DOCSLIB.ORG

Naturalisation of Jews in England

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Naturalisation of Jews in England Naturalisation of Jews in England J. M. ROSS, C.B.E., M.A. In Part VII of the Miscellanies of this Society were not used in England until the end of the was (published with volume XXII of its Trans? sixteenth century, but the idea much older, an actions in 1970) there was printed a list (com? that is to say, the granting to individual a piled by the lateWilfred S. Samuel) of all of the status of liege subject of the Crown. a Jewish persons endenized and naturalised In earlier times person possessing that status, was as a between 1609 and 1799. Those who refer to that whether by birth or by grant, known list may find themselves asking a number of 'denizen', and the conferment of the status can as or questions, not all of which be answered was known denization endenization. There from Mr. Diamond's introductory note. What is no record of grants of denizen status before was the real difference between naturalisation the second half of the thirteenth century, the and denization? If naturalisation granted a reason no doubt being that under feudal so one a a superior status, why did few Jews acquire it ? conceptions could become vassal of an In the first part of this paper attempt will feudal superior simply by doing homage; thus, the be made to explain the legal and historical for instance, Simon de Montfort about can background against which such questions middle of the century received his English be answered. In the second part some account inheritance without any formal grant of was will be given of the naturalisation of Jews denization, although he foreign-born, and an during the period covered by Mr. Samuel's alien at that time could not inherit real list. In the third part the story will be carried estate. Shortly afterwards, however, foreign were on beyond 1800; some account will be given merchants, who not in any feudal rela? some of the grants of naturalisation to Jews by the tionship, felt the need of formal instru? Home Office from 1845 onwards; and the ment freeing them from the considerable were statistics of Jewish naturalisation will be trading disabilities to which aliens subject; considered in relation to the history of Jewish hence there grew up the practice of granting soon immigration. Finally, by way of illustration, denizen status, first by royal charter, the names will be given of some eminent Jews afterwards by letters patent under the Great who have, in the broader sense of the word, Seal, and by the fourteenth century this had been naturalised, whether by letters patent, become the standard procedure. Act of Parliament, or certificate of the Home Secretary. Parliamentary Naturalisation Until the sixteenth century the only authority I with power to grant denizen status to an individual was the King.1 Normally the grant Legal Background 1 Thus, for instance, a judgment delivered by The of naturalisation and its origins history Hankford, J., in 1413 declared that 'Though an to the seventeenth century contain many alien be sworn in the leet or elsewhere, that does obscurities and have often been misconceived not make him a liege subject of the king, for neither the steward of a lord nor any one else, save the king by writers of legal history. The author of this himself, is able to convert an alien into a subject' has been at to elucidate paper recently pains (Y. B. Hy. 4, Hil. pi. 23, quoted in Holdsworth, a this matter, and the following summary is History ofEnglish Law, IX, 92). There is no evidence result of these researches. to support Holdsworth's statements (ibid. p. 76) that at that time the could 'some The words 'naturalise' and 'naturalisation' King grant only of the incidents of the status' of liege subject, or * on as Paper delivered to the Society 19 January that 'certainly early as, and probably before, 1972. the beginning of the fifteenth century... an 59 Jewish Historical Society of England is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Transactions & Miscellanies Jewish Historical Society of England ® www.jstor.org 60 J. M. Ross a two of an was by letters patent, but in small number of methods becoming English subject cases between 1406 and 1439, for reasons were operated side by side. The Parliamentary a was which are obscure, the letters patent were method gave slightly superior status but confirmed in Parliament or the grant was less frequently used, doubtless because Parlia? sat made by confirmation of a petition submitted ment irregularly and many naturalisation was that were out other business and through Parliament. It not until 1542 Bills squeezed by at a contrast the there began a regular practice of granting lapsed the end of Session. By denizen status by Act of Parliament; until 1603 machinery for the grant of letters patent, was in cases it was this procedure resorted to only of cumbrous though might be, always was children born abroad to English fathers,2 but in operation. There little to choose between from the accession of James I the Parliamentary the two methods in point of expense; both were in cases avenue into the status of subject was increas? methods very costly, but both the soon after? to each be reduced to ingly used, first by Scotsmen and expense applicant might the ten or if a number of names were wards by foreigners of all kinds. About twenty pounds the same instrument. same time lawyers began to be of opinion that included in a letters patent made the grantee denizen only for the future: could not retro? they operate Naturalisation Bills not make the spectively and therefore could or enable In the 1700 the difference between person's blood capable of inheritance year was others to inherit from or through him. Only denization and naturalisation still further an Act of Parliament could make the person reduced by an Act of Parliament (11 Will. in c. a subject from birth.3 This slight difference 3 6) which enabled any natural-born subject to or from an the status conferred by letters patent and by of the Grown inherit through Act of Parliament was marked by the adoption ancestor born abroad; from then onwards of the term 'naturalisation' for the latter, an endenized foreigner could pass on his pro? to and the leaving 'denization' to be used only for the perty his heirs, only remaining was that himself could not status conferred by Royal letters patent. disability he inherit. It might have been thought that the 1700 would have increased the The Two Methods Side by Side Act of pro? portion of denizations to naturalisations; but the seventeenth these Throughout century in fact the reverse was the case. From 1704 Act of Parliament was needed to to an alien give onwards, until nearly the end of the century, the full status of a subject.' The case in Y.B. 3 the great majority of applicants went to Hen. 6, Trin. pi. 30, which he quotes in support and often went of this latter statement, says nothing about the Parliament, many years by cites that Alice reason powers of the King but merely without a single grant of denization. The Countess of Arundel was authorised Parliament by is not clear, but it may be supposed that as in the reign of Henry IV to purchase lands like Parliament now sat regularly it was easier to any other legal person within the realm. 2 a this method The reason for this may have been that these get Bill through, and since gave were as or was moment grants regarded extensions interpreta? a legally superior status which of tions of a statute in 1351 which acknowledged was passed to a few wealthy applicants, it easier for the rights of inheritance of children born out of the others to save expense by getting their names ligeance of the King, whose fathers and mothers in a naturalisation Bill than to wait are at the time of their birth of the faith and ligeance included an Parliament was in of the King. Since Act of until enough names had accumulated in the issue, it was proper that the status a perhaps thought Signet Office for inclusion in patent of of such children should be settled by an Act of denization. Thus during most of the eighteenth Parliament, not by the Royal prerogative. 3 the to be endenized letters This doctrine first appears in Sir Robert century only people by it was asserted who Brooke's Graunde Abridgment (1568); patent were, for practical purposes, those Sir Francis Bacon in 1608 as Solicitor General by were for Parliamentary was technically disqualified in Calvin's Case (2 St. Tr. 582); it not judicially naturalisation; and this is in the affirmed until 1664 in the case of Collingwood v. important for will be Pace (1 Vent. 418-419). present context, (as shortly shown) Naturalisation of Jews in England 61 the principal categories of people thus disquali? in favour of Isaac Aaron Abensur, Jewish fied were Roman Catholics and Jews. banker in Tangier, who had rendered valuable we come as Before, however, to the specific services interpreter to the British Legation. case of the Jews, it may be useful to complete To complete the background picture it the story of the legal background. The two should be mentioned that in 1844 the cost of was one procedures of naturalisation and denization naturalisation reduced to less than continued until 1844 to be the only ways of pound, and this resulted in a tenfold increase becoming a British subject otherwise than by in the yearly number of foreigners denizated birth.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Royal Regulation of England's French Residents During Wartime, 1294-1377
    This is a repository copy of A matter of trust : the royal regulation of England's French residents during wartime, 1294-1377. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/100182/ Version: Published Version Article: Lambert, Bart Roger Denise and Ormrod, William Mark orcid.org/0000-0003-0044-726X (2016) A matter of trust : the royal regulation of England's French residents during wartime, 1294-1377. Historical Research. pp. 208-226. ISSN 0950-3471 https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.12127 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ A matter of trust: the royal regulation of England’s French residents during wartime, 1294–1377* Bart Lambert Durham University W. Mark Ormrod University of York Abstract This study focuses on how the English crown identified and categorized French-born people in the kingdom during the preliminaries and first stage of the Hundred Years War. Unlike the treatment of alien priories and nobles holding lands on both sides of the Channel, the attitude to laypeople became more positive as the period progressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Book
    Mehnaaz Momen THE PARADOX OF CITIZENSHIP IN AMERICAN POLITICS Ideals and Reality The Paradox of Citizenship in American Politics Mehnaaz Momen The Paradox of Citizenship in American Politics Ideals and Reality Mehnaaz Momen Social Sciences Texas A&M International University Laredo, Texas, USA ISBN 978-3-319-61529-5 ISBN 978-3-319-61530-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-61530-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017946740 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu- tional affiliations.
    [Show full text]
  • Ownership Without Citizenship: the Creation of Noncitizen Property Rights
    Michigan Journal of Race and Law Volume 19 2013 Ownership Without Citizenship: The Creation of Noncitizen Property Rights Allison Brownell Tirres DePaul University College of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, Immigration Law Commons, Law and Race Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Allison B. Tirres, Ownership Without Citizenship: The Creation of Noncitizen Property Rights, 19 MICH. J. RACE & L. 1 (2013). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol19/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Race and Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OWNERSHIP WITHOUT CITIZENSHIP: THE CREATION OF NONCITIZEN PROPERTY RIGHTS Allison Brownell Tirres* At the nation’s founding, the common law of property defined ownership as an incident of citizenship. Noncitizens were unable lawfully to hold, devise, or inherit property. This doctrine eroded during the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but few scholars have examined its demise or the concommittant rise of property rights for foreigners. This Article is the first sustained treatment of the creation of property rights for noncitizens in American law. It uncovers two key sources for the rights that emerged during the nineteenth century: federal territorial law, which allowed for alien property ownership and alien suffrage, and state con- stitutions, a significant number of which included property rights for noncitizens.
    [Show full text]
  • The Right to Nationality in Africa
    African Union African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights THE RIGHT TO NATIONALITY IN AFRICA African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights THE RIGHT TO NATIONALITY IN AFRICA Study undertaken by the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Internally Displaced Persons, pursuant to Resolution 234 of April 2013 and approved by the Commission at its 55th Ordinary Session, May 2014 2015 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) This publication is available as a pdf on the ACHPR’s website under a Creative Commons licence that allows copying and distributing the publication, only in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the ACHPR and used for non-commercial educational or public policy purposes. Published by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights 978-1-920677-81-7 ACHPR 31 Bijilo Annex Layout Kombo North District Western Region P.O. Box 673 Banjul The Gambia Tel: (220) 4410505 / 4410506 Fax: (220) 4410504 Email: [email protected] Web: www.achpr.org Designed and typeset by COMPRESS.dsl | www.compressdsl.com | v Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Methodology 3 1.3 Historical context 4 2. Origins of African laws on nationality 8 3. Legal definition of nationality 13 4. Nationality and the limitations of State sovereignty 15 4.1 The decisive role of the United Nations 16 4.2 Contribution of other regional systems 18 4.3 Implications for Africa 20 5. Nationality and African States’ laws and practices 21 5.1 Transition to independence 21 5.2 Determination of nationality for those born after independence 22 5.3 Recognition of the right to nationality 23 5.4 Nationality of origin 24 5.5 Nationality by acquisition 26 5.6 Multiple nationality 29 5.7 Discrimination 32 5.8 Loss and deprivation of nationality 33 5.9 Procedural rules 35 5.10 Nationality and succession of States 38 5.11 Regional citizenship 47 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Background Information on Nationality
    Historical background information on nationality Version 1.0 Page 1 of 23 Published for Home Office staff on 21 July 2017 Contents Contents ..................................................................................................................... 2 About this document................................................................................................... 4 Contacts ................................................................................................................. 4 Published ................................................................................................................ 4 British Nationality law ................................................................................................. 5 Before 1914 ................................................................................................................ 5 The position at common law ................................................................................... 5 Acquisition of British subject status by birth ........................................................ 5 Crown’s dominions .......................................................................................... 5 Extra-territorial jurisdiction ............................................................................... 5 Mandated and Trust territories ..................................................................... 6 Protectorates and protected states .............................................................. 6 Acquisition of British subject status
    [Show full text]
  • Reclaiming the Immigration Constitution of the Early Republic: Prospectivity, Uniformity, and Transparency
    PFANDER _WARDON_PREPP 3/18/2010 12:47 PM RECLAIMING THE IMMIGRATION CONSTITUTION OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC: PROSPECTIVITY, UNIFORMITY, AND TRANSPARENCY James E. Pfander∗ and Theresa R. Wardon** I. PRELUDE: IMMIGRATION POLICY IN NORTH AMERICA BEFORE 1787............................................................................... 371 II. FRAMING THE CONSTITUTION’S NATURALIZATION CLAUSE........................................................................................ 385 III. NATURALIZATION POLICY IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC ............ 393 A. The Naturalization Act of 1790 and the Refusal of Congress to Proceed by Private Bill .................................. 393 B. Early Congressional Adherence to the Norm of Prospectivity......................................................................... 403 C. The Scope of Congress’s Naturalization Power ............... 409 IV. RECLAIMING THE IMMIGRATION CONSTITUTION OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC ....................................................................... 413 A. Understanding the Relevance of the Naturalization Clause.................................................................................... 415 B. No Retroactive Changes in the Law................................... 421 C. No Private Naturalization Bills.......................................... 428 D. No Public Rights Doctrine.................................................. 433 CONCLUSION....................................................................................... 440 ITH some justification, the scholarly consensus holds
    [Show full text]
  • Intermarriage, Land, and Meanings of Citizenship and Marital Naturalization/Expatriation in the United States
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 5-1-2019 Beyond Suffrage: Intermarriage, Land, and Meanings of Citizenship and Marital Naturalization/Expatriation in the United States Shiori Yamamoto Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Gender and Sexuality Commons, Law Commons, United States History Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Repository Citation Yamamoto, Shiori, "Beyond Suffrage: Intermarriage, Land, and Meanings of Citizenship and Marital Naturalization/Expatriation in the United States" (2019). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 3706. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/15778578 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BEYOND SUFFRAGE: INTERMARRIAGE, LAND, AND MEANINGS OF CITIZENSHIP AND MARITAL NATURALIZATON/EXPATRIATION IN THE UNITED
    [Show full text]
  • Giovanni Florio's First Fruites (1578): Dialogue and Cultural Exchange in Elizabethan England
    Giovanni Florio’s First Fruites (1578): Dialogue and Cultural Exchange in Elizabethan England David Chidgey Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2013 School of Languages and Linguistics University of Melbourne Abstract In this thesis I investigate the ambitious nature of Giovanni Florio’s First Fruites (1578), an Italian-English dialogue manual in parallel-text format. The ambitiousness of the text has been suggested by Frances Yates (1934), Michael Wyatt (2005) and, most importantly, Florio himself. Yates assessed Florio’s outlook as more literary and courtly than his predecessors, and Wyatt noted that the text tackles a variety of difficult grammatical issues from the opening dialogue. Their reading of First Fruites as ambitious is based on an analysis of its language pedagogy in comparison to Claudius Hollyband’s The French Littelton (1576). This thesis argues that Florio took advantage of a broader tradition of language manuals, and situates the text within that tradition. The connections between First Fruites and the earlier tradition (which are discussed for the first time in this work) show that Florio's manual not only taught English and Italian cultures and languages but also provided an introduction to vernacular rhetoric and literature for the benefit of the budding English diplomatic and courtly elite. Florio was born in London c. 1553. His father, Michel Angelo Florio, was an Italian Protestant who had fled the Roman Inquisition and emigrated to England during the reign of Edward VI, where he came under the protection of John Dudley, the Duke of Northumberland.
    [Show full text]
  • Act No. 21, 1898. an Act to Consolidate the Laws Relating to the Naturalization and Denization of Aliens. [27Th July, 1898.]
    Act No. 21, 1898. An Act to consolidate the Laws relating to the Naturalization and Denization of Aliens. [27th July, 1898.] WHEAREAS by the Imperial Act of the thirty-third year of Her present Majesty, intituled An Act to amend the Law relating to the Legal conditions of aliens and British Subjects, it is enacted that all laws, statutes, and ordinances which may be duly made by the Legislature of any British Possession for imparting to any person the privileges or any of the privileges of naturalization to be enjoyed by such person within the limits of such Possession shall, within such limits, have the authority of law, but shall be subject to be confirmed or disallowed by Her Majesty in the same manner and subject to the same rules in and subject to which Her Majesty has power to confirm or disallow any other laws, statutes, or ordinances in that Possession: Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Legis­ lative Assembly of New South Wales in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows :— PART I. Preliminary. 1. This Act may be cited as the " Naturalization and Denization Act of New South Wales, 1898,"' and is divided into parts, as follows:— PART I.—Preliminary.—-ss 1-3. PART II.—Rights and disabilities of aliens.—s. 4. PART III.—Naturalization.—ss. 5-11. PART IV.—Denization—ss. 12-14. 2. The Acts mentioned in the First Schedule to this Act are, to the extent therein expressed, hereby repealed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Theory of Denizenship
    A Theory of Denizenship Meghan Benton Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Political Science at the Department for Political Science, University College London (UCL) I, Meghan Benton, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract Political philosophers have generally assumed that all residents of states are citizens, and vice versa. But the changing face of migration from permanent, ‘settler’ migration to temporary, multiple migration means that ‘denizenship’ – the state of being a resident non-citizen – can no longer be considered anomalous. Denizenship is clearly a less favourable status than citizenship. However, little has been done to explore this intuition. To the extent that immigration has been theorised, it has been according to three main dimensions. The first considers first admission, the second what rights denizens are entitled to, and the third what conditions states can set on citizenship acquisition. Part 1 of my thesis examines and identifies the limitations with these existing approaches. I argue that, by identifying the problem of denizenship with the absence of legal rights, the rights approach cannot specify the conditions under which it is problematic for denizens to enjoy fewer of the rights of citizenship. It also takes insufficient account of the way in which states lack the incentive to protect their non-citizen population. The citizenship acquisition approach, on the other hand, is not sensitive enough to deal with the different claims of vulnerable groups of migrants. In Part 2 I advance an alternative framework for addressing the problem of denizenship structured around the republican ideal of non-domination.
    [Show full text]
  • Working for the Crown. German Migrants and Britain's Commercial
    Working for the Crown. German Migrants and Britain’s Commercial Success in the early eighteenth-century American Colonies Abstract Relaxation in the movement of foreigners into Britain and the origins of the Foreign Protestants Naturalisation Act of 1708 (7 Ann c 5) have been seen to lie in the arrival of religious refugees in England and the unsuitability of existing legislation to accommodate large numbers of foreigners. This paper proposes that trade and commercial interests in the American Colonies promoted the cause of Naturalisation by inciting German migration, causing Parliament to relax access to the domestic labour market, and crucially allow German labour to be trafficked to the Colonies. Reform was dictated by the needs of commerce and colonial enterprise, not just by politicians, courtiers and bureaucrats in London. The passing of the Naturalisation Act (1708) and subsequent General Naturalisation Act (1709) both took advantage of Europan warfare and economic disruction and was a direct response to colonial needs to source continental labour. The Act owed much to colonial Americans like Carolina Governor John Archdale who, like his co-religionist neighbour William Penn, acted in the interest of commerce and the colonial classes, broadening the base of non-Anglican access to the Colonies. Opportunities afforded German migrants in the American Colonies, in particular, grew from this signal legislative change. 2 Introduction In the period 1688 to 1720, new agents of empire, speculators in the fortunes of colonial commerce and
    [Show full text]
  • 13 GEO V 1923 No 46 British Nationality and Status Of
    14 GEO. V.] Btitish Nationality and Status of Aliens [1923, No. 46. 403 (in New Zealand). --------------------- --- New Zealand. ANALYSIS. Title. 10. Records of naturalization. 1. Short Title and commencement. 11. Revocation of certificaks of naturalization. 2. InterpretMion. 12. Effect of revocation of certificate of natu. 3. Certain Imperial enactments declared to be ralization on status of w.fe and minor in force in New Zealand. children. Naturalization. Special Status of Aliens in New Zealand. 4. Application by alien friend for naturalization 13 Capaoity of aliens as to property in New in New Zealand. Zealand. 5. Minister of Internal Affairs may grant certifi· cates of naturalization. Application of Act to Oook Ialands and Western 6. Person ns.turalizerl in New Zealand to have Samoa. st?'tus of ~ational.born Brit!sh ~ubi?ot. I 14. Naturalization of aliens in Cook Islands and 7. SpeOlal certificates of naturahzatIon III cases! Western Samoa. of doubt as to true status. i 8. Special provisions as to naturalization of I General. minors. 15. Regulations. 9. Persons heretofore naturalized may obtairJ cer'116. Repeals. Savings. tificates of natul.'ai'z'ttion under thiR Act. Sohedules. 1923, No. 46. AN ACT to consolidate and amenr! the Law relatin~ to l$nt,lsh Title. Nationality and the Status of Aliens in New Zealand, and to provide for the Naturalization of Aliens in New Zealand [Reserved tor the trignijication of HiB Majesty', pleaBure t, BE IT ENACTED by the General Assembly of .New Zealand in Parliament assembled, and by the authoritv of the same, as follows :- ." 1. This Act may be cited as the British Nationality and Status Short Title and of Aliens (in New Zealand) Act, 1923, and shah come into operation oommencement.
    [Show full text]