6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86911-9 - Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954-1965 Mark Moyar Index More information

Index

Abdirascid, Ali Seamark, 377 Browne, Malcolm, 170, 176, 179, 220–221 , 225, 238 Agrovilles, 82–83, 101 , 157 Buddhists Aidit, 380 Communist infiltration of, 216–218, 231, 232, Alamo, Gabriel, 302 317, 350, 351 Algeria, 161 influence among general population, 215, 216, Alsop, Joseph, 239, 252, 262 244, 351 Alvarez, Everett, 313 influence on student protesters, 316 American Friends of Vietnam, 66, 120 objectives, 222, 223, 251, 334 Ames, John S., 252 opposition to Catholics, 316 Amory, Robert, 106 press coverage of, 214, 215–216 Arnett, Peter, 170, 225 protests, 212–213, 219–220, 222, 230, 231–232, Australia, 23, 29, 32, 290–291, 388 281, 316, 318, 334, 350, 351 advocacy of military action in Vietnam, 142, representation in government, 216, 296 386 ties to foreign press, 214, 220 contributions to war in Vietnam, 386–387 Bui Dinh Dam, 188, 189 fear of South Vietnam’s defeat in, 382, 386 Bui Dzinh, 270 Bui Quang Chieu, 17 Ba Cut, 49, 53, 54, 64 Bui Tin, 13, 22, 292 Ba Gia, battle of, 373–375, 392 Bundy, McGeorge, 122, 240–243, 263, 264, 277, Ball, George, 237, 239, 242, 244, 406–407, 408, 409 289, 319, 325, 352–354, 369, 408, 415 Bao Dai, 11, 13, 17, 21, 25, 26, 29, 33, 34, 41 , 43, Bundy, William, 290, 315, 319, 340, 408, 409 45, 46, 49, 50, 54 Burchett, Wilfred, 185, 286 Barrel Roll, 343 Burdick, Eugene, 40 Bay of Pigs, 127, 131 , 133, 135, 138, 241 Burma, 376, 388 Bay Vien, 41 , 45, 46 Communist subversion in, 24, 138, 142, 326, Beech, Keyes, 226, 239, 246 379, 386 Ben Tre Uprising, 87–88, 91 fear of South Vietnam’s defeat in, 382, 386 Benson, George, 381 support for U.S. policy in Vietnam, 386 Berlin, 129, 132, 133 Bigart, Homer, 152, 153, 154, 170, 171 Cambodia, 32, 107, 116, 139, 151 , 379–380, 387, 388 Binh Gia, battle of, 336–339 Communist subversion in, 138 Binh Xuyen, 21, 34, 41 , 45, 46, 47–51 , 53 as conduit for Communist infiltration, 211, Bohlen, Charles, 132 247, 258, 299, 323, 358, 380 Bowles, Chester, 127 as sanctuary for Communist forces, 106 Brewster, Daniel B., 315 Can Lao, 36, 107, 108, 158, 281, 287, 316 Brezhnev, Leonid, 332, 360, 362 Cao Dai, 21, 41 , 45, 46, 49, 51 , 54, 98, 215 Brink Hotel bombing, 347–348 Cao Van Vien, 267, 292

503

504 Index

Caravelle Manifesto, 105, 363 Dang Van Quang, 364 Carver, George, 114 Davis, James Thomas, 148 Castro, Fidel, 241, 252 Davis, Jefferson, 198 Catholics, 7, 215, 316 de Gaulle, Charles, 15, 129 exodus from North Vietnam, 39 de Kalb, Jean, 199 opposition to Communists, 30, 63, 98, 304 de Lafayette, Gilbert, 199 Central Intelligence Agency, 39, 183, 227, 238, 239, de Lattre de Tassigny, Jean, 25 249, 250, 251–252, 259, 260, 263, 264, 279, defoliation, 144 282, 283, 304, 312, 319, 343 , 370, 395 , 413 Denno, Bryce F., 206 Che Bong Nga, 4 Denounce the Communists campaigns, 57, 58, Chen Geng, 22 65–66, 80–81 , 90 Chiang Kai-shek, 15, 144, 252, 384 DePuy, William, 410 Chin Peng, 140 Devillers, Philippe, 80 China DienBienPhu,26–29, 289 Civil War, 125, 143, 144 Dien Bo Linh, 3, 403 relations with Vietnam, 2, 3–5, 7, 412 Do Cao Tri, 270 Chinese Communists, 309, 389 Dobrynin, Anatoly, 360 assistance to Pathet Lao, 117, 118, 138, 162, 379 Dong Sy Nguyen, 323 Cultural Revolution, 379 Dong Xoai, battle of, 396–402 fear of domino effect, 377 Donlon, Roger, 301 –303 fear of United States, 320–321 , 413 Douglas, William O., 33, 66 Great Leap Forward, 126 Duc Nghiep, 231 reaction to Tonkin Gulf reprisal strikes, Dulles, Allen, 38, 39 320–321 , 326 Dulles, John Foster, 28, 29, 31 , 32, 33, 39, 42, 45, 46, relations with Vietnamese Communists, 4, 48–49, 52, 53, 313 21–23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 56, 61 , 62, 79, 84, 101 –102, Dunn, John Michael, 238, 271–272 134, 138, 146, 155, 161–162, 184, 297–298, Duong Tam Kha, 2 320–321 , 341 , 360–363 , 379, 408, 412–413 Duong Van “Big” Minh, 114, 227, 231, 234, 235, support of revolution across Southeast Asia, 241, 253–254, 255, 256, 258, 268, 272, 273, 276, 138, 141 , 326, 361 , 363 , 379, 380–381 , 382–383, 280, 282, 284, 285, 294, 295, 318, 328 388 Duong Van Duc, 326–327 Chinese Nationalists, 9, 15, 19, 20 Durbrow, Elbridge, 68, 78, 99, 100–101 , 105–108, Chung Tan Cang, 300, 344–345 , 347 109, 110–111, 112, 113, 115, 123, 143, 224 Church, Frank, 314 Churchill, Winston, 15 East Germany, 132 Civil Guard, 70, 81 , 88, 91 , 99, 101 , 124, 129, 142, Eisenhower, Dwight D., 27–28, 29, 31 , 32, 35, 39, 157, 159, 182, 206, 258, 281, 284 44, 45, 48, 49, 52, 76, 78, 106–107, 117, Civilian Irregular Defense Groups, 183 118–119, 125–126, 163, 203–204, 306, 313, 376, Colby, William, 107, 108, 114, 219, 244, 262–263, 390–391 , 409 266 Ellsberg, Daniel, 319, 408 Collins, J. Lawton, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51 , 52 Ely, Paul, 47, 50, 51 Comintern, 9, 10 Erhard, Ludwig, 378 Conein, Lucien, 226–227, 240, 256, 258, 259, 260, Etherington-Smith, Gordon, 233 261, 267, 271, 272, 279 Confucianism, 36 Faas, Horst, 170 Confucians, 215, 216 Fall, Bernard, 40, 161 Cottrell, Sterling, 143, 160 Faure, Edgar, 51 , 53 Counter-Terror Teams, 303 Feisal, King, 376 Cox, Gordon, 233 Felt, Harry D., 153, 203, 204, 265 Crawford, Kenneth, 179 First Indochina War, 20–29, 322 Cuban Missile Crisis, 306–307 Fishel, Wesley, 33 Flaming Dart, 353, 361 , 376, 377 Dai Viets, 18, 316, 318 Flexible Response, 120, 124, 135, 137 Dang Sy, 296 Flott, Frederick, 238, 269

Index 505

Forrestal, Michael, 236–238, 240, 244, 276, High National Council, 328, 343 –345 , 346 340 Hilsman, Roger, 151 , 196, 218, 221 , 222, 224, 228, Fraleigh, Albert, 210, 282 236–238, 239, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 279, France, 7, 32, 125, 126, 137, 332. See also First 285 Indochina War Hmong, 117, 118 colonization of Vietnam, 6, 7 Ho Chi Minh, 1 , 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, influence on Vietnam, 7, 53, 92 22, 26, 27, 37, 53, 61 , 62, 83, 84, 161–162, 217, policy toward Ngo Dinh Diem, 34, 41 , 42–43, 297, 310, 311 , 362–363 49 charisma of, 16 reclaiming of Vietnam, 15, 19, 20 deference to Chinese Communists, 4, 22, 23, relations with United States, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31 , 138 44, 377 efforts to gain American support, 1 , 17 suppression of Vietnamese revolts, 8, 11 efforts to mend Sino-Soviet rift, 9, 102, 138 Fulbright, J. William, 315, 414 elimination of potential rivals, 15, 17, 55, 213 ideology of, 1 –4, 8–11, 25, 83, 359, 377 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 137, 275 on overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, 286 Garcia, Carlos, 141 praise for Chinese Communists, 4, 138 Geneva Agreement on Laos (1962), 163, 164, 184, quality of leadership, 96 211, 299 views on governance, 55 Geneva Conference (1954), 5, 29–31 , 58–59, 117, Ho Chi Minh Trail, 163, 299, 356 144, 145 expansion of, 298 Gilpatric, Roswell, 148, 237–238 formation of first route, 84 Goldwater, Barry, 293, 325, 326, 332 formation of second route, 116–117, 126–128 Gore, Albert, 314 magnitude of infiltration, 84, 90, 133, 146, 184, Grant, J.A.C., 75 211, 298, 300, 335 Great Britain, 29, 32, 125, 126, 137, 290, 377, 378 severing of first route, 102–103, 116–117 Greene, Graham, 40 strategic importance of, 91 , 103, 134, 184, 185, Greene, Michael, 205 211, 300–301 , 309 Greene, Wallace M., Jr., 412 vulnerability of second route, 322–324 Gruening, Ernest, 314 Ho Quy Ly, 4 Ho Van Nga, 17 Ha Minh Tri, 67 Hoa Hao, 21, 41 , 45, 46, 49, 51 , 53, 64, 98, 215 Hai Chua, 365 Hoang Co Thuy, 109, 114 Hai Hoang, 193, 194 Hoang Van Chi, 16 Haig, Alexander, 289 Hoang Van Thai, 340 Halberstam, David, 170–173, 175, 177, 179–180, Holyoake, Keith, 387 194, 195, 196–197, 204, 205, 208, 209–211, 214, Hop Tac program, 365 215, 222, 225, 226–227, 228, 231, 233–235, 238, Hope, Bob, 347 239, 241, 251–253, 256–258, 275, 282, 285 Houston, John Lucius, 302–303 Halleck, Henry W., 198 Hungary, 9 Hamil, Richard C., 178 Huyen Quang, 351 Harkins, Paul D., 144, 148, 149, 150, 155, 159, Huynh Phu So, 21 165–168, 203–205, 208, 226, 238, 241, 251, Huynh Tan Phat, 347 258–259, 262, 264–265, 293, 294, 309 Huynh Van Cao, 174–175, 176, 178, 182, 192–193, Harriman, Averell, 128, 135, 137, 144, 162, 163–164, 241, 270 184, 211–212, 218, 221 , 222, 224, 236–238, 242, 244, 245, 246, 263, 275, 279 India, 24, 277, 376, 388 Heath, Donald, 42, 43, 44, 45 fear of South Vietnam’s defeat in, 382, 388 Heavner, Theodore, 158, 160, 181 support for U.S. policy in Vietnam, 388 Helms, Richard, 238 war with China, 142 Herter, Christian, 66, 125 Indonesia, 24, 27, 142, 277, 376, 380–382, 388, 390 Hickerson, Elzie, 257–258 Communist subversion in, 24, 138 Hickey, Gerald, 302 influenced by Vietnam War, 381 –382 Higgins, Marguerite, 229, 239 strategic importance of, 140, 290, 389

506 Index

Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), 290–291, recommendations for action in Vietnam, 129, 380–381 304–305, 315, 319, 330, 341 –342, 348, 352, 354, International Control Commission, 30, 164, 184 358, 366, 368, 369, 371 , 395 , 409, 413 Iran, 377 relations with civilian authorities, 289, 331 , 341 , 367, 371 Jackson, Thomas J. “Stonewall”, 198 Jones, Richard A., 178, 179 Japan, 23, 24, 27, 90, 142, 376, 388, 389 Jorden, William, 143 contributions to war in Vietnam, 387 fear of South Vietnam’s defeat in, 382, Kalischer, Peter, 225 387–388 Karnow, Stanley, 215, 251 occupation of Vietnam, 1 , 13, 15 Kennedy, John F., 33, 66, 120–121 , 131 –133, 153, 252, support for U.S. policy in Vietnam, 387 253, 409 Javits, Jacob, 77 appointment of Henry Cabot Lodge, 198, 223, Johnson, Harold K., 305, 319, 368 259, 265, 273 Johnson, Lyndon B., 277, 278–279, 280, 299, 358, commitment to South Vietnam, 122–124, 129, 381 , 401 –402, 409 130, 133, 137–138, 142–143, 144, 277–278, 391 appearance of timidity, 324–326, 329, 332, 348, fear of sending troops to Vietnam, 137 349, 361 and Laos, 126–128, 132, 135, 138, 162–163, 164, approval of sustained bombing program, 354 184, 211 background, 288–289 leadership, 122, 144, 221 concealment of troop deployments, 355, 369 and plotting against Ngo Dinh Diem, 237–238, deference to Henry Cabot Lodge, 279, 293, 309 240, 245–246, 250, 255–256, 259–260, 262, deployment of U.S. forces to South Vietnam, 263–265, 273, 276 354–356, 368, 369, 370, 396, 414, 415–416 press policies, 137, 144–146, 148–150, 225, expected duration of commitment, 415, 416 253 ﬁnal deliberations, 411 –414 Kennedy, Robert F., 149, 244, 263, 277, 278, 391 on importance of Vietnam, 289–290, 309, Khan, Ayub, 142 375–376, 390, 415 Khrushchev, Nikita, 27, 60–61 , 102, 121 , 131 –133, inﬂuence of domestic politics on Vietnam 135, 138, 139, 163, 211–212, 298, 332 decisions, 292–293, 305, 309, 319, 324–325, Kidder, Randolph, 51 , 52 329, 330, 355, 413–415 Knowland, William, 66 interest in military action beyond South Koelper, Donald, 246 Vietnam, 304, 305–306, 307, 319–320, 322, Kong Le, 117 340–342, 348–349, 352, 353, 361 , 414 Kopti, Russell, 193 Johns Hopkins speech, 369–370 Korean War, 69 misleading of Congress, 313–314, 315, 413–414, American aversion to repeating, 29, 32, 305, 416 341 –342, 413 pessimism, 367–368, 406, 409–411 , 416 Chinese aversion to repeating, 27, 61 , 90, 126, public approval of, 314 146, 321 reaction to Tonkin Gulf incidents, 311 , 312–313, North Vietnamese aversion to repeating, 321 315, 320, 324, 329 Kosygin, Alexei, 332 refusal to call up reserves, 414–415 Krulak, Victor H., 206, 246, 248, 262, 282 relations with U.S. military, 289, 341 , 342, 409 Ky Quan Liem, 110 secretiveness, 289 and Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 313, 315, 316, 414, Lai Van Sang, 47, 48, 50 416 Lam Quang Tho, 188 as Vice President, 130–131 , 142, 244 Lam Son, 267 willingness to negotiate, 291–292, 369–370 Lam Thanh Nguyen, 49, 53, 54 Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S., 28, 44, 126, 135, 148, 293, Lam Van Phat, 326–327 304, 312, 331 –332, 358 Lansdale, Edward G., 34, 38–40, 45, 48, 49, 51 , 52, forecast for U.S. intervention, 412 57, 67, 106, 108, 115, 123, 129, 130, 251 recommendations for action in Laos, 127, 135, Laos, 32, 90, 127, 131 , 139, 161, 326, 376, 379, 387, 388 162, 299, 304–305, 315, 330, 343 advocacy of military action in Laos, 342

Index 507

as conduit for Communist infiltration, Marjadi, 381 116–117, 125, 211, 212. See also Ho Chi Minh Market Time, 358, 359 Trail Marshall, George, 143, 144 support for U.S. policy in Vietnam, 384 Martin, Harold, 179 Le Duan, 58, 90, 124, 161, 201 , 297–298, 310, 326, Matthews, Herbert, 241, 252 339, 340, 359, 362, 370, 401 Mays, Robert, 189, 190 Le Khac Quyen, 317 McCarthy, Eugene, 66 Le Loi, 4, 5, 19, 94 McCone, John, 145, 162, 238, 240, 241, 244, 249, Le Nguyen Khang, 110 250, 251, 263, 283, 305, 354, 367 Le Quang Tung, 232, 241, 267, 304 McGarr, Lionel C., 114, 124 Le Quoc San, 194, 209, 300 McGovern, George, 355 Le Van Kim, 57, 231, 235, 236, 237, 255 McNamara, Robert S., 135, 144, 148, 237, 238, 240, Lederer, William, 40 241, 244, 246, 253–255, 259, 263, 283, 290, 306, Lee Kuan Yew, 384 320, 367, 371 , 395 , 401 –402, 407, 408–409, 411 , LeMay, Curtis, 319 414, 416 Lenin, V. I., 8–9, 10, 93, 332 and Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 313–314 Life, 77 background, 121 –122 limited war theories, 126, 306–307, 409 concealment of troop deployments, 355 Lincoln, Abraham, 176, 197, 210 forecast for U.S. intervention, 408, 410, 411 , Liu Shaoqi, 102, 362 412, 413 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 198, 223–224, 227, 251–252, influence on Lyndon B. Johnson, 289, 348, 352, 253, 258, 264, 276, 278–279, 280–281, 282, 369, 396 293, 294, 295 on bombing of Ho Chi Minh Trail, 411 changes in views after coup, 295–296 relations with Joint Chiefs of Staff, 289, 331 , conversations with Diem, 249–250, 254, 342, 371 260–261, 269–270, 271 support for covert action against North relations with press, 238, 239, 250–251 Vietnam, 304 support for overthrow of Diem, 239–240, 241, McNaughton, John, 290, 319, 340, 408 242–243, 250, 255–256, 258–262, 263, 264, Mecklin, John, 150–151 , 165, 259, 260, 262 272, 273–274, 275, 364 Mendenhall, Joseph, 246, 248–249 Luce, Clare Booth, 262 Mendes-France, Pierre, 41 Ly Tong Ba, 189–190, 191 Menon, Krishna, 138 Menzies, Robert G., 386–387 Macapagal, Diosdado, 291 Merchant, Livingston, 107 MacArthur, Douglas, 306, 331 , 341 –342 Michigan State University, 57, 70, 81 Macmillan, Harold, 132 Miller, Russ, 114 Madame Nhu, 35, 75–76, 107, 111, 152, 160, 169, Minh Mang, 7 210, 220, 228, 230, 249, 262, 275 Minh Tranh, 209 Magsaysay, Ramon, 38–39 Mohammad-Reza Pahlavi, Shah, 377 Mai Tho Truyen, 343 Montagnards. See Uplanders Malaya, 24, 27, 28, 90, 290 Morgan, Thomas E., 315 Communist subversion in, 11, 24, 140 Morse, Wayne, 314 fear of South Vietnam’s defeat in, 139, 140 Mounier, Emmanuel, 36 Malaysia, 290, 333, 376, 378, 387, 388 Muoi Huong, 214 advocacy of military action in Vietnam, 313 Communist subversion in, 379 Nam Dong, battle of, 301 –302 fear of South Vietnam’s defeat in, 382, 384 Nasser, Gamal Abdul, 377 Malik, Adam, 382 Nasution, 381 , 382 Manning, Robert, 225–226, 238 National Liberation Front, 103–105, 217, 292, 360, Mansfield, Mike, 33, 66, 77, 137, 353, 414 370 Mao Zedong, 21, 22, 25, 26, 61 , 102, 138, 252, 298, National Revolutionary Movement, 37, 65, 80, 86 321 , 324, 326, 360–361 , 362–363 , 372, 380–381 National Security Agency, 312 Marcos, Ferdinand, 385 Ne Win, 385–386

508 Index

New York Times, 77, 81 , 152, 170, 172, 221 , 226–227, Nguyen Chanh Thi, 109, 112, 344–345 , 351 , 364, 235, 239, 241, 252, 253, 275, 280, 332 396, 402, 403 New Zealand, 23, 29, 32, 388 Nguyen Chi Thanh, 297, 326, 336, 340, 359 contributions to war in Vietnam, 387 Nguyen Dinh Thuan, 106, 110, 143, 227, 235–236, fear of South Vietnam’s defeat in, 382, 387 237, 261 Newsweek, 152, 154, 169, 170, 179, 257, 280 Nguyen Duc Thang, 410 Ngo Dinh Can, 34, 36, 276, 281, 296 Nguyen Dynasty, 5, 29 Ngo Dinh Diem, 4, 6, 8, 11–13, 18, 21, 33, 34, 37, Nguyen Huu An, 404 57–58, 66–67, 76–78, 81 , 105, 108–115, 174, 201 , Nguyen Huu Co, 265, 266, 270, 318, 403 239, 254, 263, 265, 266, 268–274, 279, 284, Nguyen Khanh, 109–111, 231, 270, 271, 279, 313, 285–287, 294, 327, 333–334, 345 , 352, 364, 366, 315–316, 363 –364, 375 402 advocacy of U.S. military action against North American support of, 39, 42–43, 46, 51 , 52, 68, Vietnam, 311 120, 133, 142–143, 144 conspiring with Tri Quang, 334, 350–351 Cultivation of new leaders, 72, 82, 96, 136, 155, contacts with Communists, 307, 347 158, 168, 281 desire for action outside South Vietnam, handling of Buddhist problem, 212–216, 307–308 219–220, 222–223, 224–225, 227–228, 230, intimidated by Buddhists, 296–297, 316, 231–237, 242, 244–245, 255 317–319, 327, 329, 352, 363 leadership methods, 34–37, 72, 73, 74–75, 158, opposed by other general ofﬁcers, 318, 327, 334, 208, 244–245 352, 363 loyalty as factor in appointments, 43, 100, 197 as political leader, 295–297, 327, 328, nationalism, 4, 11, 13, 36, 42 343 –347 press policies, 150–151 , 152, 169, 170, 176, takeover of government, 294–295 225–226 Nguyen Minh Man, 134 relations with Americans, 39, 40, 45, 46–47, 48, Nguyen Ngoc Son, 17 105–108, 115, 123, 143–144, 155, 156, 159–160, Nguyen Ngoc Tho, 222, 224, 230, 231, 241, 276, 164, 165–168, 218, 222–223, 224, 227, 230, 255, 280 260, 261, 266 Nguyen Ta Thu Thau, 18 resettlement of refugees, 39–40, 72 Nguyen Than Phuong, 51 , 54 and South Vietnamese military leaders, 136, Nguyen The Nghiep, 17 232, 240, 246, 248, 250, 251, 262, 265 Nguyen Thi Dinh, 87–88 suppression of rivals, 42, 45, 53, 54, 64, 214, Nguyen Van Hinh, 41 , 42, 43, 44 232–233 Nguyen Van Sam, 18 Vietnamese supporters of, 18, 33, 34, 43, 47, 52, Nguyen Van Thieu, 271, 318, 334, 344–345 , 347, 66, 74, 81 , 123, 216, 234, 240, 248, 270 368, 371 , 402–403, 410 views on governance, 13, 43, 44, 58, 158, 160, Nguyen Van Vy, 50, 52 229–230, 281, 294 Nhat Le, 4 views on Laos, 127, 162, 223 Nixon, Richard, 223, 379 Ngo Dinh Kha, 11, 12 Nolting, Frederick E., 130, 134, 136, 143, 149, 150, Ngo Dinh Khoi, 17 152, 155, 158, 163–164, 167, 169, 208, 219, 223, Ngo Dinh Luyen, 35 224, 226, 227–228, 238, 241–242, 244, 266 Ngo Dinh Nhu, 8, 35, 36, 41 , 45, 73, 105, 107, 108, Norodom Sihanouk, 106, 113, 379–380 114, 130, 152, 162, 224, 227, 249, 255, 265, 266, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 24, 268–273 78, 132, 332, 377–378 leadership of strategic hamlet program, 156, North Vietnam, 55, 61 , 309, 321 , 358–359 157–159, 208, 243, 249 agricultural production, 56, 64 role in pagoda raids, 232, 233, 234, 235–237, 239, assistance to Pathet Lao, 117, 133, 138 249 economic development, 61 , 64 Ngo Dinh Thuc, 35, 249 fear of American intervention, 83, 90, 322, Ngo Quyen, 2, 11, 19 324–326, 348 Nguyen Anh, 5, 6, 7, 19, 198 inﬁltration of materiel to South Vietnam by Nguyen Cao Ky, 344–345 , 351 , 371 , 402–403, 410, sea, 186, 211, 247, 299–300, 323, 335, 336, 357, 411 358

Index 509

initiation of insurgency in South Vietnam, Picou, Lloyd, 177 83–85, 87, 90–91 Pike, Douglas, 74 liberal reforms attempted, 62–63 Popular Anti-Communist Front, 115 support of revolution across Southeast Asia, Porter, Daniel Boone, 196, 199, 204–205 138, 326, 382–383 Puckett, Ralph, Jr., 173 suppression of internal subversion, 63 Pushkin, Georgi, 135 willingness to negotiate, 160, 209, 361 , 369–370, 406–407 Quang Duc, 220–221 , 227 North Vietnamese Army, 286 Quang Lien, 366 in Laos, 117, 118, 125, 126, 133, 162, 184, 211, 298, Quang Trung, 5 299, 394 Quynh Luu uprising, 63 in South Vietnam, 129, 332–333, 356–357, 365 , 369, 370, 372, 392, 393 –394, 404, 405 Race, Jeffrey, 104 Nysewander, Carlton, 189 Radvanyi, Janos, 26 Raphael-Leygues, Jacques, 42 O’Daniel, John “Iron Mike”, 52 Reinhardt, G. Frederick, 55 Ofﬁce of Strategic Services, 1 , 15, 17 Reischauer, Edwin, 388 O’Meara, Andrew P., 196 Republican Youth, 86, 98, 156, 158, 281, 287 OPLAN 34-A, 304, 310, 313, 314, 315, 319 Reston, James, 133, 252 Rhee, Syngman, 53, 107 pagoda raids, 231–237 Richardson, John H., 226, 243, 251–252 Pakistan, 32, 78, 125, 142, 380 Robinson, Jim, 170, 226 Palmer, Dave R., 192 Rolling Thunder, 353–354, 359, 361 , 369, 370, 371 , Park Chung Hee, 384 384, 411 Parsons, J. Graham, 115 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 15 Pathet Lao, 117–118, 125, 126, 162, 184, 211, 298, Rostow, Walt W., 136 299, 383 Rowny, Edward, 210 Patti, Archimedes, 17 Rusk, Dean, 122, 144, 237–238, 245, 253, 263, 277, People’s Revolutionary Committees, 317, 319 289, 290, 312, 331 , 348, 355, 376, 377, 380, 387, People’s Revolutionary Party, 104 390, 402, 406, 408 Personalism, 36–37, 93, 158 Russell, Richard, 292, 293 Pham Khac Suu, 328, 345 , 396, 402 Pham Ngoc Thao, 214 Salinger, Pierre, 225 Pham Quynh, 17 Saltonstall, Leverett, 312 Pham Van Dong (North Vietnamese), 8, 161, 307, Sather, Richard C., 313 369–370, 380 Sato, Eisaku, 387 Pham Van Dong (South Vietnamese), 352, 364, Saudi Arabia, 376 403 Scanlon, James, 189, 191 , 195 Pham Xuan An, 214, 215 Schelling, Thomas, 306, 312, 325 Phan Huy Quat, 363 , 364–365 , 366, 371 , 375, 396, Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 223 402, 404 Seaborn, J. Blair, 307, 324 Phan Quang Dan, 76, 113 Self-Defense Corps, 70, 81 , 86, 91 , 99, 101 , 142, 156, Philippines, 23, 24, 29, 32, 38–39, 78, 90, 125, 376, 157, 182, 206, 258, 281, 284 388 Sequa, H. E. Omar, 376 Communist subversion in, 24, 38–39 Serong, Francis P. “Ted”, 207, 282 concern about Communism in Indonesia, 291, Sharp, U. S. G., 312, 315, 330, 348 385 Sheehan, Neil, 165, 170–173, 177, 179, 180–181 , contributions to war in Vietnam, 385 194–195, 196, 197, 209–210, 215, 225, 238, 250, fear of South Vietnam’s defeat in, 141 , 382, 282, 302 385 Shen Chang-huan, 384 Phillips, Rufus, 57, 155, 207–208, 235, 247, 249, Sherman, William Tecumseh, 176 251, 257–258 Shields, Marvin G., 398–399, 400 Phoumi Nosovan, 117, 118, 126, 133, 162, SIGMA simulations, 319 307 Singapore, 11, 140, 384

510 Index

Sino-Soviet relations, 9, 25, 61 , 102, 118, 138–139, Stump, Felix, 78 360 Subandrio, 333, 380 worsened by Vietnam War, 320, 361 , 362, 379 Suharto, 382 Smathers, George, 293 Sukarno, 141 , 290, 381 Smith, Paul, 208 collaboration with Indonesian Communist Somalia, 377 Party, 291, 380–381 Song Be, battle of, 372–373, 400 friendship with Communist countries, 291, Souphanouvong, 117, 128, 164 333, 380–381 South Korea, 107, 376, 388 overthrow of, 379, 381 advocacy of military action in Vietnam, Sullivan, William, 327, 342 384–385 Sully, Francois, 152, 169–170 contributions to war in Vietnam, 385, 395 Sulzberger, Arthur, 253 fear of South Vietnam’s defeat in, 382, 384 Sun Tzu, 193 South Vietnam, 71–72, 303, 304, 313, 385. See also Ngo Dinh Diem; Duong Van “Big” Minh; Taiwan, 376, 388 Nguyen Khanh; Tran Van Huong; Phan advocacy of military action in Vietnam, 141 , Huy Quat; Nguyen Cao Ky 384 attempts to block infiltration by sea, 300 fear of South Vietnam’s defeat in, 382, 384 decline of police, 317 Tam Chau, 317, 351 economic development, 73–74 Tay Son, 5–6, 94, 198 elections in, 55, 71, 76 Taylor, Maxwell, 120, 135–137, 144, 148, 238, 240, fear of negotiations within, 291 241, 244, 245, 253–255, 263, 276, 277, 278, 281, land reform, 72–73, 92 293, 311 , 315, 320, 335, 341 , 343 , 348, 350, 351 , perceived will to fight, 128, 136 371 , 403 recruiting problems, 303, 328, 334–335 advocacy of military action beyond South South Vietnamese Army, 80, 231–232, 281, 375 Vietnam, 319, 330, 331 , 341 , 342, 348, 352, 358, as counterinsurgency force, 99, 159, 303, 366 335–336 opposition to introduction of U.S. troops, 368, decline in size, 328, 405 371 development of, 68–69, 81 , 99–100, 124, 133, 157 relationship with Nguyen Khanh, 308, 317–318, effectiveness, 124, 146, 153, 165–169, 206, 301 , 344–347 303, 328, 356–357, 365 , 366, 368, 373, 389, 394 selected as ambassador, 308 equipment, 69, 154 Terrin, Terrance D., 302 participation in pagoda raids, 231–232, terrorism, 79–80, 87, 91 , 93, 134 235–236, 239, 251 Thailand, 29, 32, 78, 125, 128, 140, 162, 163, 363 , Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 32, 376, 379, 387, 388, 389 78, 118, 125, 126, 132 advocacy of military action in Vietnam, 313, Souvanna Phouma, 117, 118, 128, 162, 211, 212, 383 299, 342, 343 Communist subversion in, 11, 90, 106, 138, 139, Soviet Union, 23, 126, 141 , 306–307, 406 326, 379, 382–383 and Laos, 117, 118, 132, 135, 139, 184, 299 contributions to war in Vietnam, 383 relations with Vietnamese Communists, 4, 22, fear of South Vietnam’s defeat in, 139, 376, 382, 30, 56, 60–61 , 83, 102, 134, 138, 162, 184, 383, 407 297–298, 332, 359–360, 379 as possible conduit for Vietnamese Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 33 Communist infiltration, 323 Stalin, Josef, 17, 21, 22, 61 Thanat Khoman, 376, 383 Starnes, Richard, 251–252 Thien Minh, 317, 350 Steel Tiger, 384 Thieu Tri, 7 Steuben, Friedrich von, 199 Thomas, Norman, 66 Stilwell, Richard, 327 Thompson, Robert, 156, 166, 207, 245, 247 strategic hamlets, 155–159, 165, 166, 167, 169, Throckmorton, John, 347 182–184, 207–208, 209, 247–248, 249, 252, Time, 152, 179, 199, 280, 281, 295 257–258, 274, 281, 282, 283, 284–285 Tito, Josip Broz, 3, 9, 25, 361

Index 511

Ton That Dinh, 231, 232, 241, 261, 265, 266, 268, War for Independence, 198–199 276 Uplanders, 183, 211, 327 Tonkin Gulf incidents, 310–312, 320 Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 313–315 Vann, John Paul, 172–175, 178, 180, 188, Toumorong, battle of, 404 189–190, 192–193, 194–196, 197, 200–202, Tran Chanh Tranh, 65 204, 205 Tran Dinh, 351 Viet Cong Tran Thanh Ben, 364 appeal to peasantry, 92–98, 365 Tran Thien Khiem, 110, 112, 231, 240, 241, 255, 266, creation of new communist man, 96–97 295, 318 infiltration of student protests, 317 Tran Van Don, 227, 231, 232, 233, 237, 250, 255, large attacks, 88–89, 134, 153–154, 180, 207, 258–259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268, 271, 301 –302, 335, 336–339, 356, 372, 373, 272, 276 393 Tran Van Huong, 273, 328, 333–334, 344, 345 , North Vietnamese personnel in, 292, 308, 328, 346–347, 350–351 , 363 , 375 336 Tran Van Huu, 42 and religion, 97 Tran Van Minh, 279, 364 shadow government, 91 –92 Tran Van Soai, 46, 49, 53, 54 size of armed forces, 101 , 124, 153, 335 Tran Van Tra, 16 use of weapons infiltrated from North Tregaskis, Richard, 177–179, 181 , 196 Vietnam, 87, 91 , 186, 300–301 , 357 Tri Quang, 212, 213, 219, 220, 222, 309, 316, 317, Viet Minh, 1 , 14–15, 16–17, 19, 20, 21, 29, 39, 55. See 350–351 , 363 , 364–365 , 402–403 also First Indochina War anti-Catholicism, 316, 366 destruction of other Vietnamese groups, duplicity, 224, 296–297, 343 , 350, 352, 366, 396 17–18, 19, 21, 30 motives, 217–218, 223, 251, 317, 334, 350, 352 Vietnam Trinh Dynasty, 5 historical divisions, 5–7 Trinh Minh The, 34, 45, 51 terrain, 6–7, 116–117, 189, 200–202, 257, 392 Trotskyites, 18 unification, 6 Truehart, William, 169, 219–220, 221 , 222–223, Vietnam Nationalist Party, 8, 17, 19, 20 224, 225, 227, 228, 259 Vietnamese Communist Party, 8, 10, 11, 14 Truman, Harry S., 15, 23, 24, 25, 27, 144, 331 , 390 infiltration of non-Communist movements, Truong Chinh, 62, 297 57, 65, 66, 216–218 Truong Dinh Tri, 18 land reform, 18, 23, 56, 62, 98 Truong Tu Anh, 18 Vietnamese Confederation of Labor, 327 Tu Duc, 7 Vinh Loc, 404, 405, 410 Tunku Abdul Rahman, 140, 291, 313, 384 Vo Nguyen Giap, 8, 19, 26, 62, 201 , 297, 298, 310, Turner, Nick, 170 322, 324 Turner, Ralph, 81 Vo Van Hai, 235, 236, 237 Vung Ro incident, 357–358 Unger, Leonard, 299 United Arab Republic, 377 Wagner, Robert F., 76 United Nations, 234 Ware, Fletcher, 193 United States, 78, 267–268, 293, 321. See also Washington Post, 275 Eisenhower, Dwight D; Kennedy, John F; Washington, George, 151 , 199, 210 Johnson, Lyndon B West Germany, 377, 378 advisers in South Vietnam, 155, 168–169, 177, Westmoreland, William, 303, 308, 315, 319, 330, 181 348, 358, 366, 410–411 advisory strength in South Vietnam, 67, 155 advocacy of military action beyond South Civil War, 176, 197–198 Vietnam, 319, 330, 358, 368–369 covert action against North Vietnam, 124, 304 forecast for U.S. intervention, 407–408, politicization of appointments, 197–198 410 reduction in aid to South Vietnam, 254, 256, military tactics, 335 260 optimism, 309

512 Index

requests for U.S. ground forces in South Wirtz, Alvin J., 288 Vietnam, 354, 364, 369, 370, 394–395 , World Federation of Buddhists, 343 401 –402, 407, 410 Wheeler, Earl G., 342, 348, 370, 412, Xuong Van, 2, 279 413 Whiz Kids, 121 , 122, 289, 319 Young Turks, 343 –344 Williams, Charles Q., 398–399 Young, Kenneth, 139 Williams, Samuel “Hanging Sam”, 67–71, 81 , 89, Yugoslavia, 2, 9, 361 99, 100, 106, 301 Yung Lo, 4 Wilson, Charles, 44 Wilson, Harold, 378 Zablocki, Clement J., 262 Wilson, Jasper, 294, 364 Zhou Enlai, 27, 298, 333, 361 , 377, 380 Wilson, Wilbur, 206 Ziegler, Richard, 187