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Some Aspects of the History of the Black Bear (Ursus Americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains

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Some Aspects of the History of the Black Bear (Ursus Americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 6-1974 Some Aspects of the History of the Black Bear (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains Julie Devereux LaFollette University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation LaFollette, Julie Devereux, "Some Aspects of the History of the Black Bear (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1974. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1445 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Julie Devereux LaFollette entitled "Some Aspects of the History of the Black Bear (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Wildlife and Fisheries Science. Michael R. Pelton, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: James L. Byford, James T. Tanner Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council : I am submitting herewith a thesis wri tten by Jul ie Devereux LaFol l ette entitled 11Some Aspects of the History of the Bl ack Bear (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky MountainS.11 I recommend that it be accepted in partial ful fillment of the requi rements for the degree of Master of Science, wi th a major in Wildl ife Management. �Michael \<��R. Pel ton�' , Ma jor� Profe'-h·-�ssor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: (/ Accepted for the Council: V1ce Chancel lor Graduate Studies and Research SOME ASPECTS OF THE HISTORY OF THE BLACK BEAR (URSUS AMERICANUS) IN THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS A Thesis Presented for the Master of Sci ence Degree The University of Tennessee Jul ie Devereux LaFol l ette June 1974 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Dr. Michael R. Pel ton , Associate Professor of Forestry , The University of Tennessee, who served as director of research. I would like to express appreciation to Dr. Gordon Burghardt, Associate Professor of Psychology , The University of Tennessee; Dr . James L. Byford , Assistant Professor of Wildl ife Management, Agricul tural Extension Service, The Uni versity of Tennessee ; and Dr. James T. Tanner, Director of the Ecology Program , The University of Tennessee , who served on my committee, Special thanks goes to Dr. Edward R. Buckner for his advice , patience, and time needed for preparation of this manuscript. Gratitude is extended to the present and former personnel of the National Park Service and all other interviewees who made this thesis possible. Special appreciation goes to my husband for his patience, understanding, and typing ability. Some financial support was provided by the Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association and the Institute of Agricul ture , The University of Tennessee. i i 1147100 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess the fa ctors which have affected the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains from earl iest recorded history of the area until 1960 . Local histori ­ cal records , both publ ic and pri vate , were exami ned for pertinent information . The historical data for the investigation were gathered from both intervi ews and wri tten and pictorial material , Interviews included bear hunters, National Park Serv ice employees , and former residents of the area . Written material was taken from diaries , journals, news­ papers , National Park Service records, records of companies that oper­ ated in the area, and ol d historical documents. Photographs from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park archives and from private sources yiel ded additional information. Al l data gathered were combined and categorized into major topics and time sequences. The material for each section (topic) was then assessed and summarized. Pre-Park hunting characteristics, major vegeta tion changes, and problems of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in regard to bears were considered separately. It was found that there were no obvious limiting factors on the bear population before the settlement of the Great Smoky Mountai ns. Since 1880 , primarily vegetation change, and secondarily hunting , have apparently acted to decrease the bear population . With the establ ish­ ment of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the bear density iii iv temporarily increased . However, the death of the American chestnut (Castenea dentata) left the bear popul ation vul nerable to mast fa i l­ ures; this combined with increased poaching resul ted in a decl ine in the bl ack bear population where it remains . However, the decl ine wa s apparently not as serious as in the early 19001s . The majority of the problems currently concerning the black bear within the Park involve the rel atively low production of mast associ ated wi th earl ier vegetation disturbances , high numbers of Park visitors wi th a concomitant disregard by a few for regulations regard­ ing bears , and the hostile attitude of some resi dents on the Park peri phery. It was thought that black bear habitat wi thin the Park may improve as more stands of mast-producing species mature. Final ly, it was concl uded that the National Park Service shoul d improve programs of visitor education , adopt stricter law enforcement standards , and establ ish better relations wi th peripheral communities. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION . ' . ' . 1 II. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA ... ' .. 3 Location and physi ography 3 Cl imate 5 Vegetation 6 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS . " ••••••• ' •••• ' ••.•.14 Interviews 14 Written material 21 Analys is of data 22 IV . RESULTS AND DISCUSS ION . ........, , . , . 27 Introduction 27 Hunting 37 History 37 Methods 40 Dogs 43 Weapons 45 Trapping 46 Uses 48 Vegetation and Bear Habitat Changes 50 Human occupation 50 Big Creek watershed 52 Cataloochee watershed 53 Raven Fork watershed 54 Oconaluftee watershed 55 Deep Creek wa tershed 56 Nol and Creek watershed 56 Forney Creek watershed 57 Hazel Creek watershed 57 Eagle Creek watershed 58 Twentymile Creek watershed 59 Abrams Creek wa tershed 60 Cades Cove wa tershed 61 West Prong and Laurel Creek watersheds 62 Middl e Prong, Little River watershed 62 East Prong, Little River watershed 63 West and Middl e Prongs, Little Pigeon River watershed 64 Cosby Creek watershed 65 Summary 65 Chestnut Bl ight and Its Effects 65 Depredations 74 v vi CHAPTER PAGE Park Problems and Pol icy 79 Bear incidents 79 Poaching 86 Depredations and Park pol icy 95 Biology 96 Food habits 96 Denning 100 Size 102 General 104 Movements 106 Behavior 110 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . ' ..... , ..... 113 LIST OF REFERENCES . I f I I t 117 APPENDIXES .•.........•.... , . , •.., . 130 A. Larger Communities in and Around the Great Smoky Mountains Prior to 1930 131 B. Information on Other Wildlife in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park 133 C. Black Bear Sightings in the Great Smoky Mountains 1925-1935 142 D. Known Bear Trails in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park 145 VITA •• • • • • • • • • • • • ' Ill " • • • • • • • 149 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Vegetation Types and Their Important Species in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park ...... , .. , 8 2. Some Recent Characteri stics of Bear Hunters in North Carolina as Compared to Characteristics of Former Hunters of the Great Smoky Mountains , , . ' . 42 3. Replacement Species of American Chestnut in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park ........•, ... , . 70 4. Frequency of Good Mast Crops of Some Mast Species Which Occur in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park . , 71 5. An Evaluation of the Production of Mast in the Great Smoky Mountains 1917-1960 ......•., . , .. , . 72 6. Reported Bear Inci dents in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park 1955-1973 •........... , I ' • • • 82 7. A Comparison of the Knowl edge of Visitors and Hunters About Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park 103 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park . , . 4 2. Vegetation Pattern of the Great Smoky Mountains .. 7 3. Watershed Boundaries, Major Streams , and Other Geographic Locations of Watersheds of Big Creek (1 ), Cataloochee (2), Raven Fork (3), and Cosby (18) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park . , . , ..., ....•, . 23 4. Watershed Boundaries , Major Streams , and Other Geographic Locations of Watersheds of the Oconaluftee River (4), Deep Creek (5) , East Prong (16), and Middle Prong (17) of the Littl e Pigeon River in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park . • . 24 5. Watershed Boundaries , Major Streams , and Other Geographic Locations of Watersheds of Noland Creek (6), Forney Creek (7), Hazel Creek (8), Middle Prong (14), and East Prong (15) of the Littl e River in the Great Smoky Mounta ins National Park .......... ' . 25 6. Watershed Boundaries , Major Streams, and Other Geographic Locations of Watersheds of Eagle Creek (9), Twentymi le (10), Abrams Creek (11), Cades Cove (12), and West Prong of the Littl e River and Laurel Creek (13) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park , . 26 7. Bl ack Bear Population Trend Estimates in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park ........ , . 28 8. Range and Sightings of Black Bear in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park 1925-1935 ..... 32 9. Larger Communities in and Around the Great Smoky Mountains Prior to 1930 . .... .... 132 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Since establ i shment of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP or Park), the black bear (Ursus americanus) has become a con­ spicuous po int of confl ict between the general publ ic and many of the issues of wi ldlife management.
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