Penfieldite Pb2cl3(OH)
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Paralaurionite Pbcl(OH) C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Paralaurionite PbCl(OH) c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Crystals are thin to thick tabular k{100}, or elongated along [001], to 3 cm; {100} is usually dominant, but may show many other forms. Twinning: Almost all crystals are twinned by contact on {100}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {001}, perfect. Tenacity: Flexible, due to twin gliding, but not elastic. Hardness = Soft. D(meas.) = 6.05–6.15 D(calc.) = 6.28 Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Colorless, white, pale greenish, yellowish, yellow-orange, rarely violet; colorless in transmitted light. Luster: Subadamantine. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Pleochroism: Noted in violet material. Orientation: Y = b; Z ∧ c =25◦. Dispersion: r< v,strong. Absorption: Y > X = Z. α = 2.05(1) β = 2.15(1) γ = 2.20(1) 2V(meas.) = Medium to large. Cell Data: Space Group: C2/m. a = 10.865(4) b = 4.006(2) c = 7.233(3) β = 117.24(4)◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Laurium, Greece. 5.14 (10), 3.21 (10), 2.51 (9), 2.98 (7), 3.49 (6), 2.44 (6), 2.01 (6) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Pb 78.1 77.75 79.80 O [3.6] 6.00 3.08 Cl 14.9 12.84 13.65 H2O 3.4 3.51 3.47 insol. 0.09 Total [100.0] 100.19 100.00 (1) Laurium, Greece. (2) Tiger, Arizona, USA. (3) PbCl(OH). Polymorphism & Series: Dimorphous with laurionite. Occurrence: A secondary mineral formed through alteration of lead-bearing slag by sea water or in hydrothermal polymetallic mineral deposits. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Its Crystal Structure and Relationship to A-Pbf2
American Mineralogist, Volume 81, pages 1277-1281, 1996 Laurelite: Its crystal structure and relationship to a-PbF2 STEFANO MERLINO,! MARCO PASERO,! NATALE PERCHIAZZI,! AND ANrHONY R. KAMPF2 lDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, UniversitA di Pisa, via S. Maria 53, 1-56126 Pisa, Italy 2Mineralogy Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Laurelite, Pb7F12CI2, from the Grand Reefmine, Graham County, Arizona, is hexagonal, Po, with a = 10.267(1) and c = 3.9844(4) A and Z = 1. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R = 0.035 and RW2= 0.089 for 693 measured reflections (Fo > 9O'Fo)' The structure is related to that of a-PbF2. Both are based upon ninefold-coordinated Pb as tricapped trigonal prisms (TCTPs), which share edges and faces. The two structures can be described with respect to the face-sharing linkages of their TCTPs. The structure of a-PbF2 consists of corrugated sheets of face-sharing TCTPs that interlock by edge-sharing perpendicular to the c axis. In laurelite, the Pb2 TCTPs form three-membered face-sharing clusters about the threefold axis that are propagated into trigonal cylinders by sharing faces in the direction of the c axis. The Pb 1 and Pb3 TCTPs are linked by face-sharing into a three-dimensional framework with corresponding cylindrical voids. Asymmetric coordi- nations about Pbl and Pb2 are attributed to the stereoactive lone-pair effect. Although the coordinations about the anions appear to disallow substitution of OH for F, stacking defects along the c axis provide a mechanism for accommodating limited OH or H20 for F substitution. -
Alamosite Pbsio3 C 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Monoclinic
Alamosite PbSiO3 c 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2=m: Crystals ¯brous [010]; as radiating aggregates and balls, to 7.5 cm. k Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on 010 . Hardness = 4.5 D(meas.) = 6.488(3) D(calc.) = [6.30] f g Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Colorless to white, cream, or light gray. Luster: Adamantine. Optical Class: Biaxial ({). Orientation: Y = b. Dispersion: r < v; strong, weak inclined. ® = 1.945{1.947 ¯ = 1.955{1.961 ° = 1.959{1.968 2V(meas.) = 65± Cell Data: Space Group: P 2=n: a = 12.247 b = 7.059 c = 11.236 ¯ = 113:12± Z = 12 X-ray Powder Pattern: Tsumeb, Namibia. 3.34 (100), 3.56 (95), 3.53 (75), 2.300 (75), 3.23 (70), 2.987 (70), 3.25 (60) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) SiO2 21.11 20.01 21.21 Al2O3 0.09 FeO 0.09 0.18 MnO 0.02 PbO 78.13 78.95 78.79 CaO trace 0.09 insol: 0.61 Total 99.94 99.34 100.00 (1) Alamos, Mexico. (2) Tsumeb, Namibia; by electron microprobe. (3) PbSiO3: Occurrence: As a rare secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of lead-bearing base metal deposits. Association: Wulfenite, leadhillite, cerussite (Alamos, Mexico); leadhillite, anglesite, melanotekite, °eischerite, kegelite, hematite (Tsumeb, Namibia); diaboleite, phosgenite, cerussite, wulfenite, willemite (Tiger, Arizona, USA); melanotekite, shattuckite, wickenburgite (Rawhide mine, Arizona, USA). Distribution: From Mexico, in Sonora, at Alamos, and the San Pascual mine, near Zimap¶an, Hidalgo. In the USA, from Arizona, in the Mammoth-St. -
Infrare D Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals
Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s G. C. Jones Department of Mineralogy The Natural History Museum London, UK and B. Jackson Department of Geology Royal Museum of Scotland Edinburgh, UK A collaborative project of The Natural History Museum and National Museums of Scotland E3 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Firs t editio n 1 993 © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 Typese t at the Natura l Histor y Museu m ISBN 978-94-010-4940-5 ISBN 978-94-011-2120-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2120-0 Apar t fro m any fair dealin g for the purpose s of researc h or privat e study , or criticis m or review , as permitte d unde r the UK Copyrigh t Design s and Patent s Act , 1988, thi s publicatio n may not be reproduced , stored , or transmitted , in any for m or by any means , withou t the prio r permissio n in writin g of the publishers , or in the case of reprographi c reproductio n onl y in accordanc e wit h the term s of the licence s issue d by the Copyrigh t Licensin g Agenc y in the UK, or in accordanc e wit h the term s of licence s issue d by the appropriat e Reproductio n Right s Organizatio n outsid e the UK. Enquirie s concernin g reproductio n outsid e the term s state d here shoul d be sent to the publisher s at the Londo n addres s printe d on thi s page. -
Thirty-Fourth List of New Mineral Names
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 1986, VOL. 50, PP. 741-61 Thirty-fourth list of new mineral names E. E. FEJER Department of Mineralogy, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD THE present list contains 181 entries. Of these 148 are Alacranite. V. I. Popova, V. A. Popov, A. Clark, valid species, most of which have been approved by the V. O. Polyakov, and S. E. Borisovskii, 1986. Zap. IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, 115, 360. First found at Alacran, Pampa Larga, 17 are misspellings or erroneous transliterations, 9 are Chile by A. H. Clark in 1970 (rejected by IMA names published without IMA approval, 4 are variety because of insufficient data), then in 1980 at the names, 2 are spelling corrections, and one is a name applied to gem material. As in previous lists, contractions caldera of Uzon volcano, Kamchatka, USSR, as are used for the names of frequently cited journals and yellowish orange equant crystals up to 0.5 ram, other publications are abbreviated in italic. sometimes flattened on {100} with {100}, {111}, {ill}, and {110} faces, adamantine to greasy Abhurite. J. J. Matzko, H. T. Evans Jr., M. E. Mrose, lustre, poor {100} cleavage, brittle, H 1 Mono- and P. Aruscavage, 1985. C.M. 23, 233. At a clinic, P2/c, a 9.89(2), b 9.73(2), c 9.13(1) A, depth c.35 m, in an arm of the Red Sea, known as fl 101.84(5) ~ Z = 2; Dobs. 3.43(5), D~alr 3.43; Sharm Abhur, c.30 km north of Jiddah, Saudi reflectances and microhardness given. -
Parkinsonite (Pb, Mo)4O4cl C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Parkinsonite (Pb, Mo)4O4Cl c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Tetragonal. Point Group: 4/m 2/m 2/m, 42m, 4mm, or 422. As bladed crystals, to 0.3 mm, and crystalline aggregates, embedded in other lead minerals. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {001}, perfect; {100}, possible, fair. Tenacity: Sectile. Hardness = 2–2.5 VHN = 113–133, 122 average (50 g load). D(meas.) = 7.32 (synthetic). D(calc.) = 7.39 Optical Properties: Translucent. Color: Bright red, purplish red, brownish red; brownish red in transmitted light; in reflected light, gray with deep red to red-orange internal reflections. Streak: Scarlet to grenadine-red. Luster: Adamantine, pearly to resinous. Optical Class: Uniaxial (–); anomalously biaxial. Pleochroism: Strong; O = brownish red; E = greenish yellow. ω = [2.58] = [2.42] 2V(meas.) = Small. Anisotropism: Weak to moderate. Bireflectance: Moderate. R1–R2: (400) 22.6–21.8, (420) 22.4–21.2, (440) 22.3–20.5, (460) 22.2–19.9, (480) 21.9–19.4, (500) 21.6–18.9, (520) 21.2–18.5, (540) 20.6–18.1, (560) 20.2–17.8, (580) 19.8–17.5, (600) 19.4–17.2, (620) 19.1–17.1, (640) 18.9–17.0, (660) 18.7–16.9, (680) 18.6–16.7, (700) 18.5–16.7 Cell Data: Space Group: I4/mmm, I42m, I4m2,I4mm, or I422. a = 3.9922(3) c = 22.514(3) Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Merehead quarry, England. 2.983 (100), 2.816 (78), 1.989 (75), 1.658 (51), 1.586 (33), 3.507 (32), 1.263 (24) Chemistry: (1) MoO3 8.0 PbO 88.4 Cl 4.4 −O=Cl2 1.0 Total [99.8] (1) Merehead quarry, England; by electron microprobe, average of six analyses, original total given as 100.8%; corresponds to (Pb3.17Mo0.44)Σ=3.61O4.01Cl0.99. -
New Mineral Names*
American Mineralogist, Volume 71, pages 227-232, 1986 NEW MINERAL NAMES* Pers J. Dulw, Gsoncr Y. CHao, JonN J. FrrzperRrcr, RrcHeno H. LaNcr-nv, MIcHeer- FrerscHnn.aNo JRNBIA. Zncznn Caratiite* sonian Institution. Type material is at the Smithsonian Institu- tion under cataloguenumbers 14981I and 150341.R.H.L. A. M. Clark, E. E. Fejer, and A. G. Couper (1984) Caratiite, a new sulphate-chlorideofcopper and potassium,from the lavas of the 1869 Vesuvius eruption. Mineralogical Magazine, 48, Georgechaoite* 537-539. R. C. Boggsand S. Ghose (1985) GeorgechaoiteNaKZrSi3Or' Caratiite is a sulphate-chloride of potassium and copper with 2HrO, a new mineral speciesfrom Wind Mountain, New Mex- ideal formula K4Cu4Or(SO4).MeCl(where Me : Na and,zorCu); ico. Canadian Mineralogist, 23, I-4. it formed as fine greenacicular crystalsin lava of the 1869 erup- S. Ghose and P. Thakur (1985) The crystal structure of george- tion of Mt. Vesuvius,Naples, Italy. Caratiite is tetragonal,space chaoite NaKZrSi3Or.2HrO. Canadian Mineralogist, 23, 5-10. group14; a : 13.60(2),c : a.98(l) A, Z:2.The strongestlines of the powder partern arc ld A, I, hkll: 9.61(l00Xl l0); Electron microprobe analysis yields SiO, 43.17, 7-xO229.51, 6.80(80X200); 4.296(60X3 I 0); 3.0I 5( 100b)(a 20,32r); 2.747 (7 0) NarO 7.42,IGO I1.28, HrO 8.63,sum 100.010/0,corresponding (4 I t); 2.673(60X5 I 0); 2.478(60)(002); 2. 3 8 8(70Xa 3 l, 50I ); to empirical formula Na, orl(oru(Zro rrTio o,Feo o,)Si, or Oe' 2. -
A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats
A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951). -
EB Dacortr, Richf'eld
WHERRYITE, A NEW MINERAL FROM THE MAMMOTH MINE, ARIZONAT Richf'eld, Josern J. Fannv, tI . S. GeologicalSurvey; E. B. Dacortr, [Jtah; lNo S.cMunr.G. Gonnow, The Academy oJ l{atural Sciences oJ PhiladelPhia. Aesrnacl A new mineral from the Mammoth Mine, Arizona, having the formula Pbcos'2Pbsor .Pb(cl, oH)z.cuo is named in honor of Dr. Edgar Theodore wherry. The indices of re- fraction are a:1.942, P:2.01O and 1:2.924, and 2V:50' (calculated)' The specific gravity is 6.45. Wherryite was found in a vug just above the 760-foot level associated with chrysocolla, diabol6ite, and paralaurionite' IurnolucrroN In May of 1943 one of the authors, E. B. Daggett, then mining en- gineer at the Mammoth Mine, discovered a small vug of leadhillite crystals associatedwith cerussite, anglesite, phosgenite, paralaurionite, hydrocerussite, diabol6ite, bol6ite, matlockite' and quartz. Within the cavity was some friable chalcocite with a relict structure of the galena which it has replaced. The massive wall of the vug consisted ol a light-green fine granular mineral enclosing some bluish chrysocolla, and at the cavity some blue diabol6ite and greenishparalaurionite. This green matrix was up to five cm. in thickness and extended to the silicified wall of the vein-an altered qrartz monzonite. The minerals of this remarkable vug, and the crystallography of the leadhillite will be d.escribedin a later paper; some observations on the paragenesiswill be given here in order to describe the occurrenceoi the green matrix which has proven to be a new mineral. The name wherryite is given to this new mineral in honor of Dr' Edgar Theodore wherry, first editor of the American Minerologist, formerly curator of mineralogy at the U. -
Cosmetic Minerals of Ancient Egypt
Cosmetic Minerals of Ancient Egypt Minerals have been used for adornment for millennia. The Egyptians made an extensive use of many familiar minerals, and, according to recent discoveries, synthesized other compounds using relatively sophisticated chemical techniques. Egyptians were fond of eye and face coloration of white, green and black. Generally these were mineral powders mixed into pastes with fats. Minerals commonly used to make black powders were galena (PbS), manganese oxides such as pyrolusite, magnetite (iron oxide), cuprite and tenorite (copper oxides), and stibnite (antimony sulfide). Green eye paints used malachite (copper carbonate) and chrysocolla (hydrated copper silicate). White face paint often came often from cerussite (lead carbonate). One might speculate on the health effects of spreading such poisonous compounds thickly over one's face! The above mentioned minerals are common in deposits accessible to the Egyptians. Recent work on cosmetic powders preserved in their original containers and stored in the Louvre has turned up several rare minerals used as pigments. These minerals were either very rare or are unknown in Egyptian deposits. These are phosgenite (a lead chlorocarbonate) and laurionite( a lead chlor-hydroxide). Both would be suitable for white pigments, if found in quantity. Laurionite is a famous mineral from the ancient deposits at Laurium Greece, where it formed by the action of salty water on slags. It also occurs rarely in other oxidized zones over ore deposits, such as in Cornwall, England. Phosgenite is a bit more common, and can form with laurionite and other minerals in oxidized zones. The conditions of preservation of these minerals in Egyptian cosmetics make it unlikely that they are the effects of subsequent weathering of the cosmetics, but were originally pigment components. -
31 May 2013 2013-024 Yeomanite
Title Yeomanite, Pb2O(OH)Cl, a new chain-structured Pb oxychloride from Merehead Quarry, Somerset, England Authors Turner, RW; Siidra, OI; Rumsey, MS; Polekhovsky, YS; Kretser, YL; Krivovichev, SV; Spratt, J; Stanley, Christopher Date Submitted 2016-04-04 2013-024 YEOMANITE CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION DEADLINE: 31 MAY 2013 2013-024 YEOMANITE Pb2O(OH)Cl Orthorhombic Space group: Pnma a = 6.585(10) b = 3.855(6) c = 17.26(1) Å V = 438(1) Å3 Z = 4 R.W. Turner1*, O.I. Siidra2, M.S. Rumsey3, Y.S. Polekhovsky4, S.V. Krivovichev2, Y.L. Kretser5, C.J. Stanley3, and J. Spratt3 1The Drey, Allington Track, Allington, Salisbury SP4 0DD, Wiltshire, UK 2Department of Crystallography, Geological Faculty, St Petersburg State University, University Embankment 7/9, St Petersburg 199034, Russia 3Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 4Department of Mineral Deposits, St Petersburg State University, University Embankment 7/9, 199034 St Petersburg, Russia 5V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, Roentgen Street 1, 197101 St Petersburg, Russia *E-mail: [email protected] OCCURRENCE The mineral occurs in the Torr Works (Merehead) Quarry, East Cranmore, Somerset, UK. Yeomanite is associated with mendipite, as a cavity filling in manganese oxide pods. Other oxyhalide minerals that are found hosted in mendipite include diaboleite, chloroxiphite and paralaurionite. Secondary Pb and Cu minerals, including mimetite, wulfenite, cerussite, hydrocerussite, malachite, and crednerite also occur in the same environment. Gangue minerals associated with mineralised manganese pods include aragonite, calcite and barite. Undifferentiated pod-forming Mn oxides are typically a mixture of manganite and pyrolusite, associated with Fe oxyhydroxides such as goethite (Turner, 2006).