Department of Atomic Energy

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Coolan' f Iiannel with sealing plug of Madras Atomic Power DEPARTMENT ANNUAL Station Unit-1 OF REPORT ATOMIC 1983-84 ENERGY Atomic Energy Commission

Chairman Dr. R. Ramanna Secretary, (ex-officio) Department of Atomic Energy

Member for Finance Shri P. K. Kaul Finance Secretary in and ex-officio the Ministry of Finance, Secretary Department of Economic in the Deptt. of Atomic Affairs. Energy in financial matters.

Member Dr. P. C. Alexander Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister,

Member Prof. S. Dhawan Chairman, Space Commission and Secretary, Department of Space.

Member Shri C. R. Krishnaswamy Cabinet Secretary. Rao Sahib

Member Shri J. R. D. Tata Chairmen, Tata Sons Ltd. Contents

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Publicity, AlWn'm Energy", International Relations, Use of radioisotopes, electronics, instrumentation, lasars. biology, agriculture, food technology, radiation medicine etc.

Reactor In tho field of research reactors, expertise from design to operation General Survey stago has been fully developed. The country's 1 MW awimming pool India's programme for the reactor APSARA built in 1956, utilisation of atomic energy for its continues to be used for isotope economic development made rapid production and physics experiments. strides during 1983-84. The power reactor (unit-1) at Kalpakkam The 40 MW CIRUS reactor, designed, engineered and built operating since 1960, has provided entirely by Indian scientists and valuable production, experimentation engineers, attained criticality on July 2, and training 'acuities. Commissioned in 1983 and was synchronised to the grid 1961, ZERLINA — the zero energy by the Prime Minister on July 23, 1983. reactor, was decommissioned in 1983 India is thus one of the few countries after rendering useful service in in the World capable of designing, studying new reactor concepts and building, fuelling and operating power components. reactors entirely on its own. The power reactor (unit li) at Rawatbhata The zero energy fast reactor assembly achieved record performance with an PURNIMA was built in 1972 and is ODeratina factor of 85.33 per cent presently under modification to during the year. In the latter half of the operate using uranium (233) fuel year the heavy water plants at (PURNIMA II). It is expected to Baroda and Tutlcorin have been producing their targetted quantities. become operational in 1984. In addition another mini-pool reactor, also containing uranium (233) as R & D at Research and development fuel, is under construction at BARC activities at the Shabha Atomic Kalpakkam, for neutron radiography Research Centre (BARC) moved experiments. forward contributing to the building up of the nuclear power programme of A new high flux indigenous reactor the country with significant spin-offs at Vrombay, called DHRUVA will be in the fields of space, defence, commissioned in 1984. DHRUVA is a industry, agriculture and medicine. nelural uranium heavy water moderated reactor of 100 MW Founded in 1957 as the Atomic dermal power and incorporates Energy Establishment at Trombay, tjsveral new features including a new BARC's activities cover_dwerse fields fuel concept. such as physics.chemistry, engineering, metallurgy, reprocessing, fuel fabrication, waste management, Nuclear Since the inception ot atomic energy reprocessing and separation of FIMI programme, R 4 D efforts have Plutonium, sodium, materials research been directed towards achieving development, reactor engineering, Develop- self-reliance in meeting the fuel needs electronics and instrumentation, and nwiil . of the reactors. The Uranium Metal safety research. Plant at Trombay, which produced its first ingot of fuel in January 1959, Work on the design of 500 MWe was partially recommissioned Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor during the year. commenced and preliminary reports prepared. Fuel elements and subassemblies for CIRUS reactor and metallic uranium fuel clusters and other components for Centra Work on setting up the Centre for DHRUVA reactor were fabricated. for Ad- Advanced Technology at Indore Design and fabrication work for the vancwl commenced on February 19, 1984 with new plutonium rich carbide fuel was Techno- the unveiling of a plaque by the undertaken at BARC. Development logy President. worn on .uranium (233) based fuel fabrication as well as R & D work in The Centre will work on a variety of thorium utilisation was carried out. advanced and frontier technologies which have been engaging the Fuel The 30 tonne per year Plutonium attention of BARC, such as Repro- Plant built at Trombay in 1964, was accelerators, lasers and fusion. The cMstng recommissioned after some additions Centre will evolve designs for large high and capacity augmentation. The energy accelerators, laser systems for 100 tonnes per year Power Reactor' fusion investigations and advanced Fuel Reprocessing Plant built at MHO systems etc. Tarapur in 1979 began reprocessing spent fuel from the Rajasthan Station. Work on the construction of a third Techno- BARC continued transferring reprocessing plant located at logy technologies for commercial Kalpakkam commenced. Transfer production. During the year these included low carbon ferroalloys, osmotic dehydration of fruits, Wast* The waste management facilities at microprocessor based PABX/PAX, Manage- Trombay, Kaipakkam, Tarapur and automatic fraction collectors and ment Rajasthan operated well during the surface area measuring apparatus. year. Work on waste immobilisation project and solid storage surveillance facility at Tarapur was In progress. Product During the year, BARC exported 130 Export, consignments of radio labelled The Reactor Research Centre was phosphates to Indonesia, Syria, established in 1971 at Kalpakkam, Zambia and Tanzania. Radioisotopes Tamil Nadu, to carry out development and allied products were supplied also of sophisticated breeder technology. to the users abroad. 3 gamma chamber The Fast Breeder Test Reactor is units were exported to Burma, expected to be commissioned Singapore and Sudan. towards the end of 1984. This is a 40 MW thermal sodium cooled A neutron spectrometer was designed reactor: It will generate about and fabricated for installation' at the 15 MW of electrical power, using Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK mixed carbide fuel developed and while a neutron polarisation manufactured at Trombay. analysis spectrometer developed at Laboratories have been commissioned BARC was installed at the Korean for handling active materials, Atomic Energy Research Institute. Variable VEC, set up at Calcutta by BARC, is Support In addition to the High Altitude Energy emerging as 2 national research to basic Research Laboratory at Gulmarg* Cyclotron facility with the major users being research National Research Laboratory at Centre scientists from universities throughout in nuclear Srinagar and Seismology Station at (VECC) the country. An additional beam sciences Gauribidanur, institutions aided by transport channel and radiofrequency OAE like the Tata Institute of system were commissioned this year. Fundamental Research and the Sana Institute of Nuclear Physics, Calcutta are engaged in research geared to Magneto BARC, in collaboration with BHEL, has achieve self-reliant base in nuclear hydro- been engaged on the development of 'science and technology. DAE also dynamics an experimental 5 MW MHD plant supported research and development (MHD) at Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, the work in various disciplines related .to Project construction work of which was largely atomic energy in Indian universities and completed. The plant is expected to be other academic institutions by giving in operation in 1984. project-linked financial assistance and fellowships. The Department also provided grants to institutions for the * BARC has been producing a variety of Radio- development of mathematics. During radioisotopes for use in medicine, isotope* the year Rs. 1.3 crores were industry, agriculture and research. and Appli- allocated by DAE as grants-in-aid to cations universities and institutions. The value of radioisotopes and related services rendered during the year totalled Rs.1.90 crores with over Training The Training School was started in 46,000 consignments of radioisotopes BARC in August 1957 to develop and products being supplied within sufficient trained scientific and the country and abroad. technical manpower. 117 trainees including 33 inplant trainees graduated in August 1983 from the Radio Radiopharmaceutical products from 26th Course of the Training School. Pharma- BARC are being used in over 120 ceuticals medical institutions in the country. It The School has thus trained over 3850 is estimated that 4 lakh patients in the scientists and engineers since its inception. For the training of operation country were benefited from these. and maintenance personnel, a products. a Training Centre is also functioning at RAPS, Kota. ISOMED The ISOMED Plant commissioned in Plant 1974 continued to offer irradiation services to the pharmaceutical Nuclear As a result or consistent efforts industry and the hospitals. Power towards self-reliance India is today Programme one of the few countries in the world, and the only one among the developing Radiation The Radiation Medicine Centre at countries, to attain self-reliance in all Medicine Bombay offers various radioisotopic aspects of nuclear power generation, investigations including imaging of starting from prospecting and body organs. During the year, 12,000 mining of uranium to fuel reprocessing patients attended the Centre and and waste management as well as radioimmunoassays were done on 6,000 Plutonium recycle. As the only viable patient samples. R&D efforts and alternative, in the foreseeable future, clinical trials for the characteriSGtion of to fossil fuei based power, a target of TB antigen were continued. The 10,000 MW for establishing the Centre developed radioimmunoassays nuclear power generation capacity tor the detection of malarial and by the year 2000 has been set, filarial antigen. constituting about 10 per cent of total power generation capacity in the Tarapur TAPS completed 14 years of country at that time. The necessary Atomic operation and achieved a capabilities to attain this target have cumulative capacity factor of over been built by the Department with the Station 50 per cent. The Station generated cooperation of industry. Indigenous 1554 million units of power upto the design of 235 MWe pressurised end of 1983, supplying 720 million heavy water reactors (PHWRs.) has been units to Maharashtra and 706 million standardised and these, along with units to Gujarat. The first consignment indigenous 500 MWe PHWRs a of enriched, uranium from little later, will provide the backbone France was received in May of the programme. Necessary inputs 1983. Concerted efforts are being such as uranium and heavy water made to indigenously manufacture will also be made available within the and procure spare parts for the countiy. plant from alternative suppliers.

Rajatthan After generating 5872 million units The nuclear power generation Atomic of power since it began commercial capacity increased to 109S MWe operation, Unit I of RAPS was shut with Unit I of MAPP beginning Station down in March 1982 due to cooling commercial operation on January 27, water (light water) leakage from 1984. During 1983-84 the revenue its south end shield. Considerable earnings of Government from the sale original work in problem identification of electricity from the nuclear was carried out to determine the power reactors amounted to nature and extent of the defect Rs. 116.90 crores. and related solutions 20318 19858 19158

1M>84 I SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL AUXILIARY & ADMINISTRATIVE

GROWTH OF MANPOWER and investigations are being complete its commissioning trials by continued to solve the problem. the end of October 1984. Work on new heavy water plants at Unit II of RAPS maintained its -Thal-Varshet of 110 tonnes per year reliable performance operating at effective capacity, based on about 185 MWe and generating 863 monothermal ammonia-hydrogen million units of power until December exchange process and at Manuguru of 1983, thus meeting 18 per cent of the 185 tonnes per year effective capacity total power consumption of based on hydrogen-sulphide water Rajasthan State. The Unit also exchange process, proceeded supplied steam equivalent to 10 MWe according to schedule. The power generation to the Heavy commissioning activities of the Water Plant, Kota. Heavy Water Plant at Talcher were however delayed mainly due to

Madras Unit , of MAPP attained criticality power cuts, erratic supplies of ammonia gas from fertilizer plants Atomic on jU|y 2, 1983 and was synchronised and some technical problems. Power to the grid on July 23..1983. The unit Project has performed very well and began commercial operation from January 27, 1984 steadily generating over Attempts are being made to make 200 MWe. Unit II of MAPP is nearing ammonia, based plants independent of completion and is expected to become the fertilizer plants. A pilot plant set operational early in 1985. up at Baroda will be trying a new process in this regard. Testing and commissioning trials of this plant Narora Reactor and turbine buildings for are nearing completion. Atomic Un|t | nave been compiete while Power those for Unit II are nearing completion. Proitct Construction of various facilities and Hwwy Heavy water upgrading plants have installation of equipment and piping Water been designed and engineered by is progressing. The units are scheduled Upgrading BARC. The first heavy water to be completed in 1987-88 and and vacuum distillation plant was 1988-89 respectively. (commissioned satisfactorily at RAPS in September 1982 and from the very Kakrapur Wor|( on tne 3ite infrastructure and first month it exceeded design capacity. Atomic procurement ano* fabrication of The electrolysis based P°w*r critical components is in progress. heavy water upgrading plant Project The two units are expected to be -has been operating satisfactorily at commissioned in 1991 and 1992 MAPP since March 1981. Work on respectively. the design and setting up of new upgrading plants is progressing. H«wy Considerable progress was made Water during the year towards attaining Programme, self-sufficiency fn heavy water Nuctoar The Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) at which Is the moderator and coolant Fuel Hyderabad continued to manufacture, for the Pressurised Heavy Water Complex fuel and zircaloy structural materials Reactors (PHWRs.) The heavy water . for nuclear power reactors. plants at Baroda and Tuticorin have The value of production achieved for been operating continuously for the the Fuels and Tubes Groups of NFC last five months. Most of the earlier till Decemer 1983 was combinedly of teething problems encountered in the order of Rs. 18.62 crores, the heavy water programme have NFC expansion phase I, aimed at been overcome. The heavy water doubling the out put, has also been plant at Kota is expected to taken up.

8 Atomic The Atomic Minerals Division (AMD) Under UCIL expansion programme, Mineral* continued its integrated surveys and the plant at Rakha for uranium recovery Division exploration for appraisal and from copper tailings was commissioned building up of uranium and other in February 1983. Project report for nuclear raw material resources. setting up another uranium recovery During the year the input in plant at Mosabani has been finalised. exploratory drilling was considerably The new Bhatin mines project is augmented and fresh radioactivity expected to be completed in about anomalies were identified in three years. Project reports for parts of Karnataka, Madhya Narwaphahar and Turumdhih Pradesh, Meghalaya, Himachal projects are under preparation. Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, During 1983-84, the production of •Rajasthan as well as additional uranium concentrate was highest uranium reserves in the Singhbhum since the commencement of operations Thrust Belt of Bihar. As a result, in 1968. The overall capacity total indicated and inferred reserves utilisation in terms of production of of about 73,000 tonnes of U.,06 have uranium concentrate was 97.7 percent been established in different parts and the quantum of ore mined and of the country. and processed was higher than the previous year.

Indian Registered in 1950, with an Rare authorised capital of Rs. 1 crore, UCIL earned profit during 1982-83 Earth* Indian Rare Earths Limited (IRE) and contributed to the exchequer Limited has been operating a plant at Rs. 57.47 lakhs by way of taxes Alwaye, Kerala to process monazite and duties etc. from beach sands, two minor sand separator plants at Manavalakuruchi, : Electronic* The Electronics Corporation of in Tamil Nadu and Chavara, in Corpora- India Ltd. (ECIL) was incorporated in Kerala and a Thorium Plant at Won of 1967 with an authorised capital of Trombay. IRE is also setting up at India Ltd. Rs. 10 crores to take up commercial Chhatrapur, Orissa, the Sands Complex production of nuclear electronic (OSCOM). The Company is a major instruments, components and exporter of rare earths and minerals. equipment developed by BARC and TIFR. Later the Corporation diversified During the year 1982-83, IRE's sales its production and established itself in turnover was Rs. 16.47 crores, various field such as registering an increase of 21.5 communication instrumentaton, per cent. IRE made a net profit of nuclear and consumer electronics. Rs. 1.39 crores and earned foreign exchange worth Rs. 9.48 crores, an ECIL maintained steady progress increase of 34 per cent over the during 1983-84 in major thrust areas. previous year. The Company has been The production of the most powerful paying dividends to the Government Indian built computer system-332 has for the last two decades. been stabilized.

During the year 1982-83 EClL's Uranium Registered in 1967, with an production was Rs. 60.47 crores and Corpora- authorised capital of Rs. 15 crores, lion of the Uranium Corporation of India Ltd., a net profit of Rs. ai3 crores was earned. India Ltd. undertakes mining and milling of uranium ores on magnetite and Nuclear During 1983-84 the Department's copper concentrates as by-products. Safaty plants continued their good safety UCIL also produces sulphuric acid record. The safety status of the mostly for its own consumption. plants remained under continuous NUCLEAR POWER 76.7 RESEARCH AND 19.8 OTHERS PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT Bi ATOMIC MINERALS H BHABHA ATOMIC SUPPORT SERVICES & DIVISION & UCIL RESEARCH CENTRE ADMINISTRATION •I NUCLEAR FUEL S| REACTOR RESEARCH INDUSTRY & EXTENSION COMPLEX CENTRE PROGRAMME • HEAVY WATER PLANTS • VARIABLE ENERGY • NUCLEAR POWER CYCLOTRON PROJECTS H AID TO OTHER • FUEL REPROCESSING ^ INSTITUTIONS • WASTE MANAGEMENT

ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES 1983/84 <,»

plants remained under continuous one of the globally most advanced review by the Safety Review states in the technology of atomic Committee. An Atomic Energy energy including the production of Regulatory Board was established source materials. India continued to during the year to carry out certain cooperate with other countries, regulatory and safety functions particularly developing countries, in envisaged in the Atomic Energy Act. peaceful uses of atomic energy.

Subsequent chapters of this Report detail the activities and performance of the Department during 1983-84 India was once again designated to Inter- under Nuclear Power, R & D, PSUs the !AEA Board of Governors as national and Other Activities. Relation*

10 MAPS Unit-I commissioned and declared commercial; RAPS Unit-llperformed very well; Baroda and Tuticorin heavy water plants in continuous operation; Heavy Water Plant, Kota reaching operational stage; fuel requirement for FBTR initial criticality Nuclear Power completed; A fast rock and mineral powder pelletising technique developed.

Power Projects Engineering an agreement with France in shields. Repair work on the end Division November, 1982 for the supply of shield continues. The leak being enriched uranium fuel to TAPS, in a highly radioactive area, com- Tarapur Atomic Power Station the first consignment of 19.5 ton- plex and remote tooling had to be nes was received in May 1983. established including mock ups TAPS has completed 28 reactor Efforts are continuing to procure for training of personnel. So far years of commercial operation. spare parts for the station from the lattice tube of the, end shield The station generated 1554 mil- alternative Indian and overseas in the suspect location has been lion units upto December 1983, sources. cut and removed and ultrasonic exporting 720 million units to tests of the bore have been car- Maharashtra and 706 million units Rajasthan Atomic Power Station ried out. Investigations continue to Gujarat. The capacity factor to determine the nature and ex- during this period was 50.06 per RAPS Unit II performance during tent of the defect and the repair cent where as cumulative capacity the year was very good. The unit procedures that would be required. factor since commencement of operated at a power level of about Various technical measures re- commercial operation has been 185 MWe. It also supplied pro- commended by the Technical As- 50.04 per cent, cess steam equivalent to 10 MWe sessment Committee set up in generation for commissioning of March 1982, for improvement in Both the units of TAPS have been the Heavy Water Plant at Kota. the performance of the station are operating around 160 MWe. under implementation. The unit generated 863 million The generation during the year is units with a capacity factor of Madras Atomic Power Project expected to be marginally lower 59.4 per cent during the year upto than the target due to equipment December 1983. Unit 1 of MAPP attained criticality problems, rescheduling and re- on July 2, 1983 and was synchro- fuelling outages of both units. Unit I of RAPS had generated 5872 nised to the grid by the Prime Mi- Unit I established a new record million units of electricity since its nister on July 23, 1983. The unit for continuous reactor operation commercial operation till 4th began generating 200 MWe within of 156 days in 1983. March, 1982 when it was shut only five months and had genera- down following detection of light ted 211 million units upto Decem- Consequent upon the signing of water leakage from one of its end ber 1983. It has gone into com-

11 mercial operation with effect from Kakrapar Atomic Power Project sufficient number of houses would January 27, 1984. be ready for occupation by the Tenders for tne main plant civil year end. The second unit of MAPP is in the works and manufacture of structu- final stages of construction. All ral steel members for the buildings Procurement of long delivery items major equipment has been instal- were finalised and work orders has been initiated. Contracts for led and commissioning of various issued. About 52 per cent of the manufacture of end shield, calan- systems is on hand. This unit is private land required for the po- dria and PHT pumps have been expected to be commissioned wer station has been acquired. awarded. Procurement action for during 1984-85. Excavation work for reactor and major equipment has also been turbine building has started. initiated. Narora Atomic Power Project Facilities such as access roads, telephone and wireless communi- Heavy Water Projects Reactor and turbine buildings cation, construction power and for the Unit I were completed water supply, temporary offices, Nangal while for Unit II these, buildings warehouses, etc. have been estab- are nearing completion. Piping lished. Work on the internal roads The Heavy Water Plant at Nangal work is in progress. About 40 per in the power station area is in pro- is based on electrolysis for pre- cent of piping work of Unit I and gress. Construction of houses in enrichment and low temperature 18 per cent of Unit II has beeh the township has commenced and hydrogen distillation for final en- completed.

Three reactor headers were delivered to the site of which two have been erected. Both end shields for NAPP Unit I were delivered and erection is in progress. Calandria for Unit I is nearly completed and is expected to be shifted to the site very soon.

Induced draught cooling towers, primary heat transport purification building, waste management plant, upgrading plant for heavy water and other miscellaneous structures are under construction. Switch- yard has been completed and most of the electrical equipment have been Installed at site. The two units are scheduled to be completed in 1987-88 and 1988-89 respectively.

Narora Atomic Powar Plant

12 richment. Due to a reduction in the availability of power and the power restriction necessitating a shut down from September 1982 to July 1983, this plant suffered a production loss during the year.

Baroda

The Baroda Plant has been in continuous operation since November 1983 after modification to the extent possible, improving its performance. The time taken for effec- ting these modifications as well as rectification in respect of the problems of leakages developed were longer than anticipated and the down time of the plant was extended. curther due to problems in the ammonit plant, there was also a limitation in the availability of the synthesis gas being supplied to the Heavy Water Plant. The frequent stoppages and rest- arts due to these causes affected the equipment adversely. These problems have been successfully solved. Heavy Water Plant, Baroda

The erection work on the pilot plant for water-ammonia exchange affected the operation of the plant Talcher for transfer of deuterium from adversely. Several modifications water to ammonia being set up required to overcome production Due to power cut imposed on the near the Baroda Heavy Water constraints were completed while Fertilizer Corporation of India and Plant was completed and the some more are likely to be consequent non-availability of testing and commissioning activi- completed in a phased manner synthesis gas and utilities for long ties are nearing completion. before the end of 1985. After a durations, the commissioning acti- long period of shut down, restart vity of the Heavy Water Plant at Tuticorin of the plant was affected by tech- Talcher was severely affected. nical problems — a common fea- Some deficiencies have been iden- The Heavy Water Plant at Tuticorin ture for chemical plants of this tified in the plant during limited has been in continuous operation type similar to fertilizer plants. The trials. Modifications to overcome since November 1983. The exten- setting up of a finishing section them have been planned and are ded power cut imposed by the based on vacuum distillation is being incorporated in a phased Tamil Nadu Electricity Board du- proceeding on schedule and will manner. If the modifications prove ring a substantial part of the year be completed by June 19B4. effective, the internal constraints 13 of the plant would be removed and gress. Orders have been placed Hyderabad manufactures fuels and subject to availability of an unin- for most equipment. The fabrica- zincalloy structural materials for terrupted and adequate supply of tion of items of machinery and PHWRs type power reactors. other utilities from the fertilizer equipment at various shops and plant, it would be possible to com- site activities are progressing sat- Fuels Group mission the plant before the year isfactorily. The plant is expected end. to be commissioned by 1987. By December 1983 about 47.4 tonnes of natural uranium fuel was Kota Manuguru made. This completed fabrication for the initial load upto MAPP-II as The Heavy Water Plant at Kota had well as reload requirement of earlier demonstrated the capabili- The detailed engineering of botr RAPP-I, RAPP-II and MAPP-I for ty to attain enrichment effect. The the main plant and tne captive the year. Production of 22-element plant was further tested during power plant of the 185 tonne bundles for Narora-I will be taken the year operating equipment and Heavy Water Plant being set up at up shortly. Automation of powder machinery handling tonnage quan- Manuguru, Arcdhra Pradesh, has feeding and lubrication off compac- ties of hydrogen sulphide gas for reached an advanced stage. Or- ting presses and additional process the first time in the country. Since ders for a number of critical and control measurements in assembly the plant has demonstrated a long delivery items like the towers area are among the improvements satisfactory performance, it is and their internals have been taken up during the year. The first now proposed to bring under ope- placed and manufacture of to- consignment of 19 tonnes of hexa- ration the other units ol the piant wers and some equipment has al- fluoride from France was received also in a phased manner. It is ready commenced. Orders for in May 1983 and till December expected that the entire plant the fabrication and supply of many 1983, 13.5 tonnes of (UO2) powder would be operational by the end more items including package was produced and 19 fuel assem- of the year. Problems encountered units will be placed very soon. blies containing 3.04 tonnes of during trials with regard to certain Site grading, tower foundations UO* were made. The Uranium Ox- equipment and machinery "were and construction of houses have ide Plant, also made U3O6 for rectified while work is in progress also made significant progress. BARC. In the FBTR facility 88 steel with regard to some others. The The plant is expected to be com- sub-assemblies were completed. plant operation, so far, was res- missioned by 1988. Thus the requirement of first core tricted to an enrichment upto 60 for FBTR at Kalpakkam for initial per cent in the final enrichment Additional Project criticality and for flux mapping section. From the present assess- were completed with the process ment, it is clear that achieving the and fixtures developed with fully design concentration is feasible. It is proposed to set up an addi- indigenous know-how. The FBTR Further enrichment will be attemp- tional Heavy Water Plant of 110 facility is also producing this year ted after building, up the systems tonne effective capacity based on about 1.5 tonnes of thoria pellets inventory. ammonia-hydrogen exchange pro- for research and development ex- cess. The feasibility report in this periments. At the Zircalogy Fabri- Thal-Vattlttt regard was completed and a de- cation Plant complete requirement tailed project report was prepared. of flow and guide tubes for MAPP- The work on the 110 tonnes per II have been made. In addition cal- year plant At Thal-Vaishsi, Maha- andria tubes and 200 coolant tubes rashtra, being set up through the Nuclear Fuel Complex were produced for MAPP-i. Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertili- zers, has made considerable pro- The Nuclear Fuel complex (NFC), 1 tonne each of Zr-4 rods, sheets 14 and fuel tubes were being supplied gress. Civil works are likely to Cupro-nickel extrusion and extru- to the Federal Republic of Ger- start in the last quarter of 1984. sion of OHFC copper rods were. many during the year. At the With this, sponge production ca- carried out towards defence re- Special Materials Plant, 7000 kgs. pacity will be doubled. quirement. Also, 302 tonnes of of pure magnesium granules were stainless steel tubes and 1125 tonnes of ball bearing tubes were produced by the end of 1983 for Process Development the internal requirement of the produced upto December 1983. DAE. The plant continued to pro- With the aim of economising cau- At the Tool Room of Tube Plants, duce ultra pure materials like stic soda consumption and to a furnace for heat treatment of potassium tantalum fluoride, sele- contain pollution caused by the liner tubes required for KAPP-I and nium, indium, zirconium powder, difficult handling of products in II nas oeen designed and fabrica- gold potassium cyanide etc. for the conventional equipment, a con- ted at NFC. Using this furnace electronic and other industries. , tinuous fluidised bed caustic liner tubes are being successfully The value of production in the fusion unit, completely enclosed, heat treated. Production of pure Fuels Group until December 1983 has been developed on a pilot and coin silver tubes was success- was Rs. 9.92 crores. scale. Detailed design for plant fully attempted. This has resulted scale equipment is under prepara- in substantial saving offoreign ex- Expansion Programme tion. A hot co-extrusion technique change. It also increases indige- was developed to extrude 38 mm nous capability for production of dia. solid stainless rods with mild high speciality seamless tubes. NFC Expansion Phase I meant to steel as the core material. Equip- The value of production achieved double the output of natural ura- ment for acid dissolution was de- in Tubes Group by the end of 1983 nium fuel for the power reactors signed and commissioned to dis- was of the order of Rs. 8.7 crores. was taken up in two parts. The solve 8 mm mild steel core at an first part consisting of expansion accelerated rate. Environmental Upkeep of the Uranium Oxide and Ceramic Fuel Plants and partly Zircaloy This import substitution will result During the year no effluent was let Fabrication plant, which had been in a substantial foreign exchange out to the environment. Existing almost completed by Dec. 1983. saving. solar evaporation ponds were lin- Production trials are in progress. ed with special high density poly- In the second part, expansion of Tubes Group thane lining to ensure zero leakage. Zirconium Oxide Plant, Zirconium Sponge Plant and common facili- in the Tubes Group, production of Atomic Minerals Division ties will be taken up. Consultants seamless stainless steel tubes and have been appointed and finalisa- seamless ball bearing tubes con- The Atomic Minerals Division con- tion of equipment layout is- in pro- tinues to meet existing orders. tinued-its integrated survey and exploration for appraisal and buil- Dwwtopnwnt of component* for FBTN Wira wrap and apMt afMotr fuel bum*** ding up of uranium and. other •MarnMlM. nuclear raw material resources to support the country's neciear power programme.

Survey and Exploration

During the year an area of 46,760 sq. km. was covered by airoorne

15 gamma-ray spectrometric and Anantnag and Srinagar districts of magnetic surveys in Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Tehri, Saha- Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and ranpur, Nainital and Almora dis- Andhra Pradesh utilising indige- tricts of Uttar Pradesh, Jodhpur, nously fabricated instruments. Alwar and Udaipur districts of Airborne survey was supplemen- Rajasthan and in the Kameng dis- ted by a wide variety of remote trict of Arunachal Pradesh and sensing applications and techni- East Sikkim district. Geophysical ques comprising study of aeria! investigations like electro-magne- photographs (9,480 sq. km.), Land- tic, magnetic, gravity and SP sur- sat Imageries (48,360 sq, km.), veys were also carriued out in parts multispectra! scanning and study of Rajasthan and Karnataka to of infra-red photographs and com- decipher the favourable structi/res puter processing of the landsat and locate uranium bearing mine- data (480 sq. km.). ralisation.

An area of 12,250 sq. km. was As a result of these efforts new covered by reconnaitory-radiomet- uranium anomalies were located ric foot survey and more than at Jamiri (Arunachal Pradesh), Philongdiloin (Meghalaya), Danaur, 2,700 route km. were covered by ; jeep-borne scintillometer survey. Agar and Jawaladevi (Uttar Pra- Besides, an area of 723 sq. km. desh), near Lipti (Madhya Pra- was covered by detailed geologi- desh), Dholan (Rajasthan) and cal mapping, contouring, radon near Idugundi, Molesol and Bir- emanometry and solid state nu- gadde in Karnataka. These ano- clear track detection surveys in malies are being investigated. various parts of the country. Hydrogeochemical survey by col- Exploratory Drilling lecting well and stream water samples were completed in about 8,000 A little over 49,000 metres of sq. km. from different areas like Expi^.t^y drilling for uranium drilling was carried out at about Shivalikt. Ore, grading by scintillation arc at Jajawal mines (M.P.) Gamma ray logging ol a borehole.

16 Niobium-Tantalum and 17 different prospects in various samples were assayed radiometri- Beryllium Investigations parts of the country thereby reac- cally for oxides of uranium and hing a new peak performance in An area of 1,054 sq. km. in parts thorium contents and beryllium the achievement of exploratory of Kamataka, Bihar, Madhya Pra- content by photoneutron method, drilling. desh, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa in addition to monazite equiva- was surveyed for location of fresh lent assays. A total of 56,530 m A number of target locations were reserves of these minerals, inci- in bore holes, shot-holes/probe drilled for exploration of uranium dental to prospecting and assess- holes were gamma-ray logged and in the igneous and metamorphic ment, a few tonnes of niobium- 9,517 m of bore hole cores were terrains in the country. As a result tantalum concentrates were re- radiometrically assayed. Shield- of these efforts, total indicated covered during the year from ed probe logging of trenches, pits and inferred reserves of about Bihar, Karnataka and Madhya and mine faces aggregated 4,774 73,000 tonnes of uranium oxide Pradesh. m. Bulk ore grading of 12,730 (U3O8) have been established in tubs was also carried out. The different parts of the country. Be- Thorium and Beach Sand Physics Group carried out sides, new potential areas and ex- Investigations fabrication and modifications of tension of known belts where fresh instruments and analysis of data reserves could be identified in On a request from Indian Rare by computer. One computer sys- future have also been delineated. Earths Ltd. to ascertain the reser- tem-TDC332 (ECIL) was installed ves of monazite, ilmenite and not only for processing of air- Exploratory Underground other heavy minerals, 96.6 hecta- borne magnetic and radiometric Development res of area down to a depth of data but also for other scientific 7.5 m were investigated in the activities. A low energy gamma- A total of 575 m of the exploratory eastern extension of Block-ll of ray spectrometer using high purity underground development were IRE in Panmana-Pandarathuruthu germanium planer detector along comploted during the year at area, Chavara Coast, Quilon dis- with a multi-channel analyser was Bodal in Rajnandgaon district trict, Kerala, Augerhole drilling set up and is being used for dise- and at Jajawal in Sarguja district aggregating 4,284 m in a total of quilibrium studies. Currently used of Madhya Pradesh as well as at 717 holes were completed which air-borne gamma-ray spectrome- Astotha in Hamirpur district of generated nearly 2,780 samples. ter was also modified by incor- Himachal Pradesh. This helped Estimation of individual heavy porating pressure and tempera- in better understanding of the minerals in each of the composite ture sub-systems. nature of ore bodies and increa- samples, blockwise and depth- sing the confidence level of the wise were carried out and final Chemistry laboratories carried out data deciphered from the sub- report has been submitted to IRE. surface drilling. 52,860 determinations for different Evaluation of heavy mineral poten- elements. Two mobile geochemi- tial down to a depth of 8 m along cal vans were deployed in areas 1 km stretch of coast between of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh Markandi-Sana-Ekasingi, Ganjam The underground development to give a quick feed-back of analy- district, Orissa were also comple- tical data for geochemical sur- mine for uranium at Bodal (M. P.) ted during the year. won the first prize given by the veys. Director General of Mine Safety, Western Region for the best metal- Investigations in the The mineral technology laborato- liferous mine in dust suppression. Laboratories ries carried out work in providing assistance for recovery of niobium In the Physics Laboratories, 20,461 and tantalum to various field units,

17 mineral seggregation and benefi- quirements and State government depart- ciation tests on the ore from ments, public sector undertakings, Bodal, hydrometallurgical investi- X-ray fluorescence laboratory de- universities etc. Under this pro- gations for uranium recovery from veloped a simple and fast rock gramme, bore holes drilled at dif- uraniferous field samples, bacte- and mineral powder-pelleting ferent places were gamma-ray riological studies for uranium reco- technique, in addition to the deve- logged. Technical assistance by very and pollution control studies lopment of analytical techniques extending the analytical facilities, on industrial effluents, and adsorp- for estimating trace elements in was given and training imparted tion studies of uranium on clays magnetite using a rhodium X-ray to trainees and research scholars and hydroxy-ferric oxides. iube. High concentrations of yttrium of a number of organisations. and other rare earths were identi- AMD scientists have achieved a fied in mineral concentrates of significant breakthrough in their Aheri pegmatites, Chandrapur dis- AMD is also collaborating with experimentation for pollution con- trict, Maharashtra and significant the Technology Transfer Group of trol of effluents of hydrogen sui- amount of rubidium and caesium BARC, in the setting up of plants in the tailings from columbitetan- phide based heavy water plants for beneficiation of casslterate con- talite recovery plants of Marlagal- by bacterial treatment at Kota. centrate In Bastar district of Mad- la, Mandya district, Karnataka. The initial sulphide content of the hya Pradesh, to be subsequently effluents ranging from 13 to 60 utilised by the State Government. ppm in the feed were brought Collaborations with other down to limits below detection organisations within four hours of treatment. AMD has also rendered assistance Further experiments are under The Division continued to collabo- in geological and seismotectonic way to refine the process and ar- rate in scientific investigations' evaluation of various reactor sites rive at the optimum technical re- with sister organisation, Central jn Southern and Northern regions.

18 DHRUVA reactor and FBTR naaring commissioning, mixed carbide fuel fabrication started; Beryllium Metal Plant and Aluminising Plant commissioned; special- ferroalloys production technology transferred for production; m dyelaser with tuning facility set up; superconducting wire fabricated and metallic, glasses produced; an auger microprobe and a laser beam welding machine commissioned; A copper vapour laser, a versatile electron beam welding machine, artificial kidney and diagnostic assays for malaria and filar/a developed; jute mutant re/eased and labelled phosphates exported; a master plan for the Centre for Advanced Technology underway; five more heavy water upgrading plants to be set up; the MHD plant to be operational soon; better beams from VEC produced, Superconducting Linac developed at TIFR; a packet broadcasting network set up; new binary and pulsars discovored; coenzyme coated graphite electrodes developed. Country's first successful bone marrow transplantation performed at TMC; cancer diagnosis facility extended to rural areas; ahybridoma laboratory established; promising studies on Research and anti-leprosy vaccine. Development

Bhabha Atomic Research liquids was developed and used and Rutherford backscattering techniques were pursued for pro- Cantre to explain Raman scattering data on polar liquid methyl iodide. A duction of Schotkey films and versatile computer code to study study of diffusion of metals. Iso- DHRUVA polymers and polymer solutions tope separator was used for has been developed. A new me- isolation of isotopes, specially The 100 MW thermal research thod was used to measure Iron (57) for Mossbauer studies. reactor being built under R-5 pro- simultaneously the mass, charge ject at Trombay, was named and kinetic energy of fission frag- Neutron Physics "DHRUVA" by the President Gia- ments in thermal neutron induced ni Zail Singh on September 29, fission of uranium (235). The The uranyl nitrate solution fuel- 1983. Construction of the reactor variance of fragments mass and led, beryllium oxide reflected, is almost completed. Progressive charge distribution and their de- homogeneous reactor experi- testing and commissioning of the pendence on the fragment kinetic ment Purnima II with uranium heavy water, process water and energy were measured providing (233) fuel is in advanced stage sea water coolant systems are in specific information on the nu- of construction at Trombay. The progress. Nearly three-fourth of cleon exchange mechanism in the reactor designed to have a very the initial fuel charge is ready. fission process. low critical mass of less than 500 gms of uranium (233) is expected The reactor is expected to be The medium energy heavy ion ac- to become operational in 1984. commissioned during 1984. celerator (MEHIA) project pro- The Purnima II critical experiments will be useful in optimising Nuclear Physics gressed according to schedule. The 5.5 MeV Van-de-Graaff acce- the design of the uranium (233) In the course of neutron diffrac- lerator was recotr.missioned and fuelled Neutron Source Reactor tion study of isostructural nitrides utilized to study several nuclear being set-up at RRC. Effectiveness a new polariser was discover- reactions. Several experiments of beryllium as a neutron multi- ed. Laser Raman scattering stu- with the alpha particle beam from plier in fusion reactors was inve- dies on semi-metals were also VEC were carried out. stigated. initiated. A new model for orien- tational relaxation in molecular Ion implanation, laser annealing Pioneering work has been done

19 in the ferroic crystals research. transport equation. A multi-group from its elements was success- Four new ferroelastics were dis- integral transport code CLIMAX fully demonstrated. A new elec- covered. A protein crystallogra- for PHWR lattices was completed. tronic transition was observed in phy laboratory was set up. Re- A three dimensional finite diffe- high pressure electrical transport search work on the structures of rence diffusion theory code was studies carried out on lanthanum. three snake venom proteins has modified to include triangular A number of special oxides with been initiated recently. meshes. Regular fuel management high positive coefficient of ther- service was provided for TAPS mal conductivity at high tempara- Plasma Physics and RAPS. ture were prepared. Develop- ment work on materials for hy- A 200 Joule pulse power system drogen storage identified certain Spectroscopy (REB-200) being used to generate materials which are superior to and study gigawatt pulsed relati- The research programme on high those used before. BA-60 M He- vistic electron beams, was deve- resolution spectroscopic studies modialysers (artificial kidney) and loped earlier. Currently develop- of rare earth atoms and ions was Bilirubin strips for diagnosis of ment work is in progress to scale continued. Analysis of a number infectious hepatitis were develop- up the energy to 5000 joules of special materials needed in ed. These are undergoing further (REB-5000) and beam powers to electronics, reactor and semicon- clinical tests. 10 watts. The coaxial plasma ductor technology was carried gun was studied for its perfor- out. New optical emission and Ananlytical Chemistry mance and plasma density and X-ray fluorescence methods were temperature are being measured. developed for trace analysis in Some analytical jobs carried out A fast discharging energy storage materials. A nitrogen laser pum- during this year are neutron acti- capacitor bank has been used to ped dyelaser with tuning facility vation analysis of three new inter- po'wer an 'electric gun'. A larger was set up. national reference standards from and more powerful capacitor bank U.S. Goelogical Survey and ato- - facility is being set up to streng- A trigger circuit was fabricated mic absorption spectroscopic an- then the research programme on and is being tested to excite nitro- alysis of samples. Detailed geo- high density high temperature gen laser. chemical and petrological studies deuterium plasmas. on the rock sample from 'Dakshin Gangotri', Antarctica revealed its Chemistry similarity to samples from penin- Theoretical Physics Investigations on the removal of sular India. A non-destructive The effects of finite laser band- radioactive organic iodides by technique for quick identification width on the cooperative reso- normal and silver-exchanged of molybdenum stabilised steels nance fluorescence and the opti- molecular sieves were completed. SS 316 is being patented. A sur- cal double resonance spectra From systematic studies on iron face area analyser was fabricated were evaluated. A purely quan- state transitions were evolved. A and tested. A system for the ex- tum mechanical model for optical photo-chemical method was deve- traction of argon gas from geolo- bistability was developed. A very loped for the separation of euro- gical specimens was developed. general Hartree-Fock variational pium from rare earth concentrates. formalism was developed for many Water Chemistry electron atoms. A variety of high purity and special materials were prepared and Ananlytical solutions have been supplied to the users. Small scale Work on the Water and Steam ' developed for charged particle synthesis of gallium phosphide Chemistry Laboratory, being set

20 up at Kalpakkam made significant dian Rare Earths in setting up a tion. Activated zinc sulphide lumi- progress. Experimental work was plant at Alwaye for the recovery nous compound was prepared done to understand corrosion be- of helium front monazite, based and supplied for luminous dial haviour of materials of Interest on a process developed in BARC. painting. to nuclear and thermal power The feasibility of recovering he- 34 tritium targets were supplied plants. Assistance was rendered lium from fertilizer and steei to users in the country. Consign- in solving problems related to plants is being studied. Nitric ments of fission product isotopes water chemistry to nuclear and acid containing 40 per cent nitro- were dispensed for reasearch ap- thermal power plants. gen (15) was produced in the Ni- plications. About 300 consign- trox Pilot Plant. From this acid ments of radiation sources for use nitrogen (15) labelled compounds in medical applications and nu- Research work in the field of co- were prepared and supplied to ordination chemistry of metal ions cleonic gauging were supplied. various institutions for research Low-level alpha, beta and gamma was carried out to evaluate the in agriculture. The sulphur hexa- specific reagents for the determi- sources for various uses were fluroide pilot plant was operated also supplied. nation of-metal ions of interest. to optimise the process parame- Electrochemical studies on sea ters and the product was used in Radiopharmacautical products water applied to desalination were BARC and other organisations for such as ready-to-use invivo pro- also carried out. development work. A proposal ducts, radioisotope generators, for transfer of technology for in kits for generator produced radio- dustrial scale production is now pharmaceuticals and radioimmu- Radiochemistry under consideration. noassay kits were supplied. These Californium isotopes were iden- sophisticated diagnostic agents tified in a reaction at VECC. The Radioisotopes are being regularly used in over yield of short lived technitium Production 120 institutions. The current year isotopes in the thermal neutron showed a 40 per cent increase in The activities in the area of pro- induced fission of uranium and their utilisation over the previous duction of radioisotopes and their Plutonium was studied. Work on year. Four lakh patients in the applications in industry were in- Sixth Plan project for engineering country are expected to have be- tensified during the year. scale experiments for sol-gel pro- nefited from these advanced dia- ces, is nearing completion. The gnostic procedures. Two training internal gelation route was suc- 150 consignments of superpho- courses on radioimmunoassay cessfully adapted for the prepa-< sphate, nitrophosphates, pyropho- and its clinical applications ration of Th O* microspheres on sphates, etc. labelled with radio- were conducted. A part of the laboratory scale. A facility was phosphorous were supplied for Radiopharmaceuticals Laborato- set up for analysis of impurities agricultural research. These in- ry at Vashi, New Bombay has in helium cover-gas in the FBTR cluded 130 consignments to Indo- been commissioned for the pro- fuel pins. Uranium (233) based nesia, Syria, Zambia and Tanza- duction of radioimmunoassay pro- fission chambers were developed nia. ducts and quality control of radio- for monitoring of power in FBTR. pharmaceuticals. The Regional Self-luminuous compounds and Centre for Dispensing and Distri- bution of Radiopharmaceuticals Chemical Engineering tritium gas-filled light sources were supplied to the defence units at Kidwai Memorial Institute of Work on the production of certain for extensive field trials. Some Oncology, Bangalore is to be special materials was continued. of these sources have been ap- commissioned soon. Work on the Assistance was provided to In- proved for large scale produc- Centre at the Institute of Nuclear

2\ Medicine and Allied Sciences, New isotopes were set up under a tructive testing. Delhi, is also in progress and is UNDP assisted project. Samples expected to be commissioned by 'of water were analysed using this Expert advice and specialised the end of 1984. equipment. services were rendred in the field of non-destructive testing. Carbon(14) and tritium medium Isomed plant continued to offer labelled compounds were sup- irradiation services to manufactu- pliec for research in bio-sciences. rers of medical products, hospi- A radiation based process for the The preliminary work at the label- tals and the pharmacautical indu- production of polyacrylamide, an led compounds laboratory pro- stry. A variety of medical products important industrial polymer, was ject site has commenced. R & D were sterilised at the plant. Co- successfully finalised in collabo- work for the preparation of phos-. balt-60 loading of the plant was tion with Shriram Institute of Indu- phorus (32) labelled nucleotiaes upgraded to 250 kilocuries. The strial Research, New Delhi. was undertaken and a few trial first IAEA/UNDP regional (RCA) batches of phosphorus labelled industrial training-cum-demonstra- ATP were prepared and supplied tion on radiation sterilisation of me- Biology & Agriculture for evaluation. The project report dical products was held at BARC for the setting up of a laboratory during September 1983. Research on crop improvement by for the production of phosphorus mutation was continued. Promis- (32) labelled nucleotides is under ing cultures of pigeon pea, moong preparation. A silt density gauge for dredging bean, jute, wheat etc. developed operations at the Mangalore Port at Trombay were evaluated by a The sale value of radioisotopes was developed. A radioisotope number of national agencies. A and related services rendered smoke alarm system was commis- high fibre yielding jute variety. totalled Rs. 1.90 crores. Over sioned at National Archives of 'MAHADEV was officially released 46,000 consignments of radioiso- India, New Delhi. A portable bat- in Orissa. The pigeon pea variety, tery operated static charge meter topes and related products were Trombay Vishakha-1, a moong unit was fabricated and supplied supplied to users within the coun- bean variety TAP-7 were notified to the Defence Laboratory, Jodh- try and abroad. by the Ministry of Agriculture. The pur. A gas leak detector unit was production of seeds of these two Applications supplied to R.R.C., Kalpakam. A special feature of this unit is an was taken up by the Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maha- Radiotracec investigations were audio-visual indication in the rashtra. Trombay Vishakha-1 was carried out at the works of cau- event of the leak exceeding the also identified by ICAR for the All stic soda manufacturers for the set limit. A pocket size solid-state determination of inventory of mer- dosimeter with LCD display was India Coordinated Programme on cury in electrolytic cells without designed, fabricated and tested. Pulses. Black gram variety TAU-1 shutting down the plant. A series The performance of the unit was and early maturing pigeon pea of experiments were carried out also successfully tested to extend variety TAT-10 was identified for at the works of a manufacturer of its use to electron beam dosime- pre-release trials in the Vidarbha chemical plant equipment to study try. Seven gamma chamber units region of Maharashtra. the breakage function of coal and housing kilocurie cobalt-60 sour- limestone in ball mills using ces were supplied during the year sodium (24) radiotracer. In the including 3 units exported to The soil chemistry and fertilizer field of isotope hydrology, facili- Burma, Singapore and Sudan. 66 efficiency of the new low-cost ni- ties for measurement of environ- radiography cameras were suppli- trophosphate fertilizer, ENPEX, mental stable isotopes and radio- ed to va'rious users for non-des- was evaluated and found to be a

22 •V

highly effective source in the two pairment of developing brains. (20 mg/kg body wt.) causes major soil groups of India. Irradiation for bulk processing sensitisation of an animal tumour Irradiation of red palm weevil could keep samples free of bac- on a fractionation schedule of radi- adult males with a dose of X-rays terial load upto 8 months. ation exposures. This drug pro- induced about 90 per cent sterility tects animals from radiation-induc- without affecting survival, but a ed lethality, skin erythema and foot gamma radiation dose required to Bio-organic Research deformity, thus encouraging its use induce the same level of sterility in human clinical trials. Other caused excessive mortality. Ex- Studies on purification, characte- similar drugs synergistically re- posure of beetle and potato tuber risation and evaluation of biologi- duced tumour growth. Experimen- worm males to blumea eriantha cal activity of natural products tal work was done on using red oil vapours caused mating inhibi- isolated from plants were continued. blood cells as drug carriers. In- tion. Search for uses of hormone The acute toxicity of Tylophora vestigations were carried out on mimicking substances in insect alkaloids was evaluated. Three the uptake and removal of throrium pest control was continued. Re- alkaloids were isolated from the in rats. search in cloning genes was con- common fig tree and a new seco tinued. alkaloid and a new minor alkaloid Research schemes related to ra- were isolated from tylophora as- diobiology and occupational health thmatics plants. One of the phy- were carried out. Chromosome A system for genetic manipulation salins antitumour activity in test aberration analysis of human popu- of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria systems was isolated in large am- lation residing in the normal and (blue-green algae) is under deve- ounts for its detailed evaluation high background _ radiation areas lopment. The finding that nitrate at the National Cancer Institute, of Kerala coast was continued. of ammonium drastically inhibits USA. Bioassayed extracts from Samples from occupationally ex- sodium uptake, could help in en- ten plants were found to possess ' posed individuals from different DAE units were chromosomally hancing the efficiency of rice- insect juvenile hormone (JH) ac- analysed. cyanobacteria associations in sa- tivity and isolation of active prin- line environments. Effects for zinc ciples is in progress. A new chro- and molybdenum on sorghum and mene was isolated from a plant Radiation Medicine maize seedings were analysed. source whose anti-JH activity is being studied. Extracts of plants More than 12,000 patients attended were also tested for insecticidal the Radiation Medicine Centre for Biochemistry and Food activity. Black pepper extracts radioisotopic investigations includ- Technology have been found to be moderately ing imaging of various body or- active. Work on development of gans. Radioimmunoassays were done for about 6000 patient sam- The R&D work in food science and better varieties plants through tis- ples. The Centre acquired a sophisti- technology included screening of sue cultures was intensified. Syn- environmental chemicals for cated on-line computer for conduct- thesis of metagenic substances ing fast dynamic studies. During the their mutagenic and carcinogenic was carried out and their imrta- year ultrasound examination of potentials and metabolic disorders genicity is being studied. thyroid, abdominal and pelvic organs and investigations on basic as- were done as a complementary pects like enzymatic and microbial procedure to radionuclide imaging in spoilage in perishables. It was Medical Research more than 1000 patients, thereby observed that deficiency of thyroid enhancing the diagnostic efficacy. hormones resulted in severe im- It was found that chlorpromazlne sheet was developed for recovery Radiometallurgy Treatment of thyroid cancer and of wolframite from Oegana ore of hyperthyroidism with radioiodine Rajasthan. Fuel elements and sub- Examination of prototype fuel was carried out. R & D efforts and assemblies required for CIRUS bundles of DHRUVA reactor irra- clinical trials for detection of T.B. Reactor were fabricated. Metallic diated in CIRUS reactor indicated antigen and T.B. antibodies were uranium fuel clusters, and a num- that this fuel would have good continued for characterisation of ber of aluminium and zircoloy com- dimensional stability. Surveillance T.B. antigen, which is essential for ponents were fabricated for the tests show that the pressure ves- identifying specific antigens for DHRUVA Reactor. Two prototype sels of TAPS reactors would re- mycobacterium tuberculosis. The control blades were fabricated for main in good condition till the end Centre is engged on developing TAPS. Superconducting wire with of their operational life. Under an nuclear techniques for detection niobium-titanium alloy in a ma- IAEA Coordinated research pro- of malaria and filaria. The Centre trix of copper was fabricated. gramme, investigations were made developed radioimmunoassays for Thorium oxide elements are being on neutron embrittlement of ad- detecting malarial and filarial anti- fabricated for experimental work vanced pressure vessel steels. gens. Work was initiated to screen to be carried out in Switzerland. Testing of uranium-plutonium mix- patient sera for detection of anti- ed oxide fuel for thermal reactors gens/antibodies specific to myco- Metallurgy was continued. Fabrication of mix- bacterium leprae. ed carbide fuel for the FBTR at Zirconium based metallic glasses Kalpakkam has been started. were produced and their proper- Development work on Uranium- ties were investigated. Properties 233 based fuel fabrication has of a number of materials were been continued. Nuclear Fuel investigated. The Uranium Metal Plant at Trom- Reactor Analysis bay was partially recommission- Technology for the production of special ferroalloys was success- & Studies ed and production of uranium me- fully developed and transferred to tal ingots started. A process for A computer code for estimating indigenous manufacturer. A de- extracting uranium from the aque- different system dynamics under monstration plant for processing 2 ous hydrofluoric acid solution loss of coolant accident condition tonnes/year of tin is being set up obtained in the hydrofluorination in a nuclear power plant was deve- at Raipur. step was developed. A new chemi- loped. Code for estimating tempe- cal for the extraction of copper as Improvements in the process of rature transients in fuel pins after a by-product is being studied. chloridising roasting of nickel- LOCA, was also developed. Tran- Performance of UCIL equipment copper sulphide concentrate were sient response of the shutdown •J Qurda, Rakha and Mosabani made. Laboratory process for rare cooling system was studied and was evaluated. Laboratory studies earth-silicon alloy was scaled up to the mathematical model for RAPS are in progress to improve the re- produce larger quantities. Detailed PHT system was tested in real time. covery of different mineral con- microstructural and electrochemi- As a part of the nuclear steam ge- centrates. Effort is continuing to cal studies were carried out on nerator development programme, a improve the process performance the stress corrosion cracking of separator test facility and steam of Byproducts Recovery Plant of Inconel 600 and Incoloy 800. generator test facility are being UCIL. Investigations on optimising Basic studies on sintering and developed. A new method was pro- the performance of Khetri Copper developmental work on magnesia posed for generation of spectrum Concentrator of Hindustan Copper insulators for MHD applications compatible earthquake accelero- Limited were carried out. A flow were carried out. gram. The program was tested

24 in CIRUS reactor. Further development of computer codes is being done. Feasibility of irradiating thorium fuel in DHRUVA reactor has been studied.

Flexibility of piping was analysed for power reactors and heavy water projects. Stress analysis was performed for RAPS endshield feeder piping. MAPP suppression pool and DHRUVA reactor outlet feeder were analysed for free vibration. Vibration of turbine blades and bearings and ground vibrations caused by rotating machines were analysed. BARC designed, 4 metre diameter. Space Simulation Chamber installed at ISRO, Acceptance testing of the fifth with simple inputs. As a part of cal ity of MAPS-I. fuelling machine head for MAPP the dynamic analysis of turbine was completed. A test set up for blades, the natural frequency of soft sealing plugs was developed blades was analysed. Thermal Reactor Engineering and nickel plated seal discs were hydraulic analysis of the PHT sys- tested. tem of NAPP was done and sui- Theoretical and experimental in- table modifications for the feeder vestigations on heat transfer in Effect of pellet clad gap reduction tube fixing have been suggested. nuclear reactors were carried out. in TAPS Fuel on fuel performance The safety implications of an un- Computer code development and was studied. Design of a fuel as- usual occurance at TAPS sudden test irradiation for fuel performance sembly with lower heat rating was bypass of one of the steam gene- analysis are being continued. A completed. rators, were investigated in detail. facility for testing of heavy water reactor coolant pumps and a test One loop for NAPP shut off rod Experimental Reactor Physics facility for testing bellow seal val- system was installed and commissioned. Experimental work was done at ves were commissioned. Work on the installation of recirculating CIRUS, TAPS, MAPS-! and in the Safety Evaluation laboratory for measurement of pump and associated piping for operational and surveillance para- the integral thermal facility being Reactivity effect, heat production meters and for developing mea- set up to test fuelling machines, and radiation shielding aspects surements methods in the areas was completed; Some equipment were evaluated for irradiation of of noise analysis for use in power for 2 MW inpile loop was also pro- samples in reactors. Necessary reactors. Use of microprocessors cured. reactor safety assessments were was developed for on-line acqui- made for the installation of a cold sition and analysis of operational As a part of R & D work in thorium neutron source in CIRUS reactor data on power reactors and in the utilisation, a test assembly of pluto- beam hole. A central water hole laboratory. One such system was nium-thoriurn mixed oxide fuel facility was created in APSARA used during an approach to criti- pins was designed for irradiation reactor for higher neutron flux

25 level without increasing reactor efforts for setting up the produc- 312 computer based gamma scan- power. This will be beneficial in tion facility for space grade solar ner system for pre-irradiation qua- irradiating samples to produce cells at BHEL, Bangalore, was lity assurance for TAPS MOX fuel radioisotopes. continued. One hundred cells with pins was also designed and fabri- high output were supplied to the cated. Control Engineering Department of Space. VHF link between Trombay Fuel Reproces- Reactor Operations The complete control equipment sing Plant and PREFRE, Tarapur, for MHD magnet was installed and was commissioned. The general The experimental reactor ZERLINA is being commissioned. A voltage power circuit schematic for the was decommissioned. The fuel and frequency controlled, voltage 1500 V DC Chopper Project for elements of APSARA reached the fed high frequency inverter sys- Indian Railways has been finalised. maximum burn up level and remov- tem was commissioned. A current The complete control system for ed from the core. Arrangements fed inverter was also fabricated. acquiring and tracking of stars by are being made to return the irra- Non contact flow measurements the 100 tonne optical telescope at diated fuel elements to UKAEA. were carried out on various pipe Indian Institute of Astrophysics, The control elements of lines at TAPS. A number of can- Bangalore was designed and APSARA reactor were replaced to ned motors- were fabricated. Four fabricated. A microprocessor bas- suit its 'Reload II' fuel. The vacuum 30 KVA, 1KHz solid state inverter ed channel temperature monitoring tube electronic components of the systems along with microproces- sysem was designed, fabricated, reactor are being replaced by solid sor based temperature controller tested and installed at MAPP. The state devices. To eliminate human units were fabricated for vitrifica- fabrication of operators' console error in reactor operation, interlock tion of high level radioactive and the wiring and testing of indi- keys were provided for some of waste. A telecryption machine was vidual microcomputer system units the safety related valves in the developed to encode and decode for the computer control of fuel primary coolant system of CIRUS secret telex messages. An access handling system for NAPP has reactor. control system was developed to been completed. Design and fabri- check the authority of an individual cation of shut-off rod mechanism Heavy Water seeking entry to a restricted area. and adjuster rod drive mechanism The transfer of knowhow and for NAPP was completed. A TDC- Based on the successful operating experience of Heavy Water Upgra- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory ding Plants at RAPS and MAPS, setting up of five more similar upgrading plants have been taken up. All the downgraded heavy water from CIRUS reactor was processed in the reconcentration plant at BARC to obtain reactor grade heavy water. Evaluation of the performance of the heterogenous catalyst for hydrogen-water exchange developed earlier was continued.

Fuel Reprocessing The initial phase of operations of the PREFRE Plant at Tarapur was 26 completed by reprocessing the other monitor was fabricated for reactor at Trombay has been com- spent uranium oxide fuel from the internal moniormg of thorium in pleted. Work on the augmentation RAPS. The Trombay Plutonium IRE workers at Alwaye. * of waste management facilities at Plant was successfully re-commis- Trombay and Tarapur and on new sioned. This plant will reprocess Radiological protection plants at Kakrapar and Narora is spent metallic uranium fuel from progressing. Work on setting up A countrywide radiation safety pro- CIRUS and DHRUVA reactors. an experimental waste burial sta- gramme is being implemented. Construction work on the repro- tion in a geological formation was Under IAEA research contracts, cessing plant at Kalpakkam has sanctioned. Two different depths evaluation of radiation doses to been started. at Nundydoorg mines of Bharat transport workers resulting from Gold Mines Ltd. have been select- the transport of radioactive mate- ed. Health Physics rials was performed and a spectro- photometric mehod for free radical Healh physics surveillance was dosimery was developed. A phan- continued at various installation of tom was designed to measure the Electronics DAE. Special health physics sur- distribution of doses in skeleton, veillance was provided during lung, and soft tissue. The skeleton commissioning and operating pha- was simulated by aluminium cap- A project for interconnecting mini ses of Trombay Plutonium Plant sules and lung by cork. and microcomputers by a network and during decommissioning of for sharing programme, data and ZERLINA reactor. Radiation expo- costly peripherals has been started. Waste Management sure records for workers and en- Major developmental activities vironmental releases for all DAE were initiated on 8 and 16 bit units were compiled and stored in Waste Management facilities at micro systems, Network Commu- a micro-computer. A total of about Trombay, Kalpakkam, Tarapur and nication Controller, System Soft- 3000 radiation workers from Trom- Rajasthan were satisfactorily ope- ware and Networking Operating bay, RAPS, MAPS and UCIL were rated. Construction of the Waste System Software. An Intel 8086 monitored. The exposure levels in Management Facility for DHRUVA microprocessor based system has all the cases were well below the Microprocessor controlled scanning Auger Microprobe prescribed limits. The results of developed at BARC environmental survey at Tarapur, Kota and Kalpakkam indicate that radioactive contamination and radiation dose are much less than the maximum allowable limits. A safety code was released for the benefit of all employees of BARC. An IAEA research conract, on 'human nutrition' was completed. Under an IAEA project investigations were carried out on the role of sediments in accumulation and transport of radionuclides in waterways. A' system for in-vivo counting of uranium in workers was commissioned at NFC, Hyderabad. An-

2/ been completed. Considerable im- meter for findng the age of rocks control of various electron beam provements have been incorporat- and a new mass spectrometer for machines, the existing analogue ed in the PRIME and PDP compu- nitrogen-15 analysis, which is also versions of electronic control cir- ters. A number of electronic sys- useful in agricultural research, cuits are being modified to digital tems were completed and deliver- were developed. Facilities are be- mode. ed for Project DHRUVA. Three fis- ing set up for growing dielectric sion counters for FBTR and one and other types of crystals for A large ultra high vacuum system criticality monitor for plutonium lasers, laser devices and infrared has been designed for carrying Plant were fabricated and tested. detectors. Superconducting mag- out experiments on gravitation by A gamma level switch for Heavy nents for nuclear research were TIFR. Water Plant, Kota and a LPRM for made. Superconducting Wiggler TAPS were fabricated and tested. magnets for synchrotron radiation A neutron spectrometer of a novel A number of sophisticated elec- source are being designed. Stirling design has been designed and tronic devices for radiation moni- cycle cryogenerator for production fabricated. It will be installed at the toring, nuclear safeguards and of liquid nitrogen was developed. Spalfation Neutron . Source (SNS) medical applications are being A system with liquid methane at of the Rutherford Appleton Labo- made. 110° Kelvin was designed for the ratory, UK, in 1984. A neutron pola- cold neutron source at CIRUS re- risation analysis spectrometer de- actor. The Aluminising Plant for signed and built at BARC has Instrumentation vacuum coating of the 2.3 m dia- been installed at the Korean Ato- A microprocessor based Scanning meter mirror of the new telescope mic Energy Research Institute Auger Microprobe for nuclear at Kavalur Observatory, has been (KAERI), Seoul along with micro- material development programme commissioned. processor-based control and data was fabricated whch is being com- acquisition electronics. A laser beam welding machine missioned at RRC, Kalpakkam. A A new versatile electron beam was commissioned and is being soft X-ray appearance potential welding machine has been deve- utilised for special fabrication spectrometer for study of rare loped. A 6 KW, 150KV partial work. earths, is under development in vacuum welding machine was collaboration with Bombay IIT. A modified and used for various highly sensitive mass spectro- welds. To develop the computer Lasers A combustion plasma facility In operation at Trombay Basic design of a 4 beam 1 terra- watt laser was completed and fabrication of some of the subassemblies started. One oscillator was assembled and tested for performance. Theoretical study of un- stable travelling wave ring resona- tors was also completed and the results suggest methods of improving the' oscillator performance. Fabrication of two amplifiers is in . progress. A copper vapour laser was designed, fabricated and operated successfully. This laser was sucessfully used to pump a tunable

28 the knowhow transferred to Cen- national accelerator for basic and tral Electronics Ltd. An automatic applied research in nuclear and control system for a neutron spec- allied sciences. Better beams of trometer was designed. A 640 longer durations were delivered to channel window annunciator data the user groups including scientists logger for use in RAPS has been from universities and research built. An Intel 8086 based compu- centres. A major improvement on ter system is being designed for the cyclotron sub-systems was the NAPP. A Video Digitiser which commissioning Of the radiofre- can transmit a picture of A4 size quency system utilising a less ex- in about a minute using standard pensive oscillator tube. An addi- telephone lines has been deve- tional beam transport channel was BARC developed plasma cutting torch loped. ' commissioned for experiments and sophisticated beam optics for this dye laser and the frequency of the channel was developed. The ana- laser was stabilized. Experiments lysing magnet was installed and Variable Energy Cyclotron aligned in its proper location. The on laser produced plasma were Centre, Calcutta continued. cyclotron operation was stepped up to 96 hours per week on round- the-clock basis. The detector Reliability Evaluation The Variable Energy Cyclotron at laboratory has developed 4 mm Calcutta is emerging as the major thick silicon-lithium detectors.

Reliability Evaluation Laboratory continued to offer instruments testing and calibration services 39 Mtv alpha team (merging out in air. to industries and institutions mainly located in the western zone of India. A number of instruments of various kinds were tested according to various specifications.

Computer

The BESM-6 computer has been decommissioned and the Honey- well-400 computer is being phased out. The PDP 11/34 computer with attached three dimensional graphic system and the two PRIME 450 computers continued to be fully utilised. Four Norsk Data' 540 computers were received. A 96 channel microcomputer based PABX was developed, and

29 Nuclear Research Laboratory, installed in Trombay to detect seis- These are beng used for investiga- Srinagar mic tremors with sources in about tions on MHD phenomena. 100 kilometers. The rockburst monitoring system established at Ko- Beryllium Production An 80,000 curie Co-60 PANBIT lar Gold Field as a collaborative irradiator was installed and it is project with Bharat Gold Mines The Beryllium Metal Plant consist- being utilized for sterilization of considerably reduced false alarms ing of Beryllium Pilot Plant and medical products for hospitals and in the mining areas. Beryllium Machining Facility was for producing economically viable commissioned. During the trial ope- radiation-induced wood-plastics. MHD rations vacuum hot pressed beryl- Pollution studies of Dal Lake were lium blocks and copper beryllium carried out. The study shows that The Department of Science and alloys were produced for space human activity in and around the Technology has instituted a R & D and nuclear applications. lake have significantly altered the programme for coal-based MHD trace element profiles in the lake power plants. This programme is sediments. The geochemistry of being executed by BARC in colla- Centre for Advanced Kashmir is also being studied to boration with BHEL. An experi- Technology reconstruct the climatic history of mental MHD plant at a level of 5 the valley. MW thermal for developing scientific data and design capabilities for large plants is being set up at A Centre for Advanced Techno- High Alttiude Research Tiruchirapalli. It is expected that logy, being set up at Indore was Laboratory, Gulmarg the plant will be operational during inaugurated by the President on 1984. Two experimental rigs for February 19, 1984. The Centre The existence of several celes- studies on combustion plasmas will be developed to undertake tial gamma-ray sources was and seeded inert gas plasmas are research in frontier areas of high shown by data study. Separation operational at BARC, Bombay. energy accelerators, lasers and of the two types of radiations pro- fusion. A master plan for develop- duced by very high energy cosmic ment is underway. Some of the rays was also achieved. An atmos- Inside view of Beryllium Pilot Plant land has already been acquired. pheric Cerenkov telescope is being set up at Gulmarg to carry out surveys for galactic and extra- galatic sources of high-energy gamma rays in the northern he- Energy Utilisation Studies misphere. The telescope will be used for studying in detail several promising gamma-ray sources for Work on setting up a Multistage the first time in the country. Flash Desalination plant is in progress. The Desalination Experi- Seismology mental Facility (DEF) was operated to study the performance of The Gauribidanur Seismic Array various components. An electric- continued to monitor all seismic ally driven mini Reverse' Osmosis events resembling underground unit was demonstrated. Work on nuclear explosion. One indigen- the fabrication of 10 Cu. m/day ously fabricated seismometer was R.O. desalination plants to be sup-

30 plied to a few State Governments Reactor Research Centre, Control rod drive mechanisms is progressing. Kalpakkam (CRDMs) were received, air tested and are ready for installation. Pip- Fabrication of process equipment Research and development pro- ing work is in progress. Installa- and module components for the grammes at the Reactor Research tion and commissioning of control proposed pilot plant of 20 cu. m Centre, Kalpakkam are devoted to and instrumentation equipment is per hour hydrogen plant is in pro- the indigenous design, construc- progressing simultaneously. Leak gress. tion and operation of liquid metal- testing of the reactor containment cooled Fast Breeder Reactors The 1 tonne day pilot plant at building was carried out. Leak (LMFBRs). In addition to the Fast Trombay for production of ele- rate was found to be well within Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR), mental phosphorous was subject- the specified value. Core subas- which is in the final stagos of con- ed to a continuous month-long semblies have been installed in struction, work has been under- demonstration run for transfer of the reactor vessel. taken on the design and develop- phosphorous technology. ment of a Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) of 500 MWe cap- Work has commenced on the fab- acity. rication of the stainless steel clad Central Workshop Plutonium carbide-uranium carbide (PuC-UC) fuel pins for the first Central Workshop continued de- FBTR sign, development and fabrication core loading. Commercial grade sodium has been purified to reac- of special equipment arid mecha- All the components and equipment nical components required for for FBTR were received at site and tor grade for charging into the various units of DAE. most of them have been installed. secondary sodium circuit. Com- missioning of the auxiliary systems has been completed. Preparation Technology Transfer 40 MT Large rotating plug of the reactor of commissioning procedures and vessel ol FBTR. training of personnel is in progress. The overall physical progress of the project, is about 97.5 per cent A Technology Transfer Cell has and first criticality is planned for been set up for the transfer of all the end of 1984. the technological knowhow from BARC to outside agencies for com- 500 MW Prototype FBR mercial exploitation. The Working Group constituted by The technologies transferred were. the Department for preparation of (1) Low Carbon Ferro Alloys, (2) the preliminary design and feasi- Osmotic Dehydration of Fruits, (3) bility reports for PFBR has recom- Microprocessor Based PABX/PAX, mended a 500 MWe sodium-cooled (4) Automatic Fraction Collectors fast breeder reactor to be set up and (5) Surface Area Measuring before the year 2000. Preliminary Apparatus. design of the nuclear steam supply system of the prototype reac- BARC patent on refractory grade tor has been completed. Ths de- carbon blocks was asigned to two sign of the main components and agencies iayout has been made and preliminary cost estimates, project

31 schedule and details of infrastruc- their satisfactory performance. luation of candidate materials for ture requirements, and links with One is undergoing tests in sodium, PFBR made significant progress other projects have been worked simulating the reactor conditions. during the year. Valuable insight out. The R & D requirements for Rupture discs required for the has been gained into the behaviour the PFBR have been assessed. steam generator circuit were of structures of 304 stainless steel Technology development for this manufactured and delivered to welded by manual metal arc, by large reactor will be completed FBTR Construction Group. The comparing the fatigue lives. Frac- with the participation of Indian liquid metal seal for the large ro- ture studies of austenitic stainless steel aged at different combina- industry. tating plug for FBTR was fabri- tions of time and temperature sho- cated. The seal consists of wed the advantages of using pre- Reactor Engineering Laboratory two stainless steel tube, one in- cracked specimens for charpy im- side the other containing low mel- for Sodium Technology pact testing vis-a-vis conventional ting eutectic of tin-bismuth. Ex- charpy impact testing. Corrosion The Reactor Engineering Labora- tensive trials were carried out for studies conducted on the pitting tory was established to un- effective tinning and the seals resistance of type 316 stainless dertake development of sodium were successfully tested with he- steel weld metal aged at high tem- technology and testing of com- lium under vacuum. peratures have shown the benefi- ponents and instruments of FBTR cial effect of nitrogen addition in and PFBR. About 100 tonnes of the weld metal. An ultrasound commercial grade sodium for Metallurgy beam equipment was designed and FBTR was. procured from indi- fabricated for applications such as genous sources. • This sodium The programme of base line data precise thickness and residual was treated and purified upto oxy- generation and characterisation of stress measurements. Design of gen content less than 2 ppm. materials for fuel cladding and a shielded cast for transportation Two CRDMs were tested for components of FBTR and the eva- of irradiated subassemblies from FBTR storage bay to the Radio- metallurgy Laboratory, through an . underground trench, was also been FiMHJng maclilna completed.

Radiochemistry

The Radiochemistry Laboratory was commissioned for radioactivity work and chemical studies with Plutonium have commenced. The. inert gas recirculatiorP system for providing high purity environment in the hot cells is under fabrication. With a view to understanding the phenomenon of third phase formation during the extraction of Plutonium in reprocessing plants,, studies are being carried out to establish the critical concentrations above which this happens.

32 Precision in the isotopic analysis of boron has been enhanced considerably by means of a new procedure. For monitoring hydrogen in liquid sodium, two on-line meters were designed and tested. These and the oxygen and carbon meters developed earlier are being subjected to long term tests in sodium loops.

Fuel Reprocessing Laboratory This Laboratory has been engaged in the development of equipment, process instrumentation and special hot-cell techniques for reprocessing fast reactor fuels. The chemical laboratory was commissioned for handling active material, for the development of heavy metal dissolution, separation of Plutonium and uranium etc. The concrete cells were commissioned for operations initially with uranium, under conditions simulating those for reprocessing of irradiated fuel. Two new types of solvent contractors-horizontal baffle and multi-pulsed column, were developed. A bank of cen- trifugal contactors was also fabricated.

Computer models were developed Sodium heated steam generator for FBTR. for extraction and stripping flow sheets for uranium-plutonium sys- primary sodium were studied using designed and installed at some of tems. Laboratory studies on direct sodium spiked with radioiodim. the units of the Department. Eva- dissolution of uranium mono- Laboratory scale experiments for luation of the interface effects in carbide followed by oxidation of the benign digestion of sodium in Shield-tissue systems was also organic acid so formed have given waste matrix were successfully done and based on this study encouraging results. completed. In the area of fuel modification of the current radia- coolant interactions, techniques tion standards has been proposed. Safety Research for melting UO2 under sodium A non-destructive method of es- were developed. Non-invassive timating water content in concrete Release characteristics of fission accurate liquid level monitors us- was developed. A detailed product iodine in fires involving ing ultrasonic techniques were analysis of the data generated 33 1-1

.* . -"«/ #..- 1. Madras Atomic Power Station-1 with switchyard 4. 2. Heavy water plant, Kota 3. Uranium metal ingots 4. Centreless grinding of thorium oxide pellets

5. Fast Breeder Test Reactor, Kalpakkam Inset: lowering of reactor vessel 100 MW thermal research reactor DHRUVA with control room 1. UHV compatible components daveloped at BARC 2. BARC developed alumintsing plant at Kovalur 3. Moong pulse mutant developed at BA.RC in the studies on the use of rare jects was undertaken. Project re- Mathematics earth oxides in concrete reactor ports were prepared for the con- shields was carried out to com- trol and instrumentation systems In the School of Mathematics, plete the IAEA research contract for Neutron Source Reactor at work was continued in the tradi- work. A state-of-the-art review Kalpakkam, computerisation of in- tional areas of algebra, algebraic was carried out on fission product strumentation for heavy water geometry, lie groups, number release and transport following plants and noise analysis and ul- theory, geometry and topology, loss of coolant accidents in water trasonic monitoring systems. analysis and combinatorics. Con- reactors. A microcomputer based tributions resulting from an in- simulator is being built for train- Work on KARP commenced depth study of some of Srinivasa ing the staff for handling any emer- Ramanujan's work and of Euler gency involving the release of Construction work on the Kalpak- were made during the year. radioactivity to the environment kam Reprocessing Plant (KARP) from nuclear facilities. commenced during the year. Ar- Theoretical Studies chitectural and structural design1 for the major facilities of this pro- The School of Physics has both Materials Science ject has begun. theoretical and experimental groups.' In the Theoretical Physics Tata institute of Group, research activities in a Research on materials of relevance wide spectrum of topics in high to the fast reactor programme were Fundamental Research energy physics, condensed mat- continued . Experimental investi- ter and statistical' physics, and gations of the behaviour of hydro- The core activity of TIFR is the nuclear physics are carried out. gen and helium in metals and sur- fundamental research in mathe- As in other laboratories over the face irradiation damage to mate- matics, astrophysics and other world, this group in TIFR is deeply rials were made. A thermal desor- basic sciences. The Institute has engaged on the 'topic of the de- ption spectrometer has been fab- also been engaged in the research ricated for detailed studies of the and development in the advanced cade' — the Grand Unification release of helium from metal sur- areas of electronics, computer theories and the related topics of faces and near-surface regions. and material science. In" these baryon number violation, charge Super-conductivity of europium areas projects of national relevance non-conservation, quantum chro- molybdenum sulphide was investi- are undertaken. National Centre mo-dynamics, evaporation of mes- gated under high pressures and for Software Development and ons from quark-gluon plasma etc. down to very low temperatures. A Computing Techniques (NCSDCT), There have been studies under helium-cadmium laser for light the Homi Bhabha Centre for Sci- low-temperature physics, phase scattering studies was made and ence Education (HBCSE) and the transitions, physics of semiconduc- commissioned. The fabrication Basic Dental Research Project are tors, surface physics, percolation and assembly of a 2 MV tandem some other activities of TIFR. Re- theory and strongly coupled elec- accelerator and a 400 K»V heavy search is also carried out under tron lattice systems. Elementary ion implementation facility are in the aegis of the Institute at Radio excitations in Peierls Systems and progress. Astronomy Centre and Cosmic Ray Directed Percolation and Animal Laboratory, Ootacamund, the un- Problems have been the topics of derground laboratory KGF, the considerable current interest in Instrumentation Balloon Facility, Hyderabad and the group. In addition to developing specific Applications of Mathematics and Radio Astronomy Centre, Banga- instruments, design of complete The interests of the Theoretical lore. instrument systems for various pro- Astrophysics Group range from

34 cometary and planetary physics to has been built at the KGF. The solar physics, stellar evolution, array wili be operated in conjunc- pulsar instabilities, hydro-dyna- tion with large area detectors at a mics of supernova collapse, accre- depth of about 1200 metres. tion disks, quasars and quantum The Ultra High Energy Gamma cosmology. The discovery of the Ray telescope operating through millisecond pulsar PSR 1937-214 the detection of night air ceren- has prompted several theoretical kov radiation at Ooty, revealed investigations. As a logical con- she extremely interesting possibi- sequence of the gravitation lens lity of existence of micro-bursts and screen concepts, the noval lasting a few milliseconds, in the suggestion has been made that the pulsed gamma ray emission of the abnormal optical brightness as Crab Nebula. Institute's Gamma well as the apparent superluminal Flight modal of cosmic ray iMtamwnt Ray Astronomy Group has a joint separation of VIBI radio com- Anuradha lor space shuttlt — ipaci collaborative experiment with two ponents of the quasar 3C273 are lab 3 mission of NASA. laboratories in Moscow, USSR, due to an intervening massive but namely Lebedev Institute of Phy- faint galaxy. blems in elementary particle physics and Moscow Physical Engi- sics, high energy physics, cosmic neering Institute. The experi- rays and high energy astrophysics. Experimental Physics Groups ments were conductsd by balloon The proton decay experiment at flights. the Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) which The Bubble Chamber Group has is one of the crucial experiments continued studies on hadronically for the test of the unification theo- As part of the continued study of produced charm particles using ries was continued. Plans for a the spatial and spectral distribution the facilities available at the CERN much larger scate second phase of diffuse cosmic soft X-ray back- accelerators. experiment with improved resolu- ground, a thin window proportion have been finalised and a tional counter soft X-ray telescope There is an attempt to search for new underground laboratory at a was launched on a Rohini 560 new particles suspected to exist depth of about 2300 metres in the rocket from the Sriharikota com- by a member of the Group. A same mines is under construction. plex on August 11, 1982. This cosmic ray experiment in collabo- The KGF air shower experiment rocket flight has been extremely ration with the University of Guja- in which a large air shower array successful and the data, under rat is being planned towards this is operated at the surface of the analysis, will provide very valuable purpose to be carried out at mine in conjunction with the detec- information on several aspects of Ahmedabad. tors at different depths under- the diffuse soft X-ray background ground and which has been in in regions not covered in the ear- Good progress has been achieved operation for almost a decade now, lier flights. The Guest Observer in Space Shuttle Spacelab cosmic has revealed an interesting trend programme offered by NASA on ray experiment by the Institute's in the behaviours of ultra high the Einstein X-ray Obse-^tory, Cosmic Ray and Solar Physic* energy subatomic pf 'tides muons has been efficiently used for high Group. A system for Spacelab in air showers. As a follow-up of spectral resolution observations on Data Acquisition is being develop- this experiment and to extend the RSCV n binary sigma CrB enab- ed. observations to higher energies, a ling for the first time the precise new larger scale air shower array measurement of its coronal tem- The High Energy Cosmic Ray has been installed surrounding perature to be 6.3 million Kelvin. Group addresses itself to the pro- the new surface laboratory that A new AM Her binary H2003

35 225 (period : 3 h 42 m) was discove- metre wave band. Interplanetary and radicals of astrophysical im- red. A long-term periodicity of scintillation technique was used portance. 300 days has been suggested in to study the detailed structure of the X-ray emission from the black sources picked up from the Ooty The Group is entrusted with the hole candidate Cyg X-1. As a Occultation lists. Nine new pul- responsibility of setting up the sequel to the 75 cm Infrared Tel- sars in the fields of supernova beam lines for the pellestron acce- escope which was successfully remnants were discovered and the lerator. A beam bunching system flown from Hyderabad, a new one possible relations between pulsars is also being developed. metre aperture infrared telescope and supernova remnants are be- The Nuclear Spectroscopy Group has been developed. Optical ing studied. A declination scan- is also associated with the setting counterparts of 85 of the 88 'unid- ning technique has been develop- up the Pellestron Project. The entified' sources of the Equatorial ed to map extended fields 2° x 2°, superconducting Linac is being Infrared Catalogue Number 1 with the Ooty Synthesis Radio developed in the Group. (EIC-1) were identified and their Telescope (OSRT) which has P and R magnitudes estimated. started operating fully upto 1.2 km. base line. The on-line com- The helium (3)-helium (4) dilution In addition 19 of the yet unidenti- refrigerator is fully operations.. It fied 75 EIC-1 sources were identi- puter PDP 11/24 for the OSRT has also been commissioned. is now routinely used for magne- fied with sources in the BD cata- tic measurements down to 22 mk. logue. Entirely new phenomena of the One of the successes of Nuclear competition between valence fluc- A fast survey of relatively strong Reactions Group has been the tuations and magnetic ordering radio sources was carried out discovery of a new channel for and their possible coexistence during the year with the Ooty observing resonances associated have been demonstrated for Radio Telescope in a region of with inner shell excitations in mol- the first time in tin doped the sky which was not covered ecules paving the way to the study compound. EuPdaSi2 which has earlier by other observers in the of hitherto inaccessible molecules profounfl implications in the basic understanding of the valence 100 cm far infrared balloon borne telescope ready for launch fluctuations in rare-earths. A new .class of magnetic substances comprising of rubidium, iron and silicon/boron has been discovered whose properties defy conventional explanation in terms of existing theories of magnetism.

In the Solid State Physics Group study of rare earth compounds has led to important results on valence fluctuating systems. Ad- dition of small sized atoms such as boron and silicon was found to cause very interesting changes in the valence of europium in compound EuPd.-i and gave rise to charge ordering at low temperatures.

36 A peculiar oscillation in ultraso- me has been proposed. have been initiated to extend the nic attenuation as a function of utility of such equipment for radio- temperature has been observed The Hydrology Group has set up graphic medical (cancer) therapy. The computer network experiment in ferroelectric compound KH«Po4. a station at Thural thermal spring Such an oscillation has not been for measuring radon with a view (COMNEX) conducted by the reported earlier. An arc furnace to test its usefulness fpr predicting NCSDCT in collaboration with the with splat cooling was set up. It earthquakes. Space Applications Centre, Ah- was used to produce mate- medabad and Telecommunications rials in amorphous form. A high In the area of Speech and Digital Research Centre, New Delhi has pressure hydrogen gas reactor Systems research, results publi- succeeded in setting up a packet was set up to form and study met- shed this year vindicate the broadcasting network connecting alhydrogen systems. Hydrogen speech recognition strategy pro- earth stations in Ahmedabad, absorption was observed in che- posed by this laboratory earlier. Bombay and Delhi. New algori- mical LaNi,- and some other test A number of experiments aimed thms were developed in the gra- samples. A micro-processor has at a better understanding of the phics and VLSI design areas. been developed with necessary parameters relevant for recogni- hardware and software to operate tion of various types of speech A suitable site for carrying out in conjunction with the Mossbauer sounds were successfully tried out. ultrasensitive experiments on multichannel analyser to speed up Very large digital systems deve- some aspects of the gravitational data processing on the central loped by the laboratory for elec- force, has been located in the vici- computer installation. The sub- tronic switching and air traffic nity of the Gauribidanur Seismic micron YIG microstructure has. control type of applications, were Array of BARC in Karnataka. The been synthesised. A major ac- accepted for field use. These are design of the vibration-free deep hievement has been in the suc- now under commercial produc- well laboratory and instrumenta- cessful preparation of co-enzyme- tions. tion for the experiment are in pro- coated graphite electrodes. These gress. electrodes have excellent electrochemical properties and appear The Solid State Electronics Group The search for anti-particles promising for use as anodes in works in the areas of silicon de- among the primary cosmic rays biochemical fuel cells. vices, device materials, amorphous using nuclear emulsions flown to semiconductors and Group Ill-V high altitudes has led to the detec- compounds. A high power (20 tion of four cases of anti-protons Considerable progress has been watts), argon ion laser was pro- and one possible example of an made towards setting up the 500 cured, installed and made functio- anti-titron nucleus. MHz FT NMR National Facility at nal for laser annealing experi- the Institute. The Molecular Bio- ments. Studies are being made to Saha Institute of Nuclear logy Group has shown that in the selectively recrystalltse polysilicon fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, layers to fabricate devices on Physics acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme amorphous substracts. The state- The research activities of the critically important in neural func- of-the-art technology for the con- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics tion has a tetrameric hydrophobic structions of linear microwave span several disciplines. The In- structure In its membrane bound electron tubes has been developed stitute has in addition a post focm in the brain. A new model by the Microwave Engineering M.Sc. teaching and training pro- of regulation in brain hexokinase Group of the Institute, and used grammme. It also provides re- capable of explaining disparate for building a 4 MeV linear acce- search facilities to a large number observations on the kinetic and lerator for radiographic non-des- of students leading towards their regulatory properties of this enzy- tructive test applications. Studies Ph.D. degrees^ ! 37 Experimental Nuclear Physics installed for carrying on resear- tural phase-transitions in manga- ches with neutrons. nese and zinc fluotitanate hexa- The decay schemes of rhodium hydrate systems was studied by (99) and rhodium (100m) produ- means of Raman scattering. Moss- Atomic, Molecular and Solid State ced by trie proton beam of the bauer technique was used to in- Physics SINP cyclotron were studied. The vestigate charge transfer proces- electron capture decays of two The experimental activities of this ses in inorganic layered cyanides naturally occuring radioactive iso- group were centered around an and in intercalated ferrocene. topes lanthanum (138) and tellu- isotope separator, two mass- Characteristic absorption bands rium (123) were also measured : spectrometers (secondary ion and in the ultra violet and visible re accurately with a high-resolution inhomogeneous), a 300 KV ion gions were observed and the dif- HPGe X-ray detector. analyser, facilities for NMR study, fused reflectance spectra of clay X-band spectrometer for ESR stu- complex and sintered oxides are On-line and off-line experiments dies developed in SINP, Moss- being studied. Microwave spec- were carried out using the alpha- bauer spectroscope, spectroscopy trum of Cis 2-fluorophenol was particle beam of the VEC. Elastic in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible observed and analysed in parti- and inelastic scattering of 30 MeV region, microwave spectroscopy cular frequency range and state. alpha particles were studied on and cryogenic facilities. Similar study for 'Cis 3-fluorophe- carbon (12), magnesium (24), nonol has been completed. silicon (28), tellurium (130) and An ultra high vacuum system was gold (197). In-beam gamjrna-spec- The Molecular and Solid State troscopic studies were made on attached to the collision chamber of the secondary ion mass spec- Physics Group comprises a strong enriched zinc (64) and gold (197). team of theoreticians concentra- Life-time measurements of cobalt trometer and the variation of alu- 8 ting on various aspects of many- (57) and iron (57) were also made. minium ions at nearly 10" torr pressure under fast cadmium ion body theory, phase-transitions, The alpha-beam time-structure of surface properties , magnetism VEC has been improved. bombardment was studied. Tem- perature dependence of the sput etc. tering yield of gallium arsenide, The positron annihilation techni- the angular distribution of sput- The gauge variational method was que was used to study the annea- tered silver atoms during ion bom- extented upto the fourth order to ling behaviour of defects produ- bardment and the morphology of calculate the diamagnetic sus- ced by bombardment of 30 MeV sputtered surfaces were investiga- ceptibility of carbondioxide mole- alpha particles from VEC in mo- ted. The fast ion beam from the cule. The homogeneous broaden- lybdenum and nickel specimens mass separator was used in these ing of NMR line was calculated. and by neutrons in molybdenum. studies. The inhomogeneous mass- Renormalisation group and extra- Developmental work carried out spectrometer was used to study polation results of exact simula- by the Experimental Nuclear Phy- atomic collision in gases. The 300 tion were used to solve a direct- sics group comprised preliminary KV ion analyser is presently being ed self-avoiding walk (SAW) mo- design and fabrication of a linear installed. The 30 MeV alpha-beam del of linear polymers in external induction accelerator, a high- from the VEC was used to bom- field containing monomers having voltage static inverter of 3.4 KW, bard tantalum foil for radiation dipole moments. For magnetic a multiwire proportional, counter, effect studies. polymers a new nearest neigh- flow-type gas counter systems bour interacting Ising model on a and gas jet transport system for Paramagnetic triplet state in para- SAW lattice was treated by the very short lived activities. A new nitroacetophenone molecufe was Monte Carlo method and by an electrostatic generator is being detected by ESR studies. Struc- approximate theory. A scaling

38 theory and a computer simula- In another study the deformation used as an effective inorganic ion tion programme were also deve- in the DNA double helix due to exchanger for the separation of loped for the study of fracture superhelicity was shown to be zircqnium (95)-nipbium(95), U-UX properties. confined in a specific region etc. Organic ion exchangers were having the lowest temperature also utilised in the separation of Magnetic properties of planar (2D) in a number of different DNA various oxidation states of sulphur. ferromagnet and antiferromagnet molecules. A polymer based photosensitizer were studied by the correlated system, which may have potential effective field theory including the The role of poly (ADP-ribose) application in solar energy con- ' effects of crystal field anisotropy. polymerase in the repair of MNN- version, is being developed and Antiferromagnet was better expla- G induced damages in DNA was the effect of clays on suitable ined whereas for • ferromagnets studied. Existence of irreducible photoinduced electron transfer random phase approximation pro- error-prone repair in ultraviolet processes is under investigation. duced good results close to the irradiated V-79 cells was confirm- critical temperature. Also one- ed from the mutation and cellu- dimensional Ising model in the lar studies and under X-irradiation Instrumentation presence of crystal field was ex- an error-probf fast repair activity, actly solved for any spin. Its was identified. An all solid-state frequency stan- agreement with experimental re- dard was developed. It utili- sults was found to be excellent. 18.6 MeV alpha particles from VEC ses a new technique of charge- were used in bombarding a va- drive in a series of multi-pliers to cuum dried thin lipid film. Various Bioscience generate in few stages several quantitative effects were studied. hundred milliwatts at 50 and 500 X-ray structure and conformation MHz from a 5 MHz standard. The Plasma Physics nal analyses of adrenergic drug method of charge-drive utilised molecules and their derivatives to generate narrow well defined During the year a hot plasma pro- were also carried out with a view fractional sine wave of collector ject using a toroidal tokamak to understanding the mechanism current needed for efficient high device was approved by the Coun- of drug action at molecular level. order frequency multiplication in cil of the Institute. The machine In the study of electronic and VHF/UHF band was analysed. parameters are .now being finali- conformational aspects.of biolo- This method was shown to be sed in consultation with an interna- , gically active compounds the equally applicable to highly effi- tional company. complete conformational analysis cient class-C amplifier operation. of several GABA-inhibitors was To obtain prior experience in dia- performed. An interesting non- gnostics of hot plasma a small A new phase-correcting system • collagenous component with a linear machine has been designed which remarkably reduces the high tyrosine content has been for fabrication by the SINP Group. VCO phase-noise over the entire purified. Its role in fibrillogenesis oscillator feedback loop-band- of collagen is being studied. Nuclear Chemistry width with respect to the clean reference was developed. In In radiochemisry, ion-exchange contract to the conventional sys In the studies on DNA structure and solvent extraction techniques tern, it allows much wider loop- and function, rates have been were used to devise simple bandwidth without sacrificing the worked out for branch migration methods of separation in diffi- advantage of low settling time. A of DNA-strands. cult systems of interest. Titanium beam' current integrator has also phosphate was synthesized and been developed and tested for 39 satisfactory performance. tions, intermediate-energy physics, 1983. It will provide facilities to high-energy and elementary parti- monitor patients in the post ope- An interfacing net work was deve- cle physics, physics of macromo- rative intensive care unit particu- loped to route the detector signals lecules, statistical physics, plasma larly the complications associated located in the scattering chamber physics and general physics and with cardio-vascular system. A in VECC to the proper ADC's quantum mechanics. Detailed in- very large comprehensive Critical which are used in the PDP-11 vestigations were carried out on Care Unit is now being organised based data acquisition system. the topics of fundamental nature which will become operational by such as the meqhanism responsi- the end of 1984. A three transistor limiter circuit ble for nuclear reactions involving was developed to shape scien- transfer of light particles and hea- New methodology in cancer treat- tillation counter pulses to a vy ions with or without statistical ment is being tried in various square shape having 2 nanose- annihilation, quark-antiquark in types of cancers particularly cond rise and fall times and a perturbative QCD, solvable field blood cancer. At the Centre was flat top which makes possible the theoretic models etc. The Group . also successfully conducted the attainment of a fast coincidence expects to complete some of its country's first bone marrow trans- resolving time of 0.6 nonoseconds investigations very soon. plantation in a nine year old girl without taking recourse to pulse- with an acute myeloid (white blood height and/or rise-time compen- cell) leukaemia in remission. This sation. Tata Memorial Centre has opened up a new chapter in the treatment of leukaemias in A single photon source was also During the year the Tata Memorial India. A Bone Marrow Transplant developed and the singlephoton Centre, comprising of Tata Memo- Centre is going to be commission- detection characteristics of pho- rial Hospital and Cancer Research ed shortly. tomultiphers have been studied in Institute, continued its activities details. in the areas of diagnosis, treat- Controlled clinical trials in acute ment and research in cancer, em- A control circuit for the hot cathode lymphatic leukaemia, acute and barked upon newer methods of chronic myeloid leukaemias are ionisation gauge type RCA 1949 treatment by performing the coun- or equivalent Bayard-Alpert type under way and the preliminary re- try"s first successful bone marrow sults are encouraging. has been developed for measure- transplantation, intensified train- ment of high vacuum down to ing and educational activities, es- Breast preservation in cancer in millionth of atmospheric pressure. tablished and consolidated a rural selected patients by sophisticated A 20 volt peak to peak highly base and augmented basic rese- surgical and radiation techniques linear ramp generator having arch activities. has been successfully carried but. variable slope up time and variab- Combination of various modalities le amplitude has been develop- Tata Memorial Hospital ot treatment such as surgery, ra- ed with linear integrated circuits diation and chemotherapy in the for use in the microwave spectro- _Over 10,000 new cancer patients treatment of cancer particularly in scopy laboratory. were registered and about 15,500 testicular cancer, bone and ad- surgical, 26,000 pathology and vanced breast cancers have im- Theoretical Physics 65,000 radiology procedures were proved the. results. carried out. The Pain Clinic, The Theoretical Physics Group commissioned during the year, A Tumour Marker Laboratory esta-. has an extended activity covering will take care of patients receiving blished in 1982,

40 Investigations are being carried out to determine immunological status of oral cancer patients using sophisticated techniques. To- bacco, the main ingredient of che- wing pan, was shown to contain nitrosamines which are potent car- cinogens. It was also found that chilly, under certain conditions, may promote the induction of liver tumours by known carcino- gens. The peripheral blood T- lymphocytes of Hodgkin's patients were found to be incapable of undergonig clonal proliferation in response to PHA which is a mito- gen. It was shown that clonal expansion of the cells is dependent on the availability of T-cell growth factor — lnterleukin-2 (IL2).

Studies conducted at the Institute Bone marrow transplant patient receiving sterile food. revealed that T-cells, which play a dominant role in induction of im- to treatment. The laboratory also The Centre has been recognised mune response, are not a homo- engaged on clinical research and as an advanced post-graduate genous population but consist of in due course will produce mono- teaching complex. sub-sets of cells having different clonal antibodies specific for diffe- functions. The overall immune rent cancers. Steriod receptor Cancer Research Institute response depends on the relative studies in breast and other can- number of these cells, particularly cers were initiated. The Cancer Research Institute has the suppressors and helpers. been focusing attention on can- Studies are underway to find out A community rural cancer diag- cers which are associated with if the protein (M. W. 37K) could be nostic scheme, initiated last year life style. Preliminary studies un- used as a biological marker to dia- in Barsi, Solapur district of Maha- dertaken have shown a high inci- gnose leukaemia. rashtra continued its activities in dence of cancer of the upper yas- conducting rural camps. Efforts tro-intestinal tract in blue collar The Institute has been working on for early diagnosis have thus been workers as compared to white cell membrane differences in nor- extended in an organised way to collar workers and the possible mal and leukaemic cells using the rural areas. association being excessive tobac- con-A, a plant lectin which binds co usage among blue collar wor- to cells at a specific binding site Tata Memorial Hospital conducted kers. Experiments are underway (receptor). Studies are underway a continued training programme in to reduce the tar nicotine content to investigate the role of different various disciplines in oncology ex- of bidi smoking. Preliminary field con-A binding proteins in the tending over a period of six mon- trials with filter bidis indicated phagocytic function of the cell. ths. good response and acceptability. Binding of drugs to plasma protein

41 is known to modulate their phar- non-invasive technique to diagnose during the last one year. It will maco-kinetics and efficacy. Plas- early cancers.in the body. The facilitate research on cellular ma protein patterns are subjected Institute has been working on its growth and differentiation. to tremendous variations in Indian geological basis. population due to widespread mal- During the period, the Institute es- nutrition and infections. Using Drug resistance, acquired or natu- tablished the Hybrjdoma La- radiolabelled drugs and electro- ral, is a major problem in cancer boratory to prepare highly phoresis of plasma proteins, it was chemotherapy. Its mechanism is specific monoclonal antibo- shown that bleomycin, a popular yet very poorly understood. The dies. So far 100 clones have been anti-cancer drug, shows higher Institute has undertaken to study prepared against leukaemic cells binding to gamma-globulins (a these problems with reference to (myeloblast). Four clones are normal plasma constitutent). When adriamycin and bouverdin drugs producing antibodies that exhibit covalently bound to gamma-glo- which are used in the treatment of considerable specificity against bulin and injected in laboratory cancer. Further bone marrow de- myeloblast. It is being exchanged animals, the drug showed prefe- pression has been the outcome of with other international groups rential localisation in the lungs. aggressive chemotherapy. The working in the field. Further stu- This observation may provide experiments are .underway to tac- dies on anti-leprosy vaccine have some explanation for the lung toxi- kle this problem by performing au- been promising. The vaccine has city of the drug usually manifested tologus bone marrow transplant. produced persistent enhancement in the form of interstitial fibrosis. The methodology has been work- in the protective immunity in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ed out. Bone marrow cell lines of patients as well as healthy suscep- (NMR) has become an important the myeloid has been developed tible subjects.

42 IRE attained a record turnover of Rs. 16.47 crores and earned foreign exchange worth Rs. 2.92 crores; work on OSCOMproject is in advanced stage; UCIL earned a profit of Rs. 38.07 lakhs before tax adjustment; a record production of uranium Public Sector concentrator achieved; Uranium Recovery Plant at Rakha Commissioned; ECIL net- Undertakings ted a profit of Rs. 2.13 crores; steady progress maintained in major thrust areas.

Indian Rare Earths Ltd. Production is in progress. Work on communications and other systems in an On the production front, the Com- integrated manner is in progress. pany was faced with the severe Slippage in delivery schedules by During the financial year ending problems of high salinity of water fabrication contractors has affec- on March 31, 1983 the Com- and unprecedented power cuts in ted the schedule. Nevertheless, pany attained a record sales the states of Kerala and Tamil steps are being taken at various turnover of Rs. 16.47 crores which Nadu leading to the' closure of the levejs to expedite the completion exceeded the previous year's factories when 100 per cent cut of the project. turnover by Rs.,2.92 crores repre- was enforced. However, the value senting an increase of 21.5 per of production of the products pro- cent. Profit after tax amounted duced by trie Company was higher Research and Development to Rs. 1.39 crores. The Company than the previous year's figures. Activities has also attained record foreign Despite severe constraints, the exchange earnings of Rs. 9.48 capacity utilisation of Rare Earths Research and development activi- crores- a 34 per cent increase, as Division was 77.1 per cent and ties have centred-on diversification compared to the previous year's Minerals Division 73.2 per cent. in the Rare Earths Division and figure of Rs. 6.25 crores. This per- efforts are also being made in the Orissa Sands Complex (OSCOM) formance of the Company is parti- Minerals Division, especially in Project cularly significant in the context of developing zirconium derivatives. various constraints such as severe Some efforts have already been and prolonged power-cuts, decli- Construction work on the project ning quality of raw sand due to is in its advanced phase. Work natural causes and water salinity on the floating of Dredge & Wet made to diversify the product problems. The Company has been Concentrator is completed. The range on a small scale by produc- consistently paying dividends to Dredge Plant has been commis- ing compounds of individual rare the Government for the last tw.o sioned and trial runs are in pro- earths, zirconium chemicals and decades. The dividend paid dur- gress. Similarly most of the civil zircon based products. The Com- ing the year 1982-H3 was Rs. works have been completed and pany has launched schemes to go 15.88 lakhs. erection of plant and machinery in for large scale diversification in

43 the field of separation of high Future Plans and Outlook ration plants at Chavara and Mana- value rare elements from mixed valakurichi has been a cause of rare earths, which is an area of The over-all outlook for the com- concern. potentially great significance to ing year is encouraging as de- the Company. Research and de- mands for Company's major pro- velopment efforts are also conducts like ilmenite and rare earths Uranium Corporation of centrated on cost reduction mea- chloride in the export market is India Ltd. sures and saving in fuel cost by firming up. Demand for the Com- using low sulphur heavy stock oil pany's products (tri-sodium phos- Financial Performance instead of furnace oil. phate, rutile and zircon) is also steady in the domestic market. The income of the Company in- The wet circuit at Chavara Plant creased to Rs. 10.47 crores in is expected to improve the reco- 1982-83 from Rs. 9.63 crores in very of minerals such as rutile and 1981-82. Profits for the year be- zircon. Raw sand availability in fore adjustment was Rs. 38.07 the long term for the mineral sepa- lakhs. The Corporation's contri- bution to the exchequer is approximately Rs. 57.47 lakhs on ac- count of taxes and duties etc.

Production Performance

Production of uranium concentrate during the year 1982-83 was highest since the commencement of operations in 1968. The overall capacity utilisation in terms of production of uranium concentrate has been 97.7 per cent and the amount of ore mined and processed was higher than the previous year. The grade of ore mined also improved. The capacity utilisation of the mine was 83.4 per cent and that of the mill in terms of ore processed was 88.1 per cent. Comparable figures for the previous year were 82.4 per cent and 85.7 per cent respectively. Uranium mineral concentrate produced at the Surda Uranium Re- covery Plant was 27.5 per cent more than that of the previous year and production from the Rakha Uranium Recovery Plant which commenced from February 1983

44 to FBTR, NFC, BARC and AMD. During the year 1983-84 the Cor- poration propose to supply instrumentation and systems worth Rs. 2.72 crores for nuclear power projects and other atomic energy programmes. For MAPP Kalpakkam the Corporation indigenously designed, manufactured and supplied the complete Instrumentation and control systems. Conforming to Concentrating table in operation at Uranium Recovery Plant at Hokha. stringent international standards, these systems play a crucial role in various reactor functions. and from the piiot plant at Mosa- Facilities for continuous ion- boni was more than double. Pro- exchange studies were created in For the FBTR some of the supp- duction of magnetite as by-product the R & D laboratory with a view lies made so far include instru- increased by about 50 per cent as- to take up investigations on ores mentation systems for steam gene- compared to the previous year. from new projects. ration, sodium leak detection as The production of molybdenum well as primary and secondary concentrate was almost the same Elsctronics Corporation of process instrumentation. as that of previous year while that of copper concentrate was less India Ltd. Large Computer System-332, Mini mainly due to lower feed grade. Computer Systerns-316 and 8-bit Production and income for the Micro Computer Systems were Expansion Programme year 1982-83 reached Rs. 60.47 supplied to NFC, BARC, PPED crores and Rs. 58.25 crores res- and AMD. Uranium Recovery Plant from cop- pectively. The Corporation earn- per tailings of Rakha Copper Pro- ed a net profit of Rs. 2.13 crores. Steady progress in major thrust ject of Hindustan Copper Ltd. was The working results of the Corpo- areas was maintained by ECIL commissioned for production in ration for* the year 1983-84 in the during 1982-83. The production February 1983. The project re- areas of production, income and of System-332, the most powerful port on setting up Uranium Reco- net profit are expected to be Indian built computer, has stabili- very Plant adjacent to the copper Rs. 73.35 crores, Rs. 75.01 crores sed. Several orders for System- concentrator of Hindustan Copper and RS...2.34 crores respectively 332 were received and more are Limited at Mosaboni has been inspite of more than 20 percent in- in the pipeline. finalised. The work at Bhatin crease in wages of all employees. Mines Project has been progres- The Corporation made good pro- sing satisfactorily and is expected gress in computer based control to be completed in about 3 years. Participation in Atomic Energy and communication systems such The detailed project report for Programmes as Data Acquisition System, Tele- Narwapahar and Turamdih pro- metry and Telesupervisory Sys- jects is expected to be ready dur- During 1982-83 the ECIL supplied tems, Store and Forward Telegraph ing this year. Preliminary action Rs. 2.05 crores worth of Instru- System, Automatic Message Swit- for acquisition of land etc. has mentation and Systems to various ching, Message Retransmission already been initiated. nuclear power projects as well as System etc. The Corporation has

45 also been given a lead role in en- ushering of the Super-16 and M- major role which the Corporation gineering and- supplying Telex 68000 based 16-bit micro compu- will play in supplying antennae, Exchanges. ters into the market, augurs well. satellite receivers, exciters etc., In the field of control systems, will pave the way to enter the low The outlook for the period 1983-84 the Corporation has already got cost earth station market, is very encouraging for ECIL. The enough orders on hand. The

46 India once again designated to IAEA's Board of Governors, a grant-in-aid of Rs. 1.3 crores provided for nuclear research, a total tonnage of 5000 metric tonnes hand- Other Activities led by DPS.

Directorate of Purchase & During the year 1983, about 6000 ments weighing a total of 450 tonnes transported to Narora during Stores consignments received by sea, air, parcel post, rail and road were the year. Construction of the Fuelling Machine Head Packing During 1983, the work of the cleared. In addition, 119 trans- Directorate of Purchase & Stores portation contracts were conclu- Bay was also completed. increased in all its sphere of acti- ded. A total tonnage of 5000 MT Three new Stores Units were es- vities. The flow of indents in res- was handled. tabiished at Kakrapar Atomic pect of Rare Materials Plant, Power Project, Heavy Water Pro- BARC, Kalpakkam Fuel Reproces- There was considerable increase ject, Manuguru and Rare Materials sing Plant, BARG, in addition to in the material handling activities Plant, Mysore. Computerisation Kakrapar Atomic Power Project, compared to previous years. The of capital items in BARC is also Heavy Water Projects — Manu- total number of live items handled proceeding. guru and Thal-Vaishet increased. during the year under report The two part tendering system in .were nearly 4.94 lakhs. The num- Technical Liaison Minion respect of major purchases for all ber of stores transactions hand- projects and units has been formu- led by DPS Stores Units by way The Mission at paris continued to lated and introduced. of receipts/issues amounted to function with two engineers. Rs. 10.63 lakhs approximately. During the year 1983-84, the Direc- Around 2300 communications were The total tonnage of equipment/ torate concluded purchase con- received from Headquarters and materials handled was to the extracts for procurement of equip- other units of DAE and outside tent of nearly 1.72 lakh tonnes. ment and materials worth Rs. 156 agencies and nearly 1500 com- crores as against the purchase Among the special consignments munications issued in the form of contracts worth Rs. 120 crores handled were 42 upgrading colu- technical notes on products, new during 1982-83. This year too, mns packed departmental^ at products data, purchase clarifica- DPS effected substantial savings Trombay and despatched to RAPP tions, inspection reports, expedi- by proficient handling of negotia- and MAPP, two massive seg- ting reports on orders abroad. tions and securing commercial ments of steam generator for terms to the best advantage of the FBTR each measuring 7 m width On behalf of the various units of Department with the suppliers in x 16 m length supplied by BHEL, DAE, 9 factories of suppliers were India and abroad. and 12 over dimensioned consign- inspected and evaluation reports 47 sent to the units concerned. The design and estimates for con- try in the field of atomic energy inspection for the first lot of fuel struction of additional houses at and other related areas. Research for Tarapur was carried out by Anushaktinagar colony during 6th grants for the selected projects are this Mission. The Mission conti- Five Year Plan were also com- given on the recommendations nued to locate alternative of sup- pleted. of the Board of Research in Nuc- pliers for replacement items for lear Sciences (BRNS). The Board operating stations. Engineering design and estimates is assisted by 8 advisory commit- for DAE's multistoreyed office com- tees in various fields for proces- pelx at Anushatinagar were com- Construction and sing applications for grant-in-aid pleted. for undertaking research projects. Services Group Besides giving research grants for The Construction and Services specific projects, grants are also The Construction & Services Gro- Group completed the construction up of DAE is entrusted with the sanctioned for organizing sympo- of balloon launching pad facility sia, conferences etc. The Depart- civil, electrical and mechanical at Hyderabad and handed it over works relating to various projects ment also awards fellowship to to the users. Construction of the research scholars through of the units and the aided institu- radiological blocks and miscella- tions of the Department. Its En- open competition for carrying out neous works at TMC were also research in different disciplines in gineering Services Division main- completed during the year. De- tains 4,392 flats and 25 public the various institutions and uni- tailed engineering design, planning versities in the country. buildings, including execution of and estimates for laboratory buil- improvement works of minor capi- dings at Shillong and Bangalore During the financial year 1983-84 tal nature required for these buil- were completed. Civil work of a sum of Rs. 13 crores were dings. The Division is also res- Electronic Regional Testing Labo- provided as grant-in-aid to uni- ponsible for maintaining water and ratory for the Department of Elec- versities and various research in- power supplies and sewage treat- tronics is nearing completion. stitutions for supporting 60 new ment plant at the large township Superstructure work of Pellestron projects and 145 ongoing projects. at Anushaktinagar. Tower, Beam Hall and laboratory During the year, 10 departmental building is progress. 632 flats of different categories at symposia with a total budget pro- Anushaktinagar were made ready vision of Rs. 6 lakhs were appro- for occupation during the financial Directorate of Estate ved. Financial assistance to the year 1983-84. A hostel for 200 Management tune of Rs. 6 lakhs was given to bachelor officers and efficiency 48 outside organisations to orga- nise symposia, conferences/work- apartments for 306 scienti- Directorate of Estate Management shops etc. A sum of Rs. 22 lakhs sts are being built. Con- looks affer the management of the has been provided by the Depart- struction of 72 flats for the lands and buildings owned, leased ment for the award of 100 fellow- TIFR was completed. Substruc- and hired by the Department in ships through open competition to ture work for 56 flats of AMD' at Bombay. About 400 flats were talented students for carrying out Shillong was also completed. re-alloted during the year. Work on super structure for these research in different disciplines in flats and in respect of 56 flats for various universities and institutions VEC is in progress. The Group Financial Assistance in the country. completed detailed engineering design, planning and estimate for The Department supports research The Department receives proposals additional 52 flats for AMD at activities of universities and other from universities and research or- Bangalore. Detailed engineering research Institutions in the coun- ganisations seeking financial sup-

48 port by way of recurring and non- the process of building up an in- Reservation in Services recurring grant for certain specific formation base at the Secretariat. projects. These are judged upon The Group also operates a com- Pursuant to the general policy of their relevance to the activities of prehensive reporting system: (a) the Government reservation in ser- the Department. During the cur- to monitor continuously the physi- vices is made in favour of schedul- rent financial year, a sum of Rs. 22 cal and financial progress of major ed castes, scheduled tribes, phy- lakhs was sanctioned for this pur- projects under construction as sically handicapped persons and pose. Recipient institutions inclu- also the performance of operating ex-servicemen. ded The Institute of Physics, Bhub- units, (b) to prepare background aneswar, Andhra University, Wait- papers for review meetings on all air, and the Hyderabad Science departmental units and (c) to ge- Reservation in Services for Society. nerate exception reports on pro- SC/ST candidates jects and operating units. The department is also providing These enable the Department to While reservation in services for a substantial grant for the deve- foresee major problems and co- the Administrative, Accounts and ordinate measures l.\ solving the lopment of mathematics in the Auxiliary staff was in force for a same. Some specific assignments country. This year grants were long time, the orders regarding given to the extent of Rs. 17 lakhs in which the Group contributed reservation were made applicable to Main-Science, Madras, Mehta during the year were : to the scientific and technical per- Research Institute, Allahabad, Cal- sonnel with effect from 1975. The cutta and Jadhavpur Mathematical (a) Reviewing the feasibility re- Department continues to monitor Association port on IRE's Helium and implementation of the orders of Uranium Recovery Plants and reservation in services for SC/ST Management Services' UCIL's expansion of Jadu- by all its constituent units includ- Group guda Mills and Mosabani ing public sector undertakings and Tailings recovery plant. aided institutions. As the reserva- (b) Working out the revised com- tion orders were made applicable The Management Services Group to the scientific and technical pensation rates for U3OS. was formally constituted in July (c) Conducting a detailed study Cadre from 1975 only, there is 1983 by merging the Project Moni- of the operations of NFC's backlog in reservation in the units toring Cell, Planning & Analysis Tubes Plant. of the Department which is being Group and the Computer Cell at (d) Selecting a Computer System cleared progressively. Shortage of the Secretariat. It is an inhouse for DPS and qualified and suitable candidates multidisciplinary Group providing (e) Initiating work on the installa- for recruitment against certain staff support for analysis and dis- tion of a Computer System at posts requiring higher qualifica- semination of management infor- the Secretariat. tions and experience is being felt. mation to the senior officials at All efforts are being made to at- the Secretariat. This Group con- The MSG was also associated with tract suitable candidates by exclu- ducts perspective planning exer- the functioning of (a) Committee sive advertisements etc. Instruc- cises on nuclear power, carries out for Nuclear Power Profile, (b) Com- tions have also been issued to financial analysis,- feasibility stu- mittee to recommend Qualification •nabl* the units to recruit SC/ST dies and manpower planning, de- Incentive Schemes, (c) Study Team candidates by extending conces- velops computer software, provi- to improve EClL's capacity utilisa- sions of relaxation in experience, des planning and management tion and (d) Internal Working wherever feasible. Units have been consultancy services to the De- Group on the I & M Sector for the instructed to make all possible partment and its units and is in 7th Five Year Plan. efforts to recruit and train maximum

49 possible number of SC and ST activities, plans and programmes Madras Atomic Power Station Unit candidates against reserved posts, of DAE, two information periodicals I, a short film on "radiation pro- so that the back-log could be namely NUCLEAR INDIA (a Month- tection' have been produced and cleared early. ly) and Parmaanu (a Quarterly) are screened through TV and theatres. Drought out by the Department in 'English and Hindi respectively. In- As on 31-12-1983, the Department Press conferences, and meetings formation literature, on various had in its employment 5556 SC were organised with leading jour- themes and topics is also published employees and 1631 ST employees nalists of the International and for the information needs of public working in the various units inclu- National press crops. ding the public sector undertak- at large. ings and aided institutions under its administrative control. The BARC continued to participate Atomic Energy Education in the International Nuclear Infor- , Society Reservation in Services for the mation System (INIS) of IAEA. Dis- Physically Handicapped semination of scientific infoma- Constituted in 1969, the Atomic tioh, translation and interpretation Energy Education Society (AEES) During the year, efforts were made services from foreign languages manages 13 schools and 3 junior to recruit more physically handi- were rendered. The Centre's lib- colleges at Bombay, Tarapur, Hy- capped persons in service so as rary has one of the largest collec- derabad, Jaduguda, Narora and to increase their representation in tions of nuclear science and tech- Kakrapar. There are about 13,500 the Department, against reserved nology literature. students on the rolls at present. posts. The total number of physic- The Schools maintained high ally handicapped persons working The Publicity Division of the De- standards of accomplishment in in the Department was 331 as on partment of Atomic Energy looks the Central Board of Secondary 31-12-1983. after the publicity and public re- Education, New Delhi, and Maha- lations activities of the department. rashtra State Board of Secondary Reservation in favour of During the year under report, the and Higher Secondary Education, Ex-servicemen department participated and or- Pune examinations. There were ganised many, exhibitions. Such 71 distinctions in Class X and A.E. Reservation in services in favour as the Caracas (Venezuela) -exhi- Junior College Bombay broke re- of Ex-servicemen is confined to bition, the 'Energy and the Man' cords of the previous year in pass Group 'C and 'D' categories. Im- exhibition at the Trade Fair gro- percentage, distinctions and ranks plementation of the reservation unds, New Delhi, and the India etc. The students also performed orders in this regard is being International Trade Fair-83. A Dis- exceedingly well in the competitive monitored regularly and reported play on Indian vacuum components examinations of national level. to the Liaison Officer (Directorate was also set up during the Interna- The Society is considering setting General of Employment and Train- tional Symposium on Vacuum Tec- up of new schools at various pro- ing) in the Ministry of Labour. As hnology in Bombay and to inform ject sites and expanding the exis- on 31-12-1983.1171 Ex-servicemen and educate the layman an exhibi- ting facilities. were employed in this Dept., PSUs tion on radiation protection titled & aided institutions under its ad- 'Living with Atomic Radiation'was Deputations Abroad ministrative control. arranged at the Nehru Planetarium. During the year 1983, 240 officers of the Department were sent on Information and Publicity To popularise the activities of the deputations, delegations abroad department, films on 'Fission Po- in connection with meetings, con- To disseminate information on the wer-306: a documentary on the ferences, training programmes,

50' specific assignments and other Use of Hindi official purposes) of the Union official work. The total expenditure Rules, 1976, the Department of on these amounted to Rs. 23.59 During the year, a Hindi Cell Official Languages has been re- lakhs which included a foreign ex- consisting of a Hindi Translator quested to notify DAE Secretariat change component of Rs. 6.14 and a Hindi Typist was set up at also under the said rule. lakhs. In 22 cases, the expenditure the DAE Secretariat in Bombay. A on deputation / delegations was Hindi Officer and a Hindi Steno- wholly or partly borne by foreign Action was taken to implement grapher were appointed in the governments, international oranl- various provisions of the Official AMD, a Senior Hindi Translator sations and other agencies. Languages Act. All gazette notifi- was appointed in the BARC. The cations, notes and summaries International Relations number of posts connected with submitted to the Cabinet, reports Hindi work in DAE and its Units and other documents presented For the 27th year in succession and the Public Sector Undertak- since the inception of the Inter- to various Committees of Parlia- ings under its control is : Senior national Atomic Energy Agency ment, etc. were prepared both in Hindi Officer — 1, Hindi Officers (IAEA) India was once again desig- Hindi and English. Almost all the — 6, Senior Hindi Translators — nated to the Board of Gcvernors forms in use in various units of 4 and Hindi Assistant/Hindi Tran- as one of the nine most advanced the Department have been trans- slators — 20. countries in the technology of ato- lated in Hindi and most of them mic energy and including the pro- have been got printed bilingually. duction of source materials, un- Official Language Implementation All the letter heads are in biling- derscoring her leading status in Committees continued to function ual form. Most of the rubber this frontier technology. in the Department and its, 15 Units stamps are also in bilingual form India continued to offer training and all the three Public Sector and action is being taken by the facilities, fellowships, scientific Undertakings under its control. units to get the remaining rubber visits, etc. to members of the IAEA These Committees met periodic- stamps also prepared in bilingual under its technical assistance pro- ally to review the position regard- form. The Department and its units gramme. Further, India also made ing use of Hindi and to consider located in Region 'A' (Hindi available the services of its scien- measures to be taken to imple- speaking States and the Union tists for expert assignments in ment the Official Language policy various countries under this pro- Territory of Delhi) issue all the of the Government. gramme. general orders bilingually. The other units have also been asked While India continued to be re- in service training in Hindi and to set- up check-points to ensure presented at various symposia, Hindi typewriting was imparted to that general orders are Issued workshops, international conferen- respectively 144 and 34 employees both in English and Hindi. All the ces, etc. on subjects of relevance of the constituent units of DAE. letters received in Hindi in the held under the auspices of various More than 80 per cent of the staff Department and its units were re- UN and other multilateral organi- of RAPS, PPED, Heavy Water Pro- plied to in Hindi. sations .as also that of the IAEA, jects, Bombay and Kota and DAE the country also hosted some Secretariat has acquired working Hindi books worth Rs. 3,173.00 Agency meetings and training knowledge of Hindi. While PPED j were purchased by various units courses for the benefit of partici- and Heavy Water Projects, Bom- of the Department for their libra- pating countries- particularly non bay and Kota have been notified /' aligned'and other developing coun- ries. The Nuclear Fuel Complex, under Official Languages (use for' tries. 51' Hyderabad and the Bhabha Ato- of Hindi among their employees. terly bulletin 'Parmaanu' in Hindi. mic Research Centre, Trombay Some talks were also organised The RAPS also brings out 'Anu- also organised essay competition in Hindi at the Bhabha Atomic Re- shakti' a quarterly house journal and declamation contents, and search Centre on technical and in Hindi. Information and publicity Hindi noting, drafting and typing scientific subjects. material In Hindi was also pro- competitions to popularise the use The Department Drings out a quar- duced.

52 Glossary CLOUD CHAMBER: A device in which most of the fission is caused by neutrons the tracks of charged atomic panicles such moving with the high speeds they possess ACTIVATION : The process of making a as cosmic rays, alpha particles etc. are dis- at the time of their birth in fission. Such material radioactive by bombardment with played. reactors contain little or no moderator to slow neutrons, protons or other nuclear particles. down the neutrons from the speeds at which CONTROL RODS: Rods, plates or tubes they are ejected from fissioning nuclei. ATOM : A particle of matter indivisible by of steel or aluminium containing boron, FERTILE MATERIAL: Isotopes capable of chemical means. It is the fundamental building cadmium, hafnium or some other strong being readily transformed into fissionable block of the chemical element?. The elements absorber of neutrons. They are used to hold material by the absorption of neutrons, parti- such as iron, sulphur, uranium etc. differ from a reactor at a given power level, or to vary cularly uranium-238 and thorium-232; (some- each other because they contain different kinds the rate of reaction. By absorbing neutrons, times called source material). When these of atoms. a control rod prevents the neutrons from fertile materials capture neutrons, they are causing further fission. partially converted into fissionable plutonium- ATOMIC ENERGY : NUCLEAR ENERGY : 239 and uranium-233 respectively. The energy liberated by a nuclear reaction COOLANT: A liquid or gas which is circulated (fission or fusion) or by radioactive decay. through or about the core of a reactor to maintain a low temperature and prevent the FILM BADGE: A piece of masked photographic film worn like a badge by nuclear BODY BURDEN : Radioactive material may fuel from overheating. If the coolant is very workers. It is darkened by nuclear radia- be absorbed by the body and retained. The hot, it can be used to give power. Common tions, and thus the radiation exposure of the total amount present at any time is said to be coolants are water, carbon dioxide, liquid wearer can be checked by inspecting the the body burden. sodium and sodium potassium alloy. film and comparing the darkening or density, after photographic development, with BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR) : CORE: The central portion of a reactor containing the fuel elements and usually the known standards, A reactor in which water is used as coolant moderator. and moderator and allowed to boil in the FISSILE: Capable of undergoing fission; core. Steam is produced directly in the reactor CRITICAL: Critical is the term used to sometimes used to mean capable of fission- vessel under pressure, and in this state can describe the condition in which a chain re- ing when hit by a slow neutron, e.g. the be supplied to a turbine, but will be slightly action is being maintained at a constant rate isotopes U»«, U«», Pu«", and Pual are radioactive. i.e. it is just self-sustaining. fissile. Sometimes used as a synonym for fissionable. BREEDER REACTOR : Popularly a nuclear DECONTAMINATION : Removal of radio- reactor which produces more fissile atoms active contaminants from surfaces or equipment. than it burns. Strictly the term should be FISSION : The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two (or very rarely, more) approxima- confined to a nuclear reactor which produces DESALINATION : A process to get water tely equal fragments—the fission products. the same kind of fissile material as it burns, suitable for drinking and/or agricultural use Fission is accompanied by the emission of. without specifying whether or not there is by removal of salts from sea wator or other neutrons and the release of energy. It can a net gain of fissile materiel. The new fission- saline waters. able material is created by capture in fertile be spontaneous, or it can be caused by the impact of a neutron, a fast charged particle materials of neutrons from fission. The process DIFFUSION PLANT: Plant for making ura- or a photon. by which this occurs is known as breading. nium rich in the 235 isotope. The process is based on the fact that gas atoms or mole- BURN-UP: The fraction or percentage of cules with different masses will diffuse through FLUX (NEUTRON) : In nucleonics, the pro- atcms in a reactor fuel which has under- a porous barrier or membrane at different rates. duct of the number of panicles per unit volume gone fission. Also the total amount of heat A large gaseous diffusion plant requires an and their mean velocity, i.e. it is the number released per unit mass of fuel; usually ex- enormous amount of electric power. of neutron passing through one square centi- pressed in megawatt days per tonne (MWD). meter of a given target in one second. FALL OUT: Radioactive dust and other CERAMIC FUEL ELEMENTS : Usually refers matter falling back to the earth's surface from FUEL ELEMENT: A unit of nuclear fuel to reactor fuel elements fabricated of uranium the atmosphere after a nuclear explosion. for use in a reacto;—generally uranium—as dioxide or uranium carbide. They are more metal or oxide, enclosed in a can which may FAST BREEDER REACTOR : A reactor that resistant to radiation damage and can be have an extended surface area, e.g. fins, to operates with fast neutrons and produces more used at higher temperatures. assist heat transfer, for producing energy. It fissionable material than it consumes. may be rod, tube, plate or of any other mech- CLADDING : This term refers to a thin anical shape. FAST NEUTRON : Neutron resulting from Ityer, usually of metal, which covers a solid fission that has lost relatively little of its energy fuel element in a reactor to prevent corro- GENETIC EFFECT OF RADIATION: by collision, etc.; it has energy exceeding sion in the presence of the coolant, and to approximately 0.1 MeV i.e. 100,000 electron Changes in tho reproductive cells in living prevent escape of fissicn products. Alumi- volts and therefore travels at high speeds. matter produced by absorption of ionizing nium or its alloys, stainless steel and zirco- radiation; effects that can be transferred from nium alloys are common cladding materials. FAST REACTOR : A nuclear reactor in which parent to offspring.

53 GAMMA RAYS (SYMBOL :y) : High energy LOAD FACTOR (AVAILABILITY) : The NUCLEUS: The core of an atom which short-wave length electromagnetic radiation. percentage of the maximum possible yearly may be said to comprise protons and neu- Gamma rays are essentially similar to X-rays, usage of an electricity generating plant. An. trons. It is very small and about 10—"cm in but usually are more energetic and are nucleai 80% load factor represents full generation for diameter (a millionth of millionth of a cm). in origin. 292 days of the 365. It can also be defined The detailed structure of nuclei is not fully as the ratio of the average load carried by known. The nucleus contains most of the HEALTH PHYSICS : The science concerned an electric power plant or system during a atom's mass. with recognition, evaluation and control of specific period to its peak load during that health hazards from ionizing radiation. period. PLUTONIUM (SYMBOL : Pu): The ele- HEAVY WATER (SYMBOL : D,O) : Water ment No. 34, produced by neutron irradia- LOOP : A circuit, part of which may run !M consisting of molecules in which the hydrogen tion of U . Its most important isotope is inside a reactor, into which materials and is replaced by deuterium, or heavy hydrogen. fissionable p!utonium-239, produced by neu- r engineering components can be put, and then It is present in water as about 1 part in 6,500. tron irradiation of uranium-238. subjected to radiation under variable condi- It is used as a moderator in reactors because il tions, e.g. of temperature exposure to coolant, slows down neutrons effectively and also has strain, etc. If part of the loop and contents a low cross section for absorption of neutrons. POWER REACTOR : A reactor designed to are placed in a reactor, i! is called an in-pile produce nuclear power. , loop. HOT LABORATORY : A laboratory designed for the safe handling of radioactive PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR materials. MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DOSE (MPD) : (PWR): A power reactor in which the water The recommended upper limit for the dose coolant and moderator is kept at a high pressure which may be received during a specified period to prevent it from readily boiling and hence ION : An atom or molecule that has lost to keep it liquid. This type requires enriched fuel. or gained one or more electrons. by a person exposed to ionizing radiation over art indefinite period. So far as is known, a The water is taken out to a heat exchanger to normal person so exposed will suffer no harm- generate steam which can run through a tur- IRRADIATION : The exposure of materials ful effect. bo-alternator to produce electricity. Many power to radiation. In nuclear research, ard in the reactors in the world are of this type. production of isotopes, materials are often exposed to neutrons in reactors. Intense MEGAWATT (MW) : A million watts—or irradiation can alter the physical properties of a thousand kilowatts, a watt being the unit PULSED REACTOR : A type of research solids—in some cases weakening them (e.g. of power. In MW(e) or MW(Th), the V reactor with which repeated short, intense fuel elements and graphite), but in others signifies 'electrical' and the Th' means 'thermal surges of power and radiation can be produced. hardening them (e.g. some types of plastics power' or heat output. MeV : One million and rubbers). Large doses can be used indus- (or 10') electron volts. trially for sterilization. RADIATION : A term which embraces electromagnetic waves, in particular X-rays MODERATOR : The material in a reactor and y-rays (gamma) as well as streams of used to reduce the energy, and hence speed ISOTOPE : RADIOISOTOPE : Two atoms fast moving charged particles (electrons, of fast neutrons, as far as. possible .without are Mid to be isotopes if they are of the same protons, mesons, etc.) and neutrons of all capturing them. Slow neutrons are much chemical element but have different masses. velocities, i.e. all the ways in which encsrgy is more likely to causa fission in a Um nucleus The chemical proptnias of an atom depend given off by an atom. almost entirely on the structure of the system than to be captured in a U"' nucleus. So, of orbital electrons moving (bout the nucleus by using a moderator a reactor can be made of the atom. The number of orbital electrons to work with fuel containing only a small m RADIATION HAZARD: The danger or is equal to the nuclear charge, the vilue of proportion of U e.g. ordinary water, heavy hazard to living things resulting from the which is called the atomic number of the water, graphite. presence of radiation; usually this refers to - atom (and is always an integer). Isotopes are t the danger to health from exposure to radiation. atom* whose nuclei have the same atomic number but different masses; this means that, MUTATION : A permanent transmissible isotopic nuclei contain the same number of change in characteristics of an offspring from protons but different numbers of neutrons. those of Its parents. RADIOACTIVITY : RADIOACTIVE DE- CAY : The property possessed by some atoms of disintegrating spontaneously with th« emis- LABELLED COMPOUND : A compound NEUTRON: A nuclear particle having no sion of a charged particle and/or gamma radia- in which one of the atoms is a different isotope, electric charge and the approximate mass of tion. The rate of. radioactive decay is not ' usually radioactive, from that found normally. a hydrogen nucleus. It is found in the nuclei affected by any normal change of temperature, The path taken by such a compound, which of atoms. Outside a nucleus, a neutron is electric or magnetic fields, or chemistry. is said to be labelled' at the point where the radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about unusual isotope is attached, can be readily 13 minute* to give a' proton, an electron traced. A labelled'compound is also called a and neutrino. Neutrons sustain the fission RADIOGRAPHY: A method of examining 'tracerjoilag.- chain reaction in a nuclear reactor. solid objects by passing X- or gamma radiJ-

54! tion through them by 'photographing (or which also aPsets subsequent unexposed by neutron absorption in lithium. examining on a fluorescent screen) the shadows generations. cast. Thus, defects such as cracks, inclusion of sand, gas bubbles or lack of homogeneity URANIUM (SYMBOL : U) : Radioactive ele- in metals can be found. ment with the atomic number 92. Natural SWIMMING POOL REACTOR/POOL uranium contains both the heavier uranium REACTOR : A reactor using water as coolant, isotope Un>, which is not a readily fissile reflector and moderator, usually 3 or more material, and. is the parent material from which RADIOISOTOPE: An isotope which is metres deep so that the water is also a shield Plutonium is created, and the lighter isotope of radioactive, i.e. decays or disintegrates spon- for the core which comprises sets of plates uranium, U»«, which is the fission material or taneously, emitting radiation. More than 1300 suspended deep into the pool, from above the fuel of most reactors. In 140 parts of natural natural and artificial radioisotopes have been water level. Often used for study of shielding uranium, 139 parts are of UM» and one part identified. problems, e.g. for marine reactors. It is usually only Is U-. Uranium is the basic raw material used for research and training. ' for nuclear energy. REACTOR: NUCLEAR REACTOR: ATO- MIC REACTOR : A device in which a fission chain reaction can be initiated, maintained THORIUM (SYMBOL : Th): Element No. and controlled. Its essential component is a 90 and atomic weight 232; a naturally radio- VAN DE GRAAFF GENERATOR (AC- core with fissionable fuel. It usually hat a active metal, the mineral sources of which CELERATOR) : An electrostatic generator in moderator, a reflector, shielding and coolant are widely spread over the earth's surface. which a high potential is produced by the and control mechanisms. particularly in monazite beach sands. It can accumulation of electric charge conveyed to an be converted to uranium-233, an excellent insulated conductor by a continuously moving nuclear fuel, by neutron irradiation. belt. The potential generated is used for REPROCESSING: The procedure of remov- accelerating charged particles. Named alter ing fission products from fuel before re-using TRANSURANIC ELEMENTS : The arti-. R.S. Van de Graaff who invented the device in it. One main aim is to remove poisons which ficial elements No. 93 and higher which have 1931. would absorb and waste neutrons; another is heavier and more complex nuclei than ura- to remove mechanical stresses due to irradia- nium. They can be made by neutron bom- tion, especially in the case of metallic fuels. bardment of uranium and are radioactive, e.g. plutoniuin. ZERO-POWER REACTOR : An experi- SOMATIC EFFECTS OF RADIATIONS : mental reactor operated at such low power Effects of radiation limited to exposed in- TRITIUM : The radioactive isotope of hydro- levels that a coolant is not needed and little dividuals as distinguished from genetic effects gen of mass 3. It is very rare and can be made radioactivity is produced.

.55 Abbreviations AMD — Atomic Minerals Division

AERB — Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

BARC — Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

BHEL — Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

CAT — Centre for Advance Technology

DAE — Department of Atomic Energy

ops — Directorate of Purchase & Stores

ECIL — Electronics Corporation of India Limited

FBTR — Fast Breeder Test Reactor

HWP — Heavy Water Project

IAEA — International Atomic Energy Agency

IRE — Indian Rare Earths Limited

KAPP — Kakrapar Atomic Power Project

MAPP — Madras Atomic Power Project

MHD — Magneto Hydro-Dynamics

NFC — Nuclear Fuel Complex

NAPP — Narora Atomic Power Project

PPED — Power Projects Engineering Division

PREFRE — Power Reactor Fuel Reprocessing Plant

RAPS — Rajasthan Atomic Power Station

RRC — Reactor Research Centre

SINP — Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics

TAPS — Tarapur Atomic Power Station

TIFR — Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

TMC — Tata Memorial Centre

UCIL — Uranium Corporation of India Ltd.

VECC — Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre

ZOP — Zirconium Oxide Plant ZSP — Zirconium Sponge Plant

.56 ORGANISATIONAL CHART

-I Atomic Energy Commission I-

JAECS«cr«t«rUt| Atomic Energy 1 Regulatory Board I

Afciad Centre for Power Projects Advanced Reactor Research Bhabha Atomic Institutions Engineering Division Technology Centre Research Centre

JL 1 1 Tata Institut± e Kakrapar Tarapur Rajasman Madras Tata Saha Institute of Fundamental Memorial Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic Research Centre of Nuclear Physics Power Power Power Power Project Station •Station Project

I Management Services Group —I Safety Review Committee I

1 I Directorate of PabkcSactw Atomic Minerals Nuclear Fuel Heavy Water Purchase ttadtftabinaa Division Complex Projects & Stores Directorate of Estate Electronics Uranium Management Indian Rare Corporation |Baroda|| TuHcorin II Talcherjl Kota II Earths Ltd. Corporation of India Ltd. of India Ltd. Construction & Services Group General Services Organisation Atomic Energy entrusted mainly with research and develop- atomic power station to operate in India. It mental activities pertaining to; radiometric and has two Boiling Water type reactors fuelled by Establishments geological surveys, exploration, prospecting enriched uranium with a total output of 420 and development of uranium, thorium, niobium- MW of electricity, which is supplied to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat. R ft D Units tantalum, helium and other atomic mineral resources needed for the nuclear power pro- The RAJASTHAN ATOMIC POWER STA- The BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH gramme. CENTRE. Trombay. was set up as the Atomic TION at Rana Pratap Sagar in the State of Energy Establishment Trombay in 1957. and Rajasthan has two natural uranium-fuelled and renamed in 1967. It is the national centre The NUCLEAR FUEL COMPLEX at Hyderabad heavy water moderated reactor with a total for research and development work in nuclear is designed to meet the fuel requirements of output of 440 MWe. One unit of this Station energy and related disciplines. Its facilities the nuclear power reactors. It consists of the has been in commercial operation since include four research reactors, namely, CIRUS following plants: (i) Zirconium Oxide Plant, December 1973 and the second unit since (40 MW). Apsara (1 MW), ZERLINA (a zero (ii) Zirconium Sponge Plant, (iii) Zircaloy April 1981. , energy thermal reactor), and PURNIMA (a Fabrication Plant, (iv) Enriched Uranium Oxide The MADRAS ATOMIC POWER PROJECT zero energy fast reactor), a 5.5 MeV Van de Plant, (v) Uranium Oxide Plant, (vi) Ceramic is under construction at Kalpakkam, about Graaff accelerator, a H-400 computer. a Fuel Fabrication Plant, (vii) Enriched Fuel BESM-6 computer. 2 prime computers and 80 Kilometres south of Madras. It has two Fabrication Plant, (viii) Special Materials Plant. reactors of 235 MWe each, similar to the various special laboratories. A 100 MW thermal There is in addition a facility for making com- reactor is under construction. The Centre also Rajasthan reactors. There is no foreign colla- ,,, ponents for the Fast Breeder Test Reactors, boration in its construction. has a uranium metal plant, a fuel element a Stainless Steel Seamless Tubes Plant, a fabrication plant and a plutonium plant. It ha* Ball Bearing Tubes Plant and a Titanium a number of projects at Vashi, New Bombay The NARORA ATOMIC POWER PROJECT, Pilot Plant. and Ttrapur. Uttar Pradesh, which is under construction will consist of two units of 235 MWe each. The NANGAL HEAVY WATER PLANT The REACTOR RESEARCH CENTRE, in the Punjab, operated in conjunction with The KAKRAPAR ATOMIC POWER PROJECT at Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu, adjacent to the the Nangal Plant of the Fertilizer Corporation of at Kakrapar in Gujarat on which work has Madras Atomic Power Station, undertakes R ft India, was commissioned in August 1962. commenced, will have two reactors of 235 D work in all aspects of Fast Breeder Reactor MWe each in the first phase. technology. The most important facility in thi* The BARODA HEAVY WATER PLANT based Centre will be the Fast Breeder Test Reactor on the ammonia hydrogen exchange process which is under construction. developed by a French consortium, is linked to Industrial Units the synthesis gas stream of the Fertilizer Plant The CENTRE FOR ADVANCED TECH- at Barotla of the Gujarat Fertilizer Corporator The INDIAN RARE EARTHS LIMITED, a NOLOGY at Indore, Madhya Pradesh is Government of India Company functioning The KOTA HEAVY WATER PLANT, built by being set up to spearhead the national since 1950, operates the mineral sands industry the Department next to the Rajasthan Atomic in Manavalakurichi and Chavars. and the effort in research and development in Power Station, is based on know-how generated rare earths industry at Alwaye. It also pro- high technology fields.. by BARC. duces thorium products at Trombay on behalf of the Government. The Company is setting The GAURIBIDANUR SEISMIC STA- The TUTICORIN HEAVY WATER PLANT, up the Orissa Sands Complex (OSCOM) TION (of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre), similar to the Baroda Plant, is linked to the for enhancing production of rare earths minerals. 80 kilometres north of Bangalore, was set up Fertilizer Plant of the Southern Petrochemical towards the end of 1965 in collaboration Industries Corporation. The ELECTRONICS CORPORATION OF with the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority. It INDIA LIMITED, Hyderabad, set up in April helps in the detection and identification of The TALCHER HEAVY WATER PLANT, 1967 as a spin-off from the Bhabha Atomic underground nuclear explosions, besides equipment and know-how for which have come Research Centre, has pioneered the production facilitating seismic research. from a West German firm, use the synthesis of a varied range of sophisticated and precise gas stream of the Ammonia Plant set up by electronic systems, instruments and components, The HIGH ALTITUDE RESEARCH LABORA- the Fertilizer Corporation of India. based wholly on indigenous technology. TORY, Giilmarg. which was set up by the Department of Atomic Energy in 1963, provides The THAL-VAISHET HEAVY WATER PLANT The URANIUM CORPORATION OF INDIA facilities for high altitude research to all scienti- will be linked to the Fertilizer Plant of the LIMITED, Jaduguda, was formed in October fic institutions and universities in the country. Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd., who 1967. It is responsible for mining and pro- have the responsibility for the setting up of the cessing of uranium ore in the country. At The NUCLEAR RESEARCH LABORA- plant. It will be based on ammonia hydrogen present it is producing uranium concentrate »• TORY, Srinagar, is devoted to applied research exchange (mono-thermal) process. from the ore mined at Jaduguda. A few new in nuclear and radiation physics, with parti- sites will be opened up soon. cular emphasis on local problems. The MANUGURU HEAVY WATER PLANT will be based on hydrogen sulphide-water The VARIABLE ENERGY CYCLOTRON exchange (bithermal) process. Preliminary work Aided Institutions CENTRE, Calcutta, of the Bhabha Atomic hat started and the preparation of detailed Research Centre, provides facilities for advanced Project Report is in hand. The TATA INSTITUTE OF FUNDAMENTAL work in nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry, RESEARCH, Bombay, was founded in June isotope production for medical, agriculture and The POWER PROJECTS ENGINEERING DIVI- 1945. It is the national centre for nuclear industrial purposes, and radiation damage SION undertakes the design, construction, science and mathematics. It has two schools: studies on reactor materials. The Variable commiuioning and operation of nuclear power the School of Mathematics and the School Energy Cyclotron is a national facility. plants. It is presently running th« Tarapur and of Physics (Experimental Physics, Theoretical the Rajasthan Atomic Power Stations and Physics, Astrophysics, Geophysics, Computer constructing the Madras, the. Narora and the Science, Molecular Biology and Wio- Power Sector Kakrapar Atomic Power Projects. astronomy). The ATOMIC MINERALS DIVISION has jts headquarters at Hyderabad with five regional The TARAPUR ATOMIC POWER STATION. The TATA MEMORIAL CENTRE, Bombay, headquarters in other parts of India. It is 100 kilometres north of Bombay, is the f rat comprises two institutions: the Tata Memo- rial Hospital and the Cancer Research Institute. and Ph.D. in basic sciences. and Molecular Physics, NMR Spectroscopy, In addition to being one of the foremost can- NQR Spectroscopy, EPR Spectroscopy, Micro- cer treatment centres in the country, it also wave Absorption Spectroscopy, UV/IR Spectro- conducts extensive basic and clinical research scopy, Crystallography Structure and Func- on cancer. The Tata Memorial Hospital is now The SAHA INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR tions of Biomolecules, Biophysics, Electron a leading centre in Post-Graduate University PHYSICS, Calcutta, was formally opened in Microscopy, Mass Spectrotcopy, Plasma Phy- Training in Surgery, Pathology, Radiology, Januaiy 1950. Its field of research includes sics, Instrumentation, Theoretical Nuclear Anaesthesiology, Bio-chemistry, etc. The Re- Nuclear Reactions, Nuclear Spectroscopy, Physics, Particle Physics and Solid State search Institute offers courses leading to M.Sc. Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry, Solid State Physics.

: PuMlahed by R. K. Bhatnagar, Publications Officer, Depactment of Atomic Energy, Government oi Indie. 1, Chhatrapati SMvajl MatM raj Merg, Bombay 400 039 and Printed at Pharma Art PacK, and Procaaaad at Evaraat Procaaa Studio. Bombay. ATOMIC ENERGY ESTABLISHMENTS IN INDIA

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KALPAKKAM Tata Memorial Centre Electronics Corporation of India Ltd ALWAYE Nuclear Fuel Complex CHAVARA TUTICORIN Atomic Minerals Division MANAVALAKURUCHI0 Seismic Station Reactor Research Centre Race Earths Plant Mineral Sands Centre For Advanced Technology