DOCSLIB.ORG

Cycloartenol-Derived Sterol Biosynthesis in the Peronosporales (Pythiaceae/Phytophthora/Pythium/Peronophythora) STEVEN A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cycloartenol-Derived Sterol Biosynthesis in the Peronosporales (Pythiaceae/Phytophthora/Pythium/Peronophythora) STEVEN A Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 79, pp. 3769-3772, June 1982 Botany Cycloartenol-derived sterol biosynthesis in the Peronosporales (Pythiaceae/Phytophthora/Pythium/Peronophythora) STEVEN A. WARNER, DAVID F. EIERMAN, G. WAYNE SOVOCOOL, AND ARISTOTLE J. DOMNAS* Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 Communicated by John N. Couch, March 15, 1982 ABSTRACT Selected species of the order Peronosporales, fined medium of Elliott and Knights (7). Five replicates were which are unable toepoxidize squalene and thus synthesize sterols, prepared for at least three different growth trials. are able to metabolize exogenous cycloartenol to lanosterol and Sterols. Lanosterol (A8'24-lanostadienol) and fucosterol in some organisms to fucosterol, ergosterol, and cholesterol. Lan- (,5,24(28)E-stigmastadienol) were purchased from Research Plus osterol was less effectively utilized but some ergosterol and cho- Steroid Laboratories (Denville, NJ). Cycloartenol (913, 19-cyclo- lesterol were yielded. Fucosterol was very efficiently metabolized A4-lanostenol) was prepared by the method of Nath (11) from by most species to ergosterol, A7-ergostenol, A5-ergostenol, cho- jackfruit supplied through the courtesy ofY. Sagawa (Lyon Ar- lestanol, and cholesterol. Several unknown sterols were observed boretum, University of Hawaii at Manoa). Crude cycloartenol in most trials. These data suggest a vestigial sterol synthetic path- was purified by repeated column chromatography (12) followed way derived from cycloartenol, followed by possible isomerization by preparative reverse-phase HPLC (elution with methanol/ to lanosterol and then to other sterols. H20, 96:4; Waters preparation LC500A; elution rate 250 ml/ It has been established that species of Pythium and Phytoph- min). The cycloartenol and fucosterol were found to be essen- thora require exogenous sterols for sexual reproduction (1, 2). tially >99.9% pure as assayed by gas/liquid chromatography These organisms are unable to synthesize sterols because of a (see below), but lanosterol contained 35% dihydrolanosterol. missing squalene epoxidase (3). Metabolism of exogenous ste- Sterols were added to the broth (1 mg/100 ml) in CHC13 along rols has been observed in Phytophthora cactorum by Langeake with 1 ml of 2% aqueous Tween 80 and autoclaved. (4), who reported possible conversion of lanosterol to choles- Sterol Isolation and Identification. Vegetative mycelia col- terol. Nes and Patterson (5) reported that Phyt. cactorum was lected after 7 days' growth were treated as described (10) and unable to transform cycloartenol or lanosterol to other sterols. the unsaponifiable lipid fraction was obtained. The sterols were Conversion ofA7 and A5'7 sterols to A5 sterols has been reported separated on HPLC with a Waters instrument by using a 10-,um by Elliott and Knights (6) in Phyt. cactorum, which additionally C18 column (4.6 x 250 mm). Fractions were eluted with meth- synthesizes cholesteryl esters, cholesteryl glucosides, and acyl anol/H20 (96:4) at 2 ml/min flowwith UV detection at 210 nm. sterol glycosides (7, 8). Other than the above, sterol conversions Sterolswere identifiedby gas/liquidchromatography on 3% SE- in Phytophthora or Pythium have, in general, not been dem- 30 and 1% QF-1 with a Packard 417 FID chromatograph as onstrated in detail. described (10). Confirmation ofidentification was obtainedwith Lagenidium giganteum is another Oomycete, but of the La- gas chromatography/electron impact mass spectroscopy (70 eV) genidiales, that requires exogenous sterols to produce zoo- with a Finnegan 4023 instrument. A 15-m flexible fused silica spores (9). Warner and Domnas (10) have shown that this or- capillary coated with OV-101 was programmed from 160 to ganism converts cycloartenol, but not lanosterol, to cholesterol. 2600C at 10°C/min with an initial hold of 3 min. Because Lagenidium species are able to metabolize cycloar- tenol, itwas ofconsiderable interest to observe ifthis compound RESULTS could be metabolized by selected species ofthe Peronosporales. This article reports our observations. No sterols were found in control organisms to the limit of de- tection (0.0001%). Uninoculated control cultures yielded a stoi- chiometric recovery of the administered sterols. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sterols Isolated After Administration ofCycloartenol. Table Microorganisms, Maintenance, and Growth. Phyt. cinna- 1 illustrates the substances identified in the organisms exam- momi, Phyt. infestans, and Pythium debaryanum were obtained ined. Clear evidence was obtained for the conversion of cy- from Carolina Biological (Burlington, NC). Phyt. cryptogea and cloartenol to lanosterol; however, the conversion efficiency- Phyt. parasitica var. nicotianae were obtained courtesy ofJ. D. defined as the percent of sterol taken up that was convert- Nelson, Jr. (Olin Research Center, New Haven, CT). Phyt. cac- ed-varied from organism to organism and ranged from 2% to torum (no. 16693) and Peronophythora litchii (no. 34595) were 40%. Total neutral sterols were typically 5-10 jmg/mg of dry obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, weight here and below. Three ofthe five Phytophthora species MD). Stock cultures were maintained on 2% agar slants with yielded cholesterol. Phyt. cinnamomi also yielded 14a-methyl- the defined medium of Elliott and Knights (7). A5'8-cholestadienol and traces of fucosterol. Desmosterol was Inoculation and growth were as described (10) with the de- found in Phyt. cinnamomi, Phyt. cryptogea, and in Peronophy- thora litchii. Phyt. parasitica, Phyt. cactorum, Pythium debar- The publication costs ofthis article were defrayed in part by page charge yanum, and Peron. litchii also synthesized ergosterol. Choles- payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertise- ment" in accordance with 18.U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. * To whom reprint requests should be addressed. 3769 Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 3770 Botany: Warner et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 (1982) Table 1. Sterols isolated from Peronosporales after growth Table 2. Sterols isolated from Peronosporales after growth with with cycloartenol lanosterol Organism Sterols isolated* % composition Organism Sterols isolated % composition Phytophthora cactorum Cycloartenol 96 Phytophthora cactorum Lanosterol/dihydro- 93 Lanosterol 1 lanosterol Ergosterol 1 Ergosterol 3 Cholesterol 1 Cholesterol 2 A5'22-Stigmastadienol 1 AY-Ergostenol 1 Mt = 426 (1.27) NQ Mt = 424 (1.11) 1 Phyt. cinnamomi Cycloartenol 60 Phyt. cinnamomi Lanosterol/dihydro- 96 Lanosterol 30 lanosterol Cholesterol 5 Ergosterol 4 14a-Methyl-A5,8_ 5 Mt = 398 (1.00) NQ cholestadienol Mt = 424 (1.11) NQ Fucosterol NQ Mt = 424 (1.04) NQ Desmosterol NQ Mt = 426 (1.07) NQ Mt = 400 (1.00) NQ Phyt. cryptogea Lanosterol/dihydro- 99 Mt = 440 (1.28) NQ lanosterol Phyt. cryptogea Cycloartenol 98 Mt = 394 (1.00) 1 Lanosterol 1 Mt = 400 (1.00) NQ Desmosterol 1 Phyt. infestans Lanosterol/dihydro- 95 Mt = 408 (1.02) NQ lanosterol Mt = 424 (1.11) NQ Cholesterol 5 Mt = 424 (1.14) NQ Phyt. parasitica Lanosterol/dihydro- 97 Phyt. infestans Cycloartenol 98 lanosterol Lanosterol 1 Mt = 426 (1.07) 2 Cholesterol 1 Ergosterol 1 Mt = 424 (1.12) NQ A&5-Stigmastanol NQ Phyt. parasitica Cycloartenol 94 Mt = 440 (1.28) NQ Lanosterol 2 Peronophythora litchii Lanosterol/dihydro- 99 Ergosterol 2 lanosterol Cholestanol 1 Cholesterol 1 Cholesterol 1 Ergosterol NQ Peronophythora litchii Cycloartenol 97 Mt = 424 (1.14) NQ Lanosterol 1 Mt = 426 (1.07) NQ Mt = 426 (1.27) 1 Pythium debaryanum Lanosterol/dihydro- 98 Cholesterol 1 lanosterol Ergosterol NQ Ergosterol 1 Desmosterol NQ Cholesterol 1 Pythium debaryanum Cycloartenol 95 Mt = 426 (1.07) NQ Lanosterol 5 Cholesterol NQ Legend and footnote as in Table 1. Desmosterol NQ Fungi were grown and sterols analyzed as described inMaterials and in Phyt. parasitica. Phyt. cactorum exhibited A5-ergostenol. Methods. The area normalization for the percent composition was de- Again a considerable number ofunknown sterols was observed, termined with the SE-30 column. NQ = detected but not at quantifi- ranging from Mt 394 to Mt 440. able levels. Sterols Isolated After Administration of Fucosterol. All or' * Unknown sterols are designated by their molecular ion. Values in ganisms utilized fucosterol in efficiencies ranging from 3% to parentheses refer to retention time relative to cholesterol on OV-101. 62%, and all produced cholesterol (Table 3). Phyt. cinnamomi produced ergosterol (38%) and A7-ergostenol (12%), which was tanol was identified in Phyt. parasitica. A5 22-Stigmastadienol also found in Phyt. parasitica, Pyth. debaryanum, and Peron. was present in Phyt. cactorum. litchii. Cholestanol was found in significant quantities (10%) in A considerable number of unknown sterols was found from Phyt. cryptogea and Phyt. parasitica. Numerous unidentified Mt 398 to Mt 428, ofwhich Mt 400, 424, and 426 were most sterols ranging from Mt 394 to Mt 428 were present. frequently encountered. These unknowns were considered sterols only if Mt, (M-CH3)t, (M-H20)t, and (M-[CH3+H20])+ DISCUSSION were discernible and the relative retention times were The Oomycetes and Hyphochytriomycetes are considered by appropriate. many mycologists to have a phylogenetic origin different from Sterols Isolated After Administration of Lanosterol. All or- all other fungi, in view of a variety of morphological and bio- ganisms transformed lanosterol to some extent with a conver- chemical parameters
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phytopythium: Molecular Phylogeny and Systematics
    Persoonia 34, 2015: 25–39 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158515X685382 Phytopythium: molecular phylogeny and systematics A.W.A.M. de Cock1, A.M. Lodhi2, T.L. Rintoul 3, K. Bala 3, G.P. Robideau3, Z. Gloria Abad4, M.D. Coffey 5, S. Shahzad 6, C.A. Lévesque 3 Key words Abstract The genus Phytopythium (Peronosporales) has been described, but a complete circumscription has not yet been presented. In the present paper we provide molecular-based evidence that members of Pythium COI clade K as described by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) belong to Phytopythium. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian LSU phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU and SSU) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase Oomycetes subunit 1 (COI) as well as statistical analyses of pairwise distances strongly support the status of Phytopythium as Oomycota a separate phylogenetic entity. Phytopythium is morphologically intermediate between the genera Phytophthora Peronosporales and Pythium. It is unique in having papillate, internally proliferating sporangia and cylindrical or lobate antheridia. Phytopythium The formal transfer of clade K species to Phytopythium and a comparison with morphologically similar species of Pythiales the genera Pythium and Phytophthora is presented. A new species is described, Phytopythium mirpurense. SSU Article info Received: 28 January 2014; Accepted: 27 September 2014; Published: 30 October 2014. INTRODUCTION establish which species belong to clade K and to make new taxonomic combinations for these species. To achieve this The genus Pythium as defined by Pringsheim in 1858 was goal, phylogenies based on nuclear LSU rRNA (28S), SSU divided by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) into 11 clades based rRNA (18S) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase1 (COI) on molecular systematic analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • • Our Bodies Make All the Cholesterol We Need. • 85 % of Our Blood
    • Our bodies make all the cholesterol we need. • 85 % of our blood cholesterol level is endogenous • 15 % = dietary from meat, poultry, fish, seafood and dairy products. • It's possible for some people to eat foods high in cholesterol and still have low blood cholesterol levels. • Likewise, it's possible to eat foods low in cholesterol and have a high blood cholesterol level SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL • LOCATION • All tissues • Liver • Cortex of adrenal gland • Gonads • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cholesterol biosynthesis and degradation • Diet: only found in animal fat • Biosynthesis: primarily synthesized in the liver from acetyl-coA; biosynthesis is inhibited by LDL uptake • Degradation: only occurs in the liver • Cholesterol is only synthesized by animals • Although de novo synthesis of cholesterol occurs in/ by almost all tissues in humans, the capacity is greatest in liver, intestine, adrenal cortex, and reproductive tissues, including ovaries, testes, and placenta. • Most de novo synthesis occurs in the liver, where cholesterol is synthesized from acetyl-CoA in the cytoplasm. • Biosynthesis in the liver accounts for approximately 10%, and in the intestines approximately 15%, of the amount produced each day. • Since cholesterol is not synthesized in plants; vegetables & fruits play a major role in low cholesterol diets. • As previously mentioned, cholesterol biosynthesis is necessary for membrane synthesis, and as a precursor for steroid synthesis including steroid hormone and vitamin D production, and bile acid synthesis, in the liver. • Slightly less than half of the cholesterol in the body derives from biosynthesis de novo. • Most cells derive their cholesterol from LDL or HDL, but some cholesterol may be synthesize: de novo.
    [Show full text]
  • Next-Generation Sequencing of Representational Difference Analysis
    Planta DOI 10.1007/s00425-017-2657-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Next-generation sequencing of representational difference analysis products for identification of genes involved in diosgenin biosynthesis in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) 1 1 1 1 Joanna Ciura • Magdalena Szeliga • Michalina Grzesik • Mirosław Tyrka Received: 19 August 2016 / Accepted: 30 January 2017 Ó The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Within the transcripts related to sterol and steroidal Main conclusion Representational difference analysis saponin biosynthesis, we discovered novel candidate of cDNA was performed and differential products were genes of diosgenin biosynthesis and validated their sequenced and annotated. Candidate genes involved in expression using quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Based on biosynthesis of diosgenin in fenugreek were identified. these findings, we supported the idea that diosgenin is Detailed mechanism of diosgenin synthesis was biosynthesized from cycloartenol via cholesterol. This is proposed. the first report on the next-generation sequencing of cDNA-RDA products. Analysis of the transcriptomes Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a valuable enriched in low copy sequences contributed substantially medicinal and crop plant. It belongs to Fabaceae family to our understanding of the biochemical pathways of and has a unique potential to synthesize valuable steroidal steroid synthesis in fenugreek. saponins, e.g., diosgenin. Elicitation (methyl jasmonate) and precursor feeding (cholesterol and squalene) were Keywords Diosgenin Á Next-generation sequencing Á used to enhance the content of sterols and steroidal Phytosterols Á Representational difference analysis of sapogenins in in vitro grown plants for representational cDNA Á Steroidal saponins Á Transcriptome user-friendly difference analysis of cDNA (cDNA-RDA).
    [Show full text]
  • Cholesterol Metabolites 25-Hydroxycholesterol and 25-Hydroxycholesterol 3-Sulfate Are Potent Paired Regulators: from Discovery to Clinical Usage
    H OH metabolites OH Review Cholesterol Metabolites 25-Hydroxycholesterol and 25-Hydroxycholesterol 3-Sulfate Are Potent Paired Regulators: From Discovery to Clinical Usage Yaping Wang 1, Xiaobo Li 2 and Shunlin Ren 1,* 1 Department of Internal Medicine, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23249, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-(804)-675-5000 (ext. 4973) Abstract: Oxysterols have long been believed to be ligands of nuclear receptors such as liver × recep- tor (LXR), and they play an important role in lipid homeostasis and in the immune system, where they are involved in both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. However, they are increas- ingly associated with a wide variety of other, sometimes surprising, cell functions. Oxysterols have also been implicated in several diseases such as metabolic syndrome. Oxysterols can be sulfated, and the sulfated oxysterols act in different directions: they decrease lipid biosynthesis, suppress inflammatory responses, and promote cell survival. Our recent reports have shown that oxysterol and oxysterol sulfates are paired epigenetic regulators, agonists, and antagonists of DNA methyl- transferases, indicating that their function of global regulation is through epigenetic modification. In this review, we explore our latest research of 25-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol 3-sulfate in a novel regulatory mechanism and evaluate the current evidence for these roles. Citation: Wang, Y.; Li, X.; Ren, S. Keywords: oxysterol sulfates; oxysterol sulfation; epigenetic regulators; 25-hydroxysterol; Cholesterol Metabolites 25-hydroxycholesterol 3-sulfate; 25-hydroxycholesterol 3,25-disulfate 25-Hydroxycholesterol and 25-Hydroxycholesterol 3-Sulfate Are Potent Paired Regulators: From Discovery to Clinical Usage.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Deletion of Abcc6 Disturbs Cholesterol Homeostasis in Mice Bettina Ibold1, Janina Tiemann1, Isabel Faust1, Uta Ceglarek2, Julia Dittrich2, Theo G
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Genetic deletion of Abcc6 disturbs cholesterol homeostasis in mice Bettina Ibold1, Janina Tiemann1, Isabel Faust1, Uta Ceglarek2, Julia Dittrich2, Theo G. M. F. Gorgels3,4, Arthur A. B. Bergen4,5, Olivier Vanakker6, Matthias Van Gils6, Cornelius Knabbe1 & Doris Hendig1* Genetic studies link adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter C6 (ABCC6) mutations to pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). ABCC6 sequence variations are correlated with altered HDL cholesterol levels and an elevated risk of coronary artery diseases. However, the role of ABCC6 in cholesterol homeostasis is not widely known. Here, we report reduced serum cholesterol and phytosterol levels in Abcc6-defcient mice, indicating an impaired sterol absorption. Ratios of cholesterol precursors to cholesterol were increased, confrmed by upregulation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) expression, suggesting activation of cholesterol biosynthesis in Abcc6−/− mice. We found that cholesterol depletion was accompanied by a substantial decrease in HDL cholesterol mediated by lowered ApoA-I and ApoA-II protein levels and not by inhibited lecithin-cholesterol transferase activity. Additionally, higher proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (Pcsk9) serum levels in Abcc6−/− mice and PXE patients and elevated ApoB level in knockout mice were observed, suggesting a potentially altered very low-density lipoprotein synthesis. Our results underline the role of Abcc6 in cholesterol homeostasis and indicate impaired cholesterol metabolism as an important pathomechanism involved in PXE manifestation. Mutations in the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter C6 (ABCC6) gene are responsible for pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a metabolic disease, hallmarked by a progressive elastic fber calcifcation of the skin, eyes and cardiovascular system.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
    Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry.
    [Show full text]
  • Pythium Ultimum Species Complex
    Resolving thePythium ultimum species complex by Quinn Eggertson A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario ©2012 Quinn Eggertson Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-93569-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-93569-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,441,206 B1 Mikkonen Et Al
    USOO64.41206B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,441,206 B1 Mikkonen et al. (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 27, 2002 (54) USE OF ORGANIC ACID ESTERS IN GB 1298047 11/1972 DIETARY FAT GB 2288805 * 7/1995 JP 588.098 A 1/1983 (75) Inventors: Hannu Mikkonen, Rajamäki; Elina JP 9194345 A 7/1997 Heikkilä, Vantaa, Erkki Anttila, Algy o Rajamäki; Anneli Lindeman, Espoo, all WO A19806405 2/1998 of (FI) OTHER PUBLICATIONS (73) Assignee: Raisio Benecol Ltd., Raisio (FI) Miettinen et al., New Technologies for Healthy Foods, pp. * Y NotOtice: Subjubject to anyy disclaimer,disclai theh term off thisthi 71-83 (1997). patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Habib et al., Sci. Pharm. vol. 49, pp. 253–257 (1981). U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. Mukhina e al., STN International, vol. 88, No. 7, pp. 1429-1430 (1977). (21) Appl. No.: 09/508,295 Mukhina et al., STN International, vol. 67, No. 9, pp. 587-589 (1967). (22) PCT Filed: Sep. 9, 1998 Tuomisto et al., Farmakologia Ja Toksikologia, pp. 526-534 (86) PCT No.: PCT/FI98/00707 (1982). Ikeda et al., J. Nutr Sci. Vitaminol, vol. 35, pp. 361-369 S371 (c)(1), (1989). (2), (4) Date: May 12, 2000 Heinemann et al., Eur: J. Clin. Pharmacol., 40(Suppl 1), pp. S59–S63 (1991). (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO99/15546 Mattson et al., J. Nutr, vol. 107, pp. 1139-1146 (1977). PCT Pub. Date: Apr. 1, 1999 Herting et al., Fed. Proc., vol. 19, pp. 18, (1960). Takagi et al., J.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic and Pathogenic Relatedness of Pseudoperonospora Cubensis and P. Humuli
    Mycology Genetic and Pathogenic Relatedness of Pseudoperonospora cubensis and P. humuli Melanie N. Mitchell, Cynthia M. Ocamb, Niklaus J. Grünwald, Leah E. Mancino, and David H. Gent First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, third author: United States Department of Agriculture– Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Horticultural Crops Research Unit; and fifth author: USDA-ARS, Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Accepted for publication 6 March 2011. ABSTRACT Mitchell, M. N., Ocamb, C. M., Grünwald, N. J., Mancino, L. E., and in nuclear, mitochondrial, and ITS phylogenetic analyses, with the Gent, D. H. 2011. Genetic and pathogenic relatedness of Pseudoperono- exception of isolates of P. humuli from Humulus japonicus from Korea. spora cubensis and P. h u m u l i . Phytopathology 101:805-818. The P. cubensis isolates appeared to contain the P. humuli cluster, which may indicate that P. h um u li descended from P. cubensis. Host-specificity The most economically important plant pathogens in the genus experiments were conducted with two reportedly universally susceptible Pseudoperonospora (family Peronosporaceae) are Pseudoperonospora hosts of P. cubensis and two hop cultivars highly susceptible to P. humuli. cubensis and P. hu m u li, causal agents of downy mildew on cucurbits and P. cubensis consistently infected the hop cultivars at very low rates, and hop, respectively. Recently, P. humuli was reduced to a taxonomic sporangiophores invariably emerged from necrotic or chlorotic hyper- synonym of P. cubensis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sensitive-like lesions. Only a single sporangiophore of P.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytophthora Pathogens Threaten Rare Habitats and Conservation Plantings
    Phytophthora pathogens threaten rare habitats and conservation plantings Susan J. Frankel1, Janice Alexander2, Diana Benner3, Janell Hillman4 & Alisa Shor5 Abstract Phytophthora pathogens are damaging native wildland vegetation including plants in restoration areas and botanic gardens. The infestations threaten some plants already designated as endangered and degrade high-value habitats. Pathogens are being introduced primarily via container plant nursery stock and, once established, they can spread to adjacent areas where plant species not previously exposed to pathogens may become infected. We review epidemics in California – caused by the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock & Man in ‘t Veld and the frst USA detections of P. tentaculata Krber & Marwitz, which occurred in native plant nurseries and restoration areas – as examples to illustrate these threats to conservation plantings. Introduction stock) (Liebhold et al., 2012; Parke et al., Phytophthora (order: Peronosporales; 2014; Jung et al., 2015; Swiecki et al., kingdom: Stramenopila) pathogens 2018b; Sims et al., 2019). Once established, have increasingly been identifed as Phytophthora spp. have the potential associated with plant dieback and to reduce growth, kill and cause other mortality in restoration areas (Bourret, undesirable impacts on a wide variety of 2018; Garbelotto et al., 2018; Sims et al., native or horticultural vegetation (Brasier 2019), threatened and endangered species et al., 2004; Hansen 2007, 2011; Scott & habitat (Swiecki et al., 2018a), botanic Williams, 2014; Jung et al., 2018). gardens and wildlands in coastal California In this review, we focus on the (Cobb et al., 2017; Metz et al., 2017) and consequences of two pathogen southern Oregon (Goheen et al., 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Metabolic and Transcriptomic Profiling of Various
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Comprehensive metabolic and transcriptomic profling of various tissues provide insights for saponin Received: 17 October 2017 Accepted: 4 June 2018 biosynthesis in the medicinally Published: xx xx xxxx important Asparagus racemosus Prabhakar Lal Srivastava1, Anurag Shukla2 & Raviraj M. Kalunke2 Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari), belongs to the family Asparagaceae and is known as a “curer of hundred diseases” since ancient time. This plant has been exploited as a food supplement to enhance immune system and regarded as a highly valued medicinal plant in Ayurvedic medicine system for the treatment of various ailments such as gastric ulcers, dyspepsia, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, as a galactogogue and against several other diseases. In depth metabolic fngerprinting of various parts of the plant led to the identifcation of 13 monoterpenoids exclusively present in roots. LC-MS profling led to the identifcation of a signifcant number of steroidal saponins (33). However, we have also identifed 16 triterpene saponins for the frst time in A. racemosus. In order to understand the molecular basis of biosynthesis of major components, transcriptome sequencing from three diferent tissues (root, leaf and fruit) was carried out. Functional annotation of A. racemosus transcriptome resulted in the identifcation of 153 transcripts involved in steroidal saponin biosynthesis, 45 transcripts in triterpene saponin biosynthesis, 44 transcripts in monoterpenoid biosynthesis and 79 transcripts in favonoid biosynthesis. These fndings will pave the way for better understanding of the molecular basis of steroidal saponin, triterpene saponin, monoterpenoids and favonoid biosynthesis in A. racemosus. Asparagus racemosus is one of the most valuable medicinal plants, regarded as a “Queen of herbs” in Ayurvedic health system and has been used worldwide to cure various diseases1.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Temperature on the Incidence and Severity of Pre-Emergence and Post-Emergence Damping Off of Cowpea ( Vignaunguiculata L.) by Pythium Debaryanum
    Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science (ISSN: 2315-5094) Vol. 5(8) pp. 339-343, August, 2016 Issue. Available online http://garj.org/garjas/home Copyright © 2016 Global Advanced Research Journals Full Length Research Paper Effects of Temperature on the Incidence and Severity of Pre-Emergence and Post-Emergence Damping off of Cowpea ( Vignaunguiculata L.) By Pythium debaryanum 1Chadi, .M.,1 Auyo, M.I., 2Daniel, A.K., and 1Kutama, A.S., 1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria Accepted 13 August, 2016 The focus of this study is on the effect of different temperature on the incidence and severity of pre-emergence and post-emergence damping off of cowpea (Vignaunguiculata) caused by Pythium debaryanum. This research was conducted using 130 viable cowpea seeds each for pre-emergence and post-emergence damping. Germinating and germinated seeds, as the case may be, were incubated in groups of 10 in three replicates at 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 0C. A replicate of 10 samples each was observed as control for pre-emergence and post- emergence damping off. The findings of this research show clearly that the effect of temperature on the incidence and severity of damping off on Cowpea by Pythium debaryanum was significant for both pre-emergence and post- emergence damping off. In both cases, disease incidence for the lowest and highest treatment temperature was 70% and 96.7% respectively. This means that the incidence and severity of damping off increases with increased temperature in both seeds and seedlings.
    [Show full text]