crops produced in the area include The effect of complete failure of 1999 Belg teff, wheat, beans, barley, oat and sorghum. rains has lingered on the poor livestock physical condition till the onset of the 4.4.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment Meher season. Due to the availability of water and pasture, the physical condition of Rainfall livestock was good. Nevertheless, livestock holding has decreased significantly as The 1999 Meher rains, unlike the previous compared to normal times. This was due to five years, started and ceased on the usual severe death of animals by drought during time. According to Meteorology station at the last Belg season. Ambamariam, amount of rainfall for the reporting season was 932.57 mm and was 4.4.3. Market performance sufficient and higher than the five years average 800.26mm. (Fig.1) The distribution, The prices of major crops during the survey however, was erratic. were very high as compared to the normal

Fig. 1 Meher Season Rainfall Distribution Trends in Tenta Woreda covering 1994-1999 years. This was attributed to the drought situation in the last Belg season. (Fig 2)

600

400 Fig. 2 Average Market Price of Grains in Tenta Woreda of Ajibar ADP

MM 200

0 300 May June July August Sept. Oct. 250 Months Covered 200

150

100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Price in Birr/100kg 50

0 May-99 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Period Covered

Barley Wheat Sorghum Maize Teff Crop Performance

During the reporting season the area As noted above, the condition of livestock covered by major crops increased by 17.4% was good. The livestock price had slightly as compared to last year of the same season. increased through out the months. (Fig. 3) However, production of crops such as teff,

22 Fig. 4 Terms of Trade in Tenta Woreda of Ajibar ADP

140 120 100 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999 80 60 40

Wheat in Kg/Cow 20 0 May-99 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Period Covered Fig. 3 Average Market Price of Livestock in Tenta Woreda of Ajibar ADP 4.4.5. Anthropometric Measurement

700 600 500 400 During the survey of November 1999, 703 300 200 100 Price in Birr/Head children were measured and weighed in 5 0 May-99 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Period Covered sample PAs of the Woreda. About 23% were wasted, 46.5% underweight and 33.7% Oxen Cow Sheep Goat stunted. The level of wasting was above the cut off points (10%) and the national figure The terms of trade between the major- (8%). The three consecutive surveys of marketed crop (Wheat) and livestock (Cow) November 98 (18.3%), May 1999 (24%) was low till relief food distribution in July and November 1999 (23%) show that the 1999. After July, terms of trade had acute nutritional status of the Woreda was increased. (Fig. 4) very serious. (Fig 5)

4.4.4. Socio-Economic Conditions V. OROMIYA REGIONAL STATE Due to the total failure of 1999 Belg harvest, about 50% of the community drove their livelihood from relief food distribution 5.1. Adama and Bosset Woredas during the survey. The rest relied on market ( Adama ADP) purchase and livestock products. During normal year of the same season, crop production and market purchase were the Fig 5 Prevalence of wasting, underweight& stunting major food sources. Major sources of in Tenta woreda income for market purchase included sale of 60 50 live animals, wood, grass, and labor. 40

30 Currently, the copping mechanisms were 20 Prevalence rate sale of productive assets, relief food 10 0 distribution and decrease in meal frequency, wasting underweight stunting quality and quantity. Anthropometric Indices Nov'99 Nov'98 May'99 The gloomy incidence of Belg 1999 season harvest complete failure is vividly reflected 5.1.1. Background in the lives of the community. Many of them lost their asset and livestock that Adama ADP operates in Adama and Bosset eroded their copping mechanisms. In Weredas of East Shoa Zone and is located at addition, many lost their family members or 118 kms south east of Addis Ababa and lies their relatives by death or migration. within the altitude of 1300 to 1800 m.a.s.l. Generally, the complete failure of the last The ADP’s target population constitutes Belg harvest combined with the current poor 30885 households. The livelihood of the production placed the community in a more community depends mainly on agriculture, precarious situation. crop production and livestock rearing. The major crops produced in the Weredas are teff, maize, sorghum, barley, wheat and

23 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999 haricot bean. As almost all of the PAs depend on rain-fed agriculture, insufficient Livestock Condition moisture for crop production often results in frequent food shortages. The availability of pasture and water in most parts of the two woredas during the 5.1.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment reporting period was good and similar to normal year. As a result, livestock were in a Rainfall good physical condition. However, livestock holding was below normal due to the death and sale of livestock caused by prolonged Onset and cessation of Meher’99 rain (June- dry season as a consequence of last Belg September) was late in both Boset and rain failure. Adama Woredas. The onset of rain was delayed by two weeks while the cessation by three weeks. 5.1.3. Market Performance The current prices of food commodities in According to farmers qualitative rating the the two woredas of Adama ADP was almost distribution of rainfall was abnormal. The constant up to October and decreased after quantitative rainfall data from Ethiopian October. This was due to inflow of newly Agricultural Research Organization of harvested crops into the markets. (Fig. 1) Melkassa center confirms that the distribution of the Meher rainfall was erratic. However, the amount of rainfall On the other hand, the livestock prices in received was similar to the long-term both markets had shown an increasing trend average. Fig. 1 Average Maret Price Trends of Major Grains in Adama & Boset Woreds Crop Performance of Adama ADP 350 300 250 The area covered by maize and sorghum 200 crops was below normal. This was due to 150 100 the failure of Meher rains at the time of land Price in Birr/100Kg 50 0 preparation and sowing. On the other hand, Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 areas covered by Teff and Haricot bean Period Covered Mixed Teff Mixed Barley were above the normal year. White wheat White Sorghum White Maize In the Meher’99 season the total crop till August 1999, and then became stable. production was lower than the normal (Fig. 2) production season in both woredas. The Fig. 2 Average Market Price of Livestock in Adama & Boset Woredas of production of maize has declined by 42.9% Adama ADP and 46.7% in Adama and Bosset Woredas 800 600 respectively. Similarly, a decline was also 400

200 observed on haricot bean in Bosset (33.3%) Price in Birr/Head 0 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 and in Adama woredas (41.7%). The major Peirod Covered reason for production short fall in maize, Farm Oxen Dry Cow Uncastrated Ram Uncastarated he - goat haricot bean and teff was shortage of rainfall at the flowering and grain filling stage and excessive rainfall at maturation and harvest time.

24 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

The observed decline in prices of cereals coupled with the increase in livestock prices 5.1.5. Anthropometric Measurement resulted in improved terms of trade between livestock and cereals. (Fig. 3 ) In November 1999 survey a total of 591 children were weighed and measured in 11

Fig. 3 Trend of Terms of Trade in Adama and Boset sample PAs of the two operational Woredas. Woredas of Adama ADP 80 Among the sampled children 6.3% were 70 60 wasted, 39.4% under weight and 44% 50 40 Ram 30 stunted. Compared to the cut-off points 20 10 Maize in Kg/Uncastrated (10%) and the national figure (8%) the level 0 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 of wasting was low. The level of wasting for Period Covered the three consecutive surveys has been constant and there has not been great 5.1.4. Socio-Economic Conditions variation. .(Fig.4)

The current major food sources were crop 5.2. Tiya ADP (Kersa Kondaltiti Woreda) production followed by market purchase. However, during normal production year 5.2.1. Background crop production was the major food source followed by milk and milk products. The Tiya ADP operates in Kersa Kondaltity income for market purchase was mainly woreda, West Shoa zone of Oromia at 85 derived from sale of live animals, wood, kms South West of Addis Ababa. The charcoal and daily labor. woreda has a population of 277,442 and the livelihood of the community depends on The current meal frequency in 88.9% of the rain-fed agriculture and livestock rearing. PAs was three times a day and similar to The major crops grown in the woreda are normal years. Nonetheless, the quality and Wheat, Teff, Maize, Barley, Sorghum and quantity of food consumed in each meal ha pulses. The area gets a BI-modal rainfall, decreased. with Meher contributing 90% and Belg contributing 10% of the total production. Regarding health, 22.2% of the PAs reported that they had been suffering from malaria epidemic during the last three months. As a result, morbidity cases of 350 adults and 375 children were reported. During the reporting season preventive and curative control measures were undertaken jointly by community health workers, Ministry of Health and other concerned government offices.

Prevalence of wasting, underweight and stunting of Adama & Bosat Woreda

50 40 30 20 10

Prevalence rate 0 wasting underweight stunting 25 Anthropometric indices

Nov'99 Nov'98 May '99 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

5.2.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment However, livestock prices had been constant across the time of the survey. (Fig. 2) Rainfall

Fig. 2 Average prices of livestock in Kersa Kondaltity Woreda The 1999 Meher rain started three weeks later than normal. The distribution and 700 600 amount of rain received during the season 500 400 was satisfactory. 300 200 Price in Birr 100 0 Crop Performance June'99 July'99 Aug'99 Sep'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 Period Covered Oxen Dry Cow Sheep Goat In Kersa Kondaltiti Woreda, a total of 52,549.25 ha of land was planted during the 1999 main production season. Crop stand The terms of trade between the most was found to be average to above average. marketed cereal (maize) and livestock Though no significant crop damage was (sheep) had been stable for the first three reported from insect pest, disease and weed months of the survey period and went infestation, chick pea and teff crops were upward for the last two months. As a result, mildly affected by ball worm and shoot fly, the purchasing power of the farmers had respectively. been improved. (Fig. 3)

Livestock Condition Fig3. Terms of Trade in Kersakondaltity Woreda

1.00 0.90 During the survey, availability and 0.80 0.70 0.60 adequacy of pasture and water was good 0.50 0.40 and the overall physical condition of 0.30 0.20 0.10 livestock in the woreda was found to be Maize for Sheep (In Quintals) - June'99 July'99 August'99 Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 satisfactory. No significant livestock disease Period Covered and death reported during the period.

5.2.3. Market Performance 5.2.4. Socio - Economic Conditions The price of all crops has been stable over the time period (June to October, 1999) and The three-major sources of food during the it started to fall in November due to the survey were food crop production, market inflow of newly harvested crops to the purchase and loans form friends and markets. (Fig. 1) relatives. But at the normal time the sources were food crop production, livestock Fig.1 Average price of Cereals in Kersa Kondaltity Woreda products and market purchases. The copping 250 mechanisms in the area were decrease in 200 meal frequency, quality & quantity and sale 150 100 of live animals. There was no human Price in Birr 50 disease out break in the woreda during the 0 June'99 July'99 Aug'99 Sep'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 reporting period. Period Covered Mixed Teff Mixed Wheat Sorghum White Maize

26 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

The daily wage rate for unskilled labor was and Barley, Sweet Potato, Irish potato and similar to that of the normal time. During Enset. the reporting period no unusual migration observed except the seasonal migration 6.1.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment from the highland to the midland and lowland in search of labor. Rainfall

5.2.5. Anthropometric Measurement The Meher rain started in June and continued up to end of October. Excessive The survey was conducted in November amount of rainfall was received in July, 1999 in 10 sample PAs of Kersa Kondaltiti August and October. The cessation of Woreda. During the survey 827 children Meher rain delayed by about 4 weeks as were weighed and measured. According to compared to normal years. The woreda the survey result wasting was 6.5%, received a total of 1320mm rainfall in 135 underweight 44% and stunting 48.4%. days during the year. This exceeds the mean Compared to the cut off- points (10%) the annual amount (1100mm) by 220mm. The level of wasting was low. amount and distribution of Meher rain was found to be favorable for the crop growth and development in the moist mid highland

Prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight of Kersa Kondaltiti part of the woreda which constitutes 72% of 60 woreda PAs. The rest 28% of the PAs in 50

40 the woreda received low amount of rainfall.

30 20 Crop Performance 10

0 Wasting Underweight Stunting According to data collected from anthropometricNov'99 NOV'98 May-99indices Badawacho woreda MOA, a total of 21,646 hectares of land was cultivated and covered with different crops during the season out of VI. South Nations Nationalities and which 8770 hectares of land was under extension package. Peoples State(SNNPS) Crop production estimate made by the 6.1. Badawacho Woreda (Shone ADP) woreda agriculture development office for the season was about 51,590 metric tones. 6.1.1. Background This amount of production is high as compared to last year. It is mainly attributed Shone ADP operates in Badawacho woreda, to increment in the cultivated land put under at 345 kms south of Addis extension package, improvement in the Ababa. The altitude ranges between 1560- utilization of agricultural inputs and 2000 m.a.s.l. The population of the woreda adequate rainfall for the season. Information is estimated to be 192,450 persons with 2 collected both from the woreda agriculture population density of 355 persons per km . office and key informants revealed that The livelihood of the community depends there was slight growth in the total on rain-fed agriculture and livestock rearing. production of the woreda as compared to the The major crops grown in the woreda are normal years. Maize, Teff, Haricot Bean, Beans, Sorghum,

27 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

However, there is a cutback in the crop The availability of pasture and water has production of peasant associations found in contributed for the good condition of the dry mid highland parts of the woreda. livestock. As a result the price of livestock This was due to low amount of rainfall has gone up. (Fig. 2) received during the season, area covered by major crops (maize and sorghum) was Fig. 2 Average Market Price of Livestock in Badawacho below normal and utilization of inputs was Woreda of Shone ADP 700 low as compared to the moist mid highland 600 farmers. 500 400

300

200 Armyworm infestation was observed on Price in Birr/Head 100 maize, sorghum and teff during the Meher 0 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Period Covered season. A total of 24 hectares of maize crop Plough Ox Dry Cow Ram was totally damaged and about 200 hectares of land covered by different crops were slightly affected by the outbreak. More than The terms of trade between the most 50 % of the PAs affected by the outbreak marketed crop (Maize) and livestock were found in the dry mid highland part of (Sheep) in the woreda has been showing an the woreda. increasing trend. For instance, during the last six months the terms of trade has Livestock Condition increased by 162 %.(Fig. 3)

The physical condition of the livestock Fig. 3 Terms of Trade in Badawacho Woreda of Shone ADP

during the survey was found to be normal. 150

The high amount of rainfall received up to 100 the end of October 1999 positively affected 50 the availability of both pasture and water for 0 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 the livestock. Unusual livestock disease was Period Covered not reported during the survey.

6.1.3. Market performance 6.1.4. Socio-Economic Conditions

Adequate rainfall, increment in the Crop production, market purchase and loan cultivated land put under extension package, from friends and relatives were the three improvement in the utilization of major food sources during the survey. agricultural inputs for the season has Farmers derive their cash income mainly resulted in good production. As a result, the from sale of livestock, sale of fire and price of grain has gone down (Fig.1). construction wood, petty trading and daily

Fig. 1 Average Market Price of Major Crops in Badawacho woreda of Shone ADP labor.

300 During the survey, the major food items 250 were crop production, market purchase, and 200 150 root crops like Enset, and taro. 100

Price in Birr/100kg 50

0 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Period Covered

Mixed Teff Mixed Barley White maize White wheat

28 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

No human epidemics were reported during 6.2.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment the season except common malaria cases in the lowland parts of the woreda. Rainfall

The onset of 1999 Meher rain was on time 6.1.5. Anthropometric Measurements in most parts of the woreda and late by two Weeks in some. The amount and A total of 489 children aged 6 to 59 months distribution of rainfall was relatively good were weighed and measured in 10 sample except in the 1st and 2nd dekads of PAs of the Woreda. In those PAs 4.3% were September for which excessive rain was wasted, 32.1% underweight and 44% were recorded. On the other hand, the cessation stunted. . The survey findings indicate that of rainfall was delayed by 2-3 weeks in the level of acute malnutrition of the area different parts of the woreda. has decreased and the nutritional status was in good condition. (Fig.4) Crop Performance

Compared to normal, the 1999 Meher Prevalence of wasting,underweight and stunting of Bada Wacho Woreda season major crop yield was low. The 50 overall reduction in yield was estimated to 40

30 be 20%. Information collected at the field 20 level revealed that the poor quality of seed Prevalence rate 10 and the failure (in some cases) to apply 0 wasting underweight stunting fertilizer at the recommended rate Anthropometric indices

Nov'99 Nov'98 May-99 contributed to the reduction in yield.

Livestock Condition 6.2. Shenkolla ADP (Soro Woreda) Availability of water was good in all of the 6.2.1. Background surveyed PAs while availability of pasture was relatively lower than normal. However, Shenkolla ADP is located in SNNPRS, the physical condition of livestock during Hadiya zone, Soro woreda 250 km South the survey was satisfactory. West of Addis Ababa with altitude falling in the range of 700-2900 m.a.s.l. The 6.2.3. Market performance population of the woreda is estimated at 277,442 with a population density of 650 Market price of cereals for the six months persons per sq.km2. The livelihood of the (June – November 1999) has shown a community depends on rain-fed agriculture decreasing tendency. For instance, the price and livestock rearing. The major crops of Maize was peak in August due to short grown in the woreda are Enset (false fall in market supply and decreased banana), wheat, Teff, Maize, Barley, afterwards. The major cause of the fall in Sorghum and pulse crops like Bean, Pea, price was the synchronized effect of the Lentil and Chickpea. relief/ FFW distribution and the Meher harvest. (Fig.1)

29 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

Fig 1 Average market price of major crops in Shenkolla ADP food were crop production, milk from animals and market purchase. The current 300 cash income for the purchase of food is 250 raised from sale of labor and sale of 200

150 livestock, whereas in normal years the 100 source of income is sale of cash crop 50 followed by sale of labor and sale of 0 June'99 July'99 August'99 Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 livestock. Period covered

Mixed Teff Mixed Wheat White Maize The three major copping mechanism being used by the communities are borrowing and support from kins & friends, sale of small Price of sheep and goat was generally stable animals, decrease the amount and frequency throughout the reporting period. The price of meal taken. of ox and cow had declined after September 1999. (Fig. 2) 6.2.5. Anthropometric Measurements During the survey of Meher 1999, 620 Fig. 2 Average Market Price of Livestock in Soro woreda of Shenkolla ADP children were measured. The 1999 food security survey result of soro woreda shows 900 800 that 4.7% were wasted, 33.8% underweight, 700 600 500 and 41% stunted. Compared to November 400 300 98 survey the level of wasting decreased by 200 Price in Birr per head 100 3.9%, underweight by 10% and stunting by 0 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 4.7%. According to the survey report the Peiod Covered decline in acute malnutrition was due to the OX Cow Sheep Goat distribution of supplementary food (Faffa) targeting the under five children and the The terms of trade between the most availability of fresh maize consumed by the marketed crop (Maize) and livestock children. And there was no epidemic out (Sheep) in the woreda increased (Fig. 3). break that could have affected the nutritional status of the children. According to the survey result, the acute malnutrition Fig. 3 Terms of Trade in Soro woreda of Shenkolla ADP status is low and is below the cut-off points 180 and the national average.(Fig. 4) 160 140 120 Prevalence of wasting,underweight& 100 stunting of Soro Woreda 80 60 60 40 Maize in Kg/Sheep 50 20 40 0 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 30 Peiod Covered 20 10 0

Wasting Underweight Stunting

6.2.4. Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Indices

Nov'99 Nov'98 Ma99 The current three major sources of food in the woreda comprised food crop production, market purchase and milk from animals. In normal times, however, the major sources of

30 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

6.3. Humbo Woreda (Damota ADP) crops like cotton plant were also severely damaged because of rainfall shortage. 6.3.1. Background Livestock Condition Damota I ADP is located in Humbo Woreda, . The altitude of The availability of pasture and water was the area ranges from 1100 – 1900 m.a.s.l. poor in the majority of the areas. As the The livelihood of the community is result the physical condition of the livestock dependent on agricultural production. Major was poor. crops grown in the area include maize, sorghum, Enset (false banana), sweet potato and haricot bean. Livestock herd size has significantly decreased from the normal. The main reason 6.3.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment for the decline was due to sale of animals for buying food items as a copping Rainfall mechanism. Even though diseases like trypanasomiasis and foot and mouth The onset of Meher rain was late by 2 diseases were reported, there was no weeks in 50% of the Woreda while it was unusual death. on time in the remaining areas. Even though the rainfall started on time in some parts of 6.3.3. Market performance the Woreda, its distribution and amount was very poor and there was extended dry spell The result of the survey shows that the price which resulted in wilting of the crops. On of maize was rising until the end of July. the other hand, the cessation was early by 3- But it declined afterwards because of the 4 weeks in 66.7% of the area. inflow of newly harvested crops to the markets and relief assistance in the area. Crop Performance (Fig. 1) The area covered by maize was lower than normal in 50% of the areas. The decline of Fig. 1 Average market price of crops in the area planted by maize was due to the Humbo woreda unusual low and inadequate rainfall. The 250 same is true for other crops like teff and 200 haricot bean. In addition to these, the area 150 100

planted by sweet potato had also declined Price in Birr/100 kg 50 due to shortage of planting materials. The 0 June'99 July'99 August'99 Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 other reason for the general decrease of area White Maize Period covered Mixed Barley planted was the effect of the failure of Belg Mixed Wheat White Sorghum rain, which had negative implication on land preparation, availability of oxen and seeds.

Unusual high temperature and severe rainfall shortage affected most of the crops in the area. In addition, army worm and ball worm had caused damages on crops. Cash

31 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

The prices of oxen and cows slightly for unskilled labor was 2.5 Birr/day. The increased from June to November with rate was declining in all parts of the Woreda some ups and downs. On the other hand, the as most people were in need of daily labor. prices of small ruminants (sheep and goat) remained stable. (Fig.2) Meal frequency, quality and quantity of food during the survey were deteriorated as

Average livestock price in Humbo woreda compared to the normal years. The current food shortage is ascribed to failure of crop 600 500 production due to rain shortage during 'Belg' 400 300 and 'Meher' seasons. 200 Price in Birr/head 100 0 June'99 July'99 August Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 6.3.5. Anthropometric Measurements Period covered Ox Cow Sheep Goat A total of 340 children were measured in 4 As a result the terms of trade between the sampled PAs in the month of November major-marketed crop (Maize) and livestock 1999. According to the analysis of the (Ox) had increased. (Fig. 3) survey, 8.2% were wasted, 26.8% underweight and 22.1% were stunted. Wasting was low as compared to the cut-off Terms of trade in Humbo Woreda of Damota ADP points (10%). (Fig. 4)

8.00

7.00 Prevalence of wasting,underweight and stunting for 6.00 Humbo Woreda

5.00

4.00

3.00 50

2.00 40

1.00 30

- 20

June'99 July'99 August Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 10 Prevalence rate 0 Period Covered Wasting underweight stunting Anthropometric indices

Nov'99 Nov'98 Nov'99

6.3.4. Socio-Economic Conditions 6.4. Sodo Zuria Woreda (Damota ADP) Generally, the primary sources of food 6.4.1. Background during the survey period were purchasing from market, food crop production, food aid Damota ADP also operates in Sodo Zuria and sharing of food. The major sources of woreda, North Omo Zone at a distance of food in normal years, however, were crop 420 kms South of Addis Ababa. The altitude production, milk and milk products and of the area ranges from 1700 to 2000 market purchases. m.a.s.l. The population of woreda is estimated at 199,674 with population At the time of survey the leading sources of 2 income for market purchases were sale of density of 400 people/km . The livelihood firewood, charcoal, live animals and labor of the community depends mainly on rain- while it was mainly sale of live animals in fed agriculture and livestock rearing. The normal times. The average daily wage rate major crops produced in the area include

32 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

maize, sweet potato, haricot beans, Teff and Average Maize Price in Sodo Woreda coffee. 250

200

6.4.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment 150

100 Price in Biir/100kg Rainfall 50

0 June July August Septmber October November The onset of Meher rain was late by 4 to 5 Period Covered weeks in 50% of the surveyed area, while it Maize was timely in the rest parts of the woreda. During the reporting period (June- The distribution of rainfall was uneven and November 1999) the price of Ox and cow erratic in nature. On the other hand, the had increased with some variations. cessation of Meher rain was late by 3 weeks However, the price of sheep and goat in 50% of the PAs. remained stable. (Fig.2)

Crop Performance Average livestock Price Sodo Zuria Woreda/ Damota ADP

The area planted by maize was more than 600 500 normal in 50% of the PAs and lower than 400 300 normal for the remaining areas. Inadequate 200 rainfall during land preparation and planting Period Covered 100 0 was the major reason for the decrease in June July August September October November area planted. The land covered by sweet Price in Birr/head potato was also reduced due to shortage of Ox cow sheep planting materials.

Shortage of rainfall and other crop damages A term of trade had increased during the like flood and infestation of armyworm had months (June to November) with the peak in resulted in reduction of yield in the woreda. October. This was because of the decrease in the price of Maize (Fig. 3) Livestock Condition

During the survey, the availability of Fig. 3 Terms of trade between maize and sheep in pasture and water was poor in most parts of sodo zuria woreda the woreda. Hence, the physical condition of 0.9 0.8 livestock was poor to satisfactory. 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 6.4.3. Market performance 0.1 0.0 July June August Period covered October November The market price of maize (usually available September in market) during the reporting period had decreased as of July because of the availability of fresh maize for consumption. 6.4.4. Socio-Economic Conditions (Fig.1) The primary sources of food during the survey were food crop production, and market purchase, whereas crop production

33 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999 and milk and milk products were the the two woredas is estimated to be 276,846. primary sources in normal times. The livelihood of the community depends on rain-fed agriculture and livestock rearing. With regards to health, malaria and Major crops grown in the area include dysentery epidemics were reported in some maize, barely, teff sorghum, wheat and PAs. bean. The altitude of the area ranges between 1700 and 2000 m.a.s.l. 6.4.5. Anthropometric Measurement 6.5.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment A total of 445 children were weighed and measured in 6 randomly selected PAs of Rainfall Sodo Zuria Woreda. The nutritional analysis of the survey revealed that 6.7% were The onset of Meher (major) rain in both wasted, 30.1% underweight and 38.7% Omosheleko and Kachabira Woredas was stunted. Compared to the cut-off points late by two weeks from the normal time. (10)% and the national average (8%) the The amount of the rain was high and level of wasting was low. And compared to relatively even in its distribution. The November’98 survey (4%) of the same cessation of rain on the other hand, was late period, the wasting status had increased. by three weeks in 55% of the surveyed PAs. Therefore, the nutritional status of the Woreda was fair considering acute In 69% of the woredas there was excessive malnutrition level. (Fig.4) rain in the last two dekads of September. The rainfall in the months of June, July and August was relatively normal.

Prevalence of wasting, underweight and stunting of Sodo Zuria Woreda Crop Performance

50 Excessive and erratic nature of the rain, low 40 supply of agricultural inputs, and infestation 30 of armyworm had resulted in reduction of 20 crop yield in the two woredas. 10 0 Wasting Underweight stunting Livestock Condition

Anthropometric indices Nov'99 Nov'98 May'99 Availability of pasture and water was relatively good because of the late cessation 6.5.Omosheleko & Kachabira Woredas of rainfall in the woredas. Hence, the (Omosheleko ADP) physical condition of the livestock was satisfactory. 6.5.1. Background 6.5.3. Market Performance Omosheleko ADP operates in Omo Sheleko and Kachabira Woredas in Kembata Alaba There was minor decrease in the prices of and Zone at 410 kms South of major crops from August to October Addis Ababa. According to Central because of fresh maize consumption. (Fig.1) Statistics Authority, the total population of

34 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

Average Price of Grain in Omosheleko & Kachbira Woreda

350

300 As a coping mechanism farmers sold live 250 animals, get support from friends and 200

150 relatives and decrease in meal frequency.

100 50 With regards to health, no major human 0 June'99 July'99 Aug'99 Sept,99 Oct'99 disease epidemic was reported.

TeffPeriod coveredWheat Barely 6.5.5. Anthropometric Measurement Except in October, livestock price was In November 1999 a total of 726 children almost constant. (Fig.2) were measured in 11 sample PAs of both Woredas. According to the survey result, 13.6% of children were wasted, 33.3% Fig. 2 Average livestock price in Omo Sheleko woreda underweight and 28.7%stunted. The level of 600 wasting was greater than the cut-off points 500

400 (10%) by 3.3%. Compared to the same

300 period of November 1998 survey, the level

200 Price in Birr/head of wasting increased by 4.5%.( Fig. 4) 100

0 Prevalence of wasting, Underweight and stunting of June'99 July'99 Aug'99 Sept'99 Oct'99 Omosheleko& Kachabira Woreda Period covered

OX Cow Sheep

50

40

30 The terms of trade (TOT) between wheat 20 10 Prevalence rate and sheep was more or less stable through 0 wasting underweight stunting out the months.( Fig3) Anthropometric indices

Terms of Trade in Saatusa ADP Nov'99 Nov'98 May'99

9.00 8.00 7.00

6.00 6.6. Boreda Abaya & Chencha (Saatusa 5.00 ADP) 4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00 6.6.1. Background

- June'99 July'99 Aug'99 Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 Period Covered Satusa ADP operates in Boreda Abaya and Chencha Woredas, North Omo zone at 457 6.5.4. Socio-Economic Conditions kms South of Addis Ababa. The altitude of the area ranges from 1170 to 3400 m.a.s.l. During the survey, the food source of the The major crops grown in the area include area was crop production. However, some root crops like Enset (false banana); cereals of the households in the woredas had started like wheat, teff, maize, barley and sorghum; food purchase due to both Belg and Meher pulses like beans, pea, lentils and chickpea. crop failure.. Cash income for market purchase was mainly obtained from sale of 6.6.2. Crop and Livestock Assessment live animals, and daily labor.

35 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

Rainfall Fig.2 Average Price of Livestock in Boreda Abaya & Chencha Woredas Onset of the ‘Meher rain was late by 2-4 700 weeks in 80% of the surveyed PAs. On the 600 500 other hand, cessation of the rain was earlier 400 300 in 70% of the PAs by 3-6 weeks. Price in Birr 200 100

0 Jun.99 Jul.99 Aug.99 Sept.99 Oct.99 Nov.99 The amount of the ‘Meher’ rainfall was Period Covered generally excessive in the highland areas Ox Cow Goat Sheep and small and erratic throughout the lowlands. Terms of trade between maize and ox had slightly increased starting from July. (Fig.3). Crop Performance

Fig.3 Terms of Trade between Ox and Maize in Boreda Abaya & Chenca Woredas Due to moisture stress in the lowland and 6 excessive rainfall in the highland total 5 production of the Meher season was 4 expected to decrease by 24% from the 3 2 Maize in Qt/ Ox normal. 1

0 Jun.99 Jul.99 Aug.99 Sept.99 Oct.99 Nov.99 Livestock Condition Period Covered

Due to the availability of water and grazing 6.6.4. Socio-Economic Conditions land, the physical condition of the livestock was good. In the normal years major sources of food in the lowland of the woreda were food crop 6.6.3. Market Performance production, market purchase and sharing of food items. Currently, however, the major Market price of major crops declined sources are market purchase, food crop through out of the six months (June – production and relief food distribution. The November 1999). The main cause of the fall major cause for the change in current source in price was relief food distribution and of food was identified to be repeated crop inflow of grain from surplus producing failure prevailing in the area. woredas. (Fig. 1)

Fig.1 Average Price of Cereals in Boreda Abaya & Chencha Woredas 6.6.5. Anthropometric Measurement

350 300 A total of 515 children were measured in 8 250 200 randomly selected PAs of Boreda Abeya 150 100 and Chencha Woredas. In November 1999 Average Price in Birr 50 0 survey the rate of wasting was 5.8%, Jun.99 Jul.99 Aug.99 Sept.99 Oct.99 Nov.99 Period Covered underweight 46% and stunting 61%. Maize Wheat Teff Barley Comparing the status of wasting to the cut- off points (10%) and the national figure Price of livestock was almost constant as of (8%) the wasting level was low. And when July 1999. (Fig.2) compared to the same period of last year, November 1998 survey (5.1%) the

36 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999 difference was very small (Fig.4).

Prevalence of wasting, underweight and stunting In Satusa ADP area

70 60 50 40 30 20

prevalence Rate 10 0 wasting underweight stunting Anthropometric indices Nov.98 Nov.99 May-99

37 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

Conclusion Anthropometric measurement result The onset of 1999 main rainy season (June- revealed that the level of wasting has September) was late by one to five weeks in increased as compared to the same period of the majority of the surveyed woredas and on last year. time only in 16% of the areas. Cessation The highest wasting was reported in Tenta was also reported to be late by some weeks woreda (23%). Atsibi womberta, Tseda in the study areas. In general, the rainy Amba, Gera Keya, Omo sheleko, and season was characterized by erratic and Kachabira had also wasting level above the unevenness which was inconvenient for the cut-off point (>10%)5 where selective crop production. supplementary feeding of malnourished children and vulnerable groups is The erratic nature and shortage of rainfall in recommended. Other woredas such as the season resulted in a significant Humbo, Arthuma Jille and Dawa Chefa had abatement in crop production of the areas. marginal nutritional status and thus need The performance of the crops during the immediate close monitoring. While, the season was reported to be poor in about remaining woredas namely; Antsokia 65% of the woredas. Pests like; ball worm, Gemza, Kersa kondaltiti, Adama, Boset, aphids, shoot fly and army wormy were Sodo Zuria, Boreda Abaya, and Chencha reported in some areas. had moderate level malnutrition and need close monitoring. Soro and Badawacho had During the season most of the woredas had acceptable nutritional status. faced food deficit and the major food sources were market purchase, food aid, In general, the significant production own production and loan from friends and shortfall of 1999 Belg season coupled with relatives. The cash income for the purchase the poor crop production of Meher season of food was mainly derived from sale of resulted in acute food shortage in most of livestock (>50%), charcoal and fuel wood, the surveyed woredas. Hence, immediate and petty trading. The amount, quality and intervention measures are recommended to frequency of meal taken have also save lives of the destitute. deteriorated considerably.

Due to late cessation of the Meher rain however, the physical condition of the livestock was good.

The market assessment conducted for the last six months (June–November 99) indicated that price of cereals had been declining, because of the inflow of newly harvested crops to the markets. On the other hand, the price of livestock was slightly raised during the reporting period. The terms of trade had also increased because of the decline in the price of crops.

5 The level above which intervention is required.

38 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999

Nutritional Status of Operational Woreda for Under Five Children of November 1999

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0 Prevalence Rate

10.0

-

Operational Woredas

Wasting (%) Underweight (%) Stunting (%)

14