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Big Creek and Upper Ocoee River Ecosystem Assessment Ocoee/Hiwassee Ranger District Cherokee National Forest

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Big Creek and Upper Ocoee River Ecosystem Assessment Ocoee/Hiwassee Ranger District Cherokee National Forest Big Creek and Upper Ocoee River Ecosystem Assessment Ocoee/Hiwassee Ranger District Cherokee National Forest Table of Contents INTRODUCTION…………..…………………………………....... 1 Description of Watersheds..……………………………………... 1 PHYSICAL ELEMENTS…………………………………………. 3 Soils/Watershed/Riparian, Wetlands & Floodplains...................... 3 Air………………………………………………………............... 3 Minerals……………………………………………….…………. 4 BIOLOGICAL ELEMENTS…………………………………….... 7 Major Forest Communities………………………………………. 9 Rare Communities……………………………………………….. 11 Successional Habitats……………………………………………. 11 Terrestrial Habitat Attributes…………………………………….. 13 Aquatic Habitats…………………………………...…………...... 14 Demand Species…………………………………………………. 17 Non-Native Invasive Plants and Animals.……………………….. 17 Species Viability.……………………………..……….…………. 18 Forest Health …………………………..……………................... 20 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS…...……………… 24 Recreation Related Programs…...……………………………….. 24 Heritage Resources………………………………………………. 25 Forest Products……………………………………....................... 25 Special Uses/Lands………………………………………………. 27 Prescribed and Wildland Fires…………………………................ 29 Roads and Access………………………………………………... 30 APPENDIX A - Goals and Objectives……………………………. 32 APPENDIX B – Trans. Analysis Process Report……………… 48 Introduction Description of Assessment Area The Big Creek and Upper Ocoee River Assessment Area is located about three miles west of Ducktown, Tennessee in the Blue Ridge Mountains. The area is located in the Southern Metasedimentary Mountain Eco-region. The two watersheds total approximately 36,521 acres within the Cherokee National Forest proclamation boundary. Elevation in the area ranges from about 840 feet at the confluence of Big Creek and the Ocoee River to 4,200 feet at the top of Big Frog Mountain. Land ownership within the assessment area is approximately 59 % in National Forest System lands (NFS) and 41 % in private ownership. The assessment area has an average annual temperature of 55 degrees Fahrenheit. January is usually the coldest month with an average temperature of 35 degrees Fahrenheit, while July is usually the hottest month with an average temperature of 75 degrees Fahrenheit. The area averages about 55 inches of precipitation annually, which is distributed somewhat evenly throughout the year. March is usually the wettest month with an average of 5.9 inches of precipitation, while October is usually the driest with an average of 3.0 inches of precipitation. The length of the growing season is approximately 180 days per year. Prevailing winds in eastern Tennessee are predominantly from the southwest. The landform of the area is characterized by steep, dissected mountains and narrow V-shaped valleys. The physical character of the assessment area is greatly influenced by the geology associated with the Blue Ridge Physiographic province. The majority of the assessment area is in Management Prescription (MP) 8.C and 1.A of the Cherokee National Revised Land and Resource Management Plan (RLRMP) (USDA 2004). Table 1 displays the approximate land acreages by Management Prescription. Figure 1 displays the location of the assessment area within the Ocoee Ranger District of the Cherokee National Forest (CNF) and the Management Prescriptions. Table 1. Management Prescription acreages in Big Creek/Upper Ocoee Management NFS Prescription Acreage 1.A 9,355 1.B 711 5.A .1 5.B .1 7.A 1,477 7.D 36 8.C 9,795 9.H 282 Total Acres 21,656 Figure 1. Vicinity Map 2 Physical Elements Soils/Watershed/Riparian, Wetlands and Floodplains Existing Condition Opportunities Recommendations/Priorities Air Existing Condition The Big Creek and Upper Ocoee River watersheds have a long history of acidic deposition from local and regional sources. Direct impacts of sulfur dioxide emissions and sulfuric acid occurred from copper smeltering in the Copperhill basin near Ducktown, Tennessee. In 1912, surveyors recorded portions of the Upper Ocoee River were destitute of any vegetation. This area was severely impacted by sulfur dioxide toxicity to the vegetation as well as the harvesting of both above and below ground portions of the trees to fuel the copper smelters. The surveyors also recorded serious forest injury throughout most of the two watersheds as well as visible symptoms of sulfur dioxide injury on the foliage. The Tennessee Valley Authority applied limestone to replace soil base cations (calcium, magnesium and potassium) and increase the soil pH in order to establish a new conifer overstory in the destitute area. 3 The two watersheds are composed primarily of silaceous lithology. Soils that develop from this type of rock are the most sensitive to acidic deposition and are vulnerable to base cation depletion. Base cations are essential to maintain healthy vegetation and aquatic biota. Opportunities Recommendations/Priorities Water chemistry samples have been collected in Little Frog Mountain Wilderness adjacent to the study area, but the results are not available to discuss in this assessment. In the future, an inventory of the headwater stream water chemistry should be taken from 10 streams in each of the two watersheds. The results from this survey can provide an initial indicator if the streams can support aquatic biota by examining the stream acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and pH results. Also, examining the stream water ANC to sulfate ratio can provide an indication if the soils have reached their maximum capacity to retain sulfates. Soils that reach the maximum sulfate retention are more vulnerable to base cation depletion then soils that have the capacity to continue retaining sulfates. Minerals Existing Condition GOAL 45: Manage mineral resources to meet demands for energy and non-energy minerals RESPONSE: There are currently no known mineral leases or permits within the assessment area. GOAL 46: Where reserved or outstanding mineral rights are involved, the mineral owner is encourage to implement all surface-disturbing activities outside riparian areas. 4 RESPONSE: According to the land status atlas available at the Ocoee Ranger Station, the following mineral rights are known to exist in the assessment area: Quad Tract Twnshp Range Sec. Party Rights Held Some minerals in Ducktown K‐1 2 4E 31 TN Timber Co. perpetuity Ducktown K‐1 2S 4E 5 TN Timber Co. All minerals and stone All minerals in perpetuity. Partial Ducktown K‐986 2S 4E 13 TVA interest. Epworth NONE Hemptop NONE Mineral rights Caney outstanding to 3rd Creek K‐19 1 3E 36 Nankivell, James parties. 15 acres. 1/2 mineral interest on 20 acres outstanding to 3rd parties. Oil and gas Caney K‐ Webb, Harold & reserved until expires or Creek 1194 1 3E 36 Oliver quit producing. 1/2 mineral interest on Caney 94 acres outstanding to Creek K‐11 1 3E 36 Parker, James 3rd parties. Caney All minerals in Creek K‐538 1 3E 25 Ramsey, R.L. perpetuity on 149 acres. Caney All minerals in Creek K‐431 1S 3E 3 Baker, J.B. perpetuity. Caney All minerals in Creek K‐431 2S 3E 34 Baker, J.B. perpetuity. There are currently no applications, leases, or permits for exercise of mineral rights within the assessment area. GOAL 1.A-1 The Government will seek to acquire private mineral rights through purchase, exchange, or donation. Until such private rights are acquired, the exercise of reserved and outstanding mineral rights to explore and develop mineral resources will be respected. RESPONSE: According to the old land status atlas, there were 9 reserved mineral rights within the assessment area (see table above) that existed when the CNF was acquired. It is unknown at this time whether these rights are still valid and existing since the last update to the atlas was circa the 1980’s. There is currently no mineral exploration or development known to exist within the assessment area. GOAL 1.A-2 Pursue the purchase of outstanding or reserved subsurface mineral rights within the A.T., wilderness or roadless areas recommended for wilderness study. 5 RESPONSE: There are no known outstanding or reserved subsurface mineral rights within Big Frog and Little Frog Wilderness areas in the assessment area. Opportunities GOAL 45: Manage mineral resources to meet demands for energy and non-energy minerals RESPONSE: Applications to explore or develop mineral resources will receive appropriate consideration. Mineral lease applications must also be filed with the BLM. The Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired Lands (Act of Aug. 7, 1947) requires consent by the Secretary of Agriculture prior to the leasing of an acquired mineral estate in NFS lands by the USDI/BLM. GOAL 46: Where reserved or outstanding mineral rights are involved, the mineral owner is encouraged to implement all surface-disturbing activities outside riparian areas. RESPONSE: The Forest Service, in cooperation with USDI/BLM, has the right to specify terms and conditions under which a lease or permit will be issued to protect the surface resources as well as review operational plans. GOAL 1.A-1 The Government will seek to acquire private mineral rights through purchase, exchange, or donation. Until such private rights are acquired, the exercise of reserved and outstanding mineral rights to explore and develop mineral resources will be respected. RESPONSE: Forest lands and special uses staff can research the validity of mineral rights within the assessment area. Seek to establish NFS ownership of unexercised private mineral rights under the Tennessee Dormant Mineral Statute (20 years). Applications to explore and develop valid mineral resources will receive the appropriate consideration in coordination
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