XVII. Umordnungen Der Bevölkerung Im Modernen Makedonien

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XVII. Umordnungen Der Bevölkerung Im Modernen Makedonien XVII. Umordnungen der Bevölkerung im modernen Makedonien Iakovos D. Michailidis Die Befreiung Makedoniens während der Zeit der Balkankriege (1912-1913) bildete den Höhepunkt und den Preis der griechischen Befreiungsaktivität in der Region. Über Jahrzehnte hinweg hatten sich im makedonischen Binnenland die Sehnsüchte sowohl der griechischsprachigen Bewohner, als auch ihrer helladischen Brüder nach einer Vereinigung mit dem freien griechischen Königreich verdichtet. Folglich war zu erwarten, dass die terri- torialen Besitzstände des Vertrags von Bukarest bei den Griechen auf große Zufriedenheit stoßen würden. Doch am Tage nach dem Sieg sah sich die griechische Verwaltung mit bedeu- tenden Problemen, welche sich durch die jahrelange Vernachlässigung und Inkompetenz der osmanischen Herrschaft in der Region angesammelt hatten, konfrontiert, Probleme, die durch das Fehlen einer interner nationalen Homogenität auf vielen Ebenen noch verschärft wurden. Gemäß den verfügbaren statistischen Daten näherte sich am Vorabend der Befreiung die Bevölkerung Makedoniens den 1.205.000 Bewohnern an, von denen die Griechischsprachi- gen lediglich 370.000 (ein Anteil von 31%), die Slawischsprachigen 260.000 (Patriarchisten und Exarchisten) (21,5%), die Moslems 475.000 Personen (39,5%) und die Juden und son- stige 98.000 Personen (8%) ausmachten. Die ethnologische Zersplitterung sowie die allgemein anerkannte zahlenmäßige Unter- legenheit der griechischsprachigen Bewohner von Makedonien bereitete zusammen mit dem ständigen Klima eines möglichen Krieges der griechischen Verwaltung ein gewaltiges Kop- fzerbrechen. 1. Das Jahrzehnt der Kriege (1912-1920) Die Tatsache, dass die Region Makedoniens während des Jahrzehnts 1910-1920 zum Schaup- latz kriegerischer Operationen wurde, trug, wie zu erwarten war, zu umfassenden Verschiebungen in der Bevölkerung bei. Alexandros Pallis, der für die Versorgung der Flüchtlinge in Makedonien zuständig war, verzeichnete in diesem konkreten Zeitraum ins- gesamt 12 Migrationswellen von Griechischsprachigen, Türkischsprachigen und Slawischsprachigen in und aus dem makedonischen Binnenland.1 Die Abwanderung aus Makedonien konzentriert sich in erster Linie auf die slawischsprachige und moslemische Minderheit. Was die slawischsprachigen Bewohner Makedoniens betrifft, so war zur Zeit des Vormarsches des griechischen Heeres während des zweiten Balkankrieges eine massive Abwanderung nach Bulgarien zu verzeichnen. Die Mi- grationswelle ging insbesondere von Ost- und Zentralmakedonien aus, wohingegen von Westmakedonien nur eine vergleichsweise geringe Zahl an slawischsprachigen Bewohnern abwanderte. In den folgenden Jahren erfolgte nur eine sporadische Abwanderung der Slawischsprachigen. Im Sommer des Jahres 1916 folgte den bulgarischen Truppen, die in Ostmakedonien einfielen, eine beträchtliche Zahl an Slawischsprachigen.2 Letztendlich blie- ben diese Slawischsprachigen jedoch nicht lange auf griechischem Boden, da sie mit dem Vormarsch der Truppen der Verbündeten im Herbst des Jahres 1918 erneut die Flucht er- griffen. Den statistischen Daten zufolge verließen während der Zeit der Balkankriege etwa 40.000 Slawischsprachige Griechenland. Außerdem ist zu betonen, dass sich zu dieser Zeit die Abwanderung der slawischsprachigen Bevölkerung vorwiegend auf Zentral- und Ost- makedonien beschränkte, wohingegen ab 1914 und später die Migranten vorwiegend aus Westmakedonien kamen.3 Diese Tatsache ist nicht schwierig zu erklären, da während der IAKOVOS D. MICHAILIDIS 391 Balkankriege sowohl Zentral- als auch Ostmakedonien Regionen des heftigen Zusammen- stoßes zwischen dem griechischen und dem bulgarischen Heer waren. Folglich war es zu erwarten, dass mit der Niederlage und dem Abzug der bulgarischen Truppen ein beträcht- licher Teil der einheimischen slawischsprachigen Bevölkerung die Region verlassen sollte. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde Westmakedonien in eben jenem Zeitraum nicht von den kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen beeinflusst, da es ein Jahr zuvor, also 1912, relativ problemlos von den Osmanen an die Griechen gefallen war. Nach dem Ende der Balkankriege führte jedoch die Einsetzung einer griechischen Verwaltung zahlreiche der slawischsprachigen Bewohner, die diese nicht akzeptieren wollten, zu dem Beschluss, das griechische Makedonien zu verlassen. Hier kann plausibel die Hypothese aufgestellt werden, dass sie in der Mehrzahl aus West- makedonien kamen, einerseits, weil das übrige Makedonien bereits mehrheitlich von pro- bulgarischen Elementen frei war, und andererseits, weil in den Präfekturen Florina, Kozani und Kastoria ein Großteil der slawischsprachigen Bevölkerung lebte. Auf Veranlassung des russischen Konsuls in Thessaloniki wurde die Mehrzahl der Migranten aus Westmakedonien nach Westthrakien gelenkt, das mit dem Vertrag von Bukarest Bulgarien zugesprochen wor- den war.4 Im Detail verteilt sich die Zahl der 40.000 slawischsprachigen Bewohner, die Makedo- nien während der Zeit von 1912-1919 verließen, wie folgt: 1.1. Westmakedonien Gemäß den Daten, welche die Generalverwaltung Kozani-Florina im Mai 1922 an das Außenministerium schickte, waren seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts aus der Region insgesamt 1.604 Personen abgewandert, die sich wie folgt aufteilten:5 Dorf Personen Unterverwaltung Kailaria Emporio 77 Palaiochori 19 Drossero 6 Olympiada 15 Anarrachi 4 Perdikkas 1 Asvestopetra Insgesamt 125 Unterverwaltung Florina Aetos 5 Meliti 4 Papagiannis 2 Messochori 6 Neochoraki 1 Achlada 3 Perikopi 20 Flampouro 1 Pedino 2 Akritas 7 Agios Panteleimonas 27 392 UMORDNUNGEN DER BEVÖLKERUNG IM MODERNEN MAKEDONIEN Dorf Personen Xyno Nero 70 Vrontero 4 Pyxos 5 Florina 67 Alona 6 Skopia 5 Armenochori 1 Perasma 37 Ammochori 65 Sfika 57 Oxya 7 Kranies 1 Mikrolimni 3 Karyes 1 Agios Germanos 11 Psarades 1 Dasseri 1 Amyntaio 9 Kelli 13 Triantafyllia 16 Atrapos 4 Leptokaryes 2 Ydroussa 16 Trivouno 23 Polypotamos 15 Trigono 1 Kotas 2 Koryfi 7 Sklithro 9 Asprogeia 16 Sitaria 7 Kleidi 2 Vevi 14 Insgesamt 576 Unterverwaltung Kastoria Prassion 6 Melas 9 Makrochori 32 Vatochori 9 Moschochori 50 Krystallopigi 82 Aposkepos 15 Mavrokampos 2 IAKOVOS D. MICHAILIDIS 393 Dorf Personen Kraniona 15 Chalara 14 Gavros 9 Poimeniko 13 Korissos 11 Agios Nikolaos 4 Lithia 11 Vassileiada 92 Melissotopos 1 Stavropotamos 1 Mavrochori 2 Kladorrachi 1 Antartiko 21 Variko 9 Oxyes – Oxya 35 Polykerassos 29 Sidirochori 14 Vyssinia 14 Ieropigi 58 Agios Dimitrios 28 Argos Orestiko 6 Spilaia 50 Lakkomata 47 Zefgostassi 6 Kastanofyto 43 Ano Perivoli 7 Ano Nestorio 28 Kato Nestorio 35 Dendrochori 35 Ano Lefki 41 Insgesamt 885 Summe Insgesamt 1.586 Aus den obigen Tabellen ergibt sich folgendes: a) Aus Kailaria wanderten die wenigsten Personen ab, gerade einmal 125. Überhaupt stammten alle Migranten aus lediglich sieben Dörfern und emigrierten gemäß diesen Angaben im Jahr 1913. Es ist jedoch zu erwähnen, dass diese Dörfer die einzigen slawischsprachigen der Präfektur Kozani waren. Darüber hinaus erscheint der Anteil der Migranten in Bezug auf die Gesamtzahl der Einwohner dieser Dörfer sehr niedrig, da bei 1.524 Familien insgesamt (etwa 7.500-8.000 Personen) der Anteil der Emigraten bei lediglich 8% lag. b) In der Unterverwaltung Florina (Verwaltungseinheit in der Zwischenkriegszeit, vergleichbar mit der heutigen Präfektur, ohne dass jedoch die geographischen Grenzen identisch wären) waren die slawischsprachigen Emigranten deutlich mehr als in der 394 UMORDNUNGEN DER BEVÖLKERUNG IM MODERNEN MAKEDONIEN Präfektur Kozani. Außerdem kamen sie aus einer größeren Anzahl an Dörfern und flohen nicht nur während der Dauer der Balkankriege, sondern während des gesamten Jahrzehnts 1910-20. Konkret kamen die insgesamt 576 Personen aus 42 Dörfern der Präfektur sowie auch aus der Stadt Florina und Amyntaio. Doch der Anteil der Emigranten im Bezug auf die Gesamtbevölkerung der Bewohner der Region ist verschwindend gering und lag wohl nicht bei mehr als 2% (die Gesamtzahl der Familien der Dörfer belief sich, ohne die Stadt Florina, auf 7.286 = 36-37.000 Personen). Erwähnenswert ist des Weiteren auch die Tatsache, dass nur äußerst wenige Slawischsprachige während der Zeit der Balkankriege abwanderten, und diejenigen aus den Dörfern Messochori, Sitaria, Kleidi und Vevi stammten. Die Emigranten des Jahres 1914 kamen vorwiegend aus den Dörfern Achlada und Flamouro und in geringerer Zahl aus Meliti und Perikopi, Dörfer, die während des Makedonischen Kampfes traditionelle Zentren der IMRO (Innere Makedonische Revolutionäre Organisation) bildeten. Im Jahr 1915 verließen Bewohner die Dörfer Oxya, Trigono, Kotas und Koryfi, wohingegen im Jahr 1916 der Abwanderungsstrom zunahm und sich auf die Dörfer Aetos, Neochoraki, Pedino, Vrontero, Pyxos, Sfika, Mikrolimni, Karyes, Psarades, Dasseri und Atrapos konzentrierte. Im Jahr 1917 kamen die Emigranten schließlich ausschließlich aus Leptokaries und im Jahr 1929 aus Asprogeia. c) In der Unterverwaltung Kastoria verließen während des Zeitraums 1913-1929 885 Personen die Region. Die Emigranten kamen aus insgesamt 38 Dörfern und ihr Anteil in Bezug auf die Bevölkerung eben dieser Dörfer insgesamt (5.749 Familien = 28-29.000 Personen) lag bei ca. 3%. 1.2. Zentralmakedonien Die Region um Kilkis war während des zweiten Balkankriegs eine Zone heftiger kriegerischer Auseinandersetzungen. Beim Vormarsch des griechischen Heeres wurden viele Dörfer kom- plett zerstört, andere erlitten beträchtliche Schäden. Die Informationen über die Flüchtlinge, die nach Bulgarien flohen, stammten aus einer statistischen Verarbeitung der Daten der elek- tronischen Datenbank des Forschungs-
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