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Download PDF Version Here #®πæ∞µ∫ ©∞™¨µª¨µ®π¿ ®π≤∫ªØ¨©∞™¨µª¨µ®π¿∂≠"Ø®π≥¨∫#®πæ∞µ∫©∞πªØ∂µ%¨©πº®π¿®µ´ªØ¨ ªØ ®µµ∞Ω¨π∫®π¿ ∂≠ ªØ¨ ∑º©≥∞™®ª∞∂µ ∂≠ .µ 3ب .π∞Æ∞µ ∂≠ 2∑¨™∞¨∫ ∂µ " -∂Ω¨¥©¨π $ #®πæ∞µ∫ ∫ªº´¨µª ¿¨®π∫ ∞µ $´∞µ©ºπÆØ æ¨π¨ ®µ ∞¥∑∂𪮵ª ∑¨π∞∂´ ∞µ Ø∞∫ ∞µª¨≥≥¨™ªº®≥≠∂𥮪∞∂µ'بπ¨Ø¨¨µ™∂ºµª¨π¨´ªØ¨≠πº∞ª∫∂≠ªØ¨2™∂ªª∞∫Ø$µ≥∞Æت¨µ¥¨µª ≠π∂¥ªØ¨π¨Ω∂≥ºª∞∂µ®π¿Æ¨∂≥∂Æ∞™®≥ªØ¨∂π∞¨∫∂≠)®¥¨∫'ºªª∂µª∂∞¥∑∂𪮵ª®´Ω®µ™¨∫∞µ ¥¨´∞™®≥ ªØ¨∂π¿ ®µ´ ∑𮙪∞™¨ ®µ´ ®´Ω¨µªºπ∂º∫ ´¨Ω¨≥∂∑¥¨µª∫ ∞µ ªØ¨∂≥∂Æ∞™®≥ ®µ´ ∑Ø∞≥∂∫∂∑Ø∞™®≥ªØ∂ºÆت≠∂∫ª¨π¨´∞µªØ¨4µ∞Ω¨π∫∞ª¿®µ´ªØ¨"∞ª¿$ (µ ™∂µ±ºµ™ª∞∂µ æ∞ªØ ªØ¨ 4µ∞Ω¨π∫∞ª¿ ∂≠ $´∞µ©ºπÆØ ®µ´ ∂ªØ¨π 2™∂ªª∞∫Ø ®µ´ 4*/æ∞´¨ ®™®´¨¥∞™ ®µ´ ∫™Ø∂≥®π≥¿ ∞µ∫ª∞ªºª∞∂µ∫ ªØ¨ (µ∫ª∞ªºª¨ ≠∂π ´Ω®µ™¨´ 2ªº´∞¨∫ ∞µ ªØ¨ 'º¥®µ∞ª∞¨∫ 1( 2'2 ±∂∞µ¨´ ªØ¨ $´∞µ©ºπÆØ ™¨≥¨©π®ª∞∂µ∫ ≠∂π ªØ¨ ©∞™¨µª¨µ®π¿ ©¿ ∂πÆ®µ∞∫∞µÆ ® ∫¨π∞¨∫ ∂≠ 3#∞®≥∂ƺ¨∫ æ∞ªØ #®πæ∞µ' #®πæ∞µ ®µ´ $´∞µ©ºπÆØ4$ 3ب ≠∞Ω¨ ∫¿¥∑∂∫∞®Ø¨≥´∞µªØ¨∫∑π∞µÆ∂≠¨ø∑≥∂π¨´®∫∑¨™ª∫∂≠Ø∞∫æ∂π≤∞µ2™∂ªª∞∫Ø™∂µª¨øª∫ ∞µ™≥º´∞µÆ™∞π™º¥µ®Ω∞Æ®ª∞∂µ®µ®ª∂¥¿ªØ¨∂≥∂Æ¿®µ´¨Ω∂≥ºª∞∂µ∞ª∫¨≥≠$3∂ƨªØ¨πªØ¨∫¨ ª®≥≤∫ ®µ´ ´∞∫™º∫∫∞∂µ∫ ≥¨´ ©¿ ® ∫¨π∞¨∫ ∂≠ ∞µª¨πµ®ª∞∂µ®≥ ®µ´ ≥∂™®≥ ¨ø∑¨πª∫ ∂≠≠¨π µ¨æ ®µÆ≥¨∫ ≠∂π ºµ´¨π∫ª®µ´∞µÆ #®πæ∞µ ®∫ ©∂ªØ ® ™®ª®≥¿∫ª ∞µ ªØ¨ ©π∂®´¨π $µ≥∞Æت¨µ¥¨µª ∑π∂±¨™ª®µ´®¥∂´¨≥≠∂π∞ª∫∫º©∫¨∏º¨µª∞¥∑®™ª$%π∂¥/®ªπ∞™≤&¨´´¨∫ª∂"Ø®π≥¨∫!¨≥≥ ª∂ )®¥¨∫ "π∞™Øª∂µ/!π∂浨 ªØ¨ $´∞µ©ºπÆØ ™∂µµ¨™ª∞∂µ ∂≠≠¨π∫ ® π∞™Ø ≤®≥¨∞´∂∫™∂∑¨ ∂≠ Ø∞∫ª∂π∞™®≥®µ´∞µª¨≥≥¨™ªº®≥≥∞µ≤∫$ 3ب ∫∑¨®≤¨π∫ ∞µ ªØ¨ ∫¨π∞¨∫ æ¨π¨ /π∂≠¨∫∫∂π (®µ #ºµ™®µ 14µ∞Ω¨π∫∞ª¿ ∂≠ "®≥∞≠∂πµ∞® !¨π≤¨≥¨¿2 ∂µ 3#®πæ∞µ "∞π™º¥µ®Ω∞Æ®ª∞∂µ ®µ´ ªØ¨ ¨∫ªØ¨ª∞™∫ ∂≠ 6∂π≥´ '∞∫ª∂π¿4< /π∂≠¨∫∫∂π#®Ω∞´%¨πƺ∫∫∂µ14µ∞Ω¨π∫∞ª¿∂≠$´∞µ©ºπÆØ2∂µ3#®πæ∞µ∞µ2™∂ª≥®µ´4< #π$6®≥ª¨π,$2ª¨∑بµ1≠∂π¥¨π"Ø®∞π¥®µ∂≠ªØ¨2∞π/®ªπ∞™≤&¨´´¨∫,¨¥∂π∞®≥3πº∫ª2 ∂µ3"Ø®π≥¨∫#®πæ∞µ'2∂¥¨2™∂ªª∞∫Ø"∂µµ¨™ª∞∂µ∫4<#π$&π¨Æ∂π¿1®´∞™≤14µ∞Ω¨π∫∞ª¿∂≠ +¨¨´∫2∂µ3$´∞µ©ºπÆØ$µ≥∞Æت¨µ¥¨µª®µ´#®πæ∞µ∫ $ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ∂≠ªØ¨$¥∂ª∞∂µ∫ 4<®µ´ 1¨Ω´$ #π$ )∂ص /∂≥≤∞µÆØ∂𵨠12ª$ $´¥ºµ´∫ "∂≥≥¨Æ¨ "®¥©π∞´Æ¨2 ∂µ 3$Ω∂≥Ω∞µÆ "𨮪∞∂µ4$ $®™Ø ∑®∑¨π ∞∫ ∑º©≥∞∫ب´ ∫¨∑®π®ª¨≥¿ ∞µ ªØ∞∫ ∫¨π∞¨∫ ∂≠ ( 2' .™™®∫∞∂µ®≥ /®∑¨π∫$ $´∞µ©ºπÆØ ®µ´ #®πæ∞µ∫ $ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ ∂≠ ªØ¨ $¥∂ª∞∂µ∫ ©¿ &π¨Æ∂π¿ 1®´∞™≤ (µ∫ª∞ªºª¨ ≠∂π ´Ω®µ™¨´ 2ªº´∞¨∫ ∞µ ªØ¨ 'º¥®µ∞ª∞¨∫ 3ب 4µ∞Ω¨π∫∞ª¿ ∂≠ $´∞µ©ºπÆØ !""# 1®´∞™≤&π¨Æ∂π¿ $´∞µ©ºπÆØ®µ´#®πæ∞µ∫ $ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ∂≠ªØ¨$¥∂ª∞∂µ∫ 3Ø∞∫∫¨π∞¨ ™™®∫∞∂µ®≥∑®∑¨π ! 5 , 0 ( * 5 + % & *! 8(7 % & %*#; 8 # !& ©9 &> 0≥π∞& $#! ! ! 6! ! $ ,((#"/A ,(:#A//BAB/A/ ,0(*@ 8! B About the author Gregory Radick is Senior Lecturer in History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Leeds. His publications include The Simian Tongue: The Long Debate About Animal Language (University of Chicago Press, 2007) and, as coeditor with Jonathan Hodge, The Cambridge Companion to Darwin (second edition, Cambridge University Press, 2009). A new book, co-authored with Mike Dixon, on Darwin's stay in autumn 1859 in the Yorkshire village of Ilkley -- the northern home of the 'water cure' -- was published earlier this year ( Darwin in Ilkley , History Press, 2009). Synopsis The legacies of Edinburgh are all over Charles Darwin's 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals . By way of exploring those legacies this paper will consider the book as a dialogue with three Edinburgh-educated medical men. The first is Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin, author of an earlier evolutionary account of the origins of emotional expressions. The second is Charles Bell, the anatomist who saw in human emotional expression evidence of divine design. The third is James Crichton- Browne, the son of a friend of Charles Darwin's from Edinburgh medical school days, and supplier of photographs and information about the emotionally expressive men and women cared for at the Wakefield Lunatic Asylum, where Crichton-Browne was director. $´∞µ©ºπÆØ ®µ´ #®πæ∞µ∫ $ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ ∂≠ ªØ¨ $¥∂ª∞∂µ∫ , %©ºπ& 4µ∞ ? & 82∂™∞¨ª¿≠∂πªØ¨¿¨®π∫C/$%∂π®∫ªº´¨µª ∫∂™∞¨ª¿∞ª≤¨∑ªπ¨¥®π≤®©≥¿ª∞´¿¥∞µºª¨∫$%π∂¥ªØ¨¥æ¨≤µ∂æªØ®ªªØ¨ª¨¨µ®Æ¨ "Ø®π≥¨∫ #®πæ∞µ ªØ¨µ ® ¥¨´∞™®≥ ∫ªº´¨µª ∞µ $´∞µ©ºπÆØ ®ªª¨µ´¨´ Ø∞∫ ≠∞π∫ª ¥¨¨ª∞µÆ∂≠ªØ∞∫µ®ªºπ®≥Ø∞∫ª∂π¿™≥º©∂µ#¨™¨¥©¨πC$6¨®≥∫∂≤µ∂æªØ®ª ªØ¨ ∫®¥¨ ¥¨¨ª∞µÆ ≠¨®ªºπ¨´ ªØ¨ π¨®´∞µÆ ∂≠ ® ∑®∑¨π ©¿ ® ≠π∞¨µ´ ∂≠ #®πæ∞µ∫ 6∞≥≥∞®¥ $ %$ !π∂浨 ∂µ ªØ¨ D®µ®ª∂¥¿∂≠ ¨ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ$ $®π≥∞¨π !π∂浨 Ø®´ D®µµ∂ºµ™¨´Ø∞∫ ∞µª¨µª∞∂µ∞µÆ∞Ω∞µÆªØ¨∑®∑¨πD∂≠π¨≠ºª∞µÆ©¨≠∂π¨ªØ¨2∂™∞¨ª¿ ªØ¨Ω∞¨æ∫∂≠,π"Ø®π≥¨∫!¨≥≥∞µªØ¨®µ®ª∂¥¿®µ´/Ø¿∫∞∂≥∂Æ¿∂≠$ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ$ ≥ªØ∂ºÆØ ªØ¨ ¥∞µºª¨∫ ´∂ µ∂ª ¨≥®©∂𮪨 ≠ºπªØ¨π ∂µ ªØ¨ ™∂µª¨µª ∂≠ !π∂浨∫ π¨≠ºª®ª∞∂µØ∞∫ª∂π∞®µ∫Ø®Ω¨∫º∑∑∂∫¨´ªØ®ª!π∂浨®ªª®™≤¨´!¨≥≥∫µ∂ª∞∂µªØ®ª æبµ∞ª™®¥¨ª∂¨¥∂ª∞∂µ®≥¨ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µªØ¨π¨æ®∫®´∞≠≠¨π¨µ™¨∞µ≤∞µ´©¨ªæ¨¨µ غ¥®µ∫ ®µ´ ®µ∞¥®≥∫$ %∂π !¨≥≥ غ¥®µ∫ Ø®´ ©¨¨µ ¨µ´∂樴 ©¿ ªØ¨∞π "𨮪∂π æ∞ªØ ºµ∞∏º¨ ¥º∫™≥¨∫ ∞µ ªØ¨ ≠®™¨ ≠∂π ªØ¨ ∑ºπ∑∂∫¨ ∂≠ ¨ø∑π¨∫∫∞µÆ ºµ∞∏º¨≥¿ غ¥®µ¨¥∂ª∞∂µ∫$ #®πæ∞µ∫∑π¨∫¨µ™¨®ªªØ¨π¨®´∞µÆ∂≠!π∂浨∫∑®∑¨π∞∫µ∂ª¨´∞µ∂µ¨∂≠ ªØ¨ªæ∂¥∂∫ª∞¥∑∂𪮵ª©∂∂≤∫∂µ#®πæ∞µª∂©¨∑º©≥∞∫ب´∞µªØ∞∫®µµ∞Ω¨π∫®π¿ ¿¨®π ´π∞®µ#¨∫¥∂µ´®µ´)®¥¨∫,∂∂π¨∫ #®πæ∞µ∫2®™π¨´"®º∫¨1®™¨2≥®Ω¨π¿ ®µ´ ªØ¨ 0º¨∫ª ≠∂π 'º¥®µ .π∞Æ∞µ∫ 12$ 1( ∫Ø®≥≥ ™∂¥¨ ª∂ ªØ¨ ∂ªØ¨π ¥∂∫ª ∞¥∑∂𪮵ª©∂∂≤®ªªØ¨¨µ´$23ب∞πªπ¨®ª¥¨µª∂≠$´∞µ©ºπÆØ∞µªØ¨µ¨æ©∂∂≤∞∫ π®ªØ¨π≥¨∫∫≠≥®ªª¨π∞µÆªØ®µ∞µªØ¨∞π©∞∂Æπ®∑Ø¿$3بπ¨$´∞µ©ºπÆØæ®∫ªØ¨ ∫¨®ª∂≠$µ≥∞Æت¨µ¥¨µª¥¨´∞™∞µ¨EDªØ¨ ªØ¨µ∫∂≠ªØ¨-∂πªØ$'¨π¨∞ª∞∫®∫™¨µ¨ ∂≠ ∞µª¨≥≥¨™ªº®≥ ®µ´ ¥∂π®≥ ªπ∞®≥ ≠π∂¥ æØ∞™Ø #®πæ∞µ ª∂ Ø∞∫ ™π¨´∞ª ¨¥¨πƨ∫ ºµ∫™®ªØ¨´$ (ª ∞∫ ªØ¨ ™π®´≥¨ ∂≠ ∫™∞¨µª∞≠∞™ π®™∞∫¥ ®µ´ ªØ¨ D∫≤º≥≥ ∫™∞¨µ™¨ ªØ®ª 2 ™®ππ∞¨´∞ª≠∂πæ®π´$3ب$´∞µ©ºπÆØ∂≠ªØ¨¨π®Ø®∫≥∂µÆ©¨¨µ∞´¨µª∞≠∞¨´æ∞ªØªØ®ª ∑π¨¥∞¨π ∫≤º≥≥ ∫™∞¨µ™¨ ∑Øπ¨µ∂≥∂Æ¿< ©ºª ∑Øπ¨µ∂≥∂Æ¿ Ø®∫ π®π¨≥¿ ©¨¨µ ™Ø®π®™ª¨π∞¡¨´®∫∫∂π∂©º∫ª≥¿π®™¨/∂©∫¨∫∫¨´$#¨∫¥∂µ´®µ´,∂∂π¨∫ºÆƨ∫ªªØ®ª ±º∫ª ®∫ ∑Øπ¨µ∂≥∂Æ∞™®≥ ´∂™ªπ∞µ¨ ª®ºÆت ªØ®ª ∞µ´∞Ω∞´º®≥ ª®≥¨µª∫ ®µ´ ≥∞¥∞ª®ª∞∂µ∫ æ¨π¨´¨ª¨π¥∞µ¨´©¿ªØ¨∫ªπº™ªºπ¨∂≠®µ∞µ´∞Ω∞´º®≥∫©π®∞µ®∫≥¨Æ∞©≥¨∞µ©º¥∑∫ ∂µªØ¨∫≤º≥≥∫∂∞ªª®ºÆتªØ®ªπ®™∞®≥ª®≥¨µª∫®µ´≥∞¥∞ª®ª∞∂µ∫æ¨π¨´¨ª¨π¥∞µ¨´©¿ ©π®∞µ ≠¨®ªºπ¨∫ ™Ø®π®™ª¨π∞∫ª∞™ ∂≠ ® 𮙨 1®µ´ ∫∂ ∂≠ ªØ¨ ∫≤º≥≥∫ ∂≠ ∞ª∫ ¥¨¥©¨π∫2$ /Øπ¨µ∂≥∂Æ¿®µ´π®™¨π®µ≤∞µÆªØº∫樵ªª∂ƨªØ¨π<®µ´¥¨´∞™®≥$´∞µ©ºπÆØ∞µ ªØ¨ ≥®ª¨ ∫ æ®∫ ≠º≥≥ ∂≠ ∫≤º≥≥∫ ®µ´ ¨ø∑¨πª ´¨©®ª¨ ∂µ ªØ¨ µ®ªºπ®≥ Ø∞¨π®π™Ø¿ ªØ¨∫¨´∞∫™≥∂∫¨´$3ب¨øªπ®∂π´∞µ®π¿ªØ∞µÆ®©∂ºª#®πæ∞µ∞µ$´∞µ©ºπÆØ∂µªØ¨ µ¨æ ∞µª¨π∑𨪮ª∞∂µ ∞∫ ªØ®ª ب ∫¨¨¥∫ ª∂ Ø®Ω¨ ª®≤¨µ µ∂ ∞µª¨π¨∫ª$ 1®ªØ¨π ªØ®µ ªØπ∂æ∞µØ∞∫≥∂ªæ∞ªØªØ¨π®™¨π®µ≤¨π∫ب∫ªº´∞¨´ª®ø∞´¨π¥¿æ∞ªØ®©≥®™≤¨ø/ ∫≥®Ω¨$ ,∂π¨ ƨµ¨π®≥≥¿ ∂µ #¨∫¥∂µ´ ®µ´ ,∂∂π¨∫ π¨™∂µ∫ªπº™ª∞∂µ #®πæ∞µ ∫ª®¿¨´ªπº¨ª∂Ø∞∫≠®¥∞≥¿∫©π∂ªØ¨πØ∂∂´/∂≠/¥®µ®µª∞/∫≥®Ω¨π¿6Ø∞ƪπ®´∞ª∞∂µ$ (µ´¨¨´∞ª∞∫ªØ¨∞π™∂µª¨µª∞∂µ∞µªØ¨©∂∂≤E®µ´∞ªØ®∫∑π∂Ω¨´™∂µª¨µª∞∂º∫EªØ®ª ªØ∞∫ªπ®´∞ª∞∂µæ®∫∫∂∫ªπ∂µÆ∞µ#®πæ∞µªØ®ª∞ªº≥ª∞¥®ª¨≥¿´π∂Ω¨Ø∞¥ª∂¨¥©π®™¨ ©¨≥∞¨≠∞µªØ¨™∂¥¥∂µ®µ™¨∫ªπ¿©¿´¨∫™¨µªµ∂ª±º∫ª∂≠ªØ¨Øº¥®µπ®™¨∫©ºª∂≠ ®≥≥∫∑¨™∞¨∫$ .µ¨æ∂º≥´µ¨Ω¨πƺ¨∫∫≠π∂¥ #®πæ∞µ∫2®™π¨´"®º∫¨ ªØ®ªªØ¨π¨æ®∫®µ¿ ¨µ´ºπ∞µÆ≥¨Æ®™¿≠π∂¥#®πæ∞µ∫$´∞µ©ºπÆØ¿¨®π∫$8¨ª∞µA®π∂ºµ´Ø®≥≠® ™¨µªºπ¿ ®≠ª¨π ªØ®ª /≥∞µ∞®µ 2∂™∞¨ª¿ ¥¨¨ª∞µÆ 1Ø∞∫ ≠∞π∫ª2 #®πæ∞µ ∑º©≥∞∫ب´ ® æØ∂≥¨ ©∂∂≤ ®∞¥∞µÆ ®∫ !π∂浨 Ø®´ ´∂µ¨ ª∂ π¨≠ºª¨ !¨≥≥ ∂µ ¨¥∂ª∞∂µ®≥ ¨ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ$ .´´≥¿ 3ب $ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ ∂≠ ªØ¨ $¥∂ª∞∂µ∫ ∞µ ,®µ ®µ´ µ∞¥®≥∫ ∞∫ µ∂ª ™∂Ω¨π¨´ ©¿ #¨∫¥∂µ´ ®µ´ ,∂∂π¨< ªØ¨∞π Ø∞∫ª∂π¿ ¨µ´∫ ∞µ A æ∞ªØ ªØ¨ ∑º©≥∞™®ª∞∂µ∂≠ 3ب#¨∫™¨µª∂≠,®µ®µ´2¨≥¨™ª∞∂µ∞µ1¨≥®ª∞∂µª∂2¨ø $!ºªµ∂ª∂µ≥¿ æ®∫ªØ¨ $ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ ®µ∂ºªÆπ∂æªØ∂≠ªØ¨ #¨∫™¨µª 1∫ª®πª∞µÆ≥∞≠¨®∫®™Ø®∑ª¨π∞µªØ¨ ≥®ªª¨π2 ∞ª ∞∫ ¨ø∑≥∞™∞ª≥¿ ´¨Ω∂ª¨´ ª∂ ®πƺ∞µÆ ≠∂π ªØ¨ ºµ∞ª¿ ∂≠ ªØ¨ غ¥®µ 𮙨∫ ªØπ∂ºÆØ™∂¥¥∂µ´¨∫™¨µª$(µæØ®ª≠∂≥≥∂æ∫(∫Ø®≥≥®ªª¨¥∑ª∞µ®∫¥®≥≥殿ª∂ ∫ºÆƨ∫ª Ø∂æ ≠πº∞ª≠º≥ ∞ª ™®µ ©¨ ª∂ ™∂µ∫∞´¨π ªØ¨ $ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ ®∫ ®µ $´∞µ©ºπÆØ 3 ©∂∂≤$ ≠ª¨π≠∞π∫ª∞µªπ∂´º™∞µÆªØ¨©∂∂≤∫™∂µª¨µª∫,≥≥ªπ¿®µ´ª¨®∫¨∂ºª∫∂¥¨ ∂≠ ªØ¨ ™∂µµ¨™ª∞∂µ∫ ©¨ªæ¨¨µ ∞ª ®µ´ $´∞µ©ºπÆØ ™∂µ™¨µªπ®ª∞µÆ ∂µ #®πæ∞µ∫ ∞µª¨≥≥¨™ªº®≥π¨≥®ª∞∂µ∫Ø∞∑æ∞ªØªØπ¨¨$´∞µ©ºπÆØ¥¨´∞™®≥¥¨µ∞µ™≥º´∞µÆ!¨≥≥$( æ∞≥≥ ®≥∫∂ ∫ºÆƨ∫ª µ¨®π ªØ¨ ¨µ´ ªØ®ª Ø∂æ¨Ω¨π ©®´≥¿ $´∞µ©ºπÆØ ™∂¥¨∫ ∂≠≠ ∞µ #®πæ∞µ∫ 2®™π¨´ "®º∫¨ #¨∫¥∂µ´ ®µ´ ,∂∂π¨ Ø®Ω¨ ´∂µ¨ ∫ª¨π≥∞µÆ æ∂π≤ ªØ¨π¨ ªØ®ª¥®¿¨µ®©≥¨º∫®ª≥®∫ªª∂∫∂≥Ω¨∂µ¨∂≠ªØ¨∂ºª∫ª®µ´∞µÆØ∞∫ª∂π∞™®≥∑º¡¡≥¨∫ ®©∂ºªªØ¨ $ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ $ ©π∞¨≠ ∂Ω¨πΩ∞¨æ ∂≠ ªØ¨ $ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ 6Ø¿´∂∑®πª∞™º≥®π∫º∞ª¨∫∂≠¥∂Ω¨¥¨µª∫Æ∂æ∞ªØ∑®πª∞™º≥®π¨¥∂ª∞∂µ∫E™π¿∞µÆ æ∞ªØ ∫®´µ¨∫∫ ≥®ºÆØ∞µÆ æ∞ªØ Ø®∑∑∞µ¨∫∫ ©≥º∫Ø∞µÆ æ∞ªØ ∫Ø®¥¨ ®µ´ ∫∂ ∂µH 3Ø®ª∞∫#®πæ∞µ∫7 $ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ% 0 6! & ! & ! & & ! ! $ 5 & & & & D 7$ , 6 & ' 12 ! & < 12 < 1B2 ! ! 6! ! & 9$/:$ :& < 1"2 ! & ! & E & ! < 4 12 ®µ 7 ≥®ª¨´ª∂¥∞∫ ®≥ ∂≠≠∞™¨π∫ ®µ´ ∂ªØ¨π ∂©∫¨π ¨π ª∂ ≠∞µ´ ®©∂ºª غ¥®µ ¨¥∂ª∞∂µ®≥ ¨ø∑π¨∫∫∞∂µ ∞µ ªØ¨ D 1 ! 2 ©¨ªª¨π ª∂ ´∞ & 6! 7 < 1C2 $ 0 6 & 1 & B2 ! &! 1 & BC2 & & $ 5 & ! $% ! 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