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Con-Abst-Declar, Final Version ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES HOMEGARDENS AND SPICES OF BASKETO AND KAFA (SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA): PLANT DIVERSITY, PRODUCT VALORIZATION AND IMPLICATIONS TO BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION By Feleke Woldeyes A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology (Botanical Sciences) February 2011 Addis Ababa ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES HOMEGARDENS AND SPICES OF BASKETO AND KAFA (SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA): PLANT DIVERSITY, PRODUCT VALORIZATION AND IMPLICATIONS TO BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION By Feleke Woldeyes A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology (Botanical Sciences) Approved by the Examining Board: Prof. Sileshi Nemomissa (Internal Examiner) ________________________________ Prof. P. Van Damme (External Examiner) ________________________________ Dr. Zemede Asfaw (Supervisor) ________________________________ Prof. Sebsebe Demissew (Supervisor) ________________________________ Prof. Bernard Roussel (Supervisor) ________________________________ Prof. Zerihun Woldu (Chairman) ________________________________ DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the Basket and Kafecho peoples who, through innovative agricultural practices for generations, developed such a sustainable crop production system - Homegardening. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is a work which became a reality through contributions of many people and institutions. It is, therefore, a real delight to say a few words in recognition of the assistance I enjoyed. My first and foremost gratitude goes to my supervisors, Dr. Zemede Asfaw, Prof. Sebsebe Demissew, and Prof. Bernard Roussel, whose guidance, constructive comments and suggestions have been highly invaluable for the completion of the study. I am indebted to Prof. Bernard Roussel who, beyond his role as supervisor, was also helpful in securing finance for the research, and organizing a trip to France. The principal subjects of this study are the peoples of Basketo and Kafa, their knowledge systems and the biological resources they maintained. Had it not been for their unreserved cooperation, this thesis would not have materialized. I am, therefore, deeply indebted to the two communities in general and those farmers whose homegardens were used as study units in particular. They did not only allow me to frequently work in their gardens but also volunteered to answer my questions and also shared with me what ever their kitchens have produced. I am also grateful to the Administrations and the Agricultural and Rural Development Offices of Basketo Special Woreda, Kafa Zone, Gimbo Woreda and Decha Woreda of the South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State for their assistance that enabled a smooth running of the research. The finance required for the research component of my study was made available by the BIODIVALLOC project, and I am thankful to the project and also the French Institute of Development Research (IRD), France, Dr. François Verdeaux and Valérie Boisvert of IRD, and the French Center for Ethiopian Studies (Ethiopia) for they allowed a smooth flow of finance. My special thanks also go to the management body and staff of my institution, Arba Minch University (AMU), for their unlimited support including in sponsoring my study, providing a vehicle for field work and caring for my family. I wish to thank Addis Ababa University for it provided the study opportunity and allowed me to use its facilities. I am highly indebted to Dr. Nigist Asfaw who appreciated the idea of investigating the chemical composition of Aframomum corrorima seeds and who undertook the analysis. I also thank Prof. Zerihun Woldu and Prof. Sileshi Nemomissa for introducing me with useful concepts and methods and also for their continuous encouragement. Dr. Tarekegn Tadesse (President, AMU) and Ato Alemayehu Chufamo (former Vice President for Administrative Affairs, AMU) have never hesitated to provide their assistance in whatever possible, and I graciously thank them. Many other people have equally been supportive. Dr. Tesfaye Awas, Dr. Mirutse Giday, Dr. Getachew Addis, Dr. Feyera Senbeta, Dr. Kassahun Tesfaye, and Dr. K. Hylander, provided me with valuable reference materials; Dr. Emanuel Gebreyohannes assisted in statistical data analysis and interpretation; Ato Melaku Wondafrash and W/t Shewangizhiw Lemma have been cooperative whenever I worked in the National Herbarium; Cindy Adolphe and Goisbault Ludivine were kind enough to make my stay in Paris comfortable. Special thanks are due to those who assisted me during the field work: Ato Samuel Teshome, Ato Yaregal Adinew, Ato Adem Girma and Ato Amare Fulas (from Basketo); Ato Tadesse Alamirew, Ato Teshome Mamo and Ato Delelegn Ergano (from Bonga), Ato Admassu Tekola, Ato Feseha Alemu, Ato Anteneh Berhanu and Ato Gebre Asfaw (from Gimbo), Ato Tamene Tesema and Ato Adale Haile (from Kayakeella); Ato Adelo Haile (from Ufa), Ato Adugna Gebre (from Beha); and Ato Fitawok Adugna and Ato Yeshane Alemu (AMU drivers). Several colleagues at AMU, particularly Ato Alemayehu Hailemichael, Ato Fantahun Woldesenbet and Ato Shiferaw Abate, Ato Awoke Guade, Ato Dereje Akalu and Ato Zenebe Zewde have exceptionally been considerate, and I am grateful for every assistance they provided. I am thankful to my friend Ato Tekalign Zewde whose company I have enjoyed very much while I was in Addis. I am grateful to my Friends Ato Atnafu Asfaw and Ato Gezahegn Tesfaye at Hawasa, who acted on my behalf whenever I sought assistance. I used to share a single room with fellow PhD candidates Ato Amare Belay, Ato Berhanu Andualem and Ato Mulugeta Aimiro, and I appreciate the amicable relationships we had. I owe my deepest gratitude to my brothers Ato Habtamu Woldeyes, Ato Tesfaye Woldeyes, Ato Kebede Kenismaho, Ato Alemu Woldeyes and Ato Syoum Woldeyes and their families for they stood by my side from the beginning till the end. I wish a longer life to my mother, W/o Belaynesh Gebresilassie, who cultivated me during my early ages and who prayed for my success and safety afterwards. My wife, W/o Etenesh Getachew, successfully shouldered all family responsibilities during my absence and I extend my sincere appreciation and gratitude to her and our kids Mariamawit and Michael who missed the paternal care and affection they deserve for four long years. Lastly, I offer my regards to all institutions and individuals who supported me in any way during the entire period of my study. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i LIST OF TABLES-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii LIST OF FIGURES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------v LIST OF APPENDICES --------------------------------------------------------------------------vii ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------viii 1. INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW -----------------------------------------------------------------------5 2.1 Local worldviews and resource use norms ----------------------------------------------5 2.1.1 Local worldviews ---------------------------------------------------------------------5 2.1.2 Local resource use norms and management practices----------------------------8 2.1.3 Potential contributions of local resource management systems to sustainability beyond the local level ----------------------------------------------14 2.2 Systems of local classification-------------------------------------------------------------16 2.2.1 Ethnotaxonomy ----------------------------------------------------------------------16 2.2 2 Principles of ethnobiological classification --------------------------------------17 2.2.3 Correspondence between local and scientific classification -------------------21 2.3 Traditional farming systems --------------------------------------------------------------23 2.3.1 Origin of agriculture -----------------------------------------------------------------23 2.3.2 Features of traditional farming systems ------------------------------------------24 2.3.3 Farming in Ethiopia -----------------------------------------------------------------26 2.4 The homegarden system-------------------------------------------------------------------28 2.4.1 Characteristic features of homegardens ------------------------------------------28 2.4.2 Role of homegardens and management practices -------------------------------32 2.4.3 Ethiopian homegardens ------------------------------------------------------------34 2.4.4 Changes, threats and opportunities associated with homegardensn-----------36 2.5 Spices: invaluable items that lack universal definition ---------------------------------37 2.5.1 History of spice use and trade-------------------------------------------------------38 2.5.2 Human spice uses---------------------------------------------------------------------41 2.5.3 Spices in Ethiopia --------------------------------------------------------------------43 2.6. Valorization of origin based products: an option for biodiversity conservation and local development ----------------------------------------------------------------------------45 3. OBJECTIVES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
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