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Title the Archaeological Importance and Discoveries of the Roman Fort The Archaeological Importance and Discoveries of the Roman Title Fort of Vindolanda Author(s) CARR, Gillian Citation 西洋古代史研究 (2003), 3: 23-37 Issue Date 2003-03-25 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/134812 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University 『西洋古代史研究』 第 3 号 2003 年 23 <<Article>> <<Article>> The Archaeological Importance and Discoveries Discoveries of the Roman Fort of of Vindolanda Gillian Gillian CARR In trod uction Perhaps the best known of all Roman forts along Hadrian's Wall ，Vindolanda (the (the Roman name for modern Chesterholm) in Northumbria has achieved prom ト nence for three reasons. First ， for the excellent preservational condition ，both of its ar- chaeological chaeological artefacts (not least its famous writing tablets) ，and for the general surviv- al al of the layout of the buildings and walls ，much of which is c1 early visible despite de- struction struction of the forts and subsequent robbing of the stone by local people to build houses. houses. The good survival of the fort is ，alas ，a relative condition: compared to some archaeological sites on the continent ， the Roman remains of Britain exist ， for the the most part (although with some notable exceptions) as foundations or ruined walls. walls. Second ，Vindolanda is well known for its world- c1 ass excavations ，conducted for for the most part by successive generations of the Birley family ; and third ， the name of of Vindolanda is famous among Roman scholars for the remarkable archaeological dis- coveries coveries that these excavations have uncovered. These in c1 ude ， of course ， the afore- mentioned ‘Vindolanda Tablets' ，which will be discussed elsewhere in this volume by Professor Professor Takashi Minamikawa. Although 1 will mention these tablets in passing ， my paper concerns chiefly the history of the excavations at Vindolanda ， the chronolo- gy of the fort ，and the importance of the archaeological discoveries. The Historical Context Hadrian's Hadrian's Wall is Britain's most complete Roman monumen t. Whilst the Wall was the result of a planning decision by Hadrian ， the overall structure was the result of of responses to local needs at various times. It is thought that Hadrian's presence in 24 24 G il1 ian CARR Britain Britain in AD 121 was itself a response to difficul ties w hich had been experienced in the the north over the previous decade. Hadrian appreciated that the Roman empire as a whole could not afford and did not need further expansion ，and felt that it was more important to safeguard the integrity of the existing empire by strengthening frontiers frontiers and developing the empire's inner strength. The Wall was built along the same route as ，and was an enhancement of ， the ‘ Stanegate frontier' ，originally a line of forts along a road linking Corbridge with Carlisle Carlisle and Kirkbride. Although there is no unequivocal dating for the construction of of this road ，it is assumed to have been built during the time of Agricola (Shotter 1996 ， 32). Such a road would have been crucial to communication and policing ， especially especially in keeping an eye on the rebellious tribe of the Brigantes of Yorkshire. The Stanegate frontier was originally thought to have been active some time be- tween the Roman withdrawal from southern Scotland in around AD 100 and the incep “ tion tion of Hadrian's Wall in c. AD 125. Shotter (1996 ，43) ，however ，has put forward an al- ternative ternative model of earlier developmen t. He notes that an auxiliary fort was estab 幽 lished lished at Carlisle during the early Flavian period ，and a vexillation fortress and supply base was built at Corbridge during the governorship of Agricola. These sites lay lay on either side of the Pennine hills ，and the communications link between them was via Vindolanda ， the first phase of which was established in the mid-80s. Prob- lems and disturbances between the Romans and Britons at this time are hinted at in many sources. A tablet from the first fort at Vindolanda ， dating to the late 80s ， makes c1 ear that the garrison unit was severely under strength at the time. Also dating dating to the same period is the famous Vindolanda tablet ，which describes the Britons Britons as ‘Brittunculi' or ‘horrid little Brits' ，showing c1 early the attitude of the Romans towards the local Britons. It It would seem that the evidence from the Stangate frontier is of a first phase of sub 幽 stantial stantial modification occurring in the late 80s and early 90s ， the same time as the Roman withdrawal from much of Scotland ， offering the opportunity for the redeploy- ment of troops in Britain. During this period ， the original fort at Vindolanda of 3.5 acres acres doubled in size. The Vindolanda tablets suggest that this enlarged fort was in 幽 tended for a dou ble garrison ， consistin The The Archaeological Importance and Discoveries of the Roman Fort of Vindolanda 25 Shotter Shotter (1 996 ， 49) suggests that early in the second century ， the Stanegate fron- tier tier underwent a second phase of modification. Some of the forts were reduced in size size at this time ，reflecting a policy of spreading the available troops between more newly built installations. However ， troops were needed elsewhere in the empire in the early second centu 幽 ry ， in Dacia and in Parthia and Armenia in the east ，although we do not know wheth- er er troops were taken from Britain for these expeditions. It would seem that either there there were real reductions in the number of soldiers in Britain at this time ， or that the the perception of a preoccupied Trajan caused difficulties and unrest in Britain ， so that that when Hadrian became emperor ， Spartianus observed that the ‘Bri tons could no longer longer be held under Roman contro l' (Life of Hadri αn ，5.2). The fact that Hadrian trav 幽 elled elled to Britain during his first imperial journey in AD 120 suggests that the situa- tion tion was serious. However ， as Hadrian's Wall closely follows the line of the earlier Stanegate Stanegate frontier ， this suggests that no territory had been los t. Part Part of the function of the Stanegate frontier was to control movement; this was later ， in the building of Hadrian's Wall ， to be achieved more effectively by giving giving it a strong visual command of the territory in which it lay; as the Stanegate road road went through several valleys ， the route selected for the Wall was moved fu 子 ther ther to the north to occupy the northern crests of the valleys and better command the the territory. At this time ，most of the forts on the Stanegate were abandoned as redun 幽 dant (Shotter 1996 ，43). As some of Brigantian territory also lay to the north of the Wall ， the ‘ outpost forts' of Bewcastle ， Birrens and Netherby policed this area. As well well as for observation ， another principal function of the Wall was to supervise cross 欄 ings ings in either direction ; the milecastles were ， in reality ，fortified gateways. Hadrian's Hadrian's Wall was intended to be a linear barrier from Newcastle to Bowness- on-Solway ，which was equipped with a small milecastle every Roman mile (housing be- tween eight and thirty-two men) ，and a pair of watchtowers (each requiring perhaps six six men) between each pair of milecastles. It would seem that it would have been im- portant portant to have garrisons on the wall itself because the actual building of the wall may have annoyed local people because it disturbed social and agricultural communi 幽 cations cations and 26 26 G il1 ian CARR tified tified gateways shows us that they were for supervising movement and not prevent 幽 ing ing it; Hadrian's policy was to separate the Romans from the barbarians by means of of visible boundaries ，not to stop traffic altogether. Vindolanda has now been set within its historical context; we have seen the role it it played from the early 80s onwards ，first as part of the Stanegate frontier ，and then as as part of Hadrian's 羽T al l. The next part of this paper outlines the chronological devel- opment of the fort itself ，which will be followed by a history of the excavations at Vin- dolanda and a discussion of the archaeological finds. The Chronology of Vindolanda Not just one ，but possibly as many as nine consecutive forts have been found at Vindolanda: five successive timber structures ，and certainly three ，perhaps four stone stone buildings above them (Birley 1993 ，ix). The current dating of eight of the nine forts forts and the composition of the garrisons are shown in the table below as an aid to this this paper (Birley et al. 1993; ters. comm. & www.vindolanda.com) Size Size of fort Garrison Period Period 1 c. AD 85 - c. 92 Max 4 acres Coh. 1 Tungrorum? Period Period 11 c. AD 92 - c. 97 Max 7 acres Coh. VIIIl Batavorum Coh. Coh. 1 Tungrorum? Period Period 111 c. AD 97 - 105 Max 7 acres Coh. V1III Batavorum Coh. Coh. III Batavorum Period Period IV c. AD 105 c.120 ト Max 7 acres Coh.l Tungrorum +detachments from Coh. 1 Vardullorum & legionary detachments Period Period V c. AD120 十一 c. Max 7 acres Coh. 1 Tungrorum. 140+ Period Period VI c. AD 160 c.180 Max 4 acres Coh. III Nerviorum Period Period VIA c. AD 180 - c. 200 Max 7 acres Unknown Period Period VIB c. AD 205 - c. 213 Max 4 acres Unknown Period Period VII c. AD 213 onwards 3 1/2 acres Coh.
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