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The Negro and His Education: Persuasive Strategies of Selected Speeches at the Conference for Education in the South, 1898-1914

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The Negro and His Education: Persuasive Strategies of Selected Speeches at the Conference for Education in the South, 1898-1914 Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1974 The egN ro and His Education: Persuasive Strategies of Selected Speeches at the Conference for Education in the South, 1898-1914. Barbara Hulbert Walsh Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Walsh, Barbara Hulbert, "The eN gro and His Education: Persuasive Strategies of Selected Speeches at the Conference for Education in the South, 1898-1914." (1974). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2769. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2769 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 75-14,292 WALSH, Barbara Hulbert, 1940- THE NEGRO AND HIS EDUCATION: PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES OF SELECTED SPEECHES AT THE CONFERENCE FOR EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH, 1898-1914. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1974 Speech XeroxUniversity Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan4 8 i os THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE NEGRO AND HIS EDUCATION: PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES OF SELECTED SPEECHES AT THE CONFERENCE FOR EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH, 1898-1914 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Speech by Barbara Hulbert Walsh B.A., Stetson University, 1962 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1965 December, 1974 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express her warm appreciation to Dr. Waldo W. Braden who seems always to have time for his students and faith in their ability. She also wants to acknowledge the other members of the committee, Drs. Beryl Noggle, Clinton Bradford, Francine Merritt, and Harold Mixon. Finally, her husband, Jim, provided valuable assistance and her children, Louis Drake and James Andrew, and mother-in-law, Bernice, sacrificed beyond measure. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................. ii ABSTRACT ....................... v Chapter I. INTRODUCTION .............................................. 1 Statement of the Problem ................. 7 The Limitations of this Study....................... 8 Importance of the Conference to Southern Education . 9 Authenticity of Speech Texts .......................... 11 Contributory Studies ................................... 13 Organization of the Study. ....................... IS II. THE SOUTH AND THE NEGRO IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY . 17 The South in the Late Nineteenth C e n t u r y .......... 18 Education in the Late Nineteenth Century South .... 23 The Negro in the Late Nineteenth— Early Twentieth Century.......... 36 C o n c l u s i o n ............................ 45 III. THE CONFERENCES........................................ 46 The First Conference, Capon Springs, West Virginia, 1898 .................................................. 47 The Second Conference, Capon Springs, West Virginia, 1899 .................................................. 52 The Third Conference, Capon Springs, West Virginia, 1900 .................................................. 57 The Fourth Conference, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 190 1 ............................................. 59 The Fifth Conference, Athens, Georgia, 1902 ........... 68 The Sixth Conference, Richmond, Virginia, 1903 .... 74 The Seventh Conference, Birmingham, Alabama, 1904. 78 The Eighth Conference, Columbia, South Caroline, 1905. 82 The Ninth Conference, Lexington, Kentucky, 1906. 86 The Tenth Conference, Pinehurst, North Carolina, 1907. 89 The Eleventh Conference, Memphis, Tennessee, 1908. 90 The Twelfth Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 1909 .... 92 r iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter Page The Last Conferences--Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen, Sixteen, and Seventeen .............................. 95 Conclusions................... 97 IV. THE S P E A K E R S ............................................. 99 Robert C. Ogden (1836-1913)....................... 100 Edwin A. Alderman (1861-1931).......................... 106 William H. Baldwin, Jr. (1863-1905).................... 113 J. L. M. Curry (1825-1903)....................... 119 Walter Bernard Hill (1851-1905)........................ 124 Walter Hines Page (1855-1918).......................... 127 Conclusions................................................ 132 V. SELECTED CONFERENCE THEMES OF PREVAILING ATTITUDES: THE WEAKNESSES AND THE EDUCATION OF BLACKS ..............134 Differences between the Races.............................135 The Inferiority of the N e g r o ............. 141 Morally...................................................142 Spiritually..................... 146 S o c i a l l y .............................. 148 Politically.............................................. 151 Economically............................................ 154 Intellectually ....................................... 158 The Best Solution— Negro Education ...................... 161 Conclusions................................................ 172 VI. THE RHETORIC OF THE M O V E M E N T ............................... 174 Extrinsic Factors of Persuasion...........................176 Intrinsic Factors of Persuasion...........................187 Conclusions................................................ 195 VII. CONCLUSIONS.................................................. 197 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................. 205 VITA ................................................................. 210 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The Conference for Education in the South (1898-1914) was begun by southern religious leaders and educators committed to improving education in the economically depressed southern region. Its annual meetings, held in various southern cities, became forums for educators, politicians, publishers, and philanthropists, from the North and the South. It grew from quiet gatherings of thirty-five to more than two thousand participants. Convention speeches were devoted to various educational topics including compulsory school attendance, agricultural and vocational training, finances for instruction, and education for women and blacks. This study reports, analyzes, and evaluates selected speeches on Negro education delivered to the Conference for Education in the South on the basis of what they contributed to harmony and to fostering reconciliation between the North and the South. Robert Curtis Ogden, elected president at the third meeting, chaired the conventions for nearly fifteen years. He encouraged support for the organization by his natural charm and enthusiasm
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