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AMERICAN CATHOLIC STUDIES EWSLETTE

CUSHWA CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF AMERICAN CATHOLICISM

Religion as a Conversation Starter

eligion's public very same journal. Apparently uncon­ skewed assessment also needs to be presence - cerned about his popularity ratings, shouldered by scholars sympathetic to the social Kazin argues that religious commitment religion's public presence. The latter impact of "has been an indispensable source of have not, on the whole, gone out of churches, wisdom and rhetoric for many of the their way to write the kind of books religious most effective and influential exponents that will grab the attention of someone institutions and of social change in American history." not interested in religion for its own individual believers - has long been a For their part, historians are familiar sake. subject of controversy, though the with the religious aspects of most Nevertheless, as Marxist orthodox­ debate seems to be changing in some American reform movements, including ies are tossed into the dustbin of history, surprising ways in the late 1990s. Not abolitionism, temperance, civil rights, and as the Enlightenment project itself is long ago it would have been difficult to the sanctuary movement, advocacy for buffeted by waves of postmodern skepti­ find a secular, left-leaning intellectual children and the poor, and even opposi­ cism, intellectuals are - for the mo­ willing to argue with Nation columnist tion to the Vietnam war, but journalists ment at least - reconsidering their Katha Pollitt's claim that religion is "a and even most scholars have rarely customary dismissal of religion. While farrago of authoritarian nonsense, mi­ shown much appreciation for religion's Kazin is far from alone in offering a re­ sogyny and humble pie, the eternal rich and still relevant legacy of activism evaluation of the social functions of enemy of human happiness and and reform. religion, it is unclear what effect this freedom." Without question, there is a disin­ much-needed correction in scholarly Today, however, we see intellectu­ clination in the secular academy to opinion will have. What is clear is that als of impeccable leftist and secular consider data that might disturb its dim those who would welcome a more credentials such as Michael Kazin taking view of the consequences of religious balanced appreciation of religion's that one-sided stereotype to task in the belief. But some of the blame for this complex role in American history have only begun to argue their case. But begun they have, and several recent books illustrate what can be I N s I D E accomplished by way of revising the standard perception of the nation's development when we look for religion Cushwa Center Activities ...... 2-9 in unexpected places. The picture that emerges is usually a complex one, Archives 13-14 Report challenging the preconceptions of religion's hopeful supporters even as it Announcements ...... 14-16 complicates the story accepted by its cultured despisers. Publications: The Encyclopedia of American Catholic History ...... 16-23

see Religion, page 10 CUSHWA CENTER ACTIVITIES

Cushwas to Endow Cushwa Center's New 2) The evolution of American Catholic social ethics, public presences Cushwa Center on Home Campus and religious identity (from devotional practices and worship styles to parish, Directorship and other forms of The Cushwa Center has a new, spacious sodality, para-church as these home on Notre Dame's campus, com­ Catholic affiliation), especially William W. and Anna Jean Cushwa of plete with a conference room and coincided with the ethnic and racial Youngstown, Ohio, recently made a additional offices for visitino- diversification of the Catholic commu­ library, o major contribution to the historical scholars, and proximity to other research nity and with the experience of prosper­ study of American Catholicism by centers and institutes of the University. ity and upward social mobility for many providing a generous gift to the Univer­ The new address is: Catholics; sity of Notre Dame for the purpose of 3) The effect of the Second Vatican endowing the directorship of the Cushwa Center for the Study of Council on the personal and professional Cushwa Center. The gift means, among American Catholicism lives of Catholics both as members other things, that the Cushwa Center University of Notre Dame of the Church and as citizens of the will enjoy the resources necessary to 1135 Flanner Hall republic; remain a leading research center on Notre Dame, IN 46556-5611 4) The rise and decline of orders campus and to stand among the national of women religious, with the "decline and international organizations dedi­ "Catholicism in thesis" examined critically and in tan­ cated to the continued vitality of the dem with investigation of the changing Church's intellectual mission. Twentieth-Century roles of Catholic lay women. William W. Cushwa, a 1959 Notre America" These themes were suggested both Dame graduate and former vice presi­ by the general conceptual framework of dent of Commercial Intertech Corpora­ The current research agenda of the the project and by numerous impressive tion, is the son of Charles B. and Cushwa Center is in effect a to grant proposals in these areas, not all of Margaret Hall Cushwa, who in 1981 response historian Patrick Carey's recommenda­ which could be funded. The "Public provided the charitable lead trust that tion that historians the inter­ Presences" steering committee had a established the Cushwa Center as a investigate active dimensions of the American series of meetings to discuss the overall permanent presence in the world of Catholic with atten­ goals of the project, the proposals re­ Catholic scholarship. Bill and Anna experience, special ceived and current tion to the ways in which Catholic directions in histori­ (Schuler) Cushwa, a of Jean graduate cal in religious leadership and institutions were research; late March, they Cornell University, have a keen interest in collaboration or awarded substantial grants to eight in research, shaped competition fostering scholarly teaching - with other religious and secular bodies. scholars four faculty and four gradu­ and public discourse that enhances In fall 1997, with ate students writing dissertations. Each understanding of Catholicism in the generous support from the Lilly Endowment and the of these scholars now joins a team that United States, and they believe that the University of Notre Dame, the Cushwa will meet regularly over the next two Cushwa Center is prepared to "move to Center initiated a new research years to discuss and criticize the work in the next level" in its service to the project, "Catholicism in Twentieth-Century progress. Church and the academy. America," that will explore the various The faculty fellows include James "Once again the generosity of the interactions between Catholics and T. Fisher, who holds the Danforth Cushwa family is focused on Catholic other Americans in the spheres of work, Chair in Humanities and teaches in the scholarship, which is at the heart of culture and politics. Broadly, research­ departments of history and theological Notre Dame's identity as a Catholic ers are concerned with the Catho­ studies at St. Louis University; he is the university," said Jay P. Dolan, the ways lic institutions, belief and author of The Catholic Counterculture in former director of the center. "Weare religious practice have affected and been affected America, 1933-1962 and Dr. America: grateful that Bill and Anna Jean Cushwa by events and movements in the larger The Lives of Thomas A. Dooley, 1927- appreciate the importance of historical American As the has 1961. Fisher's is titled "Cover­ research in the life of the Church. This society. project project taken shape over the 1997-98 academic ing the Waterfront: Culture and is a wonderful gift that will certainly certain themes are in the Catholic enhance the work of the Cushwa year, specific Ideology Metropolis, emerging: 1936-1960." Central to this study of Center as it enters a new of its phase the Manhattan waterfront " 1) Changing Catholic attitudes is the figure development. of M. toward work and career, with emphasis Jesuit John Corridan of the Xavier on analyzing the various forms of lead­ Labor School and his struggle against ership and participation in labor move­ corruption along the piers, particularly ments, in Catholic schools and hospitals, among leaders and members of the and in the workforce more generally;

2 International Longshoreman's Associa­ Catholic Town, St. Paul, Minnesota," struggle for integration upon Catholic tion. Two conflicting styles of Catholi­ received her PhD. in history from attitudes toward social change. LaLonde cism met when Corridan, an advocate of Duke University and is the author of considers "Catholics' reaction to, cre­ 20th-century Catholic social teaching, "Rethinking Paternalism: Power and ation of, and opposition to social challenged a Catholic working-class Parochialism in a Southern Mill Vil­ change" in light of their religious belief. culture that separated the social, political lage," in the journal of American History. Her work will explore the relationship and spiritual spheres of life. At stake in Her project examines Catholicism's between the most significant social issue this struggle, says Fisher, "was the very distinctive place in the structures of of the 1960s, race, with what was un­ definition of Catholic life itself: its culture, class and power in St. Paul, questionably the most divisive issue ethics, its politics, its public theology." focusing on the Church's role as media­ within the Church in that decade, the The Second Vatican Council tor during the 1930s when labor dis­ papal condemnation of contraception. endorsed Corridan's vision of a new putes were erupting into violence in Mark E. Santow, a Ph.D. candidate type of public presence for Catholics in other parts of the nation. Wingerd's at the University of Pennsylvania, ad­ the interrelated worlds of labor and study will trace the interventions of dresses aspects of themes raised by political life. Faculty fellow Timothy I. Catholic leaders and organizations Professors Fisher and Rosswurm in his Kelly of the Department of History at during the economic and social upheav­ study of "An American Faith: Saul St. Vincent College in Latrobe, Pennsyl­ als of the Depression era and narrate the Alinsky and Urban Democracy, 1939- vania, addresses the effect of the council Church's role in the evolution of the 1972." Santow's dissertation will trace in "The Lay Experience of the Second city's civic culture in the ensuing radical activist Saul Alinsky's neighbor­ Vatican Council Reforms: A Social decades. hood-centered organizing to his experi­ History," his study of the Catholic ences in Chicago's back-of-the-yards, community of Pittsburgh. Kelly exploring the non-Catholic Alinsky's is the author of several articles and close associations with Catholic priests in books, and lay including Ber­ chapters including At stake in the people, Bishop "Suburbanization and the Decline of struggle nard Sheil, Cardinals Stritch and Meyer, Catholic Public Ritual" in the journal of Jacques Maritain, and Msgrs. John Egan Social History. His project comprehends between the longshoremen and John O'Grady. Santow will argue a diverse set of topics surrounding the that Alinsky's vision was readily appro­ reception of Vatican II in the American priated by "the parish-centered territo­ and the priest, says Fisher, church: the decline of public ritual and rial sensibility of urban Catholicism." popular devotions, the rise of "gender Andrew S. Moore, a Ph.D. candi­ "was the politics," new models of citizenship and very difìnition of date at the University of Florida, takes church affiliation, and the changing up an overlooked but central topic, social psychology of American Catholic life itself: its ethics, "Catholics in the Modern South: The Catholicism. Transformation of a Religion and a A third faculty fellow, Steve Region, 1945-1975," a study set against its its Rosswurm, professor of history at Lake politics, public the backdrop of the civil rights and Forest College in Lake Forest, Illinois, feminist movements. Looking closely at " will be completing a comprehensive theology. the dioceses of Atlanta, Georgia, and study of "Catholics and the CIO." Birmingham, Alabama, Moore finds that Rosswurm is the author of Arms, Coun­ these movements "brought into sharp try, and Class: The Philadelphia Militia relief internal conflicts between liberal and Lower Sort During the American Revo­ Four dissertations complement and conservative, leadership and laity, 1775-1783 and editor of The and and within the lution, these themes or pioneer new fields of priest prelate" CIO's Left-Led Unions. Catholics made research in understudied but important Church. White Southern Catholics up 40 percent of the CIO's 6 million "public presence" topics. resisted Vatican II, says Moore, because members at one point, yet the religious The dissertation fellows include it "reinforced liberal religious and social composition of the union has been Kristine L. LaLonde, whose dissertation changes." Moore finds that social ignored by labor historians. Rosswurm examines "The Impact of Work for conflict over women's roles in particular will the in facilitated an ecumenical of study complicated ways Racial Integration on the Clergy's restructuring which the CIO facilitated Catholic around and Response to Humanae Vitae in the religion gender reproductive entry into mainstream society and how Archdiocese of Washington, 1958- issues that lent distinctive shape to in turn the CIO. His Southern Catholicism in the decades Catholics shaped 1972." LaLonde is a Ph.D. candidate research to new vistas on the Second World War. promises open at the University of Virginia. Her following the world of Catholicism Colleen a Ph.D. candidate working-class research, which in some ways parallels Doody, at a time when it wielded unprec­ Professor Kelly's study of Pittsburgh at the University of Virginia, examines a edented and cultural influence. different dimension of Catholicism and political during the Vatican II era, examines Lethert whose social conflict in her dissertation on Mary Wingerd, Washington, D.C.'s Catholic commu­ Limits: "The Political study is titled "City Class, nity in the 1960s and 1970s, exploring Culture of Cold War and the of an Irish- Detroit, 1945-1955." Culture, Making the effect of race, poverty and the Doody explores

3 "the cultural underpinnings of American Theological Seminary in New York, is subgroups renegotiated the subculture's anti-communism," showing that Catho­ studying the "Mission History of Four ethnic, class and gender boundaries." As lic anti-communism was part of a larger Congregations of Women Religious: women, in obedience to the mandates defense of traditional sources of moral­ The Role of the Sisters of Notre Dame, of the faith, stepped out into the world, ity, the patriarcha! family, and the Amityville Dominicans, Trinitarians, they found themselves being trans­ and this Catholic Church. Doody will pay close and josephites in the Academic and formed by that very service, attention to the political dimensions of Spiritual Formation of Puerto Ricans." transformation would eventually affect Marian devotions and the connections She is the author of the award-winning their original communities. between rosary associations and munici­ Oxcart Catholicism on Fifth Avenue: The These four scholars will pursue pal politics, showing how the matriar­ Impact oj the Puerto Rican Migration Upon much-needed research on Catholic chal dimension of Catholic devotional the Archdiocese oj New York. The reli­ women's orders, the social service culture was marshaled into a powerful gious history of Puerto Rico has been activities of Catholic laywomen, and the ideological defense of a traditional urban largely ignored by scholars, and the experiences of Catholic women in the community. history of Catholic missionary women world of professional employment. on the island has been particularly Byrne and Diaz-Stevens will explore the * ** neglected. Diaz-Stevens proposes to alternative cultures of intentional female document and analyze the history of religious communities under pluralistic, The "Catholic Women" working missionary women and their effect on modern conditions. Wolfteich's re­ group, in documenting the changing the Puerto Rican people, as well as the search will display from the religious roles of Catholic women in the educa­ effect of the missionary experience in angle the social and cultural effect of tion and formation of Catholic youth, in Puerto Rico on these four women's entry into the workforce. pastoral leadership and in professional congregations. Skok's dissertation will serve as a timely life, will also address "public presences" Two grant recipients focus their complement to the increasing number themes without restricting the study of research on lay Catholics. Claire of historical studies of Protestant women's agency to the public sphere. Wolfteich, assistant professor in the women's charitable activities during the Four scholars - three faculty and one School of Theology at Boston Univer­ seminal early decades of the century, dissertationist - have been awarded sity, is studying "American Catholic Lay adding new data on the Catholic experi­ fellowships in support of their research. Women's Experiences of Work and ence to our growing knowledge of Two faculty fellows will examine Spirituality, 1950-1995." Wolfteich religious social service in urban various dimensions of the Catholic will examine the relationship between America. subcultures created and subsequently religion and women's vocational transformed by women religious. *** choices, with particular attention to the Patricia Byrne, CS.]., is working on a supposedly inhibiting effect Catholicism comprehensive study of "The Society of "Catholic Practices and Catholic is held to have had on women entering the Sacred Heart in the United States, a third is the workforce. She will demonstrate Identity," working-group, 1914-1990." She is associate professor exploring the historical relationship the "ways in which Catholic women in the Department of Religion at Trin­ between ethnic identity, moral codes, forged new understandings of their own ity College in Hartford, Connecticut, and devotional and sacramental prac­ identities and vocations" in the shifting and a researcher and writer in history for tices, on the one hand, and pastoral religious and social landscape of post­ the U.S. Province of the of the and institutional on Society war America. leadership loyalty, Sacred Heart. She has authored "In the the other. Three projects have been Deborah Skok, a Ph.D. candidate at Parish but Not ofIt: Sisters," in Trans­ designed to trace the intersections the University of Chicago, is working Jorming Parish Ministry, "American between the religious worldviews of the on a dissertation titled "Negotiating Ultramontanism" in Theological Studies, two largest ethnic groups in the church Religion in Modern America: Chicago's and other articles. Grounded in exten­ (Hispanic- and Euro-American), the Catholic Settlement Houses and Day sive archival work in the United States devotional and sacramental Nurseries." Her research examines the practices and Rome, seeks to redress the and the Byrne extensive network of settlement houses promoted by parish leadership, lack of serious histories of women institutional loyalties of these groups. and day nurseries founded by Catholic religious; unlike previous histories that Scholars and church leaders are lay women in Chicago in the first three the take the internal development of paying belated attention to the ways decades of the century, paying close congregation as their organizing prin­ Hispanic Catholic communities have attention to the ways women attempted ciple, this study will integrate Catholic preserved a distinctive religious sensibil­ "to carve out a more public role for women religious into general studies of ity amidst the challenges of a modern, themselves within the city's Catholic Catholicism, women's history, educa­ urban environment, but there are a subculture," and the manner in which only tion, and in the United handful of reliable studies of the 15 spirituality their work "helped the subculture itself States. million-strong Hispanic Catholic com­ to expand and change." Settlement Ana Maria Diaz-Stevens, associate munity in the United States. Thus the houses and day nurseries, says Skok, of church and society at Union Cushwa Center has commissioned a professor "became sites where Chicago's Catholic

4 from 1930 to 1970. The multi-authored work that will engage A second, multi-authored volume the period was intense historians, ethnographers and theolo­ will consist of four historical essays on debate over birth control gians in a critical dialogue about the the effect of postwar social change and and pervasive, attracted considerable growing Hispanic presence in the U.S. Vatican II on Euro-American beliefs and attention from the non-Catholic world, Catholic church and the distinctive practices. The volume will consist of a and occasioned monumental debates worldviews that inform Hispanic reli­ study of prayer by Joseph Chinnici, a within the Catholic community over gious cultures. history of Marian devotions by Paula the nature and meaning of sexuality, as The volume will consist of eight Kane, an examination of changes in well as the role of ecclesiastical author­ essays edited by Timothy Matovina and eucharistic practice by Margaret ity. This watershed controversy Gary Riebe-Estrella, whose introduction McGuinness, and a history of confession presaged later disputes over clerical will sketch the outlines of Latino popu­ by James O'Toole. Together, these celibacy, divorce and remarriage, abor­ lar devotion and the interdisciplinary essays will provide a vivid analytical tion, and homosexuality, influencing method employed in the book. Or­ portrait of the week-to-week religious the terms of these debates. lando Espiri describes the Sensus Fidelium culture of the American Catholic com­ The apogee of the debate over of Latino Catholicism, while other munity and how it changed over the birth control coincided with the after­ chapters explore the diversity of His­ course of the second half of the 20th shocks of Vatican II and the social panic practices and religious cultures century. This volume will go beyond changes of the 1960s and is generally (Luis Leon), with case studies of the earlier studies of Catholic devotional believed to be implicated in the crisis of devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe culture, examining religious practices in vocations that began in those years and (Matovina), the rituals of suffering, life, light of questions currently being asked continues to this day. Tender's study and death (chapters by Karen Mary about the relation between devotions, will explore several decades of the birth­ Davalos, Lara Medina and Gilbert faith formation and the inculcation of a control issue, from the pre-Vatican II Cadena), and the theology and practices corporate religious identity. era to Humanae Vitae and beyond, of collective memory (Roberto Perhaps the most distinctive Catho­ attending to the ways in which this Goizueta). The volume will conclude lic practice in this century has also been teaching and the need to defend it with Arturo Pérez Rodriguez's discus­ the most contentious. A third volume affected priests' relationships with their sion of the pastoral implications of the by Leslie Tender will examine the birth­ congregations and with the hierarchy, study's findings. control controversy in the American altering their self-understandings of their Catholic church, focusing primarily on roles along the way.

"Catholic U1Jmen in Twentieth-Century America"

PURPOSE have been neglected, Recipients will be chosen by a Applications should include: panel composed of Catholic historians and eminent 1. A typed, double-spaced description of your project, "Catholicism in Twentieth-Century America" seeks to historians in other fields. apprOXimately 1,200 to 1,500 words. integrate the experiences and contributions of Catholics Proposals on "Catholic Women in Twentieth-Century 2. A curriculum vitae of no more than two pages, more fully into the narratives of American history, to America" might address themes such as: the history of 3. Two letters of recommendation in signed and sealed enhance collaboration between historians of Catholicism Catholic women in American institutional, intellectual, envelopes. and other scholars, and to promote the study of cultural, and spiritual life; Catholic women in social 4. A recent sample of your written work (seminar American Catholicism by graduate students. movements; the evolution of vocational and professional paper, master's thesis, etc.) of at least 25 pages. life choices of Catholic women; changing public images DISSERTATION AWARDS of Catholic women; and changing attitudes and practices CONFERENCES Toward these ends, the project will fund inno�ative and related to sexuality, All dissertation award recipients will become members carefully conceived dissertation projects that explore The Cushwa Center will award up to five fellowships of a working group on Catholic women. As such, they the historical experiences and contributions of Catholic to Ph,D. candidates whose dissertation proposals have will be to attend a meeting and a and whose to advance expected (fall 1999) women, both lay and religious, in 20th-century America. been approved research promises major conference (March 10-12, 2000) to present and We that the of will the historical study of Catholic women in 20th-century expect resulting body SCholarship discuss their research-in-progress. The meeting and come to inform the research of other scholars of America, These fellowships carry a stipend of conference will be at the University of Notre Dame; the American religion; women's history; labor history; $15,000 for the 12-month period July 1, 1999, to June project will cover travel, lOdging and meal costs for all intellectual and cultural and other topics 30, 2000, Grantees will be expected to devote full time social, history; participanls. in American history. We particularly encourage to research and writing during that year. proposals in areas whose religious dimensions until now

Complete applications must be received at the Cushwa Center by February 1, 1999. Awards will be announced by April 15, 1999. Please send applications and inquiries to: Cushwa Center ·for the Study of American Catholicism, University of Notre Dame, 1135 Flanner Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5611; E-mail: cushwa.l @nd.edu.

5 As these various working groups mise, religious revivalism was making conduct their researches, conduct con­ waves again by the late 1940s, among ferences and critique drafts of manu­ sophisticated urban youths, in ultra­ scripts in progress, Scott Appleby will be modern Los Angeles of all places. What working on a synthetic overview of happened? American Catholic history in the 20th Revive Us Again traces the lost years century, drawing on these studies, the of Protestant fundamentalism: The years sizable secondary literature and his own between the public humiliation of the research. It is also expected that the Scopes trial and the re-emergence of Cushwa Center will award two to four fundamentalist revivalism as a popular additional grants to address issues and phenomenon spearheaded by Billy themes related to but not covered by the Graham after Wodd War II. studies described above. Carpenter's book does more, however, than merely document an understudied Seminar in American period of religious history; it adds wel­ come nuance to the portrait of an easily Religion caricatured movement. As an "organized offensive against On March 28 the Seminar in American liberalism in the denominations and Religion met to discuss Revive Us Again: evolution in the schools," says Carpen­ The Reawakening of American Fundamen­ ter, fundamentalism was "a spent force" tion of fundamentalism. "Fired with a talism (Oxford University Press, 1997) by 1930. After the failure of their powerful yearning to bring revival to by Joel A. Carpenter, provost of Calvin anti modernist crusade in the 1920s, America, fundamentalists and other College. Mel Piehl, professor of hu­ fundamentalists retreated from the evangelicals were fashioning a contem­ manities and history at Christ College, public sphere to build a powerful net­ porary religious style by making exten­ Valparaiso University, and Kathryn work of institutions. During the 1930s sive use of the popular arts and the mass Long, assistant professor of history and 1940s they also developed a distinc­ media," Carpenter says, adding that they tive "ethos and at center at Wheaton College, served as identity," the were "retooling revivalism" in prepara­ respondents. of which was a white-hot zeal for na­ tion for "their return from the margins By the late 1920s fundamentalist tionwide revival. The result was "a of public life." Protestantism seemed awkwardly out of popular resurgence of fundamentalism Return they did, but their success step with the American mainstream. and other kinds of evangelicalism" that was not without its ironies. One of While the rest of the nation eagerly transformed the modern religious land­ the enduring lessons illustrated by embraced the 20th century, fundamen­ scape in America after Wodd War II. fundamentalism's recovery is what talists appeared to be holdovers from the Carpenter does not exactly dissent Carpenter calls "the sovereignty of 19th, destined for obsolescence. Two from the orthodox definition of funda­ popular appeal." The opportunity to decades later, fundamentalism was back. mentalism as "militant anti-modernism," gain a large and influential mass follow­ Defying exaggerated reports of its de- but he does stress the constructive side ing in America's unregulated religious of the movement more market led fundamentalists to pursue a than previous studies national awakening "with a revivalist's have. Fundamentalists instinct for popular appeal," writes with Karl Marx agreed Carpenter, but that very engagement on one point: Their "brought them closer to the absorbing calling was less to under­ and domesticating vortex of American stand the world than to popular culture." Conflicting impulses it. Fundamental­ change to separate from or engage the larger ists had an argument with culture have continued to pull funda­ modernity, to be sure, mentalists in opposite directions, often but what was ultimately at once. The result, says Carpenter, has at stake was not a phi­ been "a rather strange dance." losophy or a worldview, Given these tensions and contradic­ but souls. Fundamental­ tions, as well as the changing orientation ists were above all soul­ of the movement over time, Long savers. wondered whether we should "be Carpenter brings talking of American fundamentalisms in Kathryn Long and Joel Carpenter revivalism front and the plural[.] Are fundamentalists equally center in his interpréta- fundamentalist no matter which side of

6 the tensions within the movement Finally, Piehl asked whether we can functioning to fortify and legitimate such as dominate at a given time? Where," she continue to think of post-1950s conser­ them, and includes figures asked, does Revive Us Again "leave us in vative Protestants as "fundamentalists." John Ryan, Reinhold Niebuhr, John terms of the definition of fundamental­ Given the changes in mentality over Courtney Murray and Michael Novak. ism in America?" Is fundamentalism not time, the rise of new generations, and The other school, represented by Paul in fact so diverse as to defy inclusion the erosion of old animosities, do Hanly Furfey, Dorothy Day and H. under a solitary rubric? today's evangelicals really feel a sense of Richard Niebuhr, urges the church to Carpenter responded that the term kinship with their fundamentalist ances­ adopt an autonomous stance and work works as long as we recall a movement tors? Are scholars correct in assuming for social transformation by building can comprehend a diverse set of men­ meaningful continuities between these culturally independent religious talities. Focusing on ideology, he said, movements? Carpenter responded by communities. is a mistake, involving a futile quest for noting that while fundamentalists have The first and most influential school the "essence" of fundamentalism which, tried to reinvent themselves, there is an of thought developed a specific model as Ron Numbers observed, has become identifiable genetic pattern that can be of the Christian intellectual as a member "a historiographical red herring." Still, traced across time through their favored of the professional-managerial class. several participants remained skeptical categories and suspicions. Without Modeling the Christian leader after the about the boundaries Carpenter has ignoring the many changes in the move­ professional expert, distinctive Christian drawn around the movement. As Piehl ment, we need to recognize the persis­ values and practices were muted, re­ noted, the fundamentalists of Revive Us tence of the mentality, even among its placed by therapeutic functions within a Again derive from the theological and many heirs who deny their patrimony, culture whose terms were increasingly cultural conflicts among Baptists and Carpenter concluded. set by the dictates of a utilitarian, prag­ Presbyterians in the urban northeast. matic and ultimately secular worldview. But where is the South? Where are the American Catholic Novak, one of the new Catholic Wesleyan or holiness traditions? Where, intellectuals who came to prominence Gail Bederman asked, are African­ Studies Seminar around the time of the Second Vatican American believers? Council, is indebted to both of these Carpenter defended his choices, On March 19, Eugene McCarraher traditions, said McCarraher. By framing pointing out that fundamentalism is an presented a paper on "The Novak's career in terms of this dual aggressive movement that has, through Technopolitan Catholic: Michael tradition, McCarraher believes we can radio, publishing, and higher education, Novak, Catholic Social Thought, and come to a better understanding of this spread to and altered the shape of other Post-Industrial Liberalism, 1960-1975." influential, though controversial, figure. traditions. Had he extended his narra­ McCarraher is an assistant professor of Novak, "one of the American tive by another generation, he admitted, history at the University of Delaware Church's most visible enrages of the the story would become much more and the author of several complex and the scope of his analysis scholarly articles as well would need to be broadened. as the much-discussed

Long also questioned Carpenter's Commonweal essay, attempt to map the shift from separatism "Smile, When You to engagement onto the chronology of Say 'Laity." John the 1920s to 1940s. If fundamentalists McGreevy of the Uni­ remained active in the 1930s, shoring up versity of Notre Dame their institutional base, from what were served as respondent. they reawakened? Carpenter agreed: McCarraher's paper The idea fits the historiography better is drawn from his forth­ than the facts. We need, he said, to toss coming book, The Land out the idea that there was a religious of Unlikeness: Christian depression in the 1930s. Theology, Social Thought, James Turner questioned the role and Cultural Criticism in played by a new generation in the the United States, 1900- of a more funda­ which will stress emergence optimistic 1975, Scott Appleby, Eugene McCarraher, John McGreevy mentalism: Was it the case that the the "consolidation" of change was due to younger fundamen­ American culture around talists who had inherited a custodial the forces of capitalism, consumption, 1960s," was at one time opposed to the mentality but who had missed the secularization, expertise and war in Vietnam, supported the New humiliations of the 1920s? It was in therapeutics. Left, and endorsed the wave of liturgical part, Carpenter admitted, but the causa­ McCarraher sees Christian intellec­ experimentation that swept the church tion was more complex: There were tuals forming two schools of thought as following Vatican II. Controversy many in the older generation, too, who they related religion to culture. One increased when Novak jettisoned his were calling for a new engagement, school sees theology operating in close radical image and became a defender of who seemed to have grown tired of association with consolidating trends, democratic capitalism in the early 1980s. being bitter.

7 Rather than seeing a clear rupture sociopolitical scene is not more impor­ was made possible by a grant from the dividing Novak's career into two dis­ tant. McCarraher admitted that this is a Ancient Order of Hibernians. tinct phases, McCarraher finds in his difficult question, but he remains con­ When violent opposition to court­ a broke out work "conflicted attempt to be the vinced that Novak's quest for a way to ordered school desegregation prophet of a technopolitan Catholicism" connect intellectuals with the people in Boston in the 1970s, scholars and that will speak to "a post-industrialist remains central to his work. journalists sought for the origins of the world both professional and populist." McGreevy also appreciated the crisis in the city's unique political cul­ Novak's attempt to resolve the tension close attention paid to a cluster of terms ture, said Connolly. Boston politics between being a member of the Catho­ generally ignored by historians of the revolves around ethnically constituted lic community and a professional 1960s: "flexibility," "openness," "un­ neighborhoods and their interests, and culture-critic binds the otherwise dispar­ dogmatic," and so forth. Useful when the battle over desegregation was ate halves of his career together and tells embedded in a strong critique of an viewed by ethnic Bostonians as a politi­ us much about this influential figure and ossified culture, McCarraher believes cal struggle among social groups. The the progressive Catholicism of the such terms become debilitating when conflict gained emotional fervor through Vatican II period. raised to the level of positive values. "the propensity of Irish Boston to see "Technopolis" is the name theolo­ But, asked McGreevy, would any theol­ itself as an embattled minority, despite gian Harvey Cox gave to the techno­ ogy not utterly resistant to capitalism nearly a century of numerical and politi­ logical, managerial, and above all satisfy McCarraher? Moreover, is not cal dominance." professional "secular city" he saw Novak's attempt to refine capitalism in a Professor Connolly is interested in emerging in 1965. Mobility and flex­ personalist and democratic direction the historical origins of this self-percep­ ibility were the hallmarks of this latest more realistic than the total refusal of tion and locates a key moment in the phase in social evolution, said Cox. the Left? construction of Boston Irish identity at Novak followed Cox: The church McCarraher admitted that, by his the beginning of the 20th century, when would need to become "flexible and lights, the logic of capitalism is essen­ political modernization gave spokesmen mobile" and move away from weighty tially secular, which means Christians for Boston's Irish an incentive to depict institutional forms. Sharing the optimis­ must choose between opposition or the community as "victims of a century­ tic, expansive mood of progressive capitulation. As for the realism of long pattern of discrimination." He Catholics in the 1960s, he believed that radical opposition, it is not the pointed to James Michael Curley, who an open church, adjusted to elite mana­ historian's task to propose full-blown was active between the 1890s and the gerial culture, promised "a more demo­ alternatives to the present system but to 1950s, was four times mayor of Boston cratic, spiritually fulfilling, richly show how that system has been articu­ and served two terms in Congress and sacramental way of life." lated in a given religious culture. one term as governor of the common­ Later in the 1960s, Novak distanced McCarraher concluded that wealth. He also served two terms in himself from the managerial elites re­ Novak's social criticism illustrates the pnson. sponsible for the war. Momentarily contradictions in the Christian attempt Curley was among the most famous taken with the New Left, Novak was to influence, rather than transform, the and controversial of Boston's many soon disgusted by their histrionics and modern world. The non-theological colorful political figures. His career was instead directed his hopes for an alterna­ language acceptable to a fundamentally constructed on the skillful use of "mod­ tive culture to "the unmeltable ethnics." secular order is inadequate to the con­ ern, media-driven politics." Curley is Expressing the hope that ethnic com­ struction of the authentic, balanced, "better seen as one of the first media munities might serve as reservoirs of humane community envisioned by these politicians than as one of the last of the authenticity, Novak ignored, says critics. The foundation of that order big city bosses," said Connolly. McCarraher, the potential of Catholi­ must include not just love and hope but Catholic politicians of the genera­ cism as "an alternative master site of also faith. tion preceding Curley had urged con­ politics and culture." At the same time ciliation and cooperation in the wake of he paid increasingly positive attention Hibernian Lecture a half century or more of often virulent "to the quasi-sacral character of capital­ ethno-religious conflict. Irish spokes­ ism" and the civil religious dimension of men of the 1890s downplayed the On November 21, James J. Connolly of the American consensus around the resurgent nativism of the American Ball State University presented a lecture corporate liberal order. Protective Association, even after a on "The Politics of Ethnic Conflict: In his response, McGreevy noted deadly riot in 1895. Boston's Irish were James Michael Curley and the Boston McCarraher's stress on the continuities on the verge of achieving demographic Irish." Professor Connolly's disserta­ in Novak's career, his persistent struggle dominance in the 1890s, and leaders tion, The Triumph oj Ethnic Progressivism: with the tension between the roles of were confident that the democratic Urban Political Culture in Boston, 190{}- prophet and people's representative. process would work to their advantage. 1925, will be published this year by Nevertheless, McGreevy wondered For their part, Irish Catholic voters Harvard University Press. The lecture whether Novak's shifting take on the demonstrated fervent loyalty to Demo-

8 each cratic candidates of whatever ethnic or World War II, Boston's Irish leaders ing office hours in a downtown bar religious profile. portrayed their community as an ag­ evening. Quinn's research will explore Progressive reforms in the structure grieved minority. When conflict the explanations and meanings behind of municipal politics altered the dynam­ erupted over court-ordered busing in changes in the culture of drink at Notre ics of electioneering; the the 1970s, says Dame. importance of neighbor- Connolly, "the inability • Sioban Nelson, postdoctoral hood organizations de­ of working-class Irish fellow at the School of Nursing, The clined as political power long-term effect Boston to imagine the Melbourne University, is researching was shifted to voters issue of school desegre­ "Nineteenth- Century Catholic Women themselves. Old systems of Curley's political gation as anything but a and Care of the Sick," a comparative of patronage gave way to challenge to its social and study of religious nurses in the United advertising and publicity political power contrib­ States, Britain and Australia in the was to bind as the feelings and preju­ style uted substantially to the period prior to the reforms inspired by dices of voters became violence that broke out." Florence Nightingale. Dr. Nelson will newly important. ethnicity to politics Though Yankee-Irish focus on the effect of Catholic nursing Curley was quick to and Protestant-Catholic nuns on the largely Protestant societies to this new adapt political in Boston. conflict was far from of the English-speaking world, as part of environment, Connolly negligible during the the Catholic mission under the direction argued, "reshaping the 19th century, it was not of Propaganda Fide in Rome. prevailing understanding the whole story. Curley The deadline for applications for of the Boston Irish experience" by chose to ignore the efforts of his prede­ research travel grants each year is telling "a story of constant discrimina­ cessors to move beyond ethnic antago­ December 31. tion and Yankee hypocrisy stretching nism; instead he painted a monochrome back to the colonial era." Curley un­ portrait of Yankee oppression and Hibernian Research derstood the importance of image. encouraged a sense of aggrievement in Serving a jail term for impersonating an the Irish community. Connolly con­ Award applicant at a civil service exam in 1904, cluded that Curley's political career and Curley ran his campaign for alderman the subsequent history of Boston illus­ This annual research award, funded by from his cell and won. Curley rallied trate the lasting influence of politics over an endowment from the Ancient Order popular support by flaunting his convic­ ethnic identity. of Hibernians, is designed to further the tion as proof of his loyalty to needy scholarly study of the Irish in America. constituents frozen out of public-service Research Travel Grants There are two recipients of the 1998 jobs. award. Throughout his career, Curley • Michael Doorley, associate These grants help to defray the expenses cultivated an image of a fellow sufferer lecturer in American history at Open of travel to Notre Dame's library and with the oppressed through high-profile University, received an award for his archival collections for research on acts of largess. He also pioneered the study of a unique form of Irish-Ameri­ American Catholicism. Recipients of management of the news cycle, molding can nationalism awards in 1998 include: diaspora represented by public opinion by ensuring that his the Irish-American known • organization Nancy Lyman Huse, professor of information was disseminated more as the Friends of Irish Freedom. English at Augustana College, who is quickly and effectively than that of his Doorley will trace the history of the working on "The Dialectics of Catholic political opponents. organization from its founding in New Girlhood: Youth Magazines, 1945- Curley fanned the flames of ethnic York in 1916 until its dissolution in 1975," part of a larger study on the resentment, planting anti-Irish opinions 1935, paying close attention to the construction of gender in relation to in the press so that he could counterat­ conflict between the Friends and Sinn reading and the role women writers of tack to his own Portraying a Fein. advantage. children's fiction and nonfiction have Boston ruled by an intolerant Yankee • Ellen Skerrett, an independent played as historians of their eras. elite, Curley convinced his constituents scholar of Irish history, received an • John F. Quinn, associate profes­ that if the Irish "were to wrest power award for her study of Irish Catholic sor of history at Salve Regina Univer­ from this entrenched and unyielding Nuns in Chicago's Hull-House neigh­ sity, for his research on "Drink and aristocracy, they would have to close borhood. This study of the chapels, Temperance at the University of Notre ranks behind Curley and prepare for a schools and charitable institutions built Dame, 1842-1942." Teetotaling Presi­ long, intensive struggle." Opposition to by predominantly Irish Catholic nuns on dent Thomas Walsh urged total absti­ his policies or charges of corruption Chicago's near west side between 1860 nence on students and even expelled were conveniently attributed to anti­ and 1900 is the first critical look at the students who were caught drinking off Irish prejudices. investment women religious made in campus. Presidents Morrissey, The long-term effect of Curley's one of America's most well-known Cavanaugh and Burns followed his political style was to bind ethnicity to immigrant neighborhoods. example and discouraged drinking. By politics in Boston. When African The deadline for for the 1940s, however, the applications Americans north popular English migrated following Hibernian Research Awards each year is professor Frank O'Malley was conduct- December 31.

9 dedicated such as and and the National Council of continued from page 1 professionals Hoey Jews, Atkinson at the national level in the Catholic Women moved to establish the 1930s, they discover important clues to National Catholic School of Social M. Brown and Elizabeth Dorothy the motivations behind these efforts. Service, a graduate school that would McKeown's The Poor to Us: Belong Brown and McKeown note that a prepare women to present the Catholic Catholic Charities and American Welfare sincerely felt sense of religious duty viewpoint to a modernizing society. a (Harvard Press, is was University 1997) accounted for many charitable activities. Opposition to birth control case in Scholars once point. argued Laymen active in the St. Vincent de only one aspect of a complex tension whether the of the New Deal origins lay Paul Society, for example, believed that between Catholic social services and in Roosevelt's or Woodrow Teddy "charity was a form of meritorious modernity. Catholic institutions cared Wilson's Brown and progressivism. service necessary to the salvation of their for thousands of unwed mothers and McKeown show that the philosophical own souls," and they expected the poor their children between 1870 and 1930. provenance of the American welfare they aided to pray for them. They were When state agencies began to require state is more diverse. considerably Jane also "up-and-coming citizens," how­ more thorough records in the 1920s, Hoey, for was a friend of example, ever, who understood that community Catholics resisted. These institutions with a broad of Harry Hopkins range service was an essential ingredient of "fiercely protected the identity of moth­ in social work that culmi­ experience middle-class respectability and business ers, determined to return them physi­ nated in her director of being appointed success. cally and spiritually healthy to a the Bureau of Public Assistance; she was According to Carey, "historians community that remained ignorant of also a devoted of her former disciple need to pay closer attention to the their past." Only the mother superior William of the teacher, Msgr. Kerby interactive" dimensions of the Catholic knew residents' names. Catholics de­ Catholic University of America. Hoey experience, particularly to the ways in fended their policies on robustly theo­ relied on her former in colleagues which religious identities are forged in logical grounds: "Weare all sinners," Catholic social work when it came time tension with and even "in opposition to social worker Mary C. Tinney of the to staff her bureau or suggest likely other groups." The Poor Belong to Us New York Department of Social Wel­ candidates for other appointments. stresses the role played by Protestants in fare argued. "Weare not so far re­ Thus we learn that the "two ad­ goading Catholics into action during the moved morally from these sisters of ministrators most for dis­ responsible 19th century. Nativist propaganda ours." Their rights to privacy and a federal and pensing money approving depicting slothful, vice-ridden immi­ restoration to the community without state for ADC and Child Welfare plans grants dependent on the public dole the burden of stigma outweighed the Services," and Irene Hoey Mary prompted many Catholics to form obsessions of government record­ Atkinson of Child Welfare (director agencies that would take care of their keepers. Services), were Catholic, with years of own. Competition was one part of the in the Church's social service experience An even sharper spur was provided interaction with other groups that gave Yet their Catholic activism programs. by Charles Loring Brace and the Catholic charities their distinctive shape. was one-dimensional: Both were hardly Children's Aid Society (CAS), a private Cross-denominational cooperation was adamant that should be "public money agency supported by New York's Prot­ another. Religious sisters relied on the administered by public agencies." estant elite and funded from the city's help of "Catholic and non-Catholic While Catholics to they encouraged treasury. The CAS sent tens of thou­ women outside the convent walls to their and bring knowledge experience sands of indigent Catholic children to support their welfare work." Unitarian "into the new and swift social current the West to live and work on Protes­ Mary Hutchings and her mother, for whose fountainhead is government," tant-owned farms. Understandably, example, helped the Sisters of Charity wanted the terms of they cooperation Catholics saw the CAS as "an unquali­ form the Foundling Asylum Society in between and the federal private agencies fied menace" that not only tore Catholic New York by using the family's influ­ to be set by the latter. government children from their families but also ence in city politics to direct public In his review of recent Catholic threatened "their religion and thus their funds toward the institution. S. Stout and D. historiography (in Harry only hope of eternal salvation." Catho­ Cooperation between Catholic G. Hart, eds., New Directions in American lic social workers devised persuasive social service agencies and non-Catholic History), Patrick Carey laments Religious arguments for aiding impoverished organizations and the state was the norm the dearth of studies of the specifically children through their families. When by the first decade of the 20th century. Catholic that flourished in progressivism foster care was necessary, they argued Warm relations with state agencies the 20th century; Brown and early for maintaining religious continuity on provided the background for McKeown's work will some of the go the ground that this benefited both child progressives such as Kerby, the first toward that the way filling gap. Tracing and society. executive of the National Conference of evolution of Catholic charities in When Margaret Sanger vowed to Catholic Charities. He articulated a America from its com­ origins among eliminate orphanages and foster care distinctively Catholic vision ofjustice munities of women in antebel­ religious on a through the dissemination of birth founded broadly conceived right to lum New York to the of emergence control among working-class Catholics life. In Kerby's hands "the right to life

10 of became a fully developed social welfare Since the Second World War, Too often the religious commitments are dismissed as agenda that included adequate wages, religion's place in the public sphere has movement activists public health measures, and social insur­ been much reduced, leading observers insignificant traits peculiar to the Afri­ ance, and he urged Catholics to accept such as Stephen Carter to complain that can-American or Southern milieu. That an of enlarged role for the state in solving a "trivialization" of belief has rendered religion was an equally important part problems of social welfare." religion impotent, to the detriment of the system these activists were attempt­ Which brings us back to Catholic public morals and civil society. Re­ ing to dismantle, however, has rarely support for the New Deal, where sponding to Carter, philosopher Richard been ignored. Brown and McKeown's story ends. The Rorty defends "the Enlightenment's Marsh achieves a balanced portrait Poor Belong to Us offers an interesting central achievement," the exclusion of of religion's place in the conflict over alternative to the standard picture cen­ religion from public life. Keeping segregation. Two of his five chapters tered on electoral groups. The New religion out of the public sphere, says describe important but disturbing reli­ Deal profited from the philosophical Rorty, is necessary if we hope to gious figures: Sam Bowers, Imperial work of progressives such as Kerby and achieve a society "willing to experiment Wizard of the White Knights of the Ku John A. Ryan. But there were also a with new customs and institutions." Klux Klan and "the animating force host oflesser-known figures like Rose Moreover, privatizing religious behind white Mississippi's journey into McHugh, who argued in 1939 that belief is critical to keeping "a demo­ the heart of militant rage," and Douglas there is no basis in Catholic social cratic political community going," says Hudgins, pastor ofJackson, Mississippi's thought for a distinction between Rorty. Religion simply has to be well-appointed First Baptist Church, "needs" and "rights," that "the right to excluded from political discussion, he one of the best-known preachers in the subsistence is a primary natural right." argues, because "it is a conversation­ state, whose refined and respectable Progressive Catholics saw in the New stopper." Injecting God's will into gospel deliberately avoided all reference Deal an opportunity to restructure policy debates stunts the free flow of to the violent turmoil raging just outside American polity according ideas and inhibits the the doors of his sanctuary. to natural law. experimentation prereq­ Bowers is naturally the more color­ Catholic social phi­ uisite to progress. ful of the two, one of a long roster of Historians need to losophy offered an effec­ Rorry's logic seems eccentric theological virtuosi spawned tive counterpoint to the unobjectionable, but on American soil over the years. His competitive individualism pay closer attention history rarely follows the religion combined fundamentalist theol­ endemic in America, neat contours of a philo­ ogy with populist political and eco­ intel­ nomic into which he stirred leading left-leaning to the interactive sophical syllogism. analyses, lectuals like Kazin to Appeals to religion may potent doses of virulent, quasi-scientific urge a reevaluation of indeed throw a blanket racist theory. Bowers' methodical religion's role in the dimensions of the over many a liberal, strategies for terrorizing activists (he was history of the republic. secular discussion, but behind the murders of civil rights work­ But Catholics had their Catholic experience, religion can also work to ers Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner) own, specifically religious, get a prematurely and are chilling enough; even more fright­ agendas. As Brown and artificially stalled con­ ening perhaps are his elaborate and to the McKeown show through­ particularly versation going again. meticulous religious justifications for out, religious humanitari­ Such was the case in the eliminating these "heretics" whom he anism cannot be American South saw as the of Baal. separated ways in which during unwitting agents from religion itself, and the struggle for civil Hudgins was possibly the more Catholics demanded that rights, as several recent significant figure, however. His broad identities state agencies make a religious, studies show. application of the Baptist doctrine of the place for belief in their David Halberstam's separation of church and state served as a activities. At the White are forged in tension The Children (Random widely influential religious warrant for House Conference on the House, 1998) chronicles inaction during the civil rights crisis. Care of Dependent Chil­ the activities and experi­ Marsh offers a new view of the many with other groups. dren in 1909, for example, ences of everyday people white Christians who, despite their high almost no attention was working for the cause, moral standards and deep religious paid to children's religious showing in rich detail beliefs, refused to involve themselves in needs. By 1939, Catholics were far the important role of faith in sustaining the struggle. Their quietism was not more prominent at a similar conference, hope and courage. Similarly, Charles merely a triumph of racism or a failure and they used their influence to ensure Marsh's God's Long Summer: Stories �f to acknowledge the Gospel's implica­ that religious concerns were not entirely Faith and Civil Rights (Princeton Uni­ tions. Drawing on an accommodation neglected. The final report "powerfully versity Press, 1997) illustrates the intri­ originally reached during the Enlighten­ asserted the importance of safeguarding cate interweaving of Christian faith with ment, Hudgins' religion positively the religion of the child," insisting that a passion for justice and liberation. mandated that faith remain separate the state has a duty to respect "the That many civil rights leaders were from the public sphere. fundamental place of religion" in the rooted in the church is a well-known child's life. but insufficiently reckoned-with fact.

11 In a self-consciously Christian altar boy, Savio internalized the "mea ism was a latent dissidence, a radical society that believed the Bible enjoined culpa!" of the Confiteor; indeed, a sense version of this creed's sharp dissatisfac­ indifference to social injustice, where a of personal responsibility for the world's tion with contemporary culture." That Christian church could adopt a policy imperfections would become the engine dissenting strain, says Rossinow, served stating that "it is not un-Christian that of his activism. Along the way he was as a bridge to a more pronounced radi- in the we prefer to remain an all-white con­ nurtured by young, pro- calism early gregation," Marsh shows that religion gressive priests who 1960s. was key to moving the conversation on yearned to see the Gospel Rossinow traces The race in a more progressive direction. transform the world. forces of radicalism at the Univer­ In a society structured around racial Savio took to heart their sity of Texas in Austin difference, radical Christians such as call to "get out there and segregation knew to the existential quest Fannie Lou Hamer and Methodist do something!" for authenticity pio­ minister Ed the subversive Savio's faith had neered the Christian King spread that by belief that "God hath made of one ebbed somewhat by the religion Faith-and-Life Commu­ blood all nations that dwell on the Freedom Summer of nity, a residential reli­ earth." In a society that put a premium 1964. yet he continued threatened to open gious study center on on deference to authority and confor­ to attend church, and his campus. Severely criti­ mity to established codes, they taught early formation, along cal of a society that up a whole new that a Christian was a new creature who with his reading of the alienated individuals had died to the world and its rules. In a Catholic Worker and the from God, one another, society that threatened its dissidents with Christian existentialists, conversation about and themselves, the violence, they preached a Gospel that imbued him with an community set about braced its followers for ostracism and irrepressible commitment the social order, and constructing an even death in behalf of the truth. to resist evil in all its alternative. The forces of segregation knew that dehumanizing forms that Soren Kierkegaard, its religion threatened to open up a whole lasted his entire life. they feared RudolfBultmann, Paul new conversation about the social arder, Savio's religious Tillich, Gabriel Marcel, and feared its will and Dietrich Bonhoeffer they consequences. "Just background probably consequences. leave Jesus out of this," Ed King was come as some surpnse. pointed the community told when he challenged policies sup­ After all, equally excellent toward a life free from ported by moderate Christian citizens. studies of the period such conformist illusions, a Religion also worked to start conversa­ as Allen Matusow's The Unraveling oj life lived in vibrant communion with tions with immoderate forces. "Do you America and Robert Ellwood's The others working to renew self and soci­ people ever think," Fannie Hamer asked Sixties' Spiritual Awakening tend to ety. Christ's incarnation pointed to the the jailers who beat her the night be­ divide the decade's themes between necessity of achieving authentic com­ fore, "how you'll feel when the time them - the former focusing on politics munity and personality through a soli­ comes you'll have to meet God?" and social history, the latter on religion darity with the poor and oppressed. When one thinks of religion in the and culture - with little overlap. Students drawn by the hope of achiev­ 1960s, one thinks of Martin Luther King Savio's devout background will not ing personal fulfillment found them­ Jr. or the Second Vatican Council ar the surprise readers of Doug Rossinow's The selves becoming increasingly politicized. interest in alternative spiritualities that Politics oj Authenticity: Liberalism, Chris­ Conversations at centers such as the blossomed toward the end of the de­ tianity, and the New Left in America Christian Faith-and-Life Community cade. One does not usually think of (Columbia University Press, 1998), were a starting point for students who Berkeley's free-speech movement, much however. Rossinow's groundbreaking then made their way through the famil­ less the new left. Yet religion seems to work examines the ways in which the iar litany of 1960s' organizations and have worked in some mysterious ways radical activism of the decade devel­ movements: SNCC, SDS, women's to shape the most infamous decade of oped, in part, out of the post-war reli­ liberation and beyond. While some of recent memory. gious revival that swept American these figures became alienated from Arthur Gatti's memoir of the campuses in the 1950s. their original faith commitments, it was founder of the free-speech movement, Radical students hailing from the a certain style of religious formation - "Mario Savio's Religious Influences and South and the Midwest drew from not unlike Savio's - that provided Origins" in the Radical History Review different cultural reservoirs than did them with a compelling critique of (Spring 1998), illustrates the continuities their colleagues on either coast, and injustice and inequality. Religion between Savio's later career as the among the most potent, surprisingly pushed these students into the world, apostle of a kind of "secularized libera­ enough, was the Christianity of the prodding them to work for changes tion theology" and his devout Catholic region. "Buried deep in the social their faith convinced them were both upbringing. An uncommonly serious conservatism of evangelical Protestant- necessary and achievable.

12 less it in visions have been one of Richard Rorty is one of many who much pursue any vigorous way. religion's hopes to resurrect the heroic quest for "The will to tame the forces" plaguing singular contributions to America's social justice through public policy that our nation at the end of the century, history. More research along the lines transformed American society from the Alex Lichtenstein points out, "requires a these works have traced will do much to Progressive era to the 1960s. Observers political vision inaccessible to those improve our understanding of that and worry, however, that Americans have operating within the framework of other contributions. lost the to sustain such a writ small.'" capacity vision, 'morality Broad, animating - John Haas

\ ARCHIVES REpORT I Notre DameArchives: America and papers of Philip Scharper history of the Catholic Church in the and Anthony Padovano. The collection United States and maintains several Recent Accessions most recently opened is also the largest collections capable of supporting re­ among them: the records of the Brothers search regarding their contribution. We In 1993 the Notre Dame Archives of the Good Shepherd. maintain the archives of the Leadership published a Guide to Manuscript Col­ Bro. Mathias Barrett founded the Conference of Women Religious and lections. Since then the archives have Brothers of the Good Shepherd in 1951 the Conference of Major Superiors of acquired several new collections, includ­ to care for the homeless and the poor in Men. Collections of printed material ing records of the Consortium Perfectae Albuquerque, New Mexico. Since then concerning other religious orders, Caritatis, Brothers of the Good Shep­ the brothers have established missions in including collections reflecting the past herd, Canon Law Society of America, Ohio, Louisiana, Florida, Pennsylvania, activities of the Josephites, the Fides Publishers, the New Scholasticism, Missouri and Canada and have extended Vincentians and the Glenmary Sisters, Human Life International, Christman their ministry to include physically and are also available. Construction Company, Brothers of the mentally handicapped youth. Agreeing to serve as a repository for Poor of St. Francis, Network, Ave The records of the Brothers of the the papers of a religious congregation is Maria Press, Contemplative Outreach Good Shepherd consist of correspon­ a large responsibility. People sometimes and the Catholic Press Association. dence files of the founder, the earliest ask me (and they are sincerely per­ We have acquired the papers of dating from 1950, and financial records plexed): "But what does an archivist Bishop George Fulcher, Philip Scharper, of the organization in its early years; do?" They understand that we acquire Anthony Padovano, Lucile Hasley, correspondence files of the second records and keep them, but what does Otto Bird, F. N. M. Brown, John]. superior general, Bro. Camillus that involve? Perhaps I can describe Fitzgerald, Herbert Alfred Vaughan, Harbinson; records of council meetings what an archivist does to process one Murray Sperber, Philip]. Kenney, Kara and minutes; General Chapter papers; collection. Since assistant archivist Ann Speltz, William B. Berry, John information on individual houses during Marlene Wasikowski recently finished Yoder, Kenneth Sayre, Bernard A. the years 1977-1986; correspondence processing the records of the Brothers of Garber, Richard Le Clair, Jerome R. files of the third superior general, Bro. the Good Shepherd, we can use her Fraser, John V. McManmon, Michael Justin Howson, and circulars and memos efforts as an example. Etzel, George Kuczynski, M. E. of the organization; General Chapter In March of 1993 the brothers sent Linehan, Raymond T. Bosler,]. M. records; formation and vocation records; us 116 linear feet of records; in October LoSecco, John Marshall, Joan Hazelden files kept by the generalate concerning they sent another 30 linear feet. Four Walker, Thomas O'Meara, E. W. John individual houses; records of each indi­ smaller accessions came in 1994 and Lindesmith, Francis F. Brown, Dana vidual house; files concerning deceased 1995, another in 1996, and two more in Greene, Henry B. Froning, Ethel E. brothers and priests; printed material 1997. Marlene started processing these Roselle (Larkin), Richard R. Otter, including prayerbooks; memorabilia; records near the end of 1995. At that l E. A. O'Donnell and audiovisual time 59 boxes and 15 John Matthias, Hugh photos scrapbooks; they occupied and Elias (Elie) Denissoff. material; and miscellaneous material filing cabinets. An archivist tries to Many of these new collections are collected by the brothers. preserve or reconstruct filing systems, small, and small collections can be made The Notre Dame Archives serves as because the evidential value of a record available quickly. Larger collections a repository for other congregations of diminishes greatly if it becomes alienated take longer to process. Among the religious as well, including the Brothers from its context. larger collections, several have been of the Poor of Saint Francis, the Marlene then prepared a book­ processed sufficiently for them to be Xaverian Brothers and the Poor length inventory with a description of used by researchers. These include Handmaids ofJesus Christ. the origins and development of the records of the Consortium Perfectae The archives recognizes the tre­ congregation, the scope and content of Caritatis and the Canon Law Society of mendous importance of religious for the their archives and a list of folder titles.

13 This finding aid was indexed and contribute to the preservation of our have been relocated at Trinity College; printed and then added to our inhouse heritage and to serve both the Catholic Franklin and Michigan Avenue, N.E.; database and our system of finding aids institutions that generate important Washington, DC 20017. on the Internet (http://archives1. records and the scholars who study

• archives.nd.edu/guide/bgs.htm). The them. The books and papers of George more two author of Marvels entire took than - Stewart, process years. Wm. Kevin Cawley of Charity: We our facilities so as to American Sisters and Nuns, have expanded Curator of Manuscripts History of to the been donated to the respond positively proposals of Notre Darne Archives Hooley-Bundschu prospective donors of records. Al­ Library at Avila College in Kansas City, we cannot function as a univer­ and will be added to the though • The Offices of the Archivists for Missouri, sal archival we to Women Collection. repository, hope Congregations of Women Religious Religious Special

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• The Center for Applied proliferation of nuclear weapons. The ence of archives administration, espe­ Research in the Apostolate (CARA) at program is a presentation of Thirteen cially in labor-related areas. For further Georgetown University announces the WNET, New York. A copy of the information, contact Winifred Fraser, appointment of Bryan T. Froehle, cardinal's autobiography, The Gift of Chair; Archives Director Search Com­ CARA's senior research associate since Peace, comes free with the purchase of mittee; College of Urban, Labor, and 1995, as its new executive director. He each videotape ($29.95). To order, call Metropolitan Affairs; 3198 Faculty/ succeeds Gerald H. Early, who retires (800) 299-7729. Administration Building; Wayne State after five with CARA. University; Detroit, MI 48202. years • Loyola University of Chicago Before Dr. Froehle joining CARA, • announces its new M.A. program in Seamus Metress has compiled a served on the faculties of the Catholic Catholic Studies. This interdisciplinary reference work that scholars of Irish­ University of Caracas, Venezuela, and program, the first of its kind in the American and American Catholic stud­ the University of South Carolina. He is country at the graduate level, examines ies will find useful, "The American the author of several of CARA's most the Catholic experience from a variety Catholic Church and the Irish: A Bib­ recent studies, including New Directions of perspectives including history, theol­ liographic Survey." It is organized in Youth Ministry, as well as a study of ogy, sociology, literature and the arts. topically: General, New England, Mid­ attitudes on vocations among parents The 24-hour program of study involves Atlantic, Midwest, South, Far West, and youth for the NCCB Committee three required multidisciplinary core Irish Catholic Education, Organizations on Vocations in 1997. courses that treat Catholicism from the and Orders, and Biographies. The For information about the work of Middle Ages to the contemporary era, as author invites additions and corrections: CARA and a list of publications, write: well as three elective courses in which Seamus Metress, Department of Sociol­ CARA, Georgetown University, Wash­ the student can pursue particular inter­ ogy, Anthropology, and Social Work; ington, DC 20057-1033; e-mail: ests in an academic department. An University of Toledo; Toledo, OH [email protected]. ongoing seminar leads to a capstone 43606-3390. The 83-page bibliography • Bernardin, a public television project designed to assist the student in is part of the Working Paper Series and is documentary on the life and legacy of integrating the entire experience. Fur­ available from the Cushwa Center for Joseph Cardinal Bernardin, premieres ther information and application materi­ $5. nationwide on television stations als may be obtained F. public by contacting • Bro. Thomas W. Spalding, in In addition to examining his Michael Perko, S.J., program July. c.F.X., with the aid of Rev. Paul K. at 853-3335 or years as archbishop of Chicago, and the director, (847) Thomas, is planning a calendar (abstracts manner in which he faced false accusa­ [email protected]. of individual documents) of all the tions his own the work and, later, death, • Wayne State University seeks a papers of Archbishop John Carroll of explores Bernardin's rise to national director of the Walter P. Reuther Baltimore that did not appear in The leadership in the American church, his Library containing Archives of Labor John Carroll Papers (three volumes) role in establishing the Campaign for and Urban Affairs and the Wayne State edited by Thomas O'Brien Hanley, S.J. Human Development, the public debate University Archives. Candidates must An entire letterbook was overlooked. A on abortion and euthanasia, and the have knowledge and significant experi- considerable number of other letters and

14 documents in the Archives of the Arch­ proposals are invited. Contact: Arthur 1998. For further information, write: Univer­ The 1044 Alta Vista diocese of Baltimore were also missed as Mitchell, History Department; Louisville Institute; was correspondence in the Archives of sity of South Carolina, Columbia, SC Road; Louisville, KY 40205-1798; the Congregation of the Propaganda 29208. phone: (502) 895-3411; fax: (502) Fide. A number of Carroll 894-2286; or e-mail: info@louisville­ surprising o The American Catholic Histori­ letters can also be found in published institute.org; or visit the web site at cal Association spring meeting, jointly at works. If discovers Carroll www.louisville-institute.org. anyone Cabrini College and Villanova Univer­ not found in The Carroll writings John o sity, is March 18-20, 1999. Proposals The Coordinating Council for Papers, the compilers would appreciate for papers and full sessions may be sent Women in History and the Berkshire being informed. Such notice could be to Prof. Margaret McGuinness, Chair, Conference of Women Historians sent to Brother Thomas W. Spalding, Religious Studies Department; Cabrini announce the eighth annual competition C.F.X.; 3509 Capri Drive; Louisville, College; Radnor, PA 19087. The for two $500 graduate student awards to KY 40218; or Rev. Paul K. Thomas; deadline is October 1, 1998. assist in the completion of dissertation Archives, Catholic Center; 320 Cathe­ work. For further information, contact dral Street; Baltimore, MD 21201. The and Awards Professor Gina Hames, CCWH Awards unpublished papers, or copies of them, Fellowships Committee Chair; History Department; will be located at the Archives of the Pacific Lutheran University; Tacoma, Archdiocese of Baltimore. o "Ulster-American Religion," WA 98477. Deadline is September 15, David and Ronald A. by Livingstone 1998. Call Wells, has won the Cushwa Center Irish Papers o for in America manuscript competition for The Program for the Analysis of 1997 and will be published by the Religion Among Latinos (PARAL) and o The 65th annual meeting of the University of Notre Dame Press. A the Olga Scarp etta Memorial Fund will Southern Historical Association will work of transatlantic and cultural his­ co-sponsor the Scarp etta Award for the meet in Fort Worth, Texas, November tory, "Ulster-American Religion" best student paper in social science 3-6, 1999. The Program Committee concentrates on the connections among research on religion among Latinas and invites proposals for single papers and Presbyterians in Northern Ireland and Latinos. The award will be conferred entire sessions. Please send five copies the United States between 1860 and with a cash stipend in an annual compe­ of proposals, including a brief summary 1940. The authors describe these con­ tition in cooperation with the Society of the proposed paper(s) and a curricu­ nections by analyzing several important for the Scientific Study of Religion lum vitae of each presenter to the chair. religious controversies involving the (SSSR) and the Religious Research Deadline is October 1, 1998. relationship of education and religious Association (RRA). The winning paper Please submit proposals for the authority, Darwinism, doctrinal and will be published in a forthcoming issue European Sessions to Katharine D. ecclesiastical control, political and cul­ of the Latin Studies Journal. For further Kennedy, Department of History; Agnes tural identity and religious revivalism. information: PARAL Secretariat; Office Scott 141 East Av­ College; College of Religion in Society and Culture; o enue; Decatur, GA 30030. Latin The Louisville Institute awarded Brooklyn College; 2900 Bedford Av­ of the Catholic American Sessions proposals may be Leonard Calabrese enue; Brooklyn, NY 11210. Deadline is submitted to Andrew Diocese of Cleveland a 1998 Study Boeger, Depart­ September 1, 1998. ment of History; North Carolina A & T Grant for Religious Leaders. Other University; Gibbs Hall; Greensboro, NC recipients include Marcia Allen of the of Personals 27411. All other proposals may be sent Manna House Prayer, Concordia, to Charles Joyner, Chair; SHA Program Kansas; Dorothy Rose of the Committee; Department of History; InterReligious Council of Central New o James O'Toole, formerly of the Coastal Carolina University; Conway, York, Syracuse, New York; Frank University of Massachusetts-Boston, will SC 29526. Everett of the First Christian Church, join the history department at Boston Crawfordsville, Indiana; and Philip College in the fall of 1998 as associate o in Irish Studies Working Papers Hirsch of Christus Lutheran Church, professor of history. He will expand the invites submissions for the 1998 volume, Camden, New Jersey. university's offerings in American reli­ which will focus on issues related to the The Louisville Institute will award gious and American Catholic history. Irish among other For diaspora, topics. to 15 Grants for up Study Rèligious o Leslie of the information, contact Doan, De­ Tentler, formerly James Leaders in 1999. The of this goal pro­ of has partment of Liberal Studies; Nova University Michigan-Dearborn, gram is to identify and encourage reli­ Southeastern University; 3301 College accepted an appointment as professor in gious leaders who can both reflect on Avenue; Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314; the history department at the Catholic the challenges of our time and help phone: (954) 262-8207; e-mail: University of America. She will begin others to understand, interpret and teaching there in the fall of 1999. [email protected]. address them. Awards will be made for

o o Brother Thomas F. A two-day conference on Ire­ one, two or three months, with a sti­ O'Connor, land, the Irish, and the American Civil pend of$3,000, $6,000 and $9,000 public services librarian at Manhattan War will be in October 1998 at the respectively. Applications must be College, has published "Sheed & Ward and the Catholic the University of Massachusetts-Boston; postmarked no later than September 15, Revival," in De­ cember 1997 Catholic Library World.

15 Research for this article was supported Charles L. Wood Agricultural History • Sally Witt, CS]., is preparing a in part by a Research Travel Grant from Lecture Series, sponsored by the Inter­ history of the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Cushwa Center. national Center for Arid and Semiarid Watertown, New York, from the time

Land Studies at Texas Tech of the sisters' arrival in 1880 in the • University, Joseph Claude Harris, a consult­ Lubbock, Texas. Professor Butler's Ogdenburg diocese to the contemporary ant to Catholic schools and parishes who research was sponsored in part by a period. She welcomes information is based in Seattle, is completing a report Research Travel Grant from the pertinent to her research at 1425 Wash­ on the fiscal structure of parishes and Cushwa Center. ington Street, Watertown, NY 13601. elementary schools in Los Angeles, to be published this year. • Debra Myers completed a disser­ Keep the Cushwa Center informed of your tation on Women and the • "Religion, Anne M. Butler's "Sowing Seeds professional activities! You can contact us by Family in Maryland, 1634-1713," at the ofJustice: Catholic Nuns, Race and e-mail: [email protected]. University of Rochester in 1997. Texas," has been published in the

PUBLICATIONS

The Encyclopedia ofAmerican Catholic History

he Encyclopedia later cardinal John Francis Association, and chari­ ofAmerican O'Hara, labor organizer table organizations. Catholic His­ and social reformer Mary Periodicals such as the tory, edited by Kenney O'Sullivan, American Ecclesiastical Michael Glazier author Agnes Repplier, Review) Theological Stud­ and Thomas J. chiefjustice Roger ies) The Sign) the Boston Shelley (The Taney, and U.S. Senator Pilot and others are Liturgical Press, 1997), is a monumental Robert Wagner, among introduced. Non-Catho­ endeavor, consisting of more than 1,200 many others. lic organizations perti­ articles written by hundreds of scholars, Separate articles trace nent to the American including Patrick Allitt, Scott Appleby, the experiences and Catholic experience - Steven Avella, Thomas Blantz, James contributions of Catholic such as the American Fisher, Philip Gleason, Gerald Fogarty, immigrants from Ger­ Protective Association - Sandra Yocum Mize, Mary Oates, many, Ireland, Italy, also receive attention. David O'Brien, and Jaime R. Vidal, Slovakia, Poland, Croatia Topical entries in­ among many others. and elsewhere. French, Spanish and clude "Catholic-Jewish Relations in This comprehensive reference other missionary endeavors are treated. America," "The Liturgical Movement work covers virtually every facet of Regional particularities of the American in America," "Theology in America," the American Catholic experience. It Church are noted as Catholic growth in "The Poels Controversy," "Native includes biographical entries on figures each of the 50 states is detailed. Americans and the Catholic Church," such as the missionary and cardinal Jean­ Particularly useful are numerous and "The Vietnam War and American " Louis Cheverus, ex-priest and anti­ articles devoted to the institutional Catholics. Catholic agitator Charles Chiniquy, development of the Church in America, This impressive and reliable volume with on Dorothy Day, Leonard Feeney, attorney separate entries religious orders will in all likelihood prove indispensable John P. Kavanaugh, Mary Alphonsa operating in the United States, seminar­ not only to students of American Lathrop (née Rose Hawthorne), Uni­ ies, colleges and universities, scholarly Catholicism but also to scholars of versity of Notre Dame president and societies such as the Catholic Biblical American religious history in general.

16 Gia Ackerman, Ursula Osterman, preoccupations of the 17th century and (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1997), looks O.S.F., and Mary Serbacki, O.S.F., eds., the philosophical theology of the 18th at the life and work of Christopher Cal/ed by God's Goodness: A History of the and 19th centuries, treating figures such Dawson (1889-1970), one of the most Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Chris­ as Friar Juan de Zumarraga, Sr. Juana influential Catholic historians of the tian Charity in the Twentieth Century Inez de la Cruz and Diego Jose Abad. early 20th century. Contributors exam­ (Sisters of St. Francis; Archives; 4421 ine the concept of historical study from Gregory D. Black, The Catholic Crusade Lower River Road; Stella Niagara, NY a Catholic perspective. Gilson's concept Against the Movies, 1940--1975 (Cam­ 14144 [$23 plus shipping and handling]), of "Christian philosophy" and bridge University Press, 1997), contin­ tells the story of the "Daughters of Balthasar's theology of history provide ues the author's previous work, Mother Magdalen" in a series of essays access to the debate concerning the Hollywood Censored (1994), by tracing researched and written by members and Enlightenment legacy and the problem the work of the Legion of Decency friends of the congregation. This book of coherent historical from 1940 to 1975. Black maintains constructing includes a summary of the 19th-century narratives. The volume includes medi­ that the Catholic Church through its foundation of the congregation and tations on Dawson's writings and discus­ Legion of Decency controlled the overviews of its later governance and sions of what a Catholic engagement content of Hollywood films by imposing spirituality. with history might entail in contempo­ its rating system on films, which ranged rary times. Contributors include Geraldine Anthony, S.c., Rebel, Re­ from those generally approved to films Dawson's daughter, Christina Scott; former, Religious Extraordinaire: The Life of the legion considered morally objection­ Aidan Nichols, O.P.; and Francesca Sister Irene Farmer (University of Calgary able. Documenting the inner workings Murphy, among others. Press, 1997), is a biography of the supe­ of the legion, Black demonstrates how rior general of the Sisters of Charity of the Church acquired such control and Annice Callahan, Evelyn Underhill: Halifax. Influenced by the example of how changes in the movie industry and Spirituality for Daily Living (University feminist activists in the Province of American society at large in the post- Press of America, 1997), examines the Alberta where she grew up, Farmer World War n era eventually conspired life and work of Evelyn Underhill became a champion for women's dignity against the legion's censorship and led to (1875-1941) in the context of her own in her order during the years following its demise. religious experience. The author first Vatican n. explores Underhill's reflection on the Mary C. Boys, Jewish-Christian Dialogue: mystics' descriptions of their religious Jeffrey von Arx, S.J., ed., Varieties of One Woman's Experience (Madeleva experience. Part two summarizes the Ultramontanism (Catholic University of Lecture in Spirituality, Paulist Press, practical advice Underhill provided in America Press, 1998). John Ciani, S.J., 1997), explores the argument that her letters, in her retreat addresses and in Gerald Fogarty, S.J., Emmet Larkin and serious and sustained encounter with her other works concerning the spiritual others examine the ideas of six ultra­ another religious tradition is one of the life. Part three evaluates Underhill's montane cardinals on papal authority most significant factors in forming contribution to the study of mysticism, (including Cardinal William O'Connell religious commitments that are simulta­ describes her contribution to the minis­ of Boston) between 1844 and 1945. neously clear and ambiguous, being at try of spiritual guidance and examines once rooted and adaptive. Joseph Cardinal Bernardin, A Moral the pastoral and ecumenical relevance of Visionfor America (Georgetown Univer­ Lynn Bridgers, Death's Deceiver: The Life her spirituality. sity Press, 1998). A collection of his ofJoseph P. Machebeuf (University of James Brady Callan, Can't Hold Back the major addresses on central moral issues New Mexico Press, 1997), offers a Spring: The Blossoming of Corpus Christi in contemporary America, these essays comprehensive biography ofJoseph P. Church (Corpus Christi Publications, date from the early 1980s to 1996, Machebeuf, a French missionary born in 1997). A history of Corpus Christi concentrating on the application of a 1812 in Riom, who served the missions Church in Rochester, New York, from consistent ethic of life to a wide variety of New Mexico and presided over the its founding in 1888 to the present, its of social issues and affirming an active Church in Colorado from 1868 until his decline by the mid-1970s, and its dra­ role for conviction in a death in 1889. Machebeuf, highly religious plural­ matic renewal in the decades since. istic democratic society. respected by Irish and German immi­ grants on the Ohio frontier, was wel­ Louis Châtellier, The Religion of the Poor: Mauricio Beuchot, O.P., The History of comed by Hispanics throughout the Rural Missions in Europe and the Formation Philosophy in Colonial Mexico (Catholic Southwest. He worked with Native of Modern Catholicism, c. 1500--c. 1800 University of America Press, 1998). Americans, from the Pueblos of New (Cambridge University Press, 1997), The first English-language study to trace Mexico to the Papagos of Arizona, and presents a comprehensive survey of the work of Hispanic philosophers from exerted an exceptional pioneering spirit Catholic missions in the European the 16th to the 19th centuries. Begin­ on frontier Catholicism. countryside from the 16th through the ning with the ethical dilemmas involved 18th centuries. The author analyses the in enslaving and educating Native Stratford Caldecott and John Morrill, impulses to missionary activity at the Americans, the author follows philoso­ eds., Eternity in Time: Christopher end of the Middle Ages and the specific phy in Mexico to the epistemological Dawson and the Catholic Idea of History

17 perspectives of Ignatius Loyola. He Virgilio P. Elizondo and Timothy M. complex roles that women play within outlines the development of missionary Matovina, Mestizo Worship: A Pastoral Pentecostalism, analyzing the intricate activity after the Council of Trent, Approach to Liturgical Ministry (The ways in which women both within and particularly that of the Jesuits and the Liturgical Press, 1998). The authors outside the Aglow fellowship achieve and Capuchins. He details how these mis­ examine the foundational faith expres­ unexpected forms of power sions provided a propagandistic counter sions of Mexican Americans, particularly liberation. to Protestantism in areas where the toward Our Lady of Guadalupe, as David D. Hall, ed., Lived Religiol1 in Reformation was a threat and the re­ privileged encounters with the sacred. America: Toward a History oj Practice vival of piety and doctrine in those areas Popular religion is considered in the (Princeton University Press, 1997), that were unaffected. context of identity, resistance, survival presents 10 essays that advance Ameri­ and conquest, and ritual expressions in Paul K. Conkin, American Originals: can religious history from cultural, liturgy and marriage are treated. Homemade Varieties oj Christianity (Uni­ ethnographical, sociological and histori­ versity of North Carolina Press, 1997). Encyclopedia oj Religious Controversies in cal perspectives. Covering a broad An analytical interpretation of six reli­ the United States (Greenwood Press, range of subjects, these essays, originally gious movements originating in the 1997), edited by George H. Shriver and presented at a conference at Harvard United States from a highly respected Bill J. Leonard, contains more than 300 Divinity School in 1994, examine intellectual and religious historian: the entries arranged alphabetically, citing miracles, the Catholic charismatic re­ Restoration movement, Unitarians and individuals, themes, terms, institutions, newal, the cremation movement, and Universalists, Adventists and Jehovah's and secular topics that traditionally lend lived religion in the American main­ Witnesses, Mormons, Christian Science themselves to religious controversy in stream. Contributors include Robert and Unity, and the Holiness and Pente­ Protestant and Roman Catholic dis­ Orsi, Danièle Hervieu-Léger, Leigh Eric costal movements. course. A number of Catholic contro­ Schmidt, Stephen Prothero, Michael versial subjects are represented, McNally, R. Marie Griffith, Nancy T. Walter H. Conser and Sumner B. Twiss, including essays on the Berrigans, Ammerman, Rebecca Kneale Gould and eds., Religious Diversity and American Catholic anti-intellectualism, celibacy, others. Religious History: Studies in Traditions and Thomas Merton and Vatican II. Cultures (University of Georgia Press, Peter Harrison, The Bible, Protestantism, 1997), consists of 10 essays concerned Thomas J. Ferraro, ed., Catholic Lives, and the Rise oj Natural Science (Cam­ with the intersection of religious diver­ Contemporary America (Duke University bridge University Press, 1998), shows sity and American religious history. Press, 1997), presents a series of spirited how the "Bible's contents and the way it Covering a broad range of subjects, essays focusing on Catholic lay practices was interpreted exercised a profound essays address archival sources for Afri­ that explore the gradual transformation influence on conceptions of nature from can American history; religion and the of Catholicism's remaking of cultural the third century to the 17th. Harrison South; gender; indigenous sectarian identity in the United States. Contribu­ argues that the rise of natural science is religious movements in America; the tors include Robert A. Orsi, Mary linked to the Protestant approach to emergence of the metaphysical tradition; Gordon, James T. Fisher, Patrick Allitt, texts, which spellIed the end of the Asian religions in the United States; Andrew Sullivan, Mary Jo Weaver and symbolic world of the Middle Ages and Muslims; and Lakota Sioux Catholicism. Paul Crowley, S.]., among others. established the conditions for the scien­ Jay P. Dolan's essay titled "The Search tific investigation and technological Francesco Gioia, ed., Interreligious Dia­ for American Catholicism, 1780-1820" exploitation of nature. logue: The Official Teaching oj the Catholic surveys earlier paradigms in American Church (1963-1995). Produced by the Paul K. Hennessy, ed., A Concert oj Catholic historiography, and argues for a Pontifical Council for Interreligious Charisms: Ordained Ministry in Religious new model for American Catholic Dialogue, this is a comprehensive Life (Paulist Press, 1997), presents a history that focuses on religion and collection of official texts, including focused discussion of ordained ministry accepts the principle that religion is documents from Vatican II and the from a variety of perspectives. The culturally conditioned. Contributors pontificates of Paul VI and John Paul II. meaning of priesthood in the contem­ include Jonathan D. Sarna, Rosemary porary American experience, theologies Skinner Keller, Stephen J. Stein, R. Marie Griffith, God's Daughters: of religious life, the monastic perspective Catherine L. Albanese, Thomas A. Evangelical Women and the Power oj on ordained ministry, the implications Tweed and Christopher Vecsey, among Submission (University of California of priesthood in consecrated life for others. Press, 1997), is an exploration of women, institutes of consecrated life and Women's Aglow Fellowship, first Angelyn Dries, O.S.F., The Missionary ordained ministry, and the results of the formed as the Full Gospel Women's Movement in American Catholic History Futures oj Religious Orders in the United Fellowship in 1967, now the largest (Orbis Books, 1998), provides a com­ States (FORUS) study published in 1993 women's evangelical organization in the prehensive account of the subject and its are among the subjects discussed. Con­ world. Using both ethnography and analogies with Protestant missionary tributors include John W. O'Malley, history, Griffith explores the prayer life theory and practice in the United States. S.].; R. Kevin Seasoltz, O.s.B.; David and practices that characterize the

18 N. Power, O.M.I.; Roland]. Faley, HarperSanFrancisco, 1997), edited by contribution to the American Catholic T.O.R.; Doris Gottemoeller, R.S.M.; Christine M. Bochen, covers Merton's Benedictine tradition has been thor­ Paul]. Philibert, O.P.; Miriam D. journal entries from January 2, 1966, to oughly documented in this revised and Ukeritis, C.S.].; and David]. Nygren, October 8, 1967. Merton writes with expanded biography. C.M. remarkable candor of his relationship Anthony V. Riccio, Portrait of an Italian­ with "M.," a student nurse assigned to Weapons of the Spirit: Selected Writings of American Neighborhood: The North End �f his care during his illness. Merton FatherJohn Hugo, edited by David Scott Boston (Center for Migration Studies, explores the experience of falling in and Mike Aquilina (Our Sunday Visitor, 1998). An illustrated social history of love, which challenged, threatened and 1997). FLJohn Hugo (1911-1985) was one of the last intact Italian-American eventually deepened his experience of an influential figure in the peace move­ urban neighborhoods in America, this solitude as a Trappist monk in the ment, spiritual director to Dorothy Day, portrait is based on oral interviews that Abbey of Gethsemani. an early defender of Humanae Vitae and trace the community from its origins in guide to the Catholic charismatic re­ David Morgan, Visual Piety: A History turn-of-the-century I taly to the present. newal. For nearly 50 years a priest in and Theory of Popular Religious Images the Diocese of Pittsburgh, selections (University of California Press, 1998), Joseph F. Rishel, The Spirit that Cives from his writings - often privately presents a fascinating study of the history Life: The History of Duquesne University, printed or otherwise unavailable - are and meaning of popular religious images 1878-1996 (Duquesne University Press, collected here for the first time. from the late Middle Ages to the present 1997), provides a comprehensive history day. In analyzing "visual piety," Mor­ of the founding of Duquesne University Waclaw Kruszka, A History of the Poles in gan the attitudes and from its earliest as America to 1908. Part III: Poles in the explores practices, beginnings Pittsburgh ideas that are articulated through reli­ Catholic College in 1878 to the present Eastern and Southern States, edited by gious iconography. Morgan situates time. Founded by the priests and broth­ James S. Pula, et al., and translated by both Protestant and Catholic art within ers of the Congregation of the Holy Krystyna Jankowski (Catholic University the domain of devotional practice, Ghost, Duquesne has maintained a of America Press, 1998), is the third in a ritual, personal narrative and sacred commitment to excellence in liberal and four-volume history of Poles in the space. He examines popular icons professional education in the Spiritan United States by Father Kruszka who historically rooted in social concerns tradition. In 1967, Duquesne became immigrated in 1893. This history traces ranging from the control of human the of the Catholic Charis­ Polish contributions to America and birthplace passions to notions of gender, creedal matic movement under the direction of stresses the role of the Catholic Church and William and Kiefer. in Polish-American life. orthodoxy friendship. Storey Ralph Karl Müller, et al., eds., Dictionary of John K. Roth, Private Needs, Public Gary Maceoin, ed., The Papacy and the Mission: Theology, History, Perspectives Selves: Talk About Religion in America People of Cod (Orbis Books, 1998). Ten (Orbis, 1997), a translation of Lexikon (University of Illinois Press, 1997), essays by Joan Chittister, Harvey Cox, Missionstheologisther Crundbegriffe (1987). addresses the subject of public talk about Bernard Haring and others that together Updated and revised, this work contains religion in a variety of forums: where it ponder the future of the papacy from more than 100 articles on every essential can be found; how the presence or several angles: the papacy and women, aspect of Christian world mission by absence of public discourse about reli­ the history and theology of papal pri­ leading scholars in the field. Entries gion affects senses of self, society and macy, infallibility, the magisterium, have been added on "North Americana understanding; and how public talk papal elections, social teaching, the Mission Theology," "Common Wit­ about religion might expand and enrich papacy's relation to an indigenous ness," "Globalization," "Reconcilia­ the sense of self and society. Roth church and the role of the papacy in tion" and "Ecology and Mission." asserts that successful talk about religion an ecumenical church of the future. in America contributes to personal Jerome Oetgen, An American Abbot: Lawrence]. McCaffrey, The Irish Catho­ freedom. Only when religion is ex­ Boniface Wimmer, O.s.B., revised ed. lic Diaspora in America (Catholic Univer­ pressed openly and examined publicly (The Catholic University of America sity of America Press, 1998), an updated will the deepest insights to crucial Press, 1997), documents the life of version of the standard college and questions of life, death and the public Boniface Wimmer, O.s.B. (1809-1887), university text first published in 1976. good become evident. founder of the first Benedictine monas­ An urbane, eloquent and provocative tery in the United States, St. Vincent's Sacred Companies: Organizational Aspects summary of the Irish experience in the at Latrobe, Pennsylvania. Wimmer came of Religion and Religious Aspects of Organi­ United States, the new edition addresses to America from Bavaria in 1846 and for zations (Oxford University Press, 1998), the significance of Catholicism for Irish the next 40 years evangelized German edited by N. ]. Demerath III, Peter ethnicity, Irish America's impact on Americans, Irish Americans, African Dobkin Hall, Terry Schmitt and Rhys Irish nationalism, the tension between Americans, Native Americans and H. Williams, presents 22 interdiscipli­ Irish religious commitments and liberal­ immigrants from eastern Europe. He nary essays that analyze the historical democratic politics, and the fading established Benedictine monasteries in sources and patterns of U.S. religious Catholic dimension of Irish identity. farming regions rather than in cities. organizations, contemporary patterns of to Love: Thomas Merton, Learning Considered by John Tracy Ellis "the denominational authority, the congrega­ Exploring Solitude and Freedom (The greatest Catholic missionary tion as an organization and the interface Journals of Thomas Merton, v. 6. ofthe 19th century," Wimmer's between religious and secular

19 institutions and movements. Various history. Focusing primarily on main­ Tweed's detailed study of the largely aspects of Roman Catholicism are stream American Protestantism, the neglected Cuban population of Latino discussed, including declining member­ essays explore American religion and Catholics contributes to a growing body ship in Catholic seminaries, the charis­ society, Protestantism and region, Prot­ of literature on "new" immigrants. matic renewal, and the development of estantism and the mainstream and Prot­ Robert A. Vasoli, What Cod Has Joined liberation theology in Latin America. estants and outsiders with chapters on Together: The Annulment Crisis in Ameri­ ethnicity, gender, economic behavior Carl J. and Dorothy Schneider, In Their can Catholicism (Oxford University Press, and American Protestant foreign Own Right: The History of American 1998), is a carefully documented and rmssrons. Clergywomen (Crossroad, 1997). A thoroughly researched account of annul­ synthetic history of American Vinson Synan, The Holiness Pentecostal ment procedures and practices in the clergywomen in many denominations Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the American Catholic Church. In 1968, and faith communities, from the 17th Twentieth Century, second ed. the Church granted less than 600 annul­ century to the present. The lives and (Eerdmans, 1997), relates the rise and ments; today, more than 600,000 annul­ careers of women religious leaders of all development of the Pentecostal tradition ments are granted a year. Vasoli, a kinds are described: Roman Catholic from the early days of rejection to its sociologist, cuts to the core of scandal­ "parish administrators," ordained Mor­ acceptance as a major Christian tradition ous practices that have become widely mons, Methodist bishops, Jewish rabbis, in modern times. Synan chronicles the recognized in the American Catholic Episcopal priests, fundamentalist evange­ spread of Pentecostalism around the Church, rendering a careful analysis of lists, Salvation Army officers and New world following the Azusa Street reviv­ the Catholic tribunal system and its Age leaders. als in Los Angeles in 1906. He focuses shifting emphasis. on the beginnings of the movement in John T. Seddon III, When Saints Are Vatican Archives: An Inventory and Cuide those nations where Pentecostalism has Lovers: The Spirituality of Maryknoll Co­ to Historical Documents of the Holy See, become a major religious force and Founder Thomas F. Price (Liturgical Press, Francis X. Blouin, ed., (Oxford Univer­ examines the rise of various mainline 1997), explores the cultural and spiritual sity Press, 1997), presents histories of church charismatic movements that foundations of the life of Rev. Thomas more than 500 Vatican agencies estab­ have their roots in Pentecostalism. Frederick Price, M.M., co-founder of lished since the year 800. Organized Synan includes chapters on the Catholic the Catholic Foreign Mission Society into related agency groups such as Charismatic Renewal, African-Ameri­ (Maryknoll) in the United States. Based offices and congregations, entries de­ can Pentecostals, the Neo-Pentecostal on his diary entries written between scribe the purpose and workings of each movement and the charismatic 1908 and his death in 1919, Seldon agency, along with listings of the indi­ explosion. analyzes the mystical dimensions vidual record series that those agencies unique to Price's spirituality. Thomas A. Tweed, produced, their dates of creation, bulk, Our Lady of the organization, finding aids, a short de­ Frank C. Senn, Christian Liturgy: Exile: Diasporic scription of their scope and content, and Catholic and Evangelical (Fortress, Religion at a Cuban related bibliography. These administra­ 1997), traces the development of the Shrine in Miami tive records now constitute the Vatican church's liturgy from early Christian (Oxford University Archives. Detailed descriptions of each assemblies, through the Reformation, Press, 1997), fo­ agency provide a unique resource on the to the modern liturgical movement. cuses on religion, history of the Catholic Church and its Written from a Lutheran perspective, identity and place, role in the economic, political, social, Senn draws on anthropology, biblical with specific refer­ diplomatic and cultural history of studies, church history, theology and ence to the beliefs Europe. musicology. and practices of Peter W. Williams, Harry S. Stout and D. G. Hart, eds., Cuban Catholics lilii Houses Cod: l'ETER \\I.!WILLIAMS of New Directions in American Religious at the shrine of Our Lady of Charity _ Region, Religion, and History (Oxford University Press, 1997), in Miami. Tweed analyzes national­ Houses God Architecture in the consists of 17 essays from a conference istic forms of collective identities, HECI(lN, United States (Uni­ in Racine, Wisconsin, in 1993. Leading focusing on the identity of the invol­ versity of Illinois scholars Jon Butler, Gordon S. Wood, untarily displaced, or "diaspora na­ is a UNITU) �'rATFS Press, 1997), Dana L. Robert, David A. Hollinger tionalism." Based on historical and study of the re­ and others reflect on American intellec­ ethnographic methods, Tweed used gional variety of tual and religious history. Patrick census figures, documentary records, American "Recent American and • worship Carey's essay, survey data, periodicals pamphlets broken into seven Catholic Historiography: New Direc­ published by the shrine, devotional parts to reflect the tions in Religious History," provides a letters and 304 structured interviews cultural geography analysis of current and to determine the nature of Cuban comprehensive of the nation: New future trends in American Catholic devotional practices at the shrine.

20 of the England, the Mid-Atlantic states, the to educate its constituencies, promote subtle shifts in the presentation South, the Old Northwest, the Great the ongoing formation of presbyters and virgin martyrs, as their legends were Plains and the Mountains, the Spanish motivate them toward more effective adapted for changing audiences in late Borderlands, and the Pacific Rim. With ministry. This anniversary history is medieval England. more than 100 photographs, Houses of available for $15, including postage and Phyllis Zagano and Terrence W. Tilley, God provides a valuable resource for handling, from: NOCERCC National eds., The Exercise of the Primacy: Continu­ those interested in regional or architec­ Office; 1337 West Ohio Street; Chi­ ing the Dialogue (Crossroad Publishing, tural history. cago, IL 60622-6490. Make check is 1998). In June 1996, retired archbishop payable to NOCERCC. Joseph M. White, A Work Never Fin­ of San Francisco and past president of ished: The First Twenty-Five Years of the Karen A. Winstead, Virgin Martyrs: the National Conference of Catholic National Organization for Continuing Legends of Sainthood in Late Medieval Bishops John R. Quinn delivered a Education for Roman Catholic Clergy England (Cornell University Press, lecture at Campion Hall at Oxford on (NOCERCC), 1973-1998, with a 1997). Virgin martyrs were the most the relationship between the pope and forward by Francis S. Tebbe. O.F.M. popular female saints until well into the the bishops. This volume presents the NOCERCC, the professional associa­ late Middle Ages. The standard plot text of that lecture with responses from tion of directors of presbyterial continu­ revolves around a heroine who resists a five prominent Catholic thinkers includ­ ing education formation for dioceses and pagan suitor, endures incredible cruelties ing R. Scott Appleby, Elizabeth A. religious communities, serves the pasto­ inflicted on her by her rejected lover or Johnson, John F. Kane, Thomas P. ral needs of the Church by sponsoring outraged family, works miracles and dies Rausch and Wendy M. Wright. A research on issues and concerns of the for Christ. Winstead examines the final response is offered by Archbishop presbyterate. For 25 years, it has sought seemingly static story form and discovers Quinn.

Recent journal articles of interest include:

Nancy T. Ammerman, "Organized Jon Butler, et al., "Religion in Early Ignacio Corona, "Gaudalupanism: Religion in a Voluntaristic Society," America," William & Mary Quarterly 54 Popular Religiosity and Cultural Iden­ Sociology of Religion 58 (fall 1997): (October 1997): 693-848. tity," [osephinum journal of Theology 4 203-15. (Supplement 1997): 6-22. Una Cadegan, "A Very Full and Happy Steven M. Avella and Jeffrey Zalar, Life: Kathleen Norris and Popular Francis G. Couvares, "Hollywood and "Sanctity in the Era of Catholic Action: Novels for Women," Records of the the Culture Wars," American Quarterly The Case of St. Pius X," US. Catholic American Catholic Historical Society of 50 (March 1998): 192-200. Historian 15 (fall 1997): 57-80. Philadelphia 107 (fall-winter 1996): Virginia Glenn Crane, "History and 19-38. Steven M. Avella, Jeffrey M. Burns, Family Values, A Good Wife's Tale: Timothy J. Meagher, Charles E. Nolan, Patricia M. Y. Chang, "The Crisis is Mary Elizabeth Meade Grignon, 1837- Marina B. Ochoa, James M. O'Toole, About Control: Consequences of 1848," Wisconsin Magazine of History 80 and others, special issue on "The Local Priestly Decline in the U.S. Catholic (spring 1997): 179-200. Church: Archivists and Historians," Church," Sociology of Religion 59 (spring Thomas Dandelet, "Spanish Conquest US. Catholic Historian 16 (winter 1998): 1998): 1-5. and Colonization at the Center of the 1-114. Joseph P. Chinnici, O.F.M., "Culture Old World: The Spanish Nation in David A. Badillo, "Between Alienation and Prayer: Towards a History of Con­ Rome, 1555-1625," journal of Modem and Ethnicity: The Evolution of Mexi­ templation in the Catholic Community History 69 (September 1997): 479-511. can-American Catholicism in San Di­ in the United States," US. Catholic Cyprian Davis, OSB., and others, "No ego, 1910-1940," journal of American Historian 15 (fall 1997): 1-16. Cross, No Crown: The Journal of Sister Ethnic History 16 (summer 1997): Oscar Cole-Amal, "Shaping Young Mary Bernard Deggs," US. Catholic 62-83. Proletarians into Militant Christians: Historian 15 (fall 1997): 17-28. James D. Bratt, "The Reorientation of The Pioneer Phase of the JOC in France Richard W. Davis, "Wellington and the American Protestantism, 1835-1845" and Quebec," journal of Contemporary 'Open Question': The Issue of Catholic Church History 67 (March 1998): 52-82. History 32 (October 1997): 509-526. Emancipation, 1821-1829," Albion 29 Claudio M. Burgaleta, "The Theology John A. Coleman, S.J., "Authority, (spring 1997): 39-55. ofJosé de Acosta (1540-1600): Chal­ Power, Leadership: Sociological Under­ Mary Ann Dillon, R.S.M., "What the lenge and Inspiration for Bridging the standings," New Theology Review 1 O American People Want: Retrieving the Gap Between the Academy, Society, (August 1997): 31-44. Common Good," [osephinum journal of and the Church," Theology Today 54 Michael J. Connolly, John O. Allen and Theology 4 (summer/fall 1997): 18-27. aanuary 1998): 470-79. Mary Beth Fraser, Special Issue on Jay P. Dolan, "The Catholic Encounter George Deshon, C.S.P., 1823-1903, with Race," Reviews in American History Paulist History 7 (winter 1998): 3-54. 25 aune 1997): 282-287.

21 Avery Dulles, "John Paul II Theolo­ Ted G. Jelen and Clyde Wilcox, "Atti­ journal of Massachusetts 26 (winter 1998): gian," Communio 24 (winter 1997): tudes Toward Abortion in Poland and 27-45. 713-727. the United States," Social Science Quar­ Andrés I. Pérez y Mena, "Cuban terly 78 (December 1997): 907-921. Arthur Gatti, "Mario Savio's Religious Santeria, Haitian Vodun, Puerto Rican Influences and Origins," Radical History Pamela Kirk, "Sor Juana Inés de la Spiritualism: A Multicultural Inquiry Review no. 71 (spring 1998): 122-132. Cruz: Precursor of Latin American into Syncretism," journalfor the Scientific Feminism," journal of Hispanic/Latino Study of Religion 37 (March 1998): David A. Gerber, "The Immigrant Theology 5 (February 1998): 16-38. 15-27. Letter Between Positivism and Popu­ lism: The Uses of Imrnigrant Corre­ Frank J. Lechner, "The 'New Paradigm' Sandra Yocum Mize, "In the Court of '" spondence in Twentieth-Century in the Sociology of Religion: Comment the 'Queen of Sciences, Records of the American Scholarship," journal of Ameri­ on Warner," and R. Stephen Warner, American Catholic Historical Society of can Ethnic History 16 (summer 1997): "A Paradigm Is Not a Theory: Reply to Philadelphia 107 (fall-winter 1996): 3-34. Lechner," American journal of Sociology 1-18. 103 (Iuly 1997): 182-198. Timothy J. Gilfoyle, "White Cities, Scott H. Moore, "The End of Conve­ Linguistic Turns, and Disneylands: The Bruce H. Lescher, "Paul Hanly Furfey: nient Stereotypes: How the First Things New Paradigms of Urban History," Insights from a Spiritual Pilgrimage," and Baxter Controversies Inaugurate Reviews in American History 26 (March Records of the American Catholic Historical Extraordinary Politics," Pro Ecclesia 7 1998): 175-204. Society of Philadelphia 107 (fall-winter (winter 1998): 17-47. 1996): 39-63. C. Walker Gollar, "Catholic Slaves and Joseph Moreau, "Rise of the (Catholic) Slaveholders in Kentucky," The Catholic Edna Longley, "Review Article: What American Nation: United States History Historical Review 84 (Ianuary 1998): Do Protestants Want?" The Irish Review and Parochial Schools, 1878-1925," 42-62. no. 20 (winter-spring 1997): 104-120. American Studies 38 (fall 1997): 67-90. David G. Hackett and others, "Review Jeff Manza and Clem Brooks, "The Kathleen A. Murphey, "Schooling, Symposium: Robert Orsi's Thank You, Religious Factor in U.S. Presidential Teaching, and Change in Nineteenth­ St. jude, JJ US. Catholic Historian 15 (fall Elections, 1960-1992," American journal Century Fort Wayne, Indiana," Indiana 1997): 127-135. of Sociology 103 Guly 1997): 38-81. Magazine of History 94 (March 1998): 1-28. Beatrice Betancourt Hardy, "Roman Mark Massa, S.j., "Young Man Merton: Catholics, Not Papists: Catholic Identity Erik Erikson, The Mountains of Purga­ Timothy J. Nelson, "He Made a Way in Maryland, 1689-1776," Maryland tory and the Post-War 'Catholic Re­ Out of No Way: Religious Experience '" Historical Magazine 92 (summer 1997): vival, US. Catholic Historian 15 (fall in an African-American Congregation," 139-162. 1997): 107-125. Review of Religious Research 39 (Septem­ ber 1997): 5-26. Mary N. Harris, "Catholicism, Nation­ Timothy M. Matovina, "Hispanic Faith alism, and the Labour Question in and Theology," Theology Today 54 David Paul Nord, "Free Grace, Free Belfast, 1925-1938," Bullân 3 (spring (january 1998): 512-515. Books, Free Riders: The Economics of 1997): 15-32. Religious Publishing in Early Nine­ Patrick F. McDevitt, "Muscular Ca­ teenth-Century America," Proceedings of Leslie A. Hayduk, et al., "Sexual Orien­ tholicism: Nationalism, Masculinity and the American Antiquarian Society 106, Part tation and the Willingness of Catholic Gaelic Team Sports," Gender & History 9 2 (1996): 241-272. Seminary Students to Conform to (August 1997): 262-284. Church Teachings," joumalfor the Mary B. O'Brien and Patricia M. Miller, John T. McGreevy, "Faith and Morals Scientific Study of Religion 36 (September "A Woman of Vision: An Interview in the United States, 1865-Present," 1997): 455-467. with the Founder of the Grail Move­ Reviews in American History 26 (March ment in the United States," US. Catho­ Dean R. Hoge and Boguslaw Augustyn, 1998): 239-254. licHistorian 15 (fall 1997): 95-105. "Financial Contributions to Catholic Stephen L. Mcintyre, '''Our Schools Parishes: A Nationwide Study of Deter­ Margaret O'Gara, "Shifts Below the Are Not Charitable Institutions': Class, minants," Religious Review of Research 39 Surface of the Debate: Ecumenism, Gender, Ethnicity, and the Teaching (September 1997): 46-60. Dissent, and the Roman Catholic Profession in Nineteenth-Century St. Church," Thejurist 56 (1996): 361-390. William J. Hoye, "The Religious Roots Louis," Missouri Historical Review 92 of Academic Freedom," Theological (October 1997): 27-44. Thomas F. O'Meara, O.P., "Thomas Studies 58 (September 1997): 409-428. Aquinas and Today's Theology," Theol­ Francis M. McLoughlin, "The Replace­ ogy Today 55 (April 1998): 46-58. Thomas Hughson, S.j., "John Courtney ment of the Knights of Labor by the Murray and Postconciliar Faith," Theo­ International Longshoremen's Associa­ William R. O'Neill, S.j., and William logical Studies 58 (September 1997): tion in the Port of Boston," Historical C. Spohn, "Rights of Passage: The 480-508. Ethics of Immigration and Refugee

22 Policy," Theological Studies 59 (March Thomas W. Spalding, e.F.X., "Sin and American Studies 27, no. 2 (1997): 1998): 84-106. Grace on the Cattlemen's Frontier," 133-158. Records �f the American Catholic Historical Tricia T. Pyne, "A Plea for Maryland Elisa Sampson Vera Tudela, "Fashioning Society oj Philadelphia 107 (fall-winter Catholics Reconsidered," Maryland a Cacique Nun: From Saints' Lives to 1996): 65-75. Historical Magazine 92 (summer 1997): Indian Lives in the Spanish Americas," 163-182. Rodney Stark, "Catholic Contexts: Gender & History 9 (August 1997): Competition, Commitment and Inno­ 171-200. John Radzilowski, et al., "Symposium vation," Review oj Religious Research 39 on Ethnic Architecture," Polish American Fayette Breaux Veverka, "Catholic (March 1998): 197-208. Studies 54 (Spring 1997): 5-83. Education and Catechesis: Traditions in John Stenhouse, "Catholicism, Science, Tension," Listening: Journal oj Religion Margaret M. Reher, "Mission of and Modernity: The Case of William and Culture 33 (winter 1998): 60-77. America: John]. Burke in Peru," U.S. Miles Maskell," The Journal oj Religious Catholic Historian 15 (fall 1997): 81-93. R. Stephen Warner, "Religion, Bound­ History 22 (February 1998): 59-82. aries, and Bridges," Sociology oj Religion Gary Riebe-Estrella, "Latino Religiosity Anthony M. Stevens-Arroyo, "The 58 (fall 1997): 217-238. or Latino Catholicism?" Theology Today Evolution of Marian Devotionalism 54 (january 1998): 516-519. Tobias L. Winwright, "Virgil Michel on within Christianity and the Ibero­ Worship and War," Worship 71 (Sep­ Jeanette Rodriguez, "U.S. Hispanic/ Mediterranean Polity," JournalJar the tember 1997): 451-462. Latino Theology: Context and Chal­ Scientific Study oj Religion 37 (March lenge," Journal oj Hispanic/Latino Theol­ 1998): 50-73. Patricia Wittberg, S.e., "Deep Structure ogy 5 (February 1998): 6-15. in Community Cultures: The Revival Lillian Taiz, "Hallelujah Lasses in the of Religious Orders in Roman Catholi­ Ronald L. Sharps, "Black Catholic Gifts Battle for Souls: Working- and Middle­ cism," Sociology oj Religion 58 (fall 1997): of Faith," U.S. Catholic Historian 15 (Fall Class Women in the Salvation in Army 239-259. 1997): 29-55. the United States, 1872-1896," Journal oj Women's History 9 (summer 1997): Lawrence A. Young, "Assessing and Darren E. Sherkat, "Counterculture or 84-107. Updating the Schoenherr-Young Pro­ Continuity? Examining Competing jections of Clergy Decline in the United Influences and Baby Boomers' Religious Bryce Traister, "Anne Hutchison's States Roman Catholic Church," Sociol­ Orientations and Participation," Social 'Monstrous Birth' and the Feminization ogy oj Religion 59 (spring 1998): 7-23. Forces 76 (March 1998): 1087-1114. of Antinomianism," Canadian Review oj

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