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From Humanism to the Reformation: Letters of Recommendation in Early Modern Germany (1490-1560)

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From Humanism to the Reformation: Letters of Recommendation in Early Modern Germany (1490-1560) From Humanism to the Reformation: Letters of Recommendation in Early Modern Germany (1490-1560) James Milton Kooistra A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by James Milton Kooistra, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-39884-5 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-39884-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada ii From Humanism to the Reformation: Letters of Recommendation in Early Modern Germany (1490-1560) James Milton Kooistra Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by James Milton Kooistra, 2008 ABSTRACT: This study offers a cultural and intellectual history of letters by humanists and reformers written to recommend candidates for positions in the schools, the clergy, or government service in early modern Germany. These letters were shaped by the educational, cultural, professional or doctrinal agendas of humanism and Protestantism. The thesis illuminates the triangular relationship among authors, those recommended, and the recipients of the letters. Particular emphasis is placed on the role friendship and kinship played in letters of recommendation, for the letters show that a deliberate and continuous attention to the fashioning and advertising of one's album amicorum, one's list of friends, was necessary in order to win powerful patrons among established intellectuals. In the first half of the sixteenth century, the reformation perturbed humanist patterns of personal and professional friendship, as creed and confession came to displace the bonae literae as the common ground amongst friends. This study also explores the rhetorical strategies by which humanists and reformers recommended neophyte scholars for positions in education, church or state. The words and phrases used in letters of recommendation not only provide a graphic depiction of the person of the recommended, but also reveal what their authors identified as the qualities of the ideal job candidate. The rhetoric of the letters changed over the period, as previous concerns for a proper humanist style became subsumed in more immediate concerns of confession, orthodoxy and public iii concord. The letters enhance our understanding of the job market for people with advanced education, of how people obtained positions, and of the grounds on which hiring decisions were made. Humanists and reformers wrote informal, personal recommendations that were intended just for their friends, but formal recommendations to a university senate, a nobleman or town council. Moreover, they promoted the scholarship of other scholars by writing prefaces to their proteges' publications, using strategies developed for letters of recommendation to recommend the works as well as the men. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations v Introduction 1 1. Humanist Friendships, the Backbone of Recommending 12 2. Humanists and Reformers as patres and patroni 46 3. Humanism and the Letter of Recommendation 89 4. The Influence of the Reformation on the Letter of Recommendation 147 5. The Preface as a Type of Letter of Recommendation 194 Conclusion 223 Bibliography 229 V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AK Die Amerbachkorrespondenz. Edited by A. Hartmann and B. R. Jenny. Basel: Verlag der Universitatsbibliothek, 1942-. Allen Opus epistolarum Des. Erasmi Roterodami. Edited by P. S. Allen et al. Oxford: Clarendon, 1906-58. 11 vols, and index. Basel UB Basel, Universitatsbibliothek BrOek Briefe undAkten zum Leben Oekolampads zum vierhundertjdhrigen Jubilaum der Baseler Reformation. Edited by Ernst Staehelin. Leipzig: Heinsius, 1927-1934. Reprint, New York and London: Johnson Reprint, 1971. 2 vols. CEBR Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation. Edited by Peter G. Bietenholz and Thomas B. Deutscher. Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press, 1985-1987. 3 vols. CMB Correspondance de Martin Bucer. Edited by Reinhold Friedrich et al. Leiden: Brill, 1979-. CR Philip Melanchthon, Opera quae supersunt omnia, in Corpus Reformatorum, vols. 1-28. Halle, 1834-1860. CWC The Correspondence of Wolfgang Capito. Edited by Erika Rummel with the assistance of Milton Kooistra. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005-. CWE The Collected Works of Erasmus. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974-. HBBW Heinrich Bullinger Briefwechsel. Edited by Ulrich Gabler et al. Zurich: Theologischer Verlag Zurich, 1973-. MBW Melanchthons Briefwechsel: Kritische und kommentierte Gesamtausgabe. Edited by Hans Scheible. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1977-. Millet Millet, Olivier. Correspondance de Wolfgang Capiton (1478-1541): Analyse et index (d'apres le Thesaurus Baumianus et autres sources). Strasbourg: Publications de la Bibliotheque Nationale et Universitaire de Strasbourg, 1982. Mutian Der Briefwechsel des Conradus Mutianus. Edited by Karl Gillert. Halle: Hendel, 1890. 2 vols. vi Reuchlin Briefwechsel: Johann Reuchlin. Edited by the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschafiten. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstadt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1999-. Rhenanus Der Briefwechsel des Beatus Rhenanus. Edited by A. Horawitz and K. Hartfelder. Leipzig: Teubner, 1886. Reprint, Hildesheim: G. Olms, 1966. Schiess Briefwechsel der Bruder Ambrosius und Thomas Blaurer, 1509-1567. Edited by Traugott Schiess. Freiburg-im-Breisgau: Fehsenfeld, 1908-12. 3 vols. Vadian Vadianische Briefsammlung. Edited by E. Arbenz and H. Wartmann. St. Gallen: Fehr'sche Buchhandlung, 1890-1913.7 vols. WABr D. Martin Luthers Werke: Briefwechsel. Weimar: Hermann Bohlaus Nachfolger, 1930-78. 15 vols. Zurich SA Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zurich ZwBr Huldreich Zwinglis samtliche Werke. Volumes 7-11: Zwinglis Briefwechsel, volumes 1-5. Edited by E. Egli et al. Zurich: Theologischer Verlag, 1911-35. INTRODUCTION The idea for this thesis evolved over the course of my involvement with the edition and translation of the first volume of the correspondence of Wolfgang Capito, headed by Erika Rummel. My initial task for the project was to provide English summaries of all the letters that are readily accessible in modern editions, such as the correspondence of noted figures like Martin Luther, Martin Bucer, Ulrich Zwingli, Ulrich von Hutten, Johannes Oecolampadius, Philip Melanchthon and Beatus Rhenanus. In due course, I was also assigned the duty of transcribing and translating numerous letters that exist only in manuscript. In carrying out these assignments, I soon noticed a familiar pattern: a significant number of these letters contained recommendations, usually a brief word or two, assuring the recipient of the trustworthiness of the bearer of the letter. As I compared the correspondence of Capito with that of his contemporaries, this same pattern held true, with the exception of Rhenanus, whose correspondence deals primarily with matters editorial. A cursory reading of the available correspondence of humanists and reformers revealed that letters of recommendation formed a vital part of Renaissance epistolography and played a key role in the interaction amongst humanists in their various capacities in academia, scholarship, church and state. Scholars were admitted into academic sodalities, and introduced and recommended to the right people for the sake of a job or stipend. Furthermore, their publications were endorsed by means of prefatory letters and given reviews in the personal correspondence of scholars. Letters of recommendation were often the sole means of disclosing an opinion about a scholar within the Republic of Letters, whose members were scattered far and wide across 2 Europe. This "republic" was a humanist institution, but unlike the academic community of the scholastic theologians, which was
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