DOCSLIB.ORG

The Discretionary Power of "Public" Prosecutors in Historical Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Discretionary Power of University of Colorado Law School Colorado Law Scholarly Commons Articles Colorado Law Faculty Scholarship 2002 The Discretionary Power of "Public" Prosecutors in Historical Perspective Carolyn B. Ramsey University of Colorado Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/articles Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Law and Society Commons, Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons, and the Legal History Commons Citation Information Carolyn B. Ramsey, The Discretionary Power of "Public" Prosecutors in Historical Perspective, 39 AM. CRIM. L. REV. 1309 (2002), available at https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/articles/560. Copyright Statement Copyright protected. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Colorado Law Faculty Scholarship at Colorado Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of Colorado Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. +(,121/,1( Citation: 39 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1309 2002 Provided by: William A. Wise Law Library Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline Mon May 22 15:29:15 2017 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your HeinOnline license, please use: Copyright Information ARTICLES THE DISCRETIONARY POWER OF "PUBLIC" PROSECUTORS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Carolyn B. Ramsey* INTRODUCTION .................................................... 1310 I. MODERN VIEWS OF PUBLIC PROSECUTION ..................... 1316 II. A HISTORY OF PROSECUTION IN NEW YORK COUNTY ............. 1323 A. Private Prosecution in Early New York .................. 1324 B. The Beginnings of Public Prosecution ................... 1327 C. Collectivized Crime Control and the Rise of Plea-bargaining ..... 1331 1. Scholarly Views ................................. 1331 2. Case Pressure in New York County ................... 1334 3. Nineteenth-century Criticisms of Plea-bargaining........ 1336 D. Machine Politics and Public Criticism of the District Attorney's Office ................................... 1337 1. PoliticalBosses and the Public ...................... 1338 2. The Role of the Press ............................. 1340 3. Norms of Public Prosecution in the Late Nineteenth Century ....................................... 1342 E. A Tale of Two Prosecutors:John Fellows and De Lancey Nicoll............................................ 1347 III. PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION AND THE FATE OF FIRST-DEGREE M URDER DEFENDANTS .................................. 1352 A. Rationale and Methodology for the Case Study ............. 1352 B. The Dispositionof Murder Cases....................... 1356 1. Hyperbolic Views of ProsecutorialLeniency ............ 1356 2. Bringing Murderers to Trial ........................ 1360 C. Manly and Unmanly Violence ......................... 1366 * Associate Professor of Law, University of Colorado School of Law; M.A., Stanford University, 1991; J.D., Stanford Law School, 1998. I would like to thank Paul Campos, George Fisher, Sarah Krakoff, Cynthia Lee, Hiroshi Motomura, Bill Pizzi, Kevin Reitz, Tom Romero, Pierre Schlag, Arthur Travers, Phil Weiser, and Ahmed White for their insights and suggestions. I could not have conducted my research without generous help from Kenneth Cobb, Director of the New York Municipal Archives, and Jane Thompson, Head of Faculty Services at the University of Colorado Law Library. This Article also benefited from the diligent research assistance of Jacqueline Cooper, Olivia Denton, and Saskia Young. 1309 1310 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAw REVIEW [Vol. 39:1309 1. First-degreeMurder Convictions .................... 1366 2. Plea-bargains .................................. 1383 CONCLUSION ............................................ 1391 INTRODUCTION History makes a fleeting appearance in recent debates about reforming the prosecutor's office. Opponents of the way discretion is currently exercised often contend that because a prosecutor is a public servant, he ought to protect defendants' rights as well as convict the guilty.' When this position is couched in historical terms, it appeals to a prosecutorial self-image, purportedly rooted in the past, to promote fairness and to curtail the excesses of the adversary system. Bruce Green asserts, for example, that the "prosecutor's duty to 'seek justice' . dates back well over a century." 2 Advocates of victims' rights and the re-privatization of criminal justice also tend to assume that private prosecution in early America gave way to impartial, or even defendant-protective, government control.3 This com- 1.See Bennett L. Gershman, The Prosecutor's Duty to Truth, 14 GEo. J. LEGAL ETHICS 309, 337 (2001) (arguing that, as "a minister of justice to protect innocent persons from wrongful convictions," the prosecutor has "a duty to make an independent evaluation of the credibility of his witnesses, the reliability of forensic evidence, and the truth of the defendant's guilt" beyond that imposed by the codes); Bruce A. Green, Why Should Prosecutors "Seek Justice"?, 26 FORDHAM URB. L.J. 607, 636 (1999) (contending that prosecutors have "a heightened duty to ensure the fairness of the outcome of a criminal proceeding from a substantive perspective-to ensure both that innocent people are not punished and that the guilty are not punished with undue harshness"); H. Richard Uviller, The Neutral Prosecutor:The Obligation of Dispassion in a PassionatePursuit, 68 FORDHAM L. REv. 1695, 1697 (2000) ("Neutrality ...puts the prosecutor in the position of advocate for all the people- including the person against whom the evidence has been accumulating."). See also Charles D. Breitel, Controls in Criminal Law Enforcement, 27 U. CHI. L. REv. 427, 430 (1960) (maintaining that, while prosecutorial discretion is inevitable and even desirable, the type of discretion that is justified is that which "can only save... [but] never kill"). 2. Green, supra note 1,at 612. See also Steven K. Berenson, Public Lawyers, Private Values: Can, Should, and Will Government Lawyers Serve the Public Interest?, 41 B.C. L. REv. 789, 792 (2000): [C]ourts and commentators from the earliest days of the American legal system to the present have viewed pursuit of the public interest as a critical function of the public prosecutor. It has long been the view in American law that the prosecutor's paramount duty is to serve justice, rather than to secure a conviction in a given case. Matthew S. Nichols, No One Can Serve Two Masters: Arguments Against PrivateProsecutors, 13 CAP. DEF. DIG. 279, 284-86, 287 (2001) (disputing view that "the private prosecutor is a right deeply embedded in Virginia common law" and contending that public model, which supposedly dates from the seventeenth-century, "prevent[s] vengeance from replacing justice"). Angela Davis subscribes to the view that the American system of public prosecution arose from discontent with the abuses and inefficiency of private prosecution. See Angela Davis, The American Prosecutor:Independence, Power and the Threat of Tyranny, 86 IOWA L. REV.393,449-50 (2001). She argues that the architects of the public system desired to make it fair; however, she believes that they failed in this endeavor because they did not "adequately consider the private nature of prosecutorial decisions and the lack of public access to information about how and why prosecutors make decisions." Id. at 448. 3. Cf.BRUCE L. BENSON, To SERVE AND PROTECT: PRIVATIZATION AND THE COMMUNITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 222-23 (1998) (arguing that English crown transformed prosecutorial function from private to public by removing 2002] "PUBLIC" PROSECUTORS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1311 mon narrative is largely a myth. Instead, public prosecution evolved from a private model in a slow, uneven manner in response to fears of social disorder. The dominant view in the second half of the nineteenth century urged public prosecu- tors to seek convictions with zeal, leaving the responsibility to protect the rights of the accused to defense counsel. Plea-bargaining aroused criticism, not because it deprived defendants of a jury trial, but because prosecutors accepted guilty pleas to charges that the public viewed as insufficient to fit the defendants' crimes.4 This Article presents a legal and cultural history of the public's relationship to criminal prosecution that participates in two scholarly conversations. It adds a historical dimension to the current debate about the duties of the modem prosecu- tor. The centrality of the term "public" in almost any discussion of prosecutorial discretion highlights the need to explore the evolving relationship between prosecutors and the people. My research also contributes to a growing body of legal history on criminal justice administration in the United States that includes work by Lawrence Friedman, George Fisher, and Allen Steinberg. 5 One must be cautious about invoking the origins of public prosecution either to supplant the goal of "winning" with a greater commitment to fairness or to criticize the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reform of the Elected Judiciary in Boss Tweed’S New York
    File: 3 Lerner - Corrected from Soft Proofs.doc Created on: 10/1/2007 11:25:00 PM Last Printed: 10/7/2007 6:34:00 PM 2007] 109 FROM POPULAR CONTROL TO INDEPENDENCE: REFORM OF THE ELECTED JUDICIARY IN BOSS TWEED’S NEW YORK Renée Lettow Lerner* INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 111 I. THE CONSTITUTION OF 1846: POPULAR CONTROL...................... 114 II. “THE THREAT OF HOPELESS BARBARISM”: PROBLEMS WITH THE NEW YORK JUDICIARY AND LEGAL SYSTEM AFTER THE CIVIL WAR .................................................. 116 A. Judicial Elections............................................................ 118 B. Abuse of Injunctive Powers............................................. 122 C. Patronage Problems: Referees and Receivers................ 123 D. Abuse of Criminal Justice ............................................... 126 III. THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1867-68: JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE............................................................. 130 A. Participation of the Bar at the Convention..................... 131 B. Natural Law Theories: The Law as an Apolitical Science ................................... 133 C. Backlash Against the Populist Constitution of 1846....... 134 D. Desire to Lengthen Judicial Tenure................................ 138 E. Ratification of the Judiciary Article................................ 143 IV. THE BAR’S REFORM EFFORTS AFTER THE CONVENTION ............ 144 A. Railroad Scandals and the Times’ Crusade.................... 144 B. Founding
    [Show full text]
  • Plea Bargaining As a Legal Transplant: a Good Idea for Troubled Criminal Justice Systems
    Texas A&M University School of Law Texas A&M Law Scholarship Faculty Scholarship 3-2010 Plea Bargaining as a Legal Transplant: A Good Idea for Troubled Criminal Justice Systems Cynthia Alkon Texas A&M University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Cynthia Alkon, Plea Bargaining as a Legal Transplant: A Good Idea for Troubled Criminal Justice Systems, 19 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 355 (2010). Available at: https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar/268 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Texas A&M Law Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Texas A&M Law Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Plea Bargaining as a Legal Transplant: A Good Idea for Troubled Criminal Justice Systems? Cynthia Alkon* I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 356 II. TROUBLED CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS: WHAT COUNTRIES FALL UNDER THIS CATEGORY?9 ......... 359 III. PLEA BARGAINING TRANSPLANTS: Two EXAMPLES.............. 360 A. The Republic of Georgia................................... 362 1. Background............................................ 362 2. Plea Bargaining ...................................... 363 a) Plea Bargaining in the Georgian Criminal Procedure Code .............................. 363 b) Plea Bargaining in Practice................ 365 B. Bosnia and Herzegovina..................................
    [Show full text]
  • Supreme Court of the United States
    1 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. Monday, October 13, 1902. The court met pursuant to law. Present : The Chief Justice, Mr. Justice Harlan, Mr. Justice Brewer, Mr. Justice Brown, Mr. Justice Shiras, Mr. Justice White, Mr. Justice Peckham and Mr. Justice McKenna. Warren K. Snyder of Oklahoma City, Okla., Joseph A. Burkart of Washington, D. C, Robert H. Terrell of Washington, D. C, Robert Catherwood of Chicago, 111., Sardis Summerfield of Reno, Nev., J. Doug- las Wetmore of Jacksonville, Fla., George D. Leslie of San Francisco, Cal., William R. Striugfellow of New Orleans, La., P. P. Carroll of Seattle, Wash., P. H. Coney of Topeka, Kans., H. M. Rulison of Cin- cinnati, Ohio, W^illiam Velpeau Rooker of Indianapolis, Ind., Isaac N. Huntsberger of Toledo, Ohio, and Charles W. Mullan of Waterloo, Iowa, were admitted to practice. The Chief Justice announced that all motions noticed for to-day would be heard to-morrow, and that the court would commence the call of the docket to-morrow pursuant to the twenty-sixth rule. Adjourned until to-morrow at 12 o'clock. The day call for Tuesday, October 14, will be as follows: Nos. 306, 303, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12. O 8753—02 1 2 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. Tuesday, October 14, 1902. Present: The Chief Justice, Mr. Justice Harlan, Mr. Justice Brewer, Mr. Justice Brown, Mr. Justice Shiras, Mr. Justice White, Mr. Justice Peckham and Mr. Justice McKenna. E. Howard McCaleb, jr., of New Orleans, La., Judson S. Hall of New York City, Elbert Campbell Ferguson of Chicago, 111., John Leland Manning of Chicago, 111., Alden B.
    [Show full text]
  • NHB Regional Bee a JV Round #2
    NHB Regional Bee A JV Round 2 NHB REGIONAL BEE A JV 1. This man was depicted as the Cowardly Lion from The Wizard of Oz during his 1900 campaign for president. Tom Watson was the Populist pick to run with this man in 1896, but Arthur Sewall appeared on his Democratic ballot. This man argued for the prosecution against Clarence Darrow during the Scopes Trial and spoke against the Coinage Act, saying that “they shall not crucify mankind upon” the title object. For the point, name this American politician who vocally opposed the gold standard in his “Cross of Gold” speech. ANSWER: William Jennings Bryan 134-11-61-02101 2. One battle during this conflict saw Samuel Appleton drive off attackers who had burned down most of the buildings in Springfield. Another battle during this conflict ended when Josiah Winslow’s militia overran an Indian fort and was known as the Great Swamp Battle. This war ended when Benjamin Church killed the opposing side’s leader. For the point, name this war, which was fought between colonists and Native Americans led by a namesake Wampanoag chief. ANSWER: King Philip’s War [or Metacomet’s War; accept Metacomet’s Rebellion] 140-11-61-02102 3. This man opposed the New York political machine by appointing Wheeler Hazard Peckham to the Supreme Court. One movement during his term opposed the national roads program and was stopped on the grass of the Capitol. This man stopped another protest with federal troops because it was blocking the mail. Those events, Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike, were responses to the Panic of 1873 during his term.
    [Show full text]
  • Riegta Ing a Great Part of the Strike, Under from These Workers Carried Responsibility Groes Leaving Dixieland for Chicago
    THE DAILY WORKER, NEW YORK, MONDAY, APRIL 4, 1927 Page Five PLAN GREAT BAZAAR FOR CLOAKMAKERS’ DEFENSE; LOCKOUT TO ADD SHELLING OF NANKING WILL BE PROTESTED HEARING TODAY OUT OF TOWN CAMPAIGN OPENS AT A MASS MEETING FRIDAY, APRIL EIGHTH protest Preparations are now being made Nothing must be left undone to TO NUMBERS IN To against the gunboat! Rosalsky Plays With FOR ARRESTED policy of the United j for the Joint Defense Bazaar to be j make the Great Defense Bazaar such States towards Antonofsky held at the Star Casino on May 12, a tremendous success that in itself the Chinese Nationalist revolution, a Case of 13, 14 and 15. ‘ it will prove a gigantic protest against mass meeting will be held Friday j evening, April 8, at the Central Opera KULOK PICKETS A call has been sent out to the . the union smashing bureaucracy. PLUMBER STRIKE (Continued from Pape One) the ! many friends of the defense request- Boston workers will be represented House under the auspices of Hands says ho was attacked, Wortuns was ing of as- the bazaar, it is reported, and j Off China Committee, a delegated sick in bed and Antonofsky was J donations articles for the jat body Labor Defense Appears ! fair. The committee is especially in- I other cities are Rsked to follow their Employers and Workers representing trade unions, na- | working in the shop of Meyer Haus- terested in shoes, dresses, caps, rain- j example and arrange to have a booth. Meetings Tonight i tionallst societies, labor fraternal or- er, 66 West 17th street.
    [Show full text]
  • Cops and Pleas: Police Officers' Influence on Plea Bargaining
    JONATHAN ABEL Cops and Pleas: Police Officers' Influence on Plea Bargaining AB S TRACT. Police officers play an important, though little-understood, role in plea bargain- ing. This Essay examines the many ways in which prosecutors and police officers consult, collab- orate, and clash with each other over plea bargaining. Using original interviews with criminal justice officials from around the country, this Essay explores the mechanisms of police involve- ment in plea negotiations and the implications of this involvement for both plea bargaining and policing. Ultimately, police influence in the arena of plea bargaining -long thought the exclusive domain of prosecutors -calls into question basic assumptions about who controls the prosecu- tion team. A U T H 0 R. Fellow, Stanford Constitutional Law Center. I am grateful to Kim Jackson and her colleagues at the Yale Law journal for their invaluable suggestions. I also want to thank col- leagues, friends, and family who read drafts and talked through the issues with me. A short list includes Liora Abel, Greg Ablavsky, Stephanos Bibas, Jack Chin, Barbara Fried, Colleen Honigs- berg, Cathy Hwang, Shira Levine, Michael McConnell, Sonia Moss, Howard Shneider, Robert Weisberg, and the riders of A.C. Transit's "0" Bus. 1730 ESSAY CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1732 1. THE SEPARATION OF POWERS WITHIN THE PROSECUTION TEAM 1735 A. Academic Accounts 1736 1. Scholarship on the Police Role in Plea Bargaining 1737 2. Scholarship on the Separation of Powers in Plea Bargaining 1741 B. Prosecutor and Police Accounts of the Separation of Powers in Plea Bargaining 1743 II. POLICE INFLUENCE ON PLEA BARGAINING 1748 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Disclosure and Accuracy in the Guilty Plea Process Kevin C
    Hastings Law Journal Volume 40 | Issue 5 Article 2 1-1989 Disclosure and Accuracy in the Guilty Plea Process Kevin C. McMunigal Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Kevin C. McMunigal, Disclosure and Accuracy in the Guilty Plea Process, 40 Hastings L.J. 957 (1989). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol40/iss5/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Disclosure and Accuracy in the Guilty Plea Process by KEVIN C. MCMUNIGAL* Consider the following disclosure problem. The government indicts a defendant on an armed robbery charge arising from a violent mugging. The prosecution's case is based entirely on the testimony of the victim, who identified the defendant from police photographs of persons with a record of similar violent crime. With only the victim's testimony to rely on, the prosecutor is unsure of her ability to obtain a conviction at trial. She offers the defendant a guilty plea limiting his sentencing exposure to five years, a significant concession in light of the defendant's substantial prior record and the fact that the charged offense carries a maximum penalty of fifteen years incarceration. As trial nears, the victim's confi- dence in the identification appears to wane. The robbery took place at night. He was frightened and saw his assailant for a matter of seconds.
    [Show full text]
  • The New York City Draft Riots of 1863
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge United States History History 1974 The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 Adrian Cook Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Cook, Adrian, "The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863" (1974). United States History. 56. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_united_states_history/56 THE ARMIES OF THE STREETS This page intentionally left blank THE ARMIES OF THE STREETS TheNew York City Draft Riots of 1863 ADRIAN COOK THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY ISBN: 978-0-8131-5182-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 73-80463 Copyright© 1974 by The University Press of Kentucky A statewide cooperative scholarly publishing agency serving Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky State College, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. Editorial and Sales Offices: Lexington, Kentucky 40506 To My Mother This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix
    [Show full text]
  • What Are You Going to Do About It? Ethics and Corruption Issues in The
    What Are You Going to Do About It? Ethics and Corruption Issues in the New York State Constitution By Bennett Liebman Government Lawyer in Residence “What Are You Going to Do About It?” Ethics and Corruption Issues in the New York State Constitution By Bennett Liebman Government Lawyer in Residence Government Law Center Albany Law School Edited by Andrew Ayers and Michele Monforte April 2017 Cover image: “The Prevailing Candidate, or the Election carried by Bribery and the Devil,” attributed to William Hogarth, circa 1722. It depicts a candidate for office (with a devil hovering above him) slipping a purse into a voter’s pocket, while the voter’s wife, standing in the doorway, listens to a clergyman who assures her that bribery is no sin. Two boys point to the transaction, condemning it. Image courtesy of the N.Y. Public Library. Explanation of the image is drawn from the Yale Library; see http://images.library.yale.edu/walpoleweb/oneitem.asp?imageId= lwlpr22449. CONTENTS I. Introduction ....................................................................... 3 II. Ethics Provisions in the State Constitution ........ 5 A. Extant Ethics Provisions in the Constitution .............. 5 B. Banking and Ethics ....................................................... 6 C. The Canal System and Ethics ..................................... 11 D. Bribery and Ethics....................................................... 15 E. Free Passes, Rebates, and Ethics ............................... 23 III. Restrictions on the Authority of the State Legislature
    [Show full text]
  • A Content Analysis of Crimes Posted on Social Media Platforms Abstract I. Introduction
    82 — Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, Vol. 9, No. 1 • Spring 2018 A Content Analysis of Crimes Posted on Social Media Platforms Alessandra Brainard Strategic Communications Elon University Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in an undergraduate senior capstone course in communications Abstract With an increasing rate of violent crimes across the country as well as an uptick in crime in the news, perpetrators have turned to social media to gain attention, posting their crimes online. This study analyzed the motives of individuals who post their crimes on social media. By incorporating Sigmund Freud’s theories on guilt and utilizing a narrative criticism of testimony, the findings demonstrate a lack of remorse and guilt on the part of criminals who conduct unlawful acts, such as drunk driving, gang rape, and murder. The study concluded that the rationale behind committing the crime and posting evidence of the illegal activities on social media outlets stems from the drive of human beings to be recognized by others in their environment and social media communities. I. Introduction Historical Context With a skyrocketing presence of violent crimes across the country as well as an increase in crime in the news, perpetrators are turning to social media to gain attention by posting their crimes on social media platforms. The FBI’s Uniform Crime Report showed an increase in violent crime in 38 out of 50 states in 2016 (FBI, 2016). Attorney General Jeff Sessions, who has attempted to raise awareness around this issue, has declared, “The Department of Justice is committed to working with our state, local, and tribal partners across the country to deter violent crime, dismantle criminal organizations and gangs, stop the scourge of drug trafficking, and send a strong message to criminals that we will not surrender our communities to lawlessness and violence” (The United States Department of Justice, 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Riis's How the Other Half Lives
    How the Other Half Lives http://www.cis.yale.edu/amstud/inforev/riis/title.html HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES The Hypertext Edition STUDIES AMONG THE TENEMENTS OF NEW YORK BY JACOB A. RIIS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS CHIEFLY FROM PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN BY THE AUTHOR Contents NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1890 1 of 1 1/18/06 6:25 AM Contents http://www.cis.yale.edu/amstud/inforev/riis/contents.html HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES CONTENTS. About the Hypertext Edition XII. The Bohemians--Tenement-House Cigarmaking Title Page XIII. The Color Line in New York Preface XIV. The Common Herd List of Illustrations XV. The Problem of the Children Introduction XVI. Waifs of the City's Slums I. Genesis of the Tenements XVII. The Street Arab II. The Awakening XVIII. The Reign of Rum III. The Mixed Crowd XIX. The Harvest of Tare IV. The Down Town Back-Alleys XX. The Working Girls of New York V. The Italian in New York XXI. Pauperism in the Tenements VI. The Bend XXII. The Wrecks and the Waste VII. A Raid on the Stale-Beer Dives XXIII. The Man with the Knife VIII.The Cheap Lodging-Houses XXIV. What Has Been Done IX. Chinatown XXV. How the Case Stands X. Jewtown Appendix XI. The Sweaters of Jewtown 1 of 1 1/18/06 6:25 AM List of Illustrations http://www.cis.yale.edu/amstud/inforev/riis/illustrations.html LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Gotham Court A Black-and-Tan Dive in "Africa" Hell's Kitchen and Sebastopol The Open Door Tenement of 1863, for Twelve Families on Each Flat Bird's Eye View of an East Side Tenement Block Tenement of the Old Style.
    [Show full text]
  • How Social Media Is Changing the Way People Commit Crimes and Police Fight Them
    blogs.lse.ac.uk http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2016/01/28/how-social-media-is-changing-the-way-people-commit-crimes-and-police-fight-them/ How social media is changing the way people commit crimes and police fight them. Until the early years of the 21st century, crimes tended to be committed away from the eyes of the majority of society, with traditional media broadcasting information about them often on their own terms. Ray Surette writes that the advent of social media in the past decade has led to a new type of ‘performance’ crimes, where people create accounts of their law-breaking through text, images and video, which are then digitally distributed to the public on a large scale. He comments that social media has also opened up new ways of combating crime for the police, who can take advantage of the self-surveillance of those who publicize their crimes on social media. In 2013, a 16 year old boy in Ottawa, Canada was arrested for making bomb threats to schools across North America. While sadly this type of crime is now not particularly unusual, what is different is the way in which he was caught; his extensive bragging about his anonymous phone calls on Twitter eventually brought the police to his door. Until now, those who commit crimes have preferred to try and hide their actions and identities. However in the 21st century social media world, these surreptitious crimes now compete with performance crimes like these. The core elements of contemporary performance crimes are that they are created for distribution via social media and involve both willing and unwilling performers.
    [Show full text]