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William Walker 1850 ES LA MITAD DEL SIGLO XIX y en esa época Nicaragua se vislumbra como futuro centro de comunicación y comercio del mundo. Nuestra soñada Ruta del Canal resulta zona de fricción entre Estados Unidos e Inglaterra; naciente coloso el uno, que busca el tránsito por el istmo en el Sur al iniciar la conquista de su Oeste; y en su meridiano apogeo la otra, que coloniza continentes y es reina de los mares. En esa rivalidad de potencias extranjeras, con participación de intereses costarricenses, entró en juego nuestra nacionalidad, sufriendo el desmembramiento permanente del Guanacaste y el transitorio del 'Protectorado" de la Mosquitia; experimentando la repentina obstrucción de San Juan del Norte, nuestra puerta al Atlántico, cuya bahía se cegó en 1859 a causa de fuerzas naturales modificadas por el hombre; y resistiendo heroicamente la transformación radical que William Walker pretendiera imponemos con su Falange de filibusteros —desventuras todas que acaecieron, en gran parte, por encontramos divididos y exhaustos a consecuencia de las luchas fratricidas. Estudiar ese crucial capitulo de nuestro pasado (el cual se cierra con la muerte de Walker en 1860), recopilar y analizar su histonogralTa aún inédita, y presentar el fruto de tales investigaciones en volúmenes de formato legible y decoro tipográfico, es el propósito del Autor de este trabajo, quien hoy en 1994 publica este quinto tomo en español de la Biografr'a de Walker ya publicada en cinco tomos en inglés, prosiguiendo así aquella tarea iniciada en 1971. A.B. G. WILLIAM WALKER EL PREDESTINADO DE LOS OJOS GRISES BIOGRAFÍA Por ALEJANDRO BOLAÑOS GEYER TOMO V I MPRESIÓN PRIVADA St. Charles, Missouri 1994 Derechos reservados. Queda estrictamente prohibida la reproducción total o parcial por cualquier medio, incluyendo la fotocopia, sin autorización escrita del autor. Copyright 1994, Alejandro Bolaños Geyer Artegráfica de Mario Cajina-Vega Portada de Karen Thomson Mapas de Julio Velázquez Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 94-96146 ISBN 1-877926-11-6 Impreso en Estados Unidos de América A Bolaños G. 209 Canary Lane St. Charles, MO 63301 TOMO V TRUJILLO ÍNDICE GENERAL El Predestinado xv 1: EL HÉROE CAIDO 1 1. El retorno del héroe 2 2. Vestido de rojo, blanco y azul 7 3. Entre colegas en Washington 15 4. Aguacero en Nueva York 22 5. El favorito de los dioses 32 6. Tirano frío, corazón de piedra 39 II: CENIZAS Y RUINAS 49 7. "Nicaragüenses Buenos para Nada" 50 8. Los codiciosos hermaniticos 55 III : EL POSESO 67 A. SEGUNDA EXPEDICIÓN —EL FASHION 9. Nicaragua en la bolsa del pantalón 68 10. Golpe de gracia al filibusterismo 76 B. CONTRA TODA ESPERANZA 11. Gallo muerto en la gallera 84 12. Enterrado en el Capitolio 91 13. Politiqueando 96 14. El hombrecito de los ojos grises 103 x C. DAVID Y GOLIAT 15. La «escritura de venta» de Nicaragua 112 16. El hombrecito de los ojos negros 117 17. Galería de los pillos del Tránsito 122 18. Sorteando la tormenta 131 D. TERCERA TENTATIVA —LA SUS.-LV 19. El «generalísimo» Joseph L. White 141 20. Naufragio providencial 147 E. CUARTO FRACASO —EL PHILADELPHL4 21. Casado con Nicaragua... 155 22. Mendigando la limosna 159 IV: EL ADIÓS 167 23. Washington inmola a Espartaco 168 24. Hora de rememorar 176 V: UN ALMA EN PENA 183 25. Don Juan y la novia 184 26. Edipo en Rivas 192 27. Ugolino en el Infierno 197 28. El héroe se dispone a partir 200 VI: LA PARTIDA DEL HÉROE 215 29. San Juan decide las cosas 216 30. A Nicaragua, a como sea 225 31. Su suerte estaba sellada... 233 32. Amanecer el 12 de septiembre de 1860 en Trujillo 241 xi EPÍLOGO 251 ANEXOS A. Discurso de Walker en Nueva Orleáns 269 B. Primera carta al Presidente Buchanan 277 C. Los filibusteros en el Hospital Bellevue 287 D. Carta a Charles J. Jenkins 298 E. Segunda carta al Presidente Buchanan 305 F. La justicia y la misericordia de Walker... 312 G. Discurso en Mobile 316 H. La conspiración centroamericana 330 I. Carta al Register 332 J. Manifiesto al Pueblo Americano 335 K. La novia de Abidos 339 L. Proclama del proto-filibustero 344 M. Inútil defensa 348 N. Información ad perpetuam en Alajuela 350 O. La derrota de la esclavitud en Centroamérica 359 NOTAS 361 BIBLIO-HEMEROGRAFÍA DE WILLIAM WALKER 403 BIBLIOGRAFÍA GENERAL 411 CRONOLOGÍA 425 NOTA DEL AUTOR 435 OBRAS DE ALEJANDRO BOLAIÑOS GEYER 442 ÍNDICE ONOMÁSTICO 443 INDICE Y CRÉDITOS DE LAMINAS Los grabados de la época, de Harper's Weekly, 1857 (1-FI) y Leslie's lilustrated Newspaper, 1855-1857 (1-L), se obtuvieron en (1) The Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; los del Harper's NewMonthlyMagazine (1854- 1860), en (2) Margaret Leggat Buder Library, Lindenwood College; los demás, en: (3) Latin American Library, Tulane University; (4) Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Mobile; (5) William Walker, The izar in Nicaragua; (6) fotografías de Patrick Bolaños Davis; (7) Naval Imaging Command, Washington, D.C.; (8) Kansas State Historical Society; (9) Lyman L. Woodman, Cortina: Roque of the Rio Grande; (10) Picayune de Nueva Orleáns (10 y 19 de octubre de 1859), New York Tnbune (19 y 21 de noviembre de 1859, 23 de enero, 23 y 24 de febrero de 1860) y New York Herald (30 de diciembre de 1859, 1 y 16 de septiembre de 1860); (11) John C. Moran, Nashville; (12) National Maritime Museum Green- wich; (13) dibujos del Dr. Orlando Icaza; (14) diapositiva en mi colección; (15) fotografía de Félix Gutiérrez Solano; (16) fotografías de Alex Bolaños Davis; (17) Museo Naval, Madrid; (18) John Culver, Embajador de Gran Bretaña en Managua; (19) The National Archives, Washington, D.C.; (20) Dirección General de Cartografía, Ministerio de Fomento, Managua; (21) Frederic Rosengarten, Jr.; QV) dibujos de Julio Velázquez. El retrato de Walker en la página 211 es un fotograbado por J. C. Buttre, de Nueva York, que Walker insertó en el frontis de su libro. xiii El plano de San Juan del Norte en la página 264, del Museo Naval en Madrid, fue "levantado de orden del Comandante de las Balandras de S. M. Pacifica y Pastora el Teniente de Navio Don Francisco Xavier de Vargas el dia 27 de Marzo de 1779". La bifurcación del Colorado en la página 264 se copió de 'A Survey of the River St _ john's from the Casde to the Harbour by John Carnpbell, Lieut 94 Regt & Assistant Engineer — 178O' en el Public Record Office de Londres. El plano de San Juan del Norte en la página 266 fue levantado "By order of Capt W H. Gardner, Flag Ship Roanoke, October 8, 1859', y se encuentra en el Microfilm M-89, Rollo 99, del National Archives en Washington, D.C. El mapa de Trujillo y sus alrededores en la guarda posterior fue calcado en el mapa de Honduras dibujado por D. C. Hitchcock en 1854, publicado por E. G. Squier en Notes on Central Ameríca en 1855. LKMINA (FUENTE): PÁGINA "Sociedad de emigrantes sure ios" (3): 208 William Walker (1): frontis Fe de Bautismo (4): 209 Ometepe (1-H): portada Dedicatoria de La Guerra en Desembarcando en Panamá (2): Nicaragua (5): 210 47 William Walker (5): 211 Cruzando el Istmo en el tren (2): Ometepe (6): 211 47 Par de pechos (2): 212 El Héroe en Nueva Orleáns (1- La charretera de Walker (1-L): L): 48 212 El Héroe en Nueva York (1-L): Comodoro Hiram Paulding (7): 48 213 xiv La fragata Wabash (7): 213 Bifurcación del Colorado en 1780 John Brown (8): 214 (18): 264 Juan Cortina (9): 214 San Juan del Norte en 1853 (1- Pánico en el Sur (10): 214 L): 265 Trujillo (11): 247 Isla de Leefe (1-H): 265 Capitán Norvell Salmon (12): 247 San Juan del Norte en 1859 (19): En capilla (13): 248 266 Estatuita de La Dolorosa (11): Bifurcación del Colorado en 1976 248 (20): 266 Camino al patíbulo (13): 249 Aquí fue Greytown (20): 267 La ejecución de Walker (13): 249 De "inmigrante" a cadáver (1-H): Losa del lugar donde fue fusilado 268 (14): 250 Elisée Reclus (21): 360 Lápida de la tumba (15): 250 Ruinas del muelle de La Virgen (16): 261 Restos del vapor San Carlos (6): MAPAS: 262 Calle del Embarcadero de El Golfo de México y Mar Caribe Realejo (16): 262 (7V): guarda anterior Estuario de El Realejo (16): 263 Trujillo y sus alrededores (V): Iglesia de El Realejo (16): 263 guarda posterior San Juan del Norte en 1779 (17): Idas y venidas de los filibusteros 264 en el Caribe GV): guardas El Predestinado Yo soy yo y ¡n1 circunstancia. JOSÉ ORTEGA Y GASSET. ESTE QUINTO y último tomo de la biografía de William Walker sigue sus pasos desde que lo expulsan de Nicaragua en mayo de 1857 hasta su muerte en Honduras en septiembre de 1860. Contiene, además, una exposición detallada de la trascendental geopolítica nicaragüense de esos años, en relación con Costa Rica, Estados Unidos e Inglaterra, que necesariamente se omitió en el compendio de El Predestinado en un solo volumen publicado en 1992. En esta versión al español se han incorporado también nuevos datos y documentos por la continua investigación Walkeriana, desde que se publicó el respectivo tomo en inglés en 1991. Las últimas palabras de Walker, frente al pelotón de fusilamiento en Trujillo, piden perdón por el daño que ha hecho y expresan la esperanza de que su muerte redunde en bien de la sociedad. Confío que los hechos de su vida narrados en esta biografía —los de su mundo interior y las circunstancias que se combinaron para formar al Predestinado de los Ojos Grises— ayudarán a cumplir su último deseo.
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