Maria De Fátima Baracuhy

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Maria De Fátima Baracuhy UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS, LETRAS E ARTES DEPARTAMENTO DE PSICOLOGIA DOUTORADO EM PSICOLOGIA SOCIAL (PROGRAMA INTEGRADO) ATITUDES FRENTE AO PIERCING E A INTENÇÃO DE USÁ-LO: UMA EXPLICAÇÃO A PARTIR DO COMPROMISSO CONVENCIONAL Maria de Fátima Baracuhy João Pessoa – PB Dezembro de 2009 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS, LETRAS E ARTES DEPARTAMENTO DE PSICOLOGIA DOUTORADO EM PSICOLOGIA SOCIAL (PROGRAMA INTEGRADO) ATITUDES FRENTE AO PIERCING E A INTENÇÃO DE USÁ-LO: UMA EXPLICAÇÃO A PARTIR DO COMPROMISSO CONVENCIONAL Tese apresentada ao Programa Integrado de Doutorado em Psicologia Social da Universidade Federal da Paraíba / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, por Maria de Fátima Baracuhy sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Valdiney Veloso Gouveia, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutora em Psicologia Social. João Pessoa, 11 de Dezembro de 2009 2 ATITUDES FRENTE AO PIERCING E A INTENÇÃO DE USÁ-LO: UMA EXPLICAÇÃO A PARTIR DO COMPROMISSO CONVENCIONAL Maria de Fátima Baracuhy Conceito:__________________________ Banca Examinadora ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Valdiney Veloso Gouveia, UFPB (Orientador) ________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Cristina Maria de Souza Brito Dias, UNICAP (Membro Externo) _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Genário Alves Barbosa, UFPB (Membro Interno) _____________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Maria da Penha de Lima Coutinho, UFPB (Membro Interno) _____________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Rildésia S. V. Gouveia, UNIPE (Membro Externo) João Pessoa, 11 de Dezembro de 2009 3 Ao meu inesquecível pai, Assis Cavalcanti, e à minha mãe, Yara de Araújo Tôrres Baracuhy. 4 “[..] Tudo que dizemos tem um “antes” e um “depois” – uma margem a qual outras pessoas podem escrever. O significado é inerentemente instável: ele procura o fechamento (a identidade), mas ele é constantemente perturbado (pela diferença). Ele está constantemente escapulindo de nós.” Stanley Hall 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Considero que a elaboração de uma tese de doutorado é um produto coletivo, embora sua redação, responsabilidade e stress sejam predominantemente individuais. Várias pessoas contribuíram para que este trabalho chegasse a bom termo. A todas elas, registro minha gratidão. A minha gratidão e admiração vai primeiramente para o Professor Orientador, colega e amigo Dr. Valdiney Veloso Gouveia. Creio terem sido a determinação e a riqueza de sua vida intelectual que o tornaram extremamente generoso. Não foram poucos os stop and go que ocorreram ao longo da construção da minha carreira profissional e que culminou com esta tese de doutorado. Sinto-me resgatada, ao mundo acadêmico, pelo Professor na sua sabedoria e generosidade, sua disponibilidade irrestrita, sua forma exigente, crítica, criativa e bem humorada de argüir as idéias apresentadas, deram norte e personalidade a este trabalho, facilitando o alcance de seus objetivos. Obrigada por toda a sua orientação, empenho e paixão pela ciência que contaminam as pessoas à sua volta. Trabalhar com o professor Valdiney é aprender o quão fascinante e prazeroso pode ser fazer ciência. À Professora Doutora Maria da Penha de Lima Coutinho, pelas suas reflexões criativas sobre nosso objeto de estudo, as quais muito nos ajudaram a compreendê-lo e a realizar uma análise crítica do mesmo, mas também por sua presença na banca de doutorado. Particularmente, vão meus sinceros agradecimentos. Aos Professores Genário, Natanael, Leôncio Camino, Joseli Costa e Paulo Tarso, que com a riqueza de suas aulas contribuíram de forma intensa nesta etapa da minha vida profissional, com respeito e consideração. Aos demais Professores que amavelmente aceitaram fazer parte desta banca, a saber: Cristina Maria de Souza Brito Dias, Genário Alves Barbosa e Rildésia S. V. Gouveia. A todos agradeço por sua dedicação à área, bem como por seu exemplo, reconhecidamente ocupando um espaço de destaque no cenário nacional da Psicologia brasileira. Aos amigos e colegas do Núcleo de Pesquisa Bases Normativas do Comportamento Social (BNCS), que tão bem me acolheram. Destaco especialmente Ana Karla Silva Soares, Ana Isabel, Luciana Dória, Kátia Corrêa Vione, Luana Elayne Cunha de Souza, Leogildo, Tiago Jessé Souza e Lima, Josélia de Mesquita Costa, Rafaela, Carol, Rebeca, Walberto Silva Santos e Sandra Pronk Santos. Não poderia deixar de nomear duas amigas importantes, com as quais compartilhei bons momentos de descontração e pude trocar informações valiosas para minha vida acadêmica: Maria Lúcia e Sandra. À Priscilla Vicente Ferreira, pelo seu trabalho de revisão e formatação do texto, que fez com que este trabalho se concretizasse de forma a observar as normas acadêmicas vigentes, expresso meus agradecimentos. De modo especial, quero destacar alguns colegas que, de forma significativa, ajudaram a tornar possível esta tese, servindo de referência em razão de sua capacidade profissional, ensinamentos estatísticos, paciência, tolerância, leitura e dicas. Particularmente, muito obrigado à Carlos Eduardo Pimentel, Jorge Artur Peçanha de Miranda Coelho, Patrícia Nunes da Fonsêca e Emerson Diógenes de Medeiros. Este último foi mais do que um colega, as vezes um conselheiro, contribuindo decisivamente para a consecução desta tese; serei sempre muito grata por seu apoio em momentos tão decisivos. 6 Meu muito obrigado especial, às amigas, Maria de Fátima Lopes (Fatinha), Lia Fiorese e Carol Correia Lins, por acreditarem em mim, permitindo que, durante as corridas na praia, eu conseguisse manter o pique para enfrentar noites e dias no computador, com palavras incentivadoras e muito carinho. Muito obrigada também à Antonia Constantino Dantas, que esteve trabalhando conosco, facilitando minha vida em vários aspectos. À Francisco, mais que um prestador de serviço, uma pessoa à disposição de todos, colaborando na secretaria do Doutorado em Psicologia Social. Sua presteza e disponibilidade em ajudar não podem ser esquecidas. Agradeço aos participantes desta pesquisa, que concordaram em responder aos questionários como também aos diretores das escolas públicas e privadas que aceitaram nos ceder alguns horários para a execução desta pesquisa. Cada um de vocês me fez uma pessoa e uma professora mais completa e feliz. Finalmente, porém não por último, minha gratidão ao meu filho, Domenico Nicola Porto, por ser simplesmente quem é: meu filho. Muito me ajudou seu apoio, compreendendo que sempre é possível recomeçar. Mas, acima de tudo, serei sempre grata por me ajudar a compreender que existem muitos curtos e excelentes momentos felizes juntos. Obrigada, de coração, por sua compreensão em prol da realização deste trabalho, encorajando-me a prosseguir adiante. Sua presença e o seu carinho foram uma fonte de inspiração para mim, tornando tudo mais fácil e agradável do que se eu estivesse sozinha nesta caminhada. Meu carinho e meu amor eternos! 7 ATITUDES FRENTE AO PIERCING E A INTENÇÃO DE USÁ-LO: UMA EXPLICAÇÃO A PARTIR DO COMPROMISSO CONVENCIONAL RESUMO. A presente tese teve como objetivo principal elaborar e testar um modelo explicativo das atitudes frente ao uso de piercing, partindo da hipótese do compromisso convencional. Neste sentido, realizaram-se três estudos empíricos. O Estudo 1 pretendeu, principalmente, conhecer os parâmetros psicométricos da Escala de Atitudes frente ao Uso de Piercing (EAFUP). Participaram 273 estudantes universitários de uma instituição privada de João Pessoa (PB), distribuídos equitativamente quanto ao sexo, com idades de 17 a 50 anos. Estes responderam a Escala de Atitudes Frente ao Uso de Piercing (EAFUP), e os seguintes instrumentos: Escala de Identificação com Grupos Convencionais (EIGC), Escala de Preferência Musical (EPM) e Questionário dos Valores Básicos (QVB), além de informações demográficas. Observou-se que os onze itens da EAFUP eram discriminativos, e que esta medida apresentou um único fator, com Alfa de Cronbach (α) de 0,97. Confirmou-se também a adequação psicométrica dos outros três instrumentos. O Estudo 2, realizado em João Pessoa (PB), teve como objetivos principais testar cinco hipóteses sobre os correlatos das atitudes frente ao uso de piercing e elaborar um modelo explicativo das mesmas. Assim, 210 estudantes universitários de instituição pública, a maioria do sexo masculino (57%), com idades entre 16 e 31 anos, responderam sete instrumentos: EAFUP, QVB, Escala de Atitudes frente ao Uso de Álcool (EAFUA), Escala de Preferência Musical (EPM-16), Escala de Identificação com Grupos Alternativos (EIGA), Escala de Atitudes frente ao Uso de Drogas (EAFUD) e Escala de Atitudes frente ao Uso de Maconha (EAFUM), e informações demográficas. Os resultados indicaram que, com exceção da hipótese correspondente à subfunção experimentação, todas as demais foram corroboradas; isto é, a identificação com grupos anticonvencionais (alternativos) e a preferência por músicas anticonvencionais favoreceram as atitudes positivas frente ao uso de piercing, ao passo que a importância atribuída aos valores normativos inibiu tais atitudes. Observou-se ainda que estas atitudes se correlacionaram diretamente com aquelas que eram favoráveis ao uso de drogas (álcool, maconha e drogas em geral). O modelo explicativo, o qual provou ser adequado, determina a preferência musical, a identificação com grupos anticonvencionais e os valores normativos como elementos explicativos das
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