For Agassa Gully Erosion Site, Okene Lga, Kogi State, Nigeria

THE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP)

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

FINAL REPORT

Public Disclosure Authorized OF

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR AGASSA GULLY EROSION SITE, OKENE LGA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA

OCTOBER, 2018

Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of Contents 1 List of Tables 6 List of Figures 7 List of Plates 7 Executive Summary 8 Abbreviations 19

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 22 1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention 23 1.3 Environmental and Social Safeguard Concerns 24 1.4 Purpose of the ESMP 25 1.5 Objectives of the ESMP 26 1.6 Rationale for the study 27 1.7 Scope of Work 28 1.8 Technical Approach and Methodology 29 1.9 Study Approach 30 1.10 Literature/Data Review 30 1.11 Baseline Data Acquisition Methods 30

CHAPTER TWO: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 National Regulatory Requirement 36 2.2.1 National Environmental Policy 36 2.2.2 National Environmental (Soil Erosion and Flood Control Regulations, 2001 by NESREA 36 2.2.3 Technical Guidelines on Soil Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management 36 2.2.4 National Effluent Limitation Regulation 36 2.2.5 Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes Regulation 37 2.2.6 Management of Hazardous and Solid Wastes Regulations 37 2.2.7 Environmental Impact Assessment Act 37 2.2.8 Land Use Act of 1978 37 2.2.9 Forestry Act of 1958 and National Agricultural Policy of 1988 38 2.2.10 Criminal Code 38 2.2.11 Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) of1997 39 2.3 Legislative of Kogi State Ministry of Environment 39 2.4 International Guidelines 40 2.4.1 United Nations Convention on Climate Change 40

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

2.4.2 Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 40 2.4.3 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 40 2.4.4 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 40 2.5 World Bank‘s Environmental and Social Guidelines 40 2.6 Comparing Nigeria EA and World Bank EA Guidelines 42 2.6.1 Comparing the Nigerian Environmental Laws and the World Bank Operational policies 43 2.7 Institutional Framework 45

CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Overview of Kogi State 47 3.2 Physical Environment of Kogi State 48 3.2.1 Hydrology and Geology 48 3.2.2 Mineral Resources 49 3.2.3 Soil 49 3.2.4 Social Environment 50 3.3 Overview of Okene LGA 51 3.4 Baseline Information 52 3.4.1 Weather and Climate 52 3.5 Biological Environment 54 3.5.1 Vegetation 54 3.5.2 Wildlife 56 3.5.3 Relief 57 3.5.4 Geology and Hydrogeology 57 3.6 Baseline Information on the Project Environment 58 3.6.1 Air Quality and Noise 58 3.6.2 Water Quality 61 3.6.3 Soil Study 63

CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION 4.1 Introduction 66 4.2 Methodology for the Socio-economic survey 66 4.3 Primary Data 67 4.4 The Affected community and persons of the Proposed Project Area 67 4.5 Traditional Governance 68 4.6 Demographic Characteristics of Sampled Households in the study area 69 4.6.1 Attitude of the Community to the Project 69 4.6.2 Population Estimation and Projection 69 4.6.3 Infrastructures and Facilities 69 4.6.4 Quality of life and available social Amenities 70 4.6.5 Desirability of the Project 72 4.6.6 Health Survey 72

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

4.6.7 Livelihood (economic activities and revenues) Survey 73 4.7 Public Consultation 73 4.7.1 Stakeholders Consultation 74 4.7.2 Identification of Stakeholders 75 4.7.3 Community Consultations 76 4.7.4 Objective of Community Consultation 76 4.7.5 The Stakeholders Consulted and their Concerns 77 4.7.6 Summary of Meetings with Stakeholders 77

CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Introduction 80 5.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation 80 5.2.1 Impact Identification 80 5.2.2 Impact Qualification 80 5.2.3 Impact Rating 81 5.3 Summary of Associated and Potential Impacts Determination 84 5.4 Mitigation Measures for Agassa Gully Erosion 101 5.4.1 Selection of Mitigation Measures 101 5.5 Risk and Danger Assessment/Management 102 5.5.1 Assessing risks at the start of a project 103 5.5.2 Assessing risks at the start of each phase 105 5.5.3 Managing the risks 107 5.6 Analysis of Alternatives 109 5.6.1 Project Alternatives and Options 109 5.6.2 No Project Alternative 109 5.6.3 Delayed Project Alternative 110 5.6.4 Do It Project Alternative 110 5.6.5 Technologies/Designs Option 111

CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.1 Overview 112 6.2 Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan 112 6.2.1 ESMP Budget and Monitoring Plan . 113 6.3 Environmental and Social Management Monitoring Plan 145 6.3.1 Waste Management Plan 145 6.3.2 Recommended Measures for Waste Management 145 6.4 Emergency Response and Incidence Management 147 6.5 Recommended Measures for Chance Find/Cultural Heritage Management 147 6.6 Reasons for Failure in Gully Rehabilitation 148 6.6.1 Management of Rehabilitated Erosion Site 149 6.7 Grievance Redress mechanism 150

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

6.8 Gender Based Violence 153 6.9 Worker influx and Child-labour management 157 6.10 Community Security, Health and Safety Management 159 6.11 Stakeholders Engagement Plan 160 6.12 Fundamentals of Stakeholder Engagement Approach 162 6.13 Social Investment Plan 163 6.14 Project Coordination and Implementation Arrangements 163 6.15 NEWMAP Institutional Arrangement 163 6.16 Roles and Responsibilities 165 6.17 Federal Level Institutions 165 6.17.1 Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) 166 6.17.2 Department of Erosion, Flood and Costal Management 166 6.17.3 Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) 166 6.17.4 Nigerian Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA) 167 6.17.5 Integrated Water Resources Commission 167 6.17.6 Federal Ministry of Works (FMW) 167 6.17.7 Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) 167 6.17.8 National Environmental Standards and Regulatory Enforcement Agency 167 6.18 State Level Institutions 169 6.18.1 Kogi State Environmental Protection Agency (KSEPA) 170 6.18.2 Kogi State Ministry of Agriculture 170 6.18.3 Kogi State Ministry of Works 170 6.18.4 Kogi State Ministry of Land and Survey 170 6.18.5 Kogi State Ministry of Information 170 6.18.6 Kogi State Ministry of Youth Development 170 6.18.7 Kogi State Ministry of Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation 171 6.18.8 State Project Management Unit (SPMU) 171 6.18.9 SPMU Safeguard Units 172 6.19 Local Government Level Institutions 174 6.19.1 Community Level and other Institutions 174 6.19.2 Community Based Organizations (CBO) 174 6.20 World Bank 174 6.21 Consultants, Contractors and Site Engineers 175 6.22 Safeguards Manual 175 6.23 ESMP and Monitoring Budget 175 6.24 ESMP Disclosures 175

CHAPTER SEVEN: RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 Conclusion 176 7.2 Recommendation 176

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

REFERENCES 177

ANNEX ONE: Terms of Reference 179 TWO: Study Methodology 192 THREE: Household Questionnaire 211 FOUR: Waste Management Plan 215 FIVE: The World Bank‘s Approach to Grievance Redress in Projects 216 SIX: NEWMAP: Labor Influx And Gender Based Violence (GBV) 223 SEVEN: Minutes Of The Meeting With Agassa Community 228 EIGHT: List Of Attendance For Community Consultation 233 NINE: Summary of Triggered World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies 234 TEN: Gully Treatment Options 236

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Triggered Safeguard Policies 42 Table 2.2: Comparison ofthe WorldBank OP4.01and the Nigerian Extant Laws 44 Table 3.1: Showing List of Solid Minerals in Okene LGA 51 Table 3.2: A summary of Plant Species found in the Study Area 55 Table 3.3: Wildlife species Identified around the Study Area 56 Table 3.4: Results of Air Quality and Noise Level along the Erosion Corridor in Agassa Community 60 Table 3.5: Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground Water Sample form Agassa Community 62 Table 3.6: Physico-chemical analysis of the soil along the Erosion corridor 64 Table 3.7: Physico-chemical analysis of the soil along the Erosion corridor 65 Table 3.8: Microbiological Analysis of the soil along Erosion corridor 66 Table 4.1: Community meetings - dates, location and attendees 73 Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence 82 Table 5.2: Consequences of Impact 82 Table 5.3: Risk Assessment Matrix 82 Table 5.4: Frequency rating Criteria 83 Table 5.5: Importance Criteria 83 Table 5.6: Perception Criteria 84 Table 5.7: Impact Value and Rating Colour Code 84 Table 5.8: Summary of Beneficial and Adverse Impacts 85 Table 5.9: Identified Potential Impacts and Rating - Pre Construction Phase 96 Table 5.10: Identified Potential Impacts and Rating - Construction Phase 97 Table 5.11: Identified Potential Impacts and their Ratings - Operational Phase 100 Table 5.12: Criteria for Selection of Control Measures for a Continuous Gully 102 Table 5.13: Risk Severity Prioritization table 106 Table 5.14: Identified Risk, Ratings and Response to Risk 106 Table 6.1: ESMP - Matrix 114 Table 6.2: Training and timeline 160 Table 6.3: Safeguard Responsibilities for NEWMAP 168 Table 6.4 ESMP and Monitoring Budget 175

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Map of Nigeria Showing Kogi State 47 Figure 3.2: Map of Kogi State showing the project area 48 Figure 3.3: Average Monthly Rainfall of the Study Area 52 Figure 3.4: Annual Average Temperature of the study area 53 Figure 3.5: Annual Average Relative of the study area 53 Figure 3.6: Geological map of Nigeria showing the schist belts 57 Figure 3.7: Satellite Imagery showing Air quality and noise level (In-situ) Measurement points along the erosion corridor 59 Figure 3.8: Satellite Imagery showing Groundwater sampling points 61 Figure 4.1: Chart showing flow of authority in the host community and the state 68 Figure 5.1: Risk Assessment Process 103 Figure 5.2: Risk matrix 104

LIST OF PLATES Plate 3.1: Picture showing In-situ measurement of Noise level 58 Plate 3.2: Ground water sampling from the community Borehole and Hand dug well in Agassa Community 62 Plate 3.3: in-situ measurement of Ground water samples from the community Hand dug well in Agassa community 63 Plate 4.1: Photograph showing electric cables, transformer and BTS masts 70 Plate 4.2: Showing Educational Institutions in the study area 70 Plate 4.3: Housing condition in the host community 71 Plate 4.4: Borehole available to the resident 71 Plate 4.5: Access road to the host community 72 Plate 4.6: showing Mini market and roadside shops in the community 72

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

E.S-1 Background Information The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. Kogi State Government is one of the twenty one NEWMAP states and has received an advance on the proceeds of a credit through the World Bank Assisted Projecton the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) to finance the age-long erosion malaise in the State through the intervention of prioritized gully erosion sites in Kogi State, of which Agassa Gully Erosion site shall be a beneficiary. Consequently, there is the need to assess the Environmental and Social Impacts of the intervention project by the Kogi State NEWMAP prior to the rehabilitation of the gully erosion site. Considering the category of the proposed project and the population of the affected people, an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is inevitable. E.S-2 Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan The objective of the ESMP is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures will be implemented throughout the phases for the Rehabilitation of Agassa Gully Erosion Site. It has also been prepared to ensure the effective long-term protection of the area and other biotic and abiotic components of the environment. The specific objectives among others include: a. Description of the environment; b. Identification of the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions; c. Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); d. Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;

E.S-3 Project Alternatives Various alternatives to the planned rehabilitation of the Agassa Gully Erosion Site were evaluated. These include:  Do nothing approach  Rocklined chute

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

 Wooddrop structure  Vegetated overall structure The preferred alternative would be to implement the current project proposal, however with a combination of suitable alternatives to enable the project achieve its objectives.

E.S-4 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework The requirement for an Environmental Assessment and Social Management Plan is in compliance with the Federal Republic of Nigeria‘s (FRN) laws and World Bank policies that are geared towards achieving sustainable development goals through proper and adequate care for the environment, health and safety, and social well-being of her citizens. Hence, this report was prepared in accordance with NEWMAP provision of Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Product Information Management (PIM) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). National Regulatory Requirements  National Environmental Policy, 1989  National Environmental (Soil Erosion and Flood Control Regulations, 2001) by NESREA  Technical Guidelines on Soil Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management of FMEnv  National Effluent Limitation Regulation, S.1.8 OF 1991  Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes Regulation, S.1.9 OF 1991  Management of Hazardous and Solid Wastes Regulations, S.1.15 of 1991  Environmental Impact Assessment Act No.86 OF 1992  The defunct FEPA (now Federal Ministry of Environment) Act, 1992  The Oil in Water Act, 1986  Environmental Sanitation Law  Environmental Pollution Law  Waste Management Authority Law  National Environmental Protection (For Effluent Limitation and Pollution Abatement for Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes Regulations) FMEnv, 1991.Land Use Act of 1978Forestry Act of 1958  National Agricultural Policy of 1988  National Inland Waterways Authority(NIWA) of1997  Kogi State Environmental Protection Edicts 1991 Existing Safeguard Instruments and Rationale for the ESMP ESMF and RPF are the existing safeguard instruments that address the eight triggered safeguards

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

policies of the World Bank by NEWMAP, namely: Environmental Assessment (EA) (OP-4.01), Natural Habitats (OP-4.04), Pest Management (OP-4.09), Forest (OP-4.36), Physical Cultural Resources (OP- 4.11), Involuntary Resettlement (OP-4.12), Indigenous Peoples (OP-4.10), Safety of Dams (OP-4.36). The ESMP was designed to guard the process of the proposed intervention projects with a view to enhancing project benefits and introduce standards of good environmental practice for sustainable development in the State. Institutional Framework NEWMAP involves many federal and state ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), local governments, communities, and the civil society. Effective implementation of projects requires inter- ministerial and inter-state coordination, collaboration, and information sharing. Thus, each component, sub-component and activity of the project was to be implemented through relevant federal and state MDAs. To this end, the various MDAs include those responsible for planning, economy and finance, works, agriculture, water resources, forests, transport, power, emergency response, as well as those focused on climate and hydrological information or watershed/basin regulation. The investments for Agassa Gully Erosion Site in Okene, Kogi State is being made through the Kogi NEWMAP, as Kogi State has the primary responsibility for land management and land allocations of the project site. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) is the lead implementing agency for NEWMAP. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) headed by a Federal Coordinator hosted by FMEnv is responsible for the overall coordination of the project. The Kogi State Project Management Unit (Kogi- SPMU), headed by the State Coordinator and hosted by Kogi State Ministry of Environment and Public Utility, is responsible for project coordination in Kogi State, thus is directly responsible for the coordinating activities of the Agassa Gully Erosion Site intervention including the implementation of this ESMP. Both the federal and state levels coordinating units have environmental officer responsible for the main streaming of environmental issues into NEWMAP projects. The Kogi State environmental officer is directly responsible for coordinating the implementation of this Agassa Gully Erosion Site ESMP on behalf of the State Project Coordinator. At the community level, the Agassa Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee will effectively participate in ensuring full compliance during project implementation including civil work activities. Operational policies of the World Bank for safeguarding developmental projects triggered in this project include; OP/BP4.01: Environmental Assessment, OP/BP4.11: Physical Cultural Property and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP4.12).

E.S-5 Project Activities The project activities are to be carried out through civil works and biophysical cumbio engineering rehabilitation, such as tree planting and refilling part of the gully in order; construction of collector drains

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

along the main roads overlooking the intervention area in order to prevent further runoff concentration along secondary roads; provision of proper interceptor drains to safely discharge water through chutes and stilling basins or baffled aprons (the transverse chutes are positioned at appropriate points adjacent the interceptor drains to prevent the occurrence of erosion next to the lined concrete channel); provision of concrete channels in infrastructure areas and check dams at the lower end of the gully site, and at suitable intervals at gully bed of the main gully; construction of a new rectangular channel in place of the existing damaged trapezoid alone, and provision of vegetation measures following construction of the engineering measures.

E.S-6 Project Location The project area is Agassa gully erosion site. It lies between latitude 7o32'36.6"N and 6o13'19.9"E North, and longitude 7o32'28.3"N and 6o13'38.1"E East. The site is located in Agassa community in Okene Local Government Area (LGA) of Kogi State. The site is dominated by valleys and hills between Okene-eba hill and the surrounding hills. The gully is 1,341m of length, 15 to 20m of width and 4m of depth. The gully came about as a result of uncontrolled waterfall from the Okene-eba and surrounding hills and developed fingers at Ubazi-Ewenyi and Urividaahache, which terminates at the community burial ground.

E.S-7 Environmental Baseline and Information of the Project Area Weather Information: Agassa, the projectarea has two distinct seasons in a year; they are the wet and dry seasons. The wet season spans between middle of March and October. While between the months of October and March, the state experience the dry season, during this season the air is dry with temperature missing up during the day. The state has an average maximum temperature of 34.50C and an average minimum temperature of 22.80C and its annual rainfall is between 1016mm and 1524mm. Higher relative humidity of the area is obtained between the months of April and November in the years considered (2015 and 2016). This trend coincides with the values obtained for rainfall. Air Quality and Noise: Air quality and noise were measured in 10 locations and were geo-referenced.

The results were within FMENV regulatory limits. Results obtained for SPM, CO2 and CO range from 0.08mg/m3 to 0.13mg/m3, 0.00% to 0.017%and0.00ppm to 4ppm respectively. Noise level averaged 62dBA and falls within FMEnv Limit. Geology: The study area, Agassa is an extension of the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria characterized by schists that do not form well defined belts and are poorly exposed. The poor exposure is due to tropical climatic conditions and rainforest vegetation in the region. The basement complex of southwestern Nigeria is underlain by a generation of schists belonging to the migmatite gneiss complex

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

sequence of probable Archean to early Proterozoic age and a generation belonging to the late Proterozoic age. Soil: The result of the analysis shows that the soil is made up of varying percentage compositions of sand, silt and clay. The pH values range between 6.2 and 7.1 during the time of study. This implies that the soil ranged from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline.

Exchangeable anions detected in the analysis are SO42-, PO42-, and NO3-. The concentration of the

Sulphate ion varies from 0.36mg/kg to 0.77mg/kg, PO42-, 0.10mg/kg to 0.20mg/kg,NO3- 0.34mg/kg to 0.83mg/kg . The maximum concentration for Calcium is 8.20mg/kg while the minimum is 5.36mg/kg. The Cation Exchange Capacity of the soil was low. Cations detected in low concentrations were Magnesium, Potassium, and Sodium. The maximum concentration of Magnesium is 1.82 mg/kg. Water Quality: Highest temperature of groundwater samples collected in Agassa community is 21.8oC. The pH value ranges between 7.02 and 7.07, which is within WHO and FMEnv Limits, and falls within pH values of 6.5 to 8.5of natural water. Vegetation: the study area is in the guinea savannah or parkland savannah belt with tall grasses and trees with large canopies. These are green in the rainy season with fresh leaves and tall grasses, but the land is open during the dry season, showing charred trees and the remains of burnt grasses. The trees which grow in clusters are up to 6m tall, interspersed with grasses which grow up to about 3m. These trees include locust bean, shea butter, oil bean and the isoberlinia trees. The different types of vegetation are, however, not in their natural luxuriant state owing to human activities and development. Wildlife: Mammalian species diversity was also low in the study area. Eight (8) mammalian families represented by fourteen (14) species were attested to by local hunters. Rodents were the most diverse mammalian species in the study area. The ground squirrel and bush ice were among the more frequently sighted mammals. Giant rat presence was recognized from their peculiar burrows and grass cutter from recently eaten grasses.

E.S-8 Socio-Economic Characteristics The traditional land owners of Agasa are the Ebira ethnic group from Omavi clan. . Ebira is the main language spoken in the area as the area is predominantly dominated by Ebira people. Many non- indigenes live amongst them, such as Igbos, Igalas, Yorubas and Hausas.During the 2006 census, 320,260 was the head count for Okene LGA. Among those, 169,617 were male, and 150,643 were female. Agassa on the other hand, which is a community within Okene LGA, by estimate are approximately 6,000 people. The infrastructures and facilities observed around the project area include Base Transmission Station (BTS) masts of different network providers, High tension Electric lines, feeders (earth) roads, boreholes,

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

amongst others.Most houses in Agasa are built with concrete blocks and zinc/aluminium roofs. The residents depend on boreholes and hand dug well for water needs. The major access road to the community is the single lane running from Okene to Agasa community;the community had no modern market structures, however, there exists a local market.Thecommunity showed 100% acceptance of the proposed project and requested for immediate takeoff of the project.

E.S-9 Consultation Stakeholders‘ identified during consultation are Kogi State NEWMAP State Project Management Unit (SPMU), Kogi State Ministry of Environment, Town Associations/Community Based Organization Leaders, Village Chairmen, Chiefs/Elders, Youth/Women group leaders. Public consultation was conducted on the 12th of December 2017 in Agassa community. The meeting was led by NEWMAP Environmental Consultant. The Agasa ―GRA‖Group (Common name of an area in Agassa – Not Government Reserve Area), Ateba group, including the NEWMAP Association Site community were in attendance. The community members believed that this project will bring development to their area and will also remove their fears of building collapse; they believed also that this time around, since NEWMAP is involved, the project will kick-off without delay. They made passionate request/expectations; that with this project, other developmental cum social amenities will come to their area, such as Police Station, pipe borne water, medical facilities; youth employment from their locality will assist the project at implementation.

E.S-10 Health Impact Study Health facilities used by the in-scope individuals and households for the treatment of ailments/diseases were mainly through patronising local pharmaceutical shops and this returns 60% of the total sampled frame. Respondents who patronize clinic had 33.0% while the least was recorded for the respondents who use traditional remedial approach to treatment of diseases/ailments. The major ailments/diseases that frequently occur among the proposed project affected people and community across various age brackets are malaria and typhoid.

E.S-11 Summary of Potential Impacts for the Agassa Gully Site Beneficial Environmentaland Socio-economic Impacts The beneficial environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with the rehabilitation works will include:  Rehabilitation of the erosion menace in the project community  Repair ofthe watershed gullies

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

 Provision of properand well-designed road drainage systems  Provision of employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled workers.  Encourage community development programs.  Reintegration of community and diversification of sources of livelihood.  Reduction of mortality rate.  Promotion of afforestation programs (with all its benefits)  Minimization of flooding and control of coastal overflow.  Reduced fear perception of loss of property, inhabitation and ancestral origins of the communities.  Control and Reduction of water body sedimentation rates due to erosion.  Reduction in mortality/morbidity from landslides.  Initiation/ kick-off of rapid production systems and agricultural practices.  Increase in social interactions  Improved livelihood enhancing activities  Gender Issues: Construction activities will encourage economic activities, especially for women. Since there would be a large work force, petty traders and food-spots owners will benefit immensely from the demand on site.  Promotion of good will and community appreciation of the NEWMAP intervention in Kogi State and Nigeria at large. Adverse Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts Some adverse impacts that may be associated with the rehabilitation of the gully as highlighted in this report may include the following:  Increase in fugitive dust emission during preconstruction and construction phases of the rehabilitation.  Waste generation especially construction wastes.  Possibility of see page of fuel from machineries and effluent discharge into the watershed, thus impacting on the water quality.  Site clearing will lead to loss of species diversity and abundance, including soil organisms, fungi, invertebrates, and bacteria.  Noise and vibration from heavy-duty project vehicles and equipment resulting in nuisance.  The frequency and incidence of occupational hazards may rise with during construction activities.  Disruption of public access to properties and compounds;  Displacement of land properties and source of livelihoods;

E.S-12 Environmental and SocialMitigationMeasures

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Mitigation measures provided for the project implementation include amongst others; keeping heavy duty machinery and filling material at about 30 meters away from gully channels, avoid machines that can cause vibration, stabilization of overburden before construction works, lowering of the over hand before using escavator with a long boom or extended boom of at least 25 meters and uses of manualefforts to reduce overburden. Proper waste disposal systems, planting of fire-resistant trees, speed limit indications and speed breaker, controlled chemical application, integrated vegetation management, engagement of the community on health, safety and environment amongst others were other mitigation measures.

E.S-13 Environmental and Social Management Plan Based on the identification and rating of potential impacts that could arise from the proposed intervention in Agassa gully erosion site, an Environmental and Social Plan (ESMP) has been prepared in this study, with appropriate measures to eliminate, offset, or reduce adverse environmental and social impacts that could arise from the civil works in gully site. It is expected that all stakeholders in the implementation and monitoring of the plan will adhere strictly to specifications and timelines. Some mitigation measures proffered in the ESMP include; sprinkling of water via spraying devices to limit dusts, ensure that vehicles are serviced; undergo vehicle emission testing (VET) and vehicle exhaust screening (VES), limit vegetation clearing to minimum areas required and demarcating the corridor of the proposed project amongst other mitigation measures.

ES-14 Grievance Redress Mechanism The World Bank‘s approach to GRM will apply (Annex 5); alternative conflict resolution and problem- solving mechanism abound at local levels. According to NEWMAP, in November 2017, 4 levels of grieviance resolution mechanism have been propounded; summary of which have been highlighted below: Step 1: Assessment of Risks and Potential Grievances and Disputes; Step 2: Capacity Assessment Step 3: Action Plan Step 4: Follow-up and review To operationalise the GRM effectively, grievances have to be classified according to their potential severity or complications. One of the most common grounds for grievances is land compensation entitlement and disbursement. This is likely going to generate grievances more constantly than any other issues about the project.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

More complicated matters like RAP and implementation issues that may involve private sector entities and third-party agencies are likely to require the attention of the PMU. For the GRM to be effective as an all-inclusive engagement instrument that effectively handle the grievances of women, there has to be a deliberate structuring to include Women in Grievance Redress Committee, who will easily be approached by women for the purpose of presenting their grievances.

ES-15 Gender-Based Violence Nigeria has an obligation to take all appropriate measures to prevent rape, ensure that there are adequate sanctions for rape in law and in practice, and ensure access to reparation for the victims. Furthermore, Nigeria has to take special measures to protect the rights of individuals who are vulnerable to sexual violence, namely women, children, and persons with disabilities. The following actions are recommended for immediate implementation to reduce and mitigate the risk of GBV/SEA in the project area: a. Hiring a dedicated GBV/SEA specialist or retraining SLOs for the project, b. Including in the focal NGO‘s ToR services for managing social risks associated with GBV/SEA in the project, c. Building and improving FPMU/SPMUs, local communities and other relevant stakeholders‘ capacities to address risks of GBV/SEA by developing and providing guidance, training, awareness, and dissemination of relevant GBV/SEA materials to communities, d. Developing a clear KSG-NEWMAP specific internal ―Reporting and Response Protocol" to guide relevant stakeholders in case of GBV/SEA incidents, e. Strengthening operational processes of KSG-NEWMAP project area on GBV/SEA, f. Identifying development partners and cultivating pragmatic partnership on GBV/SEA prevention measures and referral services, g. Developing Codes of Conduct for civil works contractors with prohibitions against GBV/SEA, h. Strengthening consultations and operationalizing GBV/SEA specific grievance redress mechanisms, i. Providing financial support implementation of the GBV/SEA actions described herein, including training and awareness building for various stakeholders, j. Establishing inter-ministerial committee to advance GBV/SEA actions

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

ES-16 Labour influx and Child Labour The project may face an influx of non-local labour and working conditions issues as skilled labourers might not be available in some of the project sites. The project is expected to take concrete measures to mitigate potential labour influx-related risks such as workers‘ sexual relations with minors and resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AID, sexual harassment of female employees, child labour and abuse, increased dropout rates from school, inadequate resettlement practices, and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labour practice, and lack of road safety. These risks will require careful consideration to improve social and environmental sustainability, resilience and social cohesion. Therefore, the project will include mitigation measures such as: a. assessing living conditions of workers‘ camps and ensuring appropriate living conditions; b. establishing and enforcing a mandatory Code of Conduct for the company, managers and workers, and an Action Plan for implementation; c. ensuring appropriate location for these camps; d. taking counter measures - indicated in the Social Management Plan - to reduce the impact of the labour influx on the public services; and e. devising and implementing a strategy for maximizing employment opportunities for local population, including women.

ES-17 Citizen Engagement The Kogi State NEWMAP has been implementing its Citizen/Stakeholders‟ Engagement Plan since the inception of the Project. Some of the major considerations in this regard include: • identification of Project stakeholders; • summary of past consultation efforts; • establishment of site committee Other planned consultation efforts to prepare for construction activities; • stakeholder engagement during consultancy services; • stakeholder engagement during construction; • stakeholder engagement during operations; • resources for stakeholder engagement; • monitoring and reporting on stakeholder engagement; and • formation of the site monitoring committees particularly the Agassa Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

ES-18 Summary of Environmental management plan The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) of the Kogi State NEWMAP proposed intervention at Agassa gully erosion site in Okene Local Government Area (LGA) assesses the outlines for mitigation measures considered to address the adverse impacts described in main text. It also outlines the institutional responsibilities and accountabilities that will guarantee that all the provisions are implemented under severe supervision.

ES-19 Waste Management Plan The ESMP had provided detailed information on waste management including the amount and type of waste to be generated, the sources and proffered mitigation measures, among other measures to be considered include: - Sensitization amongst the labourers on the need for effective waste management throughout the sub-project activity. - Sensitization and mobilization on the adverse consequences of poor waste management. It is important that the Kogi State Ministry of Environment and KSEPA be coopted into the program to ensure that appropriate waste management control is employed.

ES-20 Capacity Building Plan The capacity building is targeted at all parties concerned with the implementation of the ESMP, which include the contractor, KSG-NEWMAP SPMU (Environment and safeguards specialist, Project engineer, Social safeguards specialist) and community members especially the Agassa gully erosion monitoring committee members. This is to ensure an In-depth understanding of the mitigation measures proffered by the ESMP. Personnel require appreciation of World Bank‘s, Federal/State environmental policies, as well as, an application of these policies in implementing the World Bank support for Agassa gully erosion control. Training modules will include; Construction Safety,Fleet Safety,Hazard Communication,Job Hazard Analysis, Disaster management and Accident Investigation.

ES-21 Cost Estimate The total cost for Implementing the Agassa Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation Works ESMP is estimated at N43,178,850.00 (Forty Three Million, One Hundred and Seventy Eight Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty Naira) only, at N365 per USD; that correspond to One Hundred and Eighteen Thousand Two Hundred and Ninety Eight US Dollars [USD118, 298.00].

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

ES-22 Disclosures After a review and clearance by the World Bank, the ESMP will be disclosed at the FMEnv, SME and host LGA offices as well as the World Bank Info Shop. The purpose will be to inform stakeholders about the project activities; impacts anticipated and proposed environmental management actions

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

LIST OF ACRONYMS AGO Automotive Gas Oil AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CASHES Community Affairs, Safety, Health, Environment and Security CBA Cost Benefit Analysis, CBO Community Based Organizations CDA Community Development Associations CDD Community Driven Development CO Carbon monoxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPMC Community Project Management Committee CSO Civil Society Organizations DO Dissolved Oxygen EA Environmental Assessment EC Electrical conductivity EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ERIM Emergency Response and Incident Management ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESO Environmental safeguards Officer FBO Fixed-Base Operator FMARD Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development FMW Federal Ministry of Works FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FMENV Federal Ministry of Environment FMWR Federal Ministry of Water Resources FPMU Federal Project Management Unit FRSC Federal Road Safety Corps FSLC First School Leaving Certificate

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

GBV Gender Based Violence GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Green House Gas GRC Grievance Redress Committee GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GSM Global System for Mobile HAZCOM Hazard Communication Program HC Hydro Carbon HCF Health Care Facility HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IDA International Development Association IFR Interim Financial Reports ISO International Organization for Standardization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources JHA Job Hazard Analysis LGA Local Government Area LGDO Local Government Desk Office LGRC Local Government Review Committee M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDA Ministries, Departments and Agencies MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets NESREA National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NEWMAP Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project NGO Non-Governmental Organizations NIHSA Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency NIMET Nigerian Meteorological Agency OHRA Occupational Health Risk Assessment OHS Occupational Health and Safety OHSMPC Occupational Health and Safety Management Plans PAD Project Appraisal Document PAP Project Affected Persons PAHs Project Affected Households PDO Project Development Objective

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

PHA Process Hazard Analysis PHC Primary healthcare PHCN Power Holding Company of Nigeria PHF Primary Healthcare Facility PIM Product Information Management PIU Project Implementation Unit PM Particulate Matter PMS Purified Motor Spirit PPE Personal protective equipment RAP Resettlement Action Plan RFP Resettlement Policy Framework ROI Return on Investment RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SA Social Assessment SCCF Special Climate Change Fund SEA Sexual Exploitation and Abuse SLM Sustainable Land Management SMEnv State Ministry of Environment SPMU State Project Management Unit SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences STD Sexually Transmitted Disease STI Sexually transmitted infections TDS Total Dissolved Solid THC Total Hydrocarbon TOR Terms of Reference UV Ultraviolet VES Vehicle Exhaust Screening VET Vehicle Emission Testing WASSCE West African Senior School Examinations WHO World Health Organization WRPP Workers Respiratory Protection Program

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Some parts of Kogi State are currently under the threats of gully erosion. It has numerous causes; and these causes can be both naturally and artificially-induced, but the underlying geology and the severity of accompanying surface processes play a key role. Observations have shown clearly that gully erosion is more prevalent in sedimentary terrain than in the basement complex of Nigeria. This erosion activity at various scales has resulted in the loss of lives and properties almost on a yearly basis. Solutions that have been proffered include public awareness campaign, improved farming techniques, cultural method of gully control, enactment of laws against any activities that favour gully growth, and thorough implementation of suggested solutions. The World Bank, in collaboration with Kogi State Government launched the Kogi State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), to tackle gully erosion that has been ravaging most parts of the state. Agassa gully site in Okene LGA are among the eight erosion sites that are included as part of the rationale for the first phase of NEWMAP‘s intervention project in Kogi State. NEWMAP has played key role in the protection of environment, by preventing pollution and retaining natural systems, alleviating danger and discomfort of flooding by providing drainage and managing flood risks in Kogi State. The NEWMAP intervention programme is also to make efforts to avoid damage caused by erosion in the state; by controlling run-off and discharges and supporting sustainable development and giving respect to heritage for prosperity. The Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), is an eight-year government led intervention project to prevent and reverse land degradation, focusing on major gully erosion sites that threaten infrastructure, livelihoods, and environmental assets. The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to reduce vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub watersheds. The project is being financed through a World Bank $500million credit with blended grants of $3.96 million from the Global Environment Facility (GEF), $4.63 million from the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and US$150 million from the Government of Nigeria. The project has three operational components: a) Gully restoration, catchment management, and livelihoods; b) Capacity building in key national and state institutions related to erosion and watershed management; and c) Climate change and alternative energy in rural areas.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Component 4 supports project implementation at National and State levels. The FMEnv is the lead implementing agency for NEWMAP with Federal and State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), Local Governments, Communities, and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs). The institutional arrangements for the project implementation are the Project Steering Committee, Technical Committee and the Project Management Units (PMUs) at both Federal and State levels as well as Liaison Offices and Site Committees at the Local Government level. The general principle is that the Federal Steering Committee is responsible for overall project coordination, alignment of project content and approach, and oversight of activities taking place across participating States through the Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU). The State Project Management Unit (SPMU) is responsible for the practical implementation of project activities within the specific frameworks set by the Project. The Project implementation started with seven (7) Southern States at inception. However, Kogi State is among 12 additional States included in the implementation after the approval of the Federal Government; whereby, more States are also on the waiting list to join the project. There is no fixed amount of the loan/grant proceeds allocated to each state but every state level of withdrawal depends, among others, on the state performance, level of devastation and capacity to draw down. The loan component of the fund is repayable within forty years with 10 years moratorium at Maximum Commitment Charge Rate on the unwithdrawn Financing

Balance of one-half of one percent (1/2 of 1% which is 0.5%) per annum and a Service Charge

on the Withdrawn Credit Balance of three-fourths of one percent (3/4 of 1% which is 0.75) per annum.

1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention The proposed rehabilitation intervention works on the Agasa gully erosion site considered the terrain of the area, economic viability, cost benefit analysis and culture of the people to come up with a design solution that will involve; construction of a set of side drains at both verge of Agassa to collect upstream water, construction of a concrete culvert designed to convey the flow and links, filling and compaction of fill to reclaim part of the gully head and its finger gully, construction of step-wise drop structure to dissipate a large part of the energy of flow, use of Flat gabion mattress lying on geotextile material, use of Reno/gabion mattresses where necessary to protect the base from scouring and re-vegetation with local grass and trees within the distance of the gully and its fingers. Specific activities will include; Upgrade/formalize of existing water channel, construction of new channels, construction of baffle chute, gully rehabilitation, construction of road side drains, construction of new culverts, construction of new

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

channels to convey water to the natural water channel and Reinstate/rehabilitation of roads. Figure 1.1 shows Agassa gully erosion site engineering design layout.

1.3 Environmental and Social Safeguard Concerns The environmental and social safeguards concerns for NEWMAP are addressed through two national instruments already prepared under the project: an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). 1. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF): In general, the ESMF specifies the procedures to be used for preparing, approving and implementing a) Environmental/Social Assessments (ESAs, or alternately both an SA or an EA) and/or b) Environmental/Social Management Plans (ESMPs, or alternately both an EMP and SMP) for individual civil works packages developed for each project. ESMPs are essential elements for Category B projects. The ESMF will serve as a guide for the preparation of this ESMP for Agassa gully Erosion site since the World Bank OP/BP 4.01-Environmental Assessment is triggered as a result of the civil works. 2. Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF): The RPF applies when land acquisition leads to the temporary or permanent physical displacement of persons, and/or loss of shelter, and /or loss of livelihoods and/or loss, denial or restriction of access to

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

economic resources due to project activities. It sets out the resettlement and compensation principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to meet the needs of project-affected people, and specifies the contents of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for each package of investments. A Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), which serves as a practical tool during the programme formulation, design, implementation and monitoring, was prepared for NEWMAP, which serves as a guide for the present terms of reference. The activities of Component 1 will involve civil works in specific intervention site – that is, construction of drainage works and/or rehabilitation of gullies. This could result in the acquisition of land or displacement of families, business or public infrastructure, thus triggering the World Bank OP/BP 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement.

Various documents have been prepared in line with the NEWMAP, and they include; Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Resettlement Policy Frameworks (RPF), Project Appraisal Document (PAD) prepared for the Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project. This report focuses on the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) prepared for the Rehabilitation of Agassa Gully Erosion in Okene LGA of Kogi State. The NEWMAP intends to rehabilitate the gully erosion site and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in the targeted areas. This activity will be employed through some civil works such as construction of infrastructure and stabilization of the gully. An engineering design report has already been prepared for the Agassa Gully Erosion, which highlights on the detailed civil works that will be carried out. This ESMP study will therefore, aim to identify potential and significant adverse environmental and social impacts that will be associated with the rehabilitation and to propose means of minimizing and/or mitigating them to acceptable levels.

1.4 Purpose of the ESMP The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is an instrument that details the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and the actions needed to implement these measures. The ESMP is an integral part of Category ―A‖ Environmental Assessments (EAs) (irrespective of other instruments used). EAs for Category ―B‖ projects may also result in an ESMP. However, the impacts of the Agassa Gully Erosion Complex rehabilitation project are considered to be mainly site specific. The project will

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

concentrate mainly on the rehabilitation which will include the construction of a set of side drains, filling and compaction of fill to reclaim part of the gully head and its finger gully, construction of step-wise drop structure to dissipate a large part of the energy of flow, and revegetation of the gully site with local grass and trees within the distance of the gully and its finger. More on the project design is explained in Chapter 5 of this report. The civil works will be concentrated at the areas closest to the erosion site and will ensure negligible adverse impacts on livelihood. The adverse impacts will be largely reversible, indirect and short term. Considering the aforementioned, the project falls suitably into the World Bank‘s category B; hence the most suitable safeguard instrument to address beneficial and adverse impacts is an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The ESMP provides a set of procedures through which NEWMAP will develop and implement environmental, social, health, and safety management systems, programs, processes and procedures that will establish a foundation for sound mitigation of adverse impacts, enhancement of positive impacts, institutional responsibilities, indicative costs for mitigation and eventual monitoring of the ESMP. The ESMP outlines Kogi State NEWMAP Project Management Unit‘s corporate commitment to managing the project in a responsible, safe and sustainable manner whereby the protection of the environment, safety of people and social concerns take priority above all other business concerns. The ESMP will also ensure compliance with applicable environmental standards all through the life span of the project. The Bank will disclose the ESMP document publicly, in Nigeria and at the World Bank website before project appraisal.

1.5 Objectives of the ESMP The objective of the ESMP is to ensure that the environmental and social impacts likely to arise from the projects activities are addressed and appropriate mitigation measures integrated into project implementation and operation in order to protect human and environmental health. The objective is consistent with the Terms of Reference for the ESMP provided. The specific objectives of this study include the following: e. Describe the existing status of the sub watershed; f. Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions; g. Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall);

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

h. Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; i. Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the sub-watershed management in consultation with relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; j. Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (as in a-e); k. Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g. for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; l. Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; m. Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and n. Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of the funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.

1.6 Rationale forthe Study Generally, Agassa is a well-settled township. It functions as the head quarters of Okene Local Government Area of Kogi State. Traditionally, it is renowned for agriculture, trade and deep historical virtues. The residents are traders and farmers whose activities are closely tied to the land. A lot of residential structures are within the gully strip. Due to their proximity to the gully, some of these structures have been marked as danger zones by the Kogi State Ministry of Land, Housing and Survey pointing to earlier studies aimed at reducing the human exposure to the destructive potency of the gully. The proposed project is not aimed at curtailing the gully but finally redesigning the current landscape with bioengineering and remediation works. This will almost wipe off the current danger-imposing nature of the Agassa gully as its risk of destruction

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

will be reduced to the barest minimum. Inter-community transportation and communication has been severely damaged by the expanding gully corridor. The new gully fingers have extended to areas previously viewed as safe and secured. School children and teachers have been affected, having had to travel round safe areas to get to their school or employment places, since the direct road to the school has been damaged by the gully. Some members of the project community engage in subsistence agriculture. This activity has been adversely affected by the gully as some of the land parcels have been lost. In addition is that the annual land usefulness and output has been severely reduced with some farmers resulting to distant areas farther into the forest to cultivate the land and build houses. The need to rehabilitate the Agassa gully in Okene cannot be over-emphasized as different aspects of the socioeconomic life of the people/community will be restored and enhanced in some degree. Access to community facilities and infrastructures will be enhanced while the entire ecological landscape will be restored and redesigned in such away that the sustainability of the environment will be enhanced. Overall, the anthropogenic activities of the area will be re- organized. The livelihood of the residents of the area will also be restored because the existing subtle relationship between agriculture and the land in which adverse land condition can lead to intensification of poverty will be addressed (Adato & Meinzen-Dick, 2007; Adamson, 2004).

1.7 Scope of Work The scope of work in the preparation of this ESMP includes: - Compliance with NEWMAP‘s safeguard policy

- Review the concept of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) - Review the existing Federal and State Environmental Laws/legal framework;

- Identify those construction and/or rehabilitation activities that may have detrimental impact on the environment and the society in each of the lots; - Determine the mitigation measures that will need to be taken into consideration, and the procedures for their implementation; - Define the institutional arrangements for implementing activities to mitigate adverse environmental impacts, suppressing or reducing them to acceptable levels;

- Develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) with indicative costs for implementation.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

- The ESMP includes the screening checklist and a matrix summarizing the identified risks, recommended mitigation measures, timeline for implementation, responsible party and associated cost per road. - The final ESMP focuses on the assessment of the inclusiveness of the risks identified.

1.8 Technical Approach and Methodology The consultant carried out a reconnaissance exercise first to get a visual understanding of the project area. Subsequently, a more detailed assessment was carried out which has been integrated in this report. The environmental and social sensitivities of the project area and its surrounding environs were ascertained. Stakeholder/Public Consultations were also carried out. The first stakeholder meeting was done with the major identified Focal Group Leaders in the communities, which included (the traditional ruler of Agassa Community, Members of the Executive Council, Women and Youth Group leader of Agassa Community). This was done on the 12th of December 2017. The methodology used in the conduct of the Environmental and Social Management Plan is based on guidelines as proposed by the following:  Federal Government of Nigeria EIA Law and subsequent Federal Ministry of Environment standard procedure for conducting EIA/ESIA in Nigeria  Guidelines documented under the World Bank Environmental Assessment Operational Policies OP4.01. The rehabilitation works will trigger some of the World Bank Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment OP4.01 and Physical and Cultural Resources OP4.11. These guidelines collectively advise that Environmental and Social Management Plan studies are essential to examine the potential environmental and social threats and benefits (impacts) associated with rehabilitation works for the Agassa Gully Erosion site. The study approach is in accordance with World Bank operational policy OP4.01 - Environmental Assessment which focuses on specific steps and procedures, policy and guidelines in preparing environmental management plan. Also,a number of national and international environmental guidelines are applicable to NEWMAP. In this context, analysis of the associated environmental variables was carried out in course of this study to assist in the scoping of baseline environmental characteristics of the project area, which are most representative of natural conditions and are most likely to be affected by the project development.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

1.9 Study Approach Literature review and reconnaissance survey of the project area preceded field activity that included consultations, sampling and in-situ measurements. This is to enable the consultant carry out a successful field study execution. The field work activities started on the 7th of December 2017, running through 12th December 2017. This was presided by inception phase of between 23rd and 28th November 2017 of fieldwork. The post-inception phase fieldwork activities were carried out in the month of December 2017 in accordance with the FMEnv, World Bank (WB) and other international standards and guidelines.

1.10 Literature/Data Review Information and data on the project locations were obtained from Kogi NEWMAP which included engineering design, stormwater master planning and conceptual design report, and other relevant information related to the gully erosion site at Agassa. The following maps were obtained from Federal Surveys, Abuja; vegetation map, soil type map, geology and mineral deposit map. Also, for the purpose of gathering preliminary information, data were obtained from the following: - Nigerian Meteorological Agency for Climate and Meteorological Conditions from 1985 to 2015. - The Federal Department of Forestry for Vegetation and Soil Characteristics. - Nigerian Bureau of Statistics for Socio-Economic information and data. Relevant institutional, legal and regulatory guidelines and standards were obtained from the publications of FMEnv, World Bank and Kogi State Ministry of Environment of the project area.

1.11 Baseline Data Acquisition Methods Reconnaissance survey and delineation of the study area was carried out before data collection, with the objectives of setting boundaries of the study area. Visual observation within 2km radius of project sites were made to determine resources, population, land forms, feature, ecological characteristics, drainage, biological and human communities within and about the project area were surveyed. A professional team comprising experts in the various disciplines that cover the ESMP scope of work were assembled to prosecute the ESMP study. The ESMP Manager coordinated all field activities (baseline acquisition) and ensured quality in the work. Environmental safeguard policy of the World Bank was activated for a smooth implementation of the ESMP study.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

The sampling procedures adopted were designed to achieve scientific accuracy. The following methods were considered:  Phasing of samplings to identify the areas of interest.  Collection of soil samples: surface soil (depth of 0-15cm) and sub soil depth of (15-30cm and 30-60cm) to obtain data on the quality of soil.  Quality of samples points identification/geo-referencing  Samples storage and preservation was ensured  Stratified random sampling

Geographic co-ordinates of the sampling locations were obtained with the aid of a Garmin etrex GPS (Global Positioning System), with accuracy of about a meter. Control locations were selected and taken from pristine locations, 1.5km away from the project site and 5-8km from the communities. The geographic coordinates of the control location were taken.

The baseline characteristics of the project areas were determined as follows:  Climate/Meteorology 35 years meteorological data of the project areas for dry season was sourced from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), Abuja. The data obtained covered the following parameters: temperature and evaporations, relative humidity, thunderstorm, rainfall, wind speed and direction. To complement the data, multi-data weather forecast application from the internet was used to determine a weekly forecast for all the study areas.

a. Air Quality The ambient air quality of the project area for dry season was determined by in-situ

measurement at different locations for the following parameters NO2, SO2, H2S, CO, NH3, and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM). The SPM was measured using a digital Dust

Indicator Model P-SL2, while NO2, SO2, H2S, CO and NH3, were measured using NO2-

meter,SO2- meter, CO- meter and NH3 meter respectively. Samplings were done at 2-hour interval at each sample location for ten (10) hours. A maximum of 10 sample locations were carried out with mean value determined.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

 Sound Level The baseline sound level of the area was measured using Rion Sound pressure level (decibel) meter, NA model. The measurement was carried out at ten (10) different locations. b. Vegetation Separate sample quadrants (10m x 10m for trees, 2m x 2m for herbs and shrubs and 1m x 1m for grasses) were measured in different (five) sampling locations, which were randomly selected taking into account, plant species diversity or rarity density and dominance. Primary forest (if any) and homogeneous habitats were identified and sampled. Belt transects were laid as outlined by Sutherland (1977). In each quadrant, plant species were identified, woody species were enumerated and the vegetation structure observed. Unidentified plant species and species whose identification were doubted were collected, given samples location coded number and pressed for identification and/or conformation of identification in a herbarium. Species identification and nomenclature followed the Flora of West Tropical African (Hutchinson and Dalzeil, 1952 – 1974), an outline in Nigeria vegetation (Keay, 1959) established for each vegetation type in the project areas using the data from the samples plots. Akobundu and Agyakwa (1989) was used extensively in the field. The leaves of plant species in each plot were examined for system of diseases and nutrient element deficiency. Where a particular disease was not diagnosed the diseased plant was taken to the laboratory for proper identification of causative organisms. c. Terrestrial Fauna Invertebrate Fauna Quadrant sampling was used, at a sampling location, a 5m x 5m (25m2) quadrant was measured out (Maxwell, 1971: Slingby and Cook, 1989, Southwood, 1992) and the fauna within the quadrant were identified on sighting, enumerated and recorded directly into a previously prepared table. Insect and spiders were captured with an insect sweep net or by hand picking. The trials, feaces and burrows of animals and cast of earthworm were also used to indicate the presence and probable numbers of specific animals and species. Fauna All the samples were collected by random sampling of a stretch of 0.5km in the site. Fish: Where found, samples were collected at the fisherman berthing point. Oral interview was conducted and inventory of the fish species endemic to the areas was taken. The

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

samples were immediately put in sample bottles having 5% formalin for preservation and identification with appropriate labeling  Wildlife The footprints, trails, nests, faeces and cells of birds and mammals were observed for evidence of wildlife presence. The approximate numbers of life in a location or between locations were estimated. The wildlife was also ascertained from interviews with local hunters, butchers and roaster shack operations, drawings and photograph of snakes, birds and mammals in Cansdale (1991), Nason (1992) and Booth (1991) respectively, for their confirmation of their presence in the project areas and their local names  Soil and Topography Soil samples were collected from the project area for dry season. A total of 10 soil samples were collected; that includes (0-15cm, 16-30cm, 31-60cm). Dutch auger of uniform cross section was used to ensure that uncontaminated and reproducible unit of soil samples were collected. Surface liters of undecomposed plant materials were removed to ensure that uncontaminated soil samples were collected. Soil samples were collected in appropriately labeled and selected polythene bags in accordance with Standard Procedures of ASTM (Anon, 1994), FMEnv (1001) and APHS (1975), and kept away in a large ―Ghana-must-go‖ bag in the field vehicle. Samples for physical analysis were dried in a dust free environment.  Land Use Pattern Physical observation and interviews were used to determine the land use pattern of the area.  Archeology Consultation and interviews with locals were used to identify and describe the social anthropology of the areas; shrines, burial sites and various aspects of the local culture, customs, religious beliefs, social taboos and sacred places.  Geology and Hydrogeology The regional and local geology and geomorphology of the areas were obtained from literature review and maps obtained from Nigerian Geological Survey headquarter, Abuja on the geology and landforms in Kogi State. Boreholes were used to study the geology and groundwater of the area.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

 Surface Water/Hydrodynamics Water bodies, streams and rivers that drain the project area were studied. Water samples and sediments samples were collected from the upstream and downstream of the rivers during this dry season of study. Also, where possible, the flow rates were determined by the use of pin ball and stopwatch. Cecchi disc was lowered into the bottom level of the rivers to determine the transparency and depth for dry season. Water samples were collected with 1litre glass stopper to check for physico-chemical parameters and 1litre plastic cover to check for heavy metals. Important use of the rivers such as domestic, industrial intake, economical, recreational, agricultural and fishes were determined by physical observation. Sediment and water samples for microbiology inventory were separated from the pool by transferring 5-10g or 10ml portion into sterile MC Cartney bottles. Water samples were preserved in the packed containers (coolers) in the field and later transported to Labstaff Laboratory, Suite G05, Millipat Plaza, Airport Road, Abuja (Registered with FMEnv/NESREA) and refrigerated at 4⁰C, for trace (heavy) metal

analysis, samples were acidified with concentrated HNO3 for preservation and to inhibit precipitation of metal ions.  Waste Management Waste inventory of the areas was carried out to identify the type and characteristics of waste generated in the areas and disposal route and sites for dry season study.  Community Health Interview with locals and community health clinic officials were used to determine the health status and disease inventory of the areas. Also, samples of community wells and stream were collected to check for suitability for drinking, domestic use or agricultural use.  Laboratory Analysis All field instruments were regularly cleaned and recalibrated. Laboratory activities were coordinated by Labstaff Nigeria Limited located at G03, G04, G05 Milipat Plaza by city gate, along Airport Road FCT, Abuja (registered with FMEnv/NESREA and Abuja Environmental Protection Board Laboratory) for the analysis of heavy metals and micro organism in soil and water samples.  Quality Control/Assurance For this project, a standard operating procedure was adopted in line with the principles of quality control and quality assurance. Sample containers, tools and points were key to the

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

collection, handling, preservation, storage and laboratory analysis. It also forms the platform for data analysis, result presentation and reporting. The holding time of the parameters were respected. Also the equipment were calibrated to ensure consistency and accuracy. Both in-situ and ex-situ measurements were carried out depending on the holding analytical time for each parameter. Generally, the analytical procedures were consistent with both national and international standards.  Consultation with Stakeholders and Experts Experts in relevant fields, leaders of thought in environmental matters, and representatives of the host communities were consulted on issues relating to the potential ecological and socio-economic impacts of the proposed project. Also the regulatory bodies were well consulted at both Federal and Kogi State levels by the consultants to ensure harmony and cooperation during the execution of the project.  Socio-Economics The questionnaire was structured to collect the baseline socio-economics of the area and it covered the following: - General - Traditional and administrative structure - Culture, religion and archaeology - Population, etc.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

CHAPTER TWO: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

2.1 Introduction The requirements for an ESMP of this project derived from the following general national laws and enactments that stipulate and mandate project proponents to abide by the standard requirements for Sustainable Development, and in accordance with EIA laws of Nigeria.

2.2 National Regulatory Requirements The FMEnv formerly known as Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), established by Act No. 58 of 1988 and the States Ministries of Environment are the bodies responsible for environmental matters in Nigeria. Consequently, the following policies and regulations of these regulatory bodies are the major driving forces for this ESMP. 2.2.1 National Environmental Policy The National Policy on Environment, 1989, defines guidelines and strategies for achieving the policy goal of sustainable development by:  Securing for all Nigerians a quality of environment adequate for their health and well-being.  Conserving and using the natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.  Restoring, maintaining and enhancing the ecosystem and ecological processes essential for the preservation of biological diversity.  Raising public awareness and promoting understanding of the essential linkages between the environment, resources and development. 2.2.2 National Environmental (Soil Erosion and Flood Control Regulations, 2001 by NESREA The Erosion Control Plan shall contain narratives, engineering designs and evaluation that explain specifications and practices to prevent soil erosion. 2.2.3 Technical Guidelines on Soil Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management of FMEnv The guidelines are to facilitate the operation of activities stipulated in the strategies and provide favourable environment for implementation of the National Erosion and Flood Control Policy. 2.2.4 National Effluent Limitation Regulation The National Effluent Limitation Regulation, S.1.8 of 1991 (No. 42, Vol. 78, August, 1991) makes it mandatory for industries as waste generating facilities to install anti-pollution and pollution abatement equipment on site.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

2.2.5 Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes Regulation The Pollution Abatement Regulation, S.1.9 of 1991 (No.42, Vol. 78, August, 1991) imposes restrictions on the release of toxic substances and stipulates requirements for pollution monitoring units, machinery for combating pollution and contingency plan by industries; protection of workers and safety requirements; environmental audit (or environmental impact assessment for new industries) and penalty for contravention. 2.2.6 Management of Hazardous and Solid Wastes Regulations The Management of hazardous and Solid Waste Regulation, S.1.15 of 1991 (No.102, Vol. 78, August, 1991) defines the requirements for groundwater protection, suace impoundment, land treatment, waste piles, landfills, incinerators etc. It states procedure for inspection, enforcement and penalty. 2.2.7 Environmental Impact Assessment Act The EIA Act No.86, 1992 stipulates that the public or private sector of the economy shall not embark on or undertake or authorize projects or activities without prior consideration, at an early stage of the environmental effects. The Act prescribes the procedure for conducting and reporting EIAs based on well referenced statute books, including the following:  The defunct FEPA (now Federal Ministry of Environment) Act, 1992  The Oil in Water Act, 1986  Environmental Sanitation Law  Environmental Pollution Law  Waste Management Authority Law  National Environmental Protection (For Effluent Limitation and Pollution Abatement for Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes Regulations) FMEnv, 1991. 2.2.8 Land Use Act of 1978 The Land-Use Act of 1978 states that, ―It is in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria and the Natural fruits there of in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and preserved‘. This implies that acts that could result in the pollution of the land, air, and waters of Nigeria negate this decree, and is therefore unacceptable. Furthermore, the Land Use Act of 1978 (modified in 1990) remains the primary legal means to acquire land in the country. The Act vests all land comprised in the territory of each state in the federation in the governor of the State and requires that such land shall be held in trust

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act. According to the Act, administration of land area is divided into urban land, which will be directly under the control and management of the Governor of each State; and non-urban land, which will be under the control and management of the local government. State governors are given the right to grant statutory rights of occupancy to any person or any purpose; and the local government will have the right to grant customary rights of occupancy to any person or organization for agricultural, residential and other purposes. 2.2.9 Forestry Act of 1958 and National Agricultural Policy of 1988 This Act provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of forest reserves. It is an offence, punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment, to cut down trees over 2ft in girth or to set fire to the forest except under special circumstances. Nigeria is at present a wood-deficit nation. In order to ameliorate the situation, the policy on forest resources management and sustainable use is aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in all aspects of forest production using sound forest management techniques as well as the mobilization of human and material resources. The overall objectives of forest policy are to prevent further deforestation and to recreate forest cover, either for productive or for protective purposes, on already deforested fragile land.

In order to make adjustments towards new developments, the Forest Policy was subsumed into The National Agricultural Policy of 1988. The following provisions were put forward in the NAP;  Consolidation and expansion of the forest estate in Nigeria and its management for sustained yield;  Regeneration of the forests at rates higher than exploitation;  Conservation and protection of the environment viz: forest, soil, water, flora, fauna and the protection of the forest resources from fires, cattle grazers and illegal encroachment;  Development of Forestry industry through the harvesting and utilization of timber, its derivatives and the reduction of wastes; and  Wildlife conservation, management and development through the creation and effective management of national parks, game reserves, tourist and recreational facilities, etc. 2.2.10 Criminal Code The Nigerian Criminal Code makes it an offence punishable with up to 6months imprisonment for any person who:

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

 Violates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carry on business in the neighbourhood, or passing along a public way: or  Does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, whether human or animal. 2.2.11 Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) of 1997 The Nigeria Inland Water Authority (NIWA) Act 13 of 1997 established NIWA whose functions are among others are to:  Provide regulations for inland navigation;  Ensure the development of infrastructural facilities for a national inland waterways network connecting the creeks and the rivers with the economic centres using the river- ports as nodal points for inter model exchange;  Ensure the development of indigenous technical and managerial skill to meet the challenges of modern inland waterways transportation; and  Carry out environmental impact assessment of navigation and other dredging activities within the inland water and its right-of-ways.

2.3 Legislations by Kogi State Ministry of Environment Some ofthe functions ofthe State Ministries ofEnvironment include:  Liaising with the Federal Ministry of Environment, FMEnv to achieve a healthy or better management of the environment via the development of National Policy on Environment;  Co-operating with FMEnv and other National Directorates/Agencies in the performance of environmental functions including environmental education/awareness to the citizenry;  Responsibility for monitoring waste management standards;  Responsibility for general environmental matters in the State; and  Monitoring the implementation of ESIA studies and other environmental studies for all development projects at the State level.

Kogi State Environmental Protection Edicts In accordance with section 24 of the FMENV Act, Chapter 131 of the laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1990, the State Environmental Protection Edicts are enacted. The edict empowers the state ministry of environment to establish such environmental criteria, guidelines/specifications or standards for the protection of the state‘s air, lands and waters as may be necessary to protect the health and welfare of the people.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

2.4 International Conventions and Guidelines Nigeria is signatory to a number of International Conventions, Agreements and protocols. Some of the relevant ones for this project include the following; United Nations Guiding Principles on the Human Environment in 1972, and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992. 2.4.1 United Nations Convention on Climate Change The convention on climate change was signed in 1992 during the Rio Earth Summit but put into force in 1994; to limit Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, which cause global warming. 2.4.2 Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals This convention also known as the Bonn Convention of 1979 stipulates actions for the conservation and management of migratory species including habitat conservation. 2.4.3 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer The convention was instituted in 1985 and places general obligations on countries to make appropriate measures to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting from human activities which tend to modify the ozone layer. 2.4.4 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer The protocol was adopted in 1987 as an international treaty to eliminate ozone depleting chemicals production and consumption.  UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992  Agenda 21, 1992  WHO Health and Safety Component of EIA,1987  WHO Health for All Strategy and Policy,1978

2.5 World Bank’s Environmental and Social Guidelines The World Bank‘s environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of its support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. These policies provide guidelines for bank and borrower staffs in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. The effectiveness and development impact of projects and programs supported by the Bank has substantially increased as a result of attention to these policies.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Safeguard policies have often provided a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design and have been an important instrument for building ownership among local populations. The World Bank has 10+2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making (Box1). Appendix 1 summarizes these WB Safeguard Policies. The World Bank‘s environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of its support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. These policies provide guidelines for bank and borrower staff in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) and Social Assessment of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are both socially and environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The World Bank‘s environmental assessment policy and recommended processing are described in Operational Policy (OP)/Bank Procedure (BP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment. World Bank Safeguards Policies triggered by NEWMAP proposed activity  The World Bank has 10+2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making. Of these Safeguard Policies, the intervention work at the proposed site triggers three safeguards policies: Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01), Physical Cultural Property (OP/BP4.11) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP4.12) as indicated in the Table 2.1 below. The below operational policies of the World Bank for safeguarding developmental projects were triggered in this project.  OP/BP4.01: Environmental Assessment  OP/BP4.11:Physical Cultural Property  InvoluntaryResettlement(OP/BP4.12) Table 2.1: Triggered Safeguard Policies Safeguard Policies Triggered Triggeredby Applicability How Project Address Policy by Site- to Project Requirements NEWMAP? specific due to Project?

Yes No Yes No Environmental [x] [] [x] [] Civil works ESMF prepared for NEWMAP & site specific Assessment with mitigation measures developed in this ESMP (OP/BP4.01) site-specific impacts

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Table 2.1: Triggered Safeguard Policies Safeguard Policies Triggered Triggeredby Applicability How Project Address Policy by Site- to Project Requirements NEWMAP? specific due to Project?

Yes No Yes No Natural Habitats [x] [] [] [x] NA* NA (OP/BP4.04) Pest Management [x] [] [] [x] NA NA (OP4.09) Physical Cultural [x] [] [X] [] NA NA Resources (OP/BP4.11)

Involuntary Resettlement [x] [] [x] [] Restriction RPF prepared for NEWMAP & a standalone (OP/BP4.12) of Access to RAP spells out sites pecific issues to be sources of addressed & how. livelihoods. Indigenous Peoples [] [x] [] [x] NA NA (OP/BP4.10) Forests (OP/BP4.36) [x] [] [] [x] NA NA Safety of Dams [x] [] [] [x] NA NA (OP/BP4.37) Projects in Disputed [] [x] [] [x] NA NA Areas (OP/BP7.60)* Projects on International [x] [] [] [x] NA NA Waterways (OP/BP7.50)

*NA = Not Applicable

2.6 Comparing Nigeria EA and World Bank EA Guidelines The Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992 requires that development projects be screened for their potential impact. Based on the screening, a full, partial, or no Environmental impact assessment may be required. Guidelines issued in 1995 direct the screening process. According to these guidelines;  Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).  Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and Environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an environmentally sensitive area– in which case a full EIA is required.  Category III projects are considered to have ―essentially beneficial impacts‖ on the environment, for which the Federal Ministry of the Environment will prepare an Environmental Impact Statement. With regard to environmental assessment, the Bank has also categorized projects based on the type of EA required, namely:

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

 Category A – projects are those whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt beyond the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long term. Such projects require full EA.  Category B – projects involve site specific and immediate project environment interactions, do not significantly affect human populations, do not significantly alter natural systems and resources, do not consume much natural resources (e.g., groundwater) and have adverse impacts that are not sensitive, diverse, unprecedented and are mostly reversible. Category B projects will require partial EA, and environmental and social action plans.  Category C - Projects are mostly benign and are likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project, although some may require environmental and social action plans.  Category FI – A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in road projects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. This World Bank categorization (A, B, & C) corresponds in principle with the Nigeria EIA requirements of Category I, II and III, which in actual practice is done with regard to the level of impacts associated with a given project. The relevant good practice guidelines/policies in line with the World Bank process shall be applied. This is more so since the proposed project is co- sponsored by the World Bank. However, it should be noted that in the event of divergence between the two (World Bank safeguard policy and Nigeria EA laws, guidelines and or standards) the more beneficial to the environment takes precedence between the two.

2.6.1 Comparing the Nigerian Environmental Laws and the World Bank Operational policies A comparison of the World Bank OP4.01 and the Nigerian extant laws are presented in the Table 2.2 below. Table 2.2: Comparison of the World Bank OP4.01 and the Nigerian Extant Laws Aspects Extant EA Laws World Bank OPS M andatory EA The law makes it mandatory for For all Bank supported project, consideration for proponents of all development projects EA, is required before approval of the proposed to undertake mandatory EA to project in order to ensure environmental and social ascertain the environmental sensitivity sustainability of the project. of the project whether EIA is required or not before proceeding with project implementation

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Table 2.2: Comparison of the World Bank OP4.01 and the Nigerian Extant Laws Aspects Extant EA Laws World Bank OPS Pr ojects for EIA All projects with significant adverse All projects with significant adverse effect whose Effects on the environment impact can be mitigated through planning

Exclusion from EIA 1. All projects that fall under category Projects that have been pre-determined to have no 3, implying that they have no adverse adverse environmental and social impacts, typical of environmental impacts category C projects. 2. Those in the list of projects which the President, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces or the Council is of the opinion that the environmental effects of the project is likely to be minimal; 3. the project is to be carried out during national emergency for which temporary measures have been taken by the Government;

Screening Required to be carried out at early Required to be carried out at early stage of project stage of project conception, planning & conception, planning & design to determine the design to determine the nature, scope, nature, scope, site, and environmental impacts. It site, and environmental impacts. It also also determines the category of the sub-project determines the category of the sub- project Category 2 categories-1, 2 and 3 3 Categories,-A,B, C and F1 1 and 2 required for further EA study A, B and F1 required for further EA study

Public engagement or Provides that opportunity be given to Public or community consultation is a continuous consultation government agencies, members of the process of public inclusion and participation in public, experts in any relevant discipline decision that affects any development project and interested groups to make comment on environmental impact assessment before final decision on the proposed development Pollution limit Guided & regulated by the national Guided & regulated by the Pollution Prevention and Control guideline & standard for environmental Abatement handbook, and also takes into account pollution control the borrower country‘s legislation and local condition Social Sustainability The extant EIA laws anticipate and WB OPS is very rigid with social sustainability. It addresses social concerns but in a main streams vulnerability, involuntary resettlement rather non-stringent manner. Interms of and gender concerns in its EA concerns. project involving land acquisition, it In terms of project involving land acquisition, it compensates land for money subject to compensates land for land and compensation for right of ownership of land. Asset non-land asset is based on asset replacement compensation is based on the current amount at current market value irrespective of market value of the asset PAPs right to land being occupied. Disclosure Required to be carried out in accessible To be disclosed at two levels: in country and at public domain such as national daily, World Bank infoshop FMEnv, SMEnv, LGAs and at the implementing institutions Concerns & Input of the public to be taken into Concerns & Input of the public to be account in further decision of the project taken into account in further decision of the project

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Table 2.2: Comparison of the World Bank OP4.01 and the Nigerian Extant Laws Aspects Extant EA Laws World Bank OPS M anagement Plan Requires that mitigation measures be Requires that mitigation measures be offered to offered to adverse environmental adverse environmental & social impacts and an impacts and an EMP prepared to ESMP prepared to ensure management of the ensure management of the impacts to safeguards concerns. reduce adverse conditions

From the above, it is found that a lot of similarities exist between the World Bank operational policies and the Nigerian extant EA laws. However, where discrepancies exist, the more stringent one will take pre-eminence. Thus, for this ESMP, the Nigeria‘s EIA requirements and World Bank operational procedures were harmonized as far as possible, hence it is made responsive to the objectives of good practice with regard to the followings: • Early consideration of environmental and social issues (starting at the screening stage); • Identification and early consultation with stakeholders; • Prevention of adverse impacts through the consideration of feasible alternatives; and • Incorporation of mitigation measures into planning and (engineering) design.

2.7 Institutional Framework NEWMAP involves many Federal and State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), local governments, communities, and the civil society. This is because effective implementation of projects requires inter-ministerial and inter-state coordination, collaboration, and information sharing. Thus, each component, sub-component and activity is to be implemented through relevant federal and state MDAs. The various MDAs include those responsible for planning, economy and finance, works, agriculture, water resources, forests, transport, power, emergency response, as well as those focused on climate and hydrological information or watershed/basin regulation. The investments for Agassa Gully Erosion Site in Okene, Kogi State is being made through the Kogi NEWMAP. However, the Kogi State has the primary responsibility for land management and land allocations of the project site. The Federal Ministry of Environment is the lead implementing agency for NEWMAP. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) headed by a federal Coordinator hosted by FMEnv, is responsible for the overall coordination. The Kogi State Project Management Unit (Kogi-SPMU) headed by the State Coordinator and hosted by the Kogi State Ministry of Environment and Public Utility is responsible for the coordination inKogi State, thus, he is directly responsible for coordinating activities of the Agassa Gully Erosion Site intervention, including the implementation of this ESMP. Both the federal and state levels coordinating

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

units have environmental officers responsible for the mainstreaming of environmental issues into the NEWMAP projects. The Kogi State environmental officer is directly responsible for coordinating the implementation of this Agassa Gully Erosion Site ESMP on behalf of the State Project Coordinator. At the community level, the Agassa Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee will effectively participate in ensuring full compliance during project implementation including civil work activities.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Overview of Kogi State Kogi is a state in the north-central zone of Nigeria with a total area of over 29,833km2. The state has a population of 3,314,043 (2006 census). It is popularly called the Confluence State because the confluence of River Niger and River Benue is at its capital, Lokoja, which is the first administrative capital of modern-day Nigeria. The main ethnic groups are Igala, Ebira and Okun. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. There are many farm produce from the state notably coffee, cocoa, palm oil, cashews, groundnuts, maize, cassava, yam, rice and melon. The State is also rich in mineral resources. Mineral resources include coal, limestone, iron, petroleum and tin. The state is home to the largest iron and steel industry in Nigeria known as Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited and one of the largest cement factories in Africa, the Obajana Cement Factory. Geographically, the state is bordered on the north by Abuja the Federal Capital Territory, Niger, Nasarawa State; to the west by Kwara, Ekiti, Ondo and Edo State; to the south by Delta and Anambra state; and to the east by Anambra, Enugu and Benue state respectively. Lokoja lies about 7.8023° North of the equator and 6.7333° East of the Meridian. It is about 165 km Southwest of Abuja as the crow flies, and 390 km Northeast of Lagos by same measure. Residential districts are of varying density, and the city has various suburbs such as Felele, Adankolo, Otokiti and Ganaja. The town is situated in the tropical Wet and Dry savanna climate zone of Nigeria, and temperature remains hot all year round.

Kogi State

Figure 3.1: Map of Nigeria Showing Kogi State

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Figure 3.2: Map of Kogi State showing the project area

3.2 Physical Environment of Kogi State 3.2.1 Hydrology and Geology The geology of Kogi State is part and parcel of the geology of Nigeria and the rocks that occur there are similar to what has been described in the other parts of the country. Coincidentally, Kogi State has two main rock types, namely, the basement complex rocks of the Precambrian age in the western half extending slightly eastwards beyond the lower Niger Valley and the sedimentary rocks in the eastern half. The various sedimentary rock groups extend along the banks of River Niger and Benue and Southeast wards through Enugu and Anambra States, to join the Udi Plateau. Generally, the Precambrian rocks of Nigeria are grouped into three principal subdivisions. These are the ancient magmatite complex, the low-grade schists and the plutonic series together with affiliated minor rocks which bear imprints of Liberian (in 2700 Ma), Eburnean (in 2000 Ma), and Pan African (in 650 Ma) tectonic events. The latter being the most

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

widespread. However, older ages> 3.0 Ga have recently been reported in some areas such as the Kaduna Migmatites (Dada & Briqueu, 1996) and this reinforces the view that this migmatite- gneiss complex may belong to an Archean Protoshield subjected to the Proterozoic thermotectonic process (Elueze, 1992) and subsequent evolvement of the Phanerozoic basins. Overlying the older assemblages are sedimentary sequences of Cretaceous to Tertiary ages deposited in five basins notably Mid-Niger basin, Benue Trough, Anambra Basin all of Cretaceous ages and the Sokoto, Chad and the Niger- Delta basin of Tertiary and Tertiary to Recent ages respectively. 3.2.2 Mineral Resources Kogi state alone has deposits of a total of 29 mineral resources available in commercial quantities.These include coal, dolomite, feldspar, bauxite, iron ore, tar, limestone, gold, etc. Each of the 21 LGAs in the state has deposits of at least 2 minerals. One of the coal- rich areas is the Okaba district of Ankpa LGA which alone holds reserves of 99 million tonnes of coal. As things stand, Kogi state alone has enough deposits of coal to supply all of Nigeria with electricity for 400 years. Kogi state alone holds enough limestone to keep 3 giant-sized cement factories (with over 15m tons annual capacity) operational for an unbroken stretch of 99 years (Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel report 2014). Ecological Issues Ecological issues such as gully and sheet erosion and flooding. This have often cut of various communities and hindered development in some part of the State. The erosion in Kogi State has also led to the destruction of properties, ancestral lands and living space, and lands for agricultural practices. 3.2.3 Soil The soil physical properties are mostly optimum for arable crop production except for their sandy nature in some areas. The bulk densities of the soils are generally very low (0.48 – 0.57 g/cm3). Also, the hydraulic conductivity values range from 43.0 – 51.2µs/cm and 42.0 – 51.1µs/cm at the top and bottom soil respectively. There is relatively easy passage of water through the soils. The characteristics almost flat to very gentle slope (0 – 1.3%) of most of the and scape and the sandy nature of the soils enhance their susceptibility to erosion and further loss of fertility. The major factors responsible for the low nutrient status of the soil include poor fertility maintenance practices (e.g burning of farm residues and over cropping) and the high pressure on the available little land.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

3.2.4 SocialEnvironment Tourism: Tourist attractions in Kogi State include the colonial relics (such as Lord Lugard House), the confluence of Rivers Niger and Benue, Ogidi (An African town with formations of Igneous Rock mountains and a traditional art & craft industry) and natural land features. Being a 2-hour drive from Abuja some tourists come for day trips. Transport and communications: Kogi State connects the Federal Capital Territory with 22 Southern States. Being in close proximity to the federal capital territory, Abuja International Airport serves as the national and international gateway for air travelers from and to the state. Good telecommunications services are available in the state. Agriculture and resources: Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. There are many Farm produce from the state-notably coffee, cocoa, palm oil, cashew, groundnuts, maize, cassava, yam, rice and melon. Mineral resources include coal, limestone, iron, petroleum and tin. The state is home to the largest iron and steel industry in Nigeria known as Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited and one of the largest cement factories in Africa, the Obajana Cement Factory. Education: Kogi state is home to the Federal University (Lokoja), Kogi State University Anyigba, Federal Polytechnic Idah, Kogi State Polytechnic (Lokoja), Federal College of Education (Okene), College of Education (Ankpa), College of Agriculture Kabba, Kogi state college of education, technical (Kabba) and The Private Salem University. There are a college of nursing and midwifery in Obangede, School of health tech in Idah and ECWA School of Nursing in Egbe. Health Thereare two (2) tertiary health institutions in Kogi State (Kogi State University Teaching Hospital, Anyingba and Federal Medical Centre, Lokoja). The state have 21 General Hospital spread across the 21 LGAs. There are 169 Healthcare centers spread across the state and several other healthcare facilities including dispensaries and Pharmacies in the state. These are complimented by many private hospitals and pharmacies. The prevalence disease is fever of various kinds and rheumatism among aged people. Culture: Okene is composed of two main clans: Okovi and Agada. Okovi is further subdivided into Asuwe, Omavi, Ehebe, Eyire, Omoye, Adobe and onyi-Onwa clans while Agada is also subdivided into Akuta, Avi, Ogu, Ede Ohi-Monoko, and Esusu clans. The people are well known for the famous Okene cloth weaving, farming, hunting, commerce etc. Some of the traditional festivals include Ekuechi, Ebe, Eyika, Echane, Unehe (Ichekene and Ikede) and a host of others.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Natural endowment The following are major solid minerals available in the Local Government and their industrial applications. Table 3.1: Showing List of Solid Minerals in Okene LGA S/N SOLID MINERAL INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 1 Clay Brick making, clay pipes, pottery, ceramics, building material, floor and wall tiles, furnace lining, electrical insulators, porcelain, sewer pipes. 2 Feldspar Glass, pyrex, pottery, ceramics, fillers in plates and paints 3 Gemstones Jewelry, ornaments and abrasives 4 Kaolin Chalks, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fillers in paper, paints, adhesives and plastics 5 Marble (Limestone) Glass, paints, lime, cement, ceramics, iron, steel refining, bleaching powder, calcium carbide, chemical and pharmaceutical products, fertilizers, filler in rubber and plastics, soap and detergent. In agriculture for livestock concentrates and land fertility. Building and furnishing, wall cladding, planadiana, monumental and ornamental items. 6 Quartz Glass, lenses, refractory materials, porcelain, oscillation plate and in building construction 7 Sandstones (Silica Sand) Road and building construction, ceramics

3.3 Overview of Okene LGA Okene Local Government Area was created in 1976 from the then Ebira Division with headquarter at Okene. In 1976 Local Government Reform. Ajaokuta and Ogori-Magongo LGAs were created from the old Okene LGA in 1991 and 1996 respectively. The people of Okene Local Government Area are a part of Ebira Tao people of the Central Senatorial District of Kogi State.Okene Local Government Area was created in 1976 from the then Ebira Division in 1976 Local Government Reform. Ajaokuta and Ogori-Magongo LGAs were created from the old Okene LGA in 1991 and 1996 respectively. The people of Okene Local Government Area are a part of Ebira Tao people of the Central Senatorial District of Kogi State. They are believed to have migrated from Jukun in the present day Taraba State and had a brief stopover in Idah before moving to its present location. The present Okene LGA is composed of Okene and Okengwe districts. There are 11 wards in the Local Government which are Bariki, Otutu, Orietesu, Lafia/Obessa, Okene-Eba, Idoji, Onyukolo, Obehira-Eba, Obehira-Uvete, Abuga/Ozuja and Upogoro/Odenku wards. The people are predominantly Muslims with a large size of Christian population too. To a great extent, there is a fusion of tradition and religions with only a negligible few still practicing exclusively traditional religion. Okene runs along the A2 highway. It had an area of 328 km² and a population of 320,260 at the 2006 census. The predominant people are the Ebira of central Nigeria and the Yoruba; the local languages are Ebira and Yoruba.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Geography The Local Government is bordered by four Local Government Areas of Kogi and Edo State. It is bordered to the West by Okehi LGA, to the East by Ajaokuta LGA, to the North by Adavi LGA and to the South by Ogori-Magongo LGA and Edo State. Okene LGA is located in the tropical zone, influenced by two climatic conditions namely: rain and dry seasons. The rainy season starts from April to October, while the dry season starts from November to April. The dominant vegetation of Okene Local Government Area by virtue of lying on the fingers of the equator, is interspaced with erect and numerous trunks of trees.The ecological zone in which the Local Government is situated offers considerable potential for agricultural production.

3.4 Baseline Information 3.4.1 Weather and Climate Kogi State has two distinct seasons in a year; they are the wet and dry seasons. The wet season spans between middle of March and October. While between the months of October and March, the state experience the dry season, during this season the air is dry with temperature missing up during the day. The state has an average maximum temperature of 34.50C and an average minimum temperature of 22.80C and its annual rainfall is between 1,016mm and 1,524mm. 3.4.1.1 Rainfall Rain falls between the month of April and October. The average annual rainfall is about 1,016mm and 1,524mm. During the rainy season, the wettest months are between June and September. Figure 3.3 shows the average monthly rainfall (2015 and 2016) of the study area.

2015 2016

Source: NIMET Figure 3.3Average Monthly Rainfall of the Study Area

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

3.4.1.2 Temperature The temperature is usually higher during the dry season and lower during the wet season. The maximum temperature of the area ranges from 31oC to 38oC. Highest values are recorded in January and February which is in the dry season. The area indicates low temperature in June and October. Figure 3.4 shows the annual average temperature of the study area.

Source: NIMET Figure3.4: Annual Average Temperature of the study area

3.4.1.3 Relative Humidity Higher relative humidity of the area is obtained between the months of April and November in the years considered ranges (2015 and 2016). This trend coincides with the values obtained for rainfall. However, the relatively high value for the month of November is as a result of the high moisture content of the soil at this time. It was also observed that the rivers in the area, most of which are seasonal, over flow their banks between the months of October and November. This is also the period the people engage in fishing activities. Figure 3.5 shows the relative humidity of the study area.

2015 2016

Source: NIMET 2017 Figure3.5: Annual Average Relative of the study area

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

3.4.1.4 Wind Direction and Speed The wind pattern over Agassa follows the ITD. This is mainly south-west during the wet season and north-east during the dry season. In general, the southwest wind is prevalent. There are winds blowing from different directions during the year namely NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW and N, as depicted in the figure 3.6 below. The wind direction of the area is majorly Westerly and occurring in wet season and Easterly in dry season. The data shows that high wind speed occurs between the months of April and September. Low wind speed occurs at the peak of the dry season and between December and January. Figure3.6: Wind Rose Data

3.5 Biological Environment 3.5.1 Vegetation The rain forest belt (selva type) covers Dekina, Ofu, Ankpa, Olamaboro, Idah and Bassa local government areas with rich deciduous and occasional stunted trees including palms, Iroko, mahogany, akeeapple and other towering trees. Okene LGA is in the guinea savannah or parkland savannah belt with tall grasses and trees with large canopies. These are green in the rainy season with fresh leaves and tall grasses, but the land is open during the dry season, showing charred trees and the remains of burnt grasses. The trees which grow in clusters are up to 6m tall, interspersed with grasses which grow up to about 3m. These trees include locust bean, shea butter, oil bean and the isoberlinia trees. The different types of vegetation are, however, not in their natural luxuriant state owing to the careless

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

human use of the forest and the resultant derived deciduous and savannah vegetations. Table 3.2 below summarizes the plant species identified around the study area. Table 3.2: A summary of Plant Species found in the Study Area S/N FAMILY BOTANICAL NAME Agassa 1. Araceae Colocasia Esculenta + 2 Euphobiaceae Manihot Esculenta - 3 Euphobiaceae Recinus cuminis - 4 Euphobiaceae Phyllanthus amarus + 5 Euphobiaceae Jatropha Curcas + 6 Leguminosaceae Desmodium salicifolium + 7 Leguminosaceae Penthacletra macrophylla + 8 Leguminosaceae Parkia biglobosa - 9 Legumin-osaceae Calopogonium mucunodie - 10 Musaceae Musa sapientum + 11 Musaceae Musa spp. + 12 Nyetaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa + 13 Palmaceae Borasus aethoipicum + 14 Palmaceae Eleais guinearisis Iacq + 15 Papilionaceae Centrosema pubescens + 16 Papilionceae Crotalaria retusa + 17 Poaceae Panicum laxum + 18 Poaceae Pennisetum violaceum + 19 Poaceae Zea may + 20 Poaceae Secharum officinale + 21 Poaceae Imperata cylindrical + 22 Poaceae Pennisetum Purpureum + 23 Poaceae Pennisetum pedicellatum + 24 Portulacaceae Talinum triangulare + 25 Lamiales Gmalina arborea + 26 Lamiaceae Anthephora ampullace + 27 Cucurbitaceae Telfairia occidentalis + Key: + = Present; - = Not Present Source: Field study, 2017

3.5.2 Wildlife The lowest diversity was seen in the amphibians, with only one species observed in wet season. Few specimens were caught and released including a frog. The streams provide suitable aquatic habitat for amphibians and also as breeding habitat for amphibians such as frogs and toads. The toads, frogs, skink and rainbow lizard were the reptiles sighted in both seasons. Reptiles also have a low diversity, but lower than expected. Classes of Arthropods included Arachnida e.g. spider, Diplopoda e.g. millipede, Gastropoda e.g. snail and Chilopoda e.g. centipede. Birds were observed at the open savannah areas in large numbers or flying in small flocks or in pairs at top-level grassland. Birds have the lowest diversity within the study area. The common birds sighted were black kite, Egret, Robin, Song bird, Pigeon. Mammalian species diversity was also low in the study area. Eight (8) mammalian families represented by fourteen (14) species were attested to by local hunters. Rodents were the most

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

diverse mammalian species in the study area. The ground squirrel and bush ice were among the more frequently sighted mammals. Giant rat present was recognized from their peculiar burrows and grass cutter from recently eaten grasses. Table 3.3 below shows the various wildlife species identified around the study area. Table 3.3: Wildlife species Identified around the Study Area Class Species Common name Mode of detection Local conservation status Mammalian Aruicanthis niloticus + Moderate Mastomys roamys * Moderate Cristomys gambianus * Low Thryonomys swinderianus * Moderate Lepus zechi * Moderate Sylvicapra grimmia + * moderate Gazelle sp. * High Crocuta crocuta + High Cercopithecus sp. * Moderate Pappio Anubis + Moderate Aves Stigmalopelia senegalensis * Moderate Streptopelia semitorquata + Moderate Peynonotus barbatus + Moderate Lagonostica senegala * Low Gentropus senegalensis * Low Turdoides plebeja + * Moderate Corvus albus * Low Ptilostomus afer * Moderate Francolin bicalcaratus * Moderate Tokus nasutus * Low Coracias abysassinica + Low Reptilian Naja nigricollis High Agama agama + High Kiniyxs erosa High Crocodiles niloticus + * Moderate Python sebae + * Moderate Bitis ganica + Moderate Echis ocellatus Low Mollusca Archachatina marginata Moderate Limicolaria aurora Moderate Source: field work, 2017.

3.5.3 Relief The Nigerian Steel Development Authority Report (1976) describes the relief of the area as a very hilly plateau dipping gently in the northeastern and eastern directions down to the Niger River valley. At the southwestern part of the plateau, ground elevations range between 230m and 250m above mean sea level (a.m.s.1.) while those places closer to the River Niger are no more than 140m - 150m (a.m.s.1.). Many hills overlooking the plateau are made up of Precambrian gneisses and granites and long ridges with gentle to steep slopes.

3.5.4 Geology and Hydrogeology The Nigerian basement complex is part of the Pan African mobile belt and lies within the West African Craton and South of the Tuareg Shield (Black 1980). The basement complex of Nigeria includes those of the North Central Nigeria, the Southwestern Nigeria and the Eastern

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

province. The three broad lithological groups within the Nigerian basement complex are the migmatite gneiss complex made up largely of migmatite and gneisses of various compositions, the low grade sediment dominated schist belt and the granitic rocks which cut both the migmatite gneiss complex and the schists belt (Ajibade and Woakes, in Kogbe 1980). The geology of Agassa is an extension of the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria characterized by schists that do not form well defined belts and are poorly exposed. The poor exposure is due to tropical climatic conditions and rainforest vegetation in the region. The basement complex of southwestern Nigeria is underlain by a generation of schists belonging to the migmatite gneiss complex sequence of probable Archean to early Proterozoic age and a generation belonging to the late Proterozoic age. A simplified geological map of Nigeria showing the schist belt and exposure of basement complex rocks (adapted from Kogbe, 1980) is shown in figure 3. below

Figure3.7: Geological map of Nigeria showing the schist belts

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

3.6 Baseline Information on the Project Environment 3.6.1 Air Quality and Noise The results of measurement are presented in table 3.4.Plate 3.1 shows in-situ measurement of Noise level, Figure 3.8 presents Satellite Imagery of Air quality and noise level (In-situ) Measurement points along the erosion corridor. The project area has excellent ambient air quality, with all the measured pollutant indicators

being below FMENV regulatory limits. Results obtained for SMP, NO, CO2, CO and H2S ranges from 0.08mg/m3 to 0.13mg/m3, 0.00ppm to 0.017ppm, 0.00ppm to 0.00ppm respectively.

Plate 3.1: picture showing In-situ measurement of Noise level

Figure 3.8: Satellite Imagery showing Air quality and noise level (In-situ) Measurement points along the erosion corridor

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Table 3.4: Results of Air Quality and Noise Level along the Erosion Corridor in Agassa Community

Sampling Latitude (N) Longitude Time SPM NO CH4 CO CO2 VOC H2S S02 Noise Level Wind Speed Code (E) (am/pm) (mg/m3) (ppm) (%) (ppm) (%) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) dB(A) m/s

A,N SP001 7032‘28.60‖N 6013‘38.20‖E 9:05am 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 63.8 1.3

A,N SP002 7032‘31.29‖N 6013‘33.01‖E 9:28am 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.017 0.00 0.00 0.00 65.4 1.0

A,N SP003 7032‘32.68‖N 6013‘26.85‖E 9:43am 0.10 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 61.3 0.9

A,N SP004 7032‘25.54‖N 6013‘26.41‖E 10:08am 0.12 0.02 0.00 4 0.00 0.1 0.00 0.00 67.3 0.8

A,N SP005 7032‘20.11‖N 6013‘29.57‖E 10:29am 0.13 0.01 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 65.6 0.9

A,N SP006 7032‘13.54‖N 6013‘33.10‖E 11:03am 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.017 0.00 0.00 0.00 61.9 0.8

A,N SP007 7032‘7.16‖N 6013‘33.92‖E 11:32am 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.2 1.3

A,N SP008 7032‘28.65‖N 6013‘22.99‖E 11.58am 0.11 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.6 1.0

A,N SP009 7032‘36.07‖N 6013‘17.36‖E 12:25pm 0.08 0.02 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 65.4 1.5

A,N SP010 7032‘35.70‖N 6013‘32.89‖E 12:54pm 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 63.2 1.0 FMEnv Limit 0.25 0.06 - 10 - - - - 90 - Source: NEWMAP Field Study, December, 2017

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

3.6.2 Water Quality Highest temperature of groundwater samples collected in Agassa community is 21.8oC. The pH value ranges between 7.02 and 7.04, which is within WHO and FMEnv permissive Limits of 6.5 to 8.5 of natural waters (Hems, 1985). The values for Total dissolved Solid (TDS) are71.68mg/l and 80.mg/l. These values are far below the WHO (1991) limits of 1000mg/.; Electrical Conductivity values are112 and 125µS/cm, also below the WHO (1991) limits of 1400µS/cm On the basis of these two parameters, the groundwater in this area is suitable for domestic and Irrigation purposes. Overall, the chemistry of the waters represents the allomorphic phase of sediment modification (phase of ion exchange with clays, micas and feldspars) marked by mineral replacement such as quartz, chert, clay or feldspars by carbonates, feldspars by clays, aragonite and calcite, (Nwajide and Hoque, 1984.) Mg2+ and Ca2+, and K+ are most probably lithogenic. Table 3.5 below shows the physico-chemical analysis of groundwater in Agassa community. Figure 3.9a presents the Satellite Imagery showing Groundwater sampling points, Plate 3.2 and 3.3: present Ground water sampling from the community Borehole and Hand dug well in Agassa community

Figure 3.9a: Satellite Imagery showing Groundwater sampling points

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Table3.5: Physico-Chemical Properties of Ground Water Sample from Agassa Community S/N Parameter WHO Limit FMEnv Limit BHW001 BHW002 BHW003 HDW001 HDW002 7032’28.24”N 7032’32.52”N 7032’21.49”N 7032’32.89”N 7032’32.77”N 6013’87.42”E 6013’25.42”E 6012’26.86”E 6013’30.18”E 6013’20.52”E 1 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.04 7.07 7.03 7.02 7.03 2 EC(μS/cm) -2000 - 112 118 115 120 125 3 Turbidity (NTU) 5 - 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.4 4 Temperature (0C) - - 21.4 21.8 20.5 20.1 19.4 5 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) - 7.5 3.2 2.2 1.8 2.9 1.9 6 Colourless Colourless Colourless Colourless Colourless Colourless Colourless Colourless 7 Odourless Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Total Dissolved Solid, 8 mg/l 200-600 500 71.68 75.52 73.6 76.8 80 9 Sodium (Na (mg/L) - 200 7.8 5.6 8.3 13.3 11.7 10 Potassium (k+) (Mg/L) - 150 4.3 4.9 3.6 6.7 8.0 11 Calcium (Ca) (mg/L) 75-200 200 23.1 20.4 18.6 28.9 26.8 2) 12 Sulphate (SO4 (mg/L) 150-400 250 3.4 4.9 3.5 8.2 6.0 - 13 Nitrate(NO3 ) (mg/L) 50 10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 14 Lead (Pb) (mg/L) NIL Nil ND ND ND ND ND 15 Iron (Fe) (mg/L) 1.0 0.03 0.01 0.0 0.00 0.02 0.01 16 Mercury (Hg) (mg/L) NIL 0.002 ND ND ND ND ND 17 Chromium (Cr) (mg/L) NIL 0.10 ND ND ND ND ND 18 THC 0.05 0.05 ND ND ND ND ND 19 Copper (Cu) (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND 20 Manganese(Mn)(mg/L) 0.01 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND o 21 BOD5@ 20 – 25 c mg/l - 50 1.7 1.3 1.5 2.6 2.2 22 Phosphate (mg/L) 50 50 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.5 23 Vanadium (mg/L) - 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND 24 Nickel (mg/L) - - ND ND ND ND ND 25 Zinc (mg/L) 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 26 Arsenic (mg/L) 0.1 ND ND ND ND ND 27 Cobalt (mg/L) Nil ND ND ND ND ND Total coliform Count Nill ND ND ND ND ND 28 (cfu/ml) Nill Total Fungal Count Nil ND ND ND ND ND 29 (spore/ml) Nil 30 Total yeast count (cfu/ml) Nil Nil ND ND ND ND ND 31 Magnesium(mg/L) - 0.1 ND ND ND ND 0.01 32 COD (mg/L) 90 4.4 3.9 3.15 5.12 6.4 Source: NEWMAP Field Study, December, 2017

Plate 3.2: Ground water sampling from the community Borehole and Hand dug well in Agassa community

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Plate 3.3: in-situ measurement of Ground water samples from the community Hand dug well in Agassa community

3.6.3 Soil Study Seven (7) locations were identified and geo-referenced with etrex Legend GPS for soil sample collection at three depths (0 – 15cm, 15cm – 30cm and 30cm – 60cm respectively) using stainless handheld auger. Table 3.6 present the Physico-chemical analysis of the soil along the erosion route while Figure 3.9b presents the Satellite Imagery of Soil sampling points along the erosion corridor

Figure 3.9b: Satellite Imagery showing Soil sampling points along the erosion corridor

The result of the analysis shows that the soil is made up of varying percentage compositions of sand, silt and clay. The pH values range between 6.2 and 7.1 during the time of study. This implies that the soil ranged from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline.Exchangeable anions

detected in the analysis are SO42-, PO42-, and NO3-. The concentration of the Sulphate ion

varies from 0.38mg/kg to 0.98mg/kg, for PO42-, 0.10mg/kg to 0.20mg/kg, for NO3- 0.34mg/kg to 0.83mg/kg. The maximum concentration for Calcium is 8.20mg/kg while the minimum is 5.36mg/kg. The Cation Exchange Capacity of the soil was low. Cations detected in low

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

concentrations were Magnesium, Potassium, and Sodium. The maximum concentration of Magnesium is 1.82 mg/kg.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Table 3.6: Physico-chemical properties of the soil along the Erosion corridor S/N Sample Code SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5 SS6 SS7 Coordinate N 070 32′ 28.69″ N 070 32′ 32.05″ N 070 32′ 32.11″ N 070 32′ 11.93″ N 070 32′ 6.32″ N 070 32′ 29.51″ N 070 32′ 35.83″ E 6013′ 38.39″ E 6013′ 25.27″ E 6013′ 28.24″ E 6013′ 34.34″ E 6013′ 33.69″ E 6013′ 22.50″ E 6013′ 32.04″ Parameter (Units in mg /kg) Except stated 1. Depth (cm) 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 2. Moisture Content (%) 8.7 12.8 14.9 9.8 12.1 14.65 10.2 11.5 14.2 7.12 10.33 14.9 9.8 10.4 14.2 8.7 11.4 14.8 10.1 12.6 13.9 3. Sand (%) 52.70 40.76 49.50 55.00 34.50 44.50 52.60 37.50 44.00 51.20 35.50 42.00 50.8 33.00 39.00 59.2 35.30 43.6 57.9 35.2 34.4 4 Silt (%) 44.80 55.74 56.50 41.00 62.30 40.70 44.40 59.35 50.60 46.30 51.20 64.00 48.2 58.0 47.00 43.80 61.50 59.1 40.8 60.9 60.2 5 Clay (%) 2.50 3.50 5.00 2.00 3.20 4.80 3.00 3.15 5.40 2.50 3.30 4.00 2.20 3.5 4.00 3.00 3.0 5.3 2.39 4.00 5.40 6 pH 6.80 6.70 6.47 7.10 6.90 6.60 6.8 6.74 6.50 6.90 6.70 6.35 6.8 6.4 5.9 7.1 6.8 6.4 6.9 6.5 6.2 7 E.C (µScm-1) 182 176.3 174.5 262 244.2 231 282 175.2 169 167.8 156 143 184 176 168 196 184 172 348 294 286.2 8 Ca 8.20 7.64 6.87 7.30 6.90 6.45 6.84 6.78 5.92 6.68 6.21 5.96 6.5 6.2 5.71 8.62 8.20 7.3 6.7 5.83 5.36 9 Mg 1.56 1.38 1.24 1.67 1.29 1.02 1.32 0.81 0.68 1.71 1.52 1.26 1.76 1.42 1.15 1.53 1.38 0.86 1.82 1.60 1.21 10 K 7.82 6.74 6.60 8.90 6.48 6.13 8.65 5.76 5.03 7.61 6.68 6.02 8.42 6.12 5.17 7.06 6.74 5.52 7.54 6.16 5.06 11 SO42- 0.77 0.64 0.54 0.63 0.42 0.36 0.67 0.54 0.49 0.98 0.74 0.66 0.73 0.40 0.38 0.69 0.64 0.54 0.43 0.41 0.39 12 PO42- 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.11 13 NO3- 0.67 0.56 0.48 0.46 0.40 0.34 0.67 0.54 0.48 0.78 0.74 0.56 0.83 0.60 0.41 0.87 0.54 0.48 0.53 0.47 0.38 14 TOC 0.34 0.30 0.20 0.28 0.16 0.10 0.18 0.12 0.11 0.32 0.23 0.09 0.33 0.20 0.21 0.18 0.10 0.10 0.21 0.16 0.10 Source: NEWMAP Field Study, December, 2017

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Table 3.7:Physico-chemical properties of the soil along the Erosion corridor S/N Sample SS4 SS1 SS2 SS3 SS5 SS6 SS7 Code Coordinate N 080 31′ 44.9″ N 080 31′ 45.8″ N 080 31′ 46.1″ N 080 31′ 44.9″ N 080 31′ 41.9″ N 080 31′ 40.0″ N 080 31′ 40.0″ E 0060 55′ 27.4″ E 0060 55′ 34.8″ E 0060 55′ 31.0″ E 0060 55′ 27.4″ E 0060 55′ 27.5″ E 0060 55′ 30.0″ E 0060 55′ 27.0″ Parameter (Units in mg /kg) Except stated Depth (cm) 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 1 Fe 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.01 2 Cu 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 3 Pb ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 4 As ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 5 Mn 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.01 6 Cr (total) <0.01 ND ND <0.01 <0.001 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 ND <0.01 <0.01 ND <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.001 <0.001 ND <0.01 ND ND 7 Ni ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 8 V ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 9 Zn 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 ND 0.13 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.32 0.02 0.01 10 Hg ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Source: NEWMAP Field Study, December, 2017

Table 3.8: Microbiological Analysis of the soil along Erosion corridor Sample Code SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5 SS6 SS7 0 Coordinate N 080 31′ 45.8″ N 080 31′ 46.1″ N 080 31′ 44.9″ N 08 31′ 44.9″ N 080 31′ 41.9″ N 080 31′ 40.0″ N 080 31′ 40.0″ 0 E 0060 55′ 34.8″ E 0060 55′ 31.0″ E 0060 55′ 27.4″ E 006 55′ 27.4″ E 0060 55′ 27.5″ E 0060 55′ 30.0″ E 0060 55′ 27.0″ Parameter (cfu/g) Depth (cm) 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60 0-15 15-30 30-60

(THB)X104 2.11 2.08 0.71 2.06 2.01 1.23 2.11 2.08 0.71 2.11 2.08 0.71 3.24 1.82 0.13 2.06 2.01 1.23 0.81 0.65 0.21

(HUB)X103 1.03 1.01 0.32 1.06 0.01 0.03 2.01 1.07 0.32 2.01 1.07 0.32 2.23 1.02 0.15 1.06 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.01

(THF)X103 2.08 1.06 0.24 0.01 1.01 1.26 2.08 1.06 0.24 2.08 1.06 0.24 1.21 1.02 0.12 0.01 1.01 1.26 0.01 0.01 0.11

(HUF)X102 0.11 1.05 0.11 0.06 2.01 1.13 0.11 1.05 0.11 0.11 1.05 0.11 0.22 1.82 0.14 0.06 2.01 1.13 0.74 0.23 0.12

Source: NEWMAP Field Study, December, 2017

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION

4.1 Introduction The socio-economic assessment studies were aimed at examining the socio-economic conditions of the people living around the project environment. This is to ensure that the potential impacts of the proposed rehabilitation of Agassa Erosion Site project is captured and described while proffering solutions to possible negative impacts to human habitat, health and livelihoods. The specific objectives of the study include: - To elicit information about the existing socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the inhabitants living within the community - To document the distributional characteristics of the socioeconomic components in the project area - To analyse the patterns of the relationships of the socioeconomic components - To discuss and deduce the effect of the patterns on the environment of the proposed Project through the perceptions of the respondents - To provide a baseline data for the assessment of the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of the proposed project - Suggest mitigation measures and environmental management plan for the proposed project.

4.2 Methodology for the Socio-economic survey The general methodology used for the socio-economic impact assessment employed the collection of primary and secondary source data. The primary sources data gathering comprised of questionnaire administration, group interviews Ground trothing/Reconnaissance survey for identification and Disclosure (awareness creation), discussions and direct observations. Secondary data was obtained from the National Population Commission and desktop literature review. Structured questionnaire designed and uploaded in an open source data collection application was administered to people living around the project area. Data collected was analysed using SPSS.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

4.3 Primary Data A random sampling survey was carried out within the project community. Questionnaires were administered to a total of 120 respondents representing 2% of an estimated population of 6,000 habitants. This survey was designed to have an understanding of the socio-economic attributes of the people within the community and not specifically for information regarding the gully. However, those living within the gully corridor were part of the population sampled.

4.4 The Affected community and persons of the Proposed Project Area The host community of the proposed gully erosion project is located on latitude 7o32'5.6"Nand longitude 6o13'32.7"Eon an altitude of 321m above sea level in Okene local government area of Kogi State.The history of Agasa communitywas delivered by Alh. AbdulsalamArikochunu. According to him, the traditional land owners of Agasa arethe Omavi clan. The history of Agasa can be traced back to 161 years ago when the first man Pa Apasi (of Omoye clan) lived. This was followed by Pa IcharaOtaru (of Omoye clan) other people thereafter joined Apasi and Ichara. The progenitors of Apasi and Ichara the first Ohinoyi of Ebiraland (Attah) in his kingship.Attah installed a king (onoba or ward head) from Ihebe clan in the person of Suberu Ochi to look after the affairs of the Agasa community. He also installed another onoba from Ihebe clan all of which had a court. Aliyu Ochi was made the secretary.Agasa is dominated by 5 groups. These are Agasauvete, Agasa in akakana, Agasa GRA, Ateba and Ahache. Ebira ethnic group form the indigenous population. However, because of its cosmopolitan status, there are bound of people from all parts of the State and Nigeria living in the community. Ebira is the main language spoken in the area as the area is predominantly dominated by Ebira people. Many non-indigenes live amongst them, such as Ibo‘s, Igalas, Yorubas, Hausas, etc. Culture Okene is composed of two main clans: Okovi and Agada. Okovi is further subdivided into Asuwe, Omavi, Ehebe, Eyire, Omoye, Adobe and onyi-Onwa clans while Agada is also subdivided into Akuta, Avi, Ogu, Ede Ohi-Monoko, and Esusu clans. The people are well known for the famous Okene cloth weaving, farming, hunting, commerce etc. Some of the traditional festivals include Ekuechi, Ebe, Eyika, Echane, Unehe (Ichekene and Ikede) and a host of others. Close to the erosion site is a shrine called Uruku Ochahaba.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

The access road linking this community to the road is tarred while those within the community are footpaths and earth roads. However, the community enjoys some infrastructural and social amenities such as Borehole water, electricity, a clinic and government primary and secondary schools amongst others. Festivals There are four major festivals in this area. These include Echane, Ekwechi, Ebe and Echahana. Echane is usually celebrated for 3 – 9 days, Ekwechi for 4 days, Ebe last for 2 days and Echahana last for a day.

4.5 Traditional Governance The political and administrative setting is based on native authority institution, where the Ohinoyi is the head of administrative and judicial hierarchy, followed by the (Onoba) district head, then the village chief (Community leader), the council heads and youth leaders. Decisions are made after due consultation with the Ohinoyi and approval given by him, the same goes to the villages, decisions are taken in the villages only after consultation with the district head and approval given. Below are the hierarchies of traditional administrative settings. The organogram of traditional kingship in Agasa

Ohinoyi Onoba Community leader traditional leaders

Ohinoyi

Chief/district head

Village/ward head (onoba)

Elders

Youth leaders Figure 4.1: Chart showing flow of authority in the host community and the state

Settlement of dispute is done by the elders. Where the elders are unable to resolve it, they forward the case to the village/ward head (onoba) where the chief will call on all the other elders to settle the case. The highest punishment within the chief is lashing the offender with whip while other critical offenders are handed over to the police.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

4.6 Demographic Characteristics of Sampled Households in the study area This section deals with socio-demographic features of sampled individuals and households through the administration of structured questionnaires within the proposed NEWMAP Gully Erosion Intervention project area. The socio-demographic assessment of the respondents included their age, gender, education, marital status and monthly income etc. In this regard, the distribution of responses with the above variables illustrates the attitudes towards several other desirable attributes related to the information rendered.The socio-demographic information measured gives an insight into the socio-demographic characteristics of the Project Affected People (PAP) in the area.

4.6.1 Attitude of the Community to the Project Residents of Agasa community showed positive attitude to the project as they are happy with the project will help reduce the gully erosion in the area. The chief and elders of this community on behalf of the community used the forum to appeal to NEWMAP to help with some of the basic social amenities.The community prayed that the erosion control work become successful. They are also happy about the work and promised not to vandalize any government property.

4.6.2 Population Estimates and Projection Agasa community is in Okene local government area in Kogi state, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Okene.The 1991 census of Nigeria lists a population of 312,775 people living in Okene. The figures below depict population estimates by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in the 2006 National population census. This gives an annual growth rate of 3.0 %. As presented in the Figures, the population estimates for Okene LGA at the 2006 census, isapproximately 498,877. The population of Agasa community by estimation is 6,000.

4.6.3 Infrastructures and Facilities The infrastructures and facilities observed around the project area include Base Transmission Station (BTS) masts of different network providers, High tension Electric lines, feeders (earth) roads, boreholes, amongst others.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

4.6.4 Quality of life and available social Amenities -Electricity Supply The host community has access to electricity through (National grid) with transformers being installed to power the community. However, some other residents depend solely on private generators as an alternative to electricity.Plate 4.1 shows photograph of electric cables, transformer and BTS masts in the community.

Plate 4.1: photograph showing electric cables, transformer and BTS masts

-Educational institutions Agasa community is blessed with a host of educational institutions. Survey shows availability of two government primary/secondary schools and manyprivate secondary schools. Both private and government schools were observed during the survey. Plates 4.2 present the Educational Institutions in the study area.

Plates 4.2: Showing Educational Institutions in the study area

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

-Housing condition The type and quality of houses within this project environment is semi-modern. Houses are built with concrete blocks and zinc/aluminium roofs. Some amongst the houses in the host community are of low grade built with mud blocks without proper foundation. This settlement has an estimated number of 2500 houses with a family of 3 to 7 people per room. By estimation the area is occupied by less than 6000 people as its total population. Plate 4.3 shows the Housing condition in the host community.

Plate 4.3: Housing condition in the host community

-Sources of water Majority of the residents of Agasa community depend on boreholes and hand dug well, for water needs, that is, for cooking, washing and other domestic uses. In some cases, the people use water they directly source from storm water during rainy season while water board is absent in the community. The boreholes are about 35m deep. Several overhead storage tanks, mono pumpsand hand dug wells were observed as at the time of this study. Plate 4.4 presents Boreholes and well available in the host community.

Plate 4.4: Boreholes and well available in the host community

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

-Transportation The major access road to the community is the single lane running from Okene to Agasa community. Other roads that exist are earth roads linking the community with other communities. Private cars, taxis, commercial buses and bicycle are common means of transportation as observed in the community. Plate 4.5 shows Access road to the host community.

Plate 4.5: Access road to the host community

-Markets The community has no modern market structures. However, there exists a local market called Agasa market which holds every three days. Someretail outlets, roadside sellers and street hawkers were observed during the course of the study. Plate 4.6 below show Mini market and roadside shops in the community.

Plate 4.6: showing Mini market and roadside shops in the community

4.6.5 Desirability of the Project

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

All the respondents showed high level of acceptance of the project stating that the gully erosion site poses high risk for the members of the community. They also indicated that the gully has denied them several social amenities.

4.6.6 Health Survey For the purpose of this ESMP, a Rapid appraisal was adopted as the health impact is envisaged to be minimal. A Rapid Health Impact Assessment checklist designed in consideration of the environmental and social determinants of health as it affects the sub-project was used for the assessment. There is one government primary health centre with a nurse and two auxiliary nurses. Their service to the community is more of first aid. The nurse prescribes drugs that are purchased from private dispensary. The prevalence disease is fever of various kinds and rheumatism among aged people. No cases of HIV or any cases of maternal mortality.

4.6.7 Livelihood (economic activities and revenues) Survey The economic activities identified in the community are indicative of the semi- urban communities in Nigeria, consisting of farming (subsistence), trading (retails), civil service especially local government workers and teaching. Trading varies from small shop in front of houses to medium scale buying and selling in local Agassa markets. Other common livelihood activities include; local wieving, mansory, hunting, tailoring, carpentary, welding, and commercial motorcycling (transportation). It was observed that some occupations (e.g, commercial motorcycling) are predominantly men affairs while wieving is done by the women. Average income per household per month in the community is about N10,000.00. Crops grown are yam, cassava, maize, plantain, banana, while okra, peppers and vegetables and other crops are also grown in smaller quantities. Livestock in the form of individual goats, sheeps rams and chicken also form occational source of income to owners.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

4.7 Public Consultations The public consultation for the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agasa Gully Erosion site was conducted on the 12th of December 2017, following notification passed on to the Chairman, Mr. Saeed Idris, Agasa Community Association, through NEWMAP Environmental Consultant. The consultation meeting was focused on sharing information and developing ideas and options. The meeting was approximately one hour, thirty minutes long and led by NEWMAP Environmental Consultant. The Agasa GRA groups, Ateba group, including the NEWMAP Association Site community were in attendance. The dates, location and number of people who attended the meeting are outlined below in Table 4.1. Table 4.1: Community meetings - dates, location and attendees Date Location Number of attendees 12th December 2017 Agasa community 91

The public consultation meeting was held at an open space under a tree as a meeting ground for the Agasa people. The consultation was conducted to ensure the effective participation and awareness to the people, and to document comments, suggestions and concerns raised with regards to the project. The following were taken into full account: a) The project will have foreseeable environmental and social impacts, especially on both the people and on the adjoining roads and houses. b) The project aims at impacting more positively to the environment and social conditions, and the project managers will devise suitable, practicable mitigation measures through an ESMP to reduce or eliminate negative impacts. c) Positive impact of project activities will be enhanced, especially revegetation activities. d) Priority concerns raised by stakeholders will be put into account and incorporated in project planning and execution.

Objectives of the Public Consultation a) To create general public awareness and understanding of the project, and ensure its acceptance;

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

b) To develop and maintain avenues of communication between the project proponent and stakeholders in order to ensure that their views and concerns are incorporated into project design and implementation with the objectives of reducing, mitigating or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits from the project; c) To inform and discuss about the nature and scale of adverse impacts and to identify and prioritize the mitigation measures for the impacts in a more transparent and direct manner; d) To document the concerns raised by stakeholders so that their views and proposals are mainstreamed to formulate mitigation and benefit enhancement measures; and e) To sensitize the people of Agasa community about the project and solicit their views and discuss their share of responsibility for the smooth functioning of the overall project operations.

4.7.1 Stakeholders Consultation Stakeholders‘ consultation is an engagement exercise, which aims to create an atmosphere of understanding among members of the erosion affected community, with regards to the project implementation. Informing them of the project and its components, and essentially documenting their concerns and opinions for further decision making. This consultancy is meant to identify with the project affected communities and other stakeholders who may be directly or indirectly affected during the rehabilitation works for Agassa Gully Erosion Site. These include: - Individuals or group of persons living in close proximity to the project area - Individuals or group of persons who may have cumulative impacts during development - Individuals or group of persons who may be temporarily relocated as a result of the project - Individuals or group of persons who occasionally utilize the land on which the project is located - Traditional and Administrative Classes involved in developmental activities or policy changes in the project area The consultation process with the people of Agassa was essential in order to encourage active and sustained participation of the community members. The consultation tends to promote community ownership of the project and in addition enhanced sustainability. Involved in the consultation process were the administration of pre-defined socio-economic questionnaires at the household level for subsequent data collection. Stakeholder involvement in the project is expected to continue in a manner that gives the communities the opportunity to make contributions aimed at strengthening the development project

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

while avoiding negative impacts as well as reducing possible conflicts. In addition, the consultations will remain active (i.e on-going exercise) throughout the duration of the entire project.

4.7.2 Identification of Stakeholders Generally, five (5) broad categories of stakeholders were identified for this project based on the degree to which the project activities may affect or involve such persons or group of persons. These stakeholders are grouped as shown in the Table below. The identification followed the following considerations: i) Any persons or parties whose line of duties whether officially, socially, economically or culturally has direct or indirect bearing on any aspects of project activities. These parties may include individuals, groups, institutions or organizations that may be affected by the gully rehabilitation activities; and, ii) Any persons or parties whose specific interests in the project results from: (a) the project's benefit(s) to such persons; (b) potential changes that may occur to the routine activities of the persons due to the project; and, (c) the project activities that may cause damage or conflict for the persons. The identified persons or group of persons in this category will ultimately represent the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) or Project Affected Households (PAHs). Several groups of stakeholders were identified. The identified groups includes: • Kogi State NEWMAP SPMU • Chiefs/Elders • Village Chairmen • Youth group leaders • Women group Leaders • Town Associations/ Community Based Organization Leaders.

4.7.3 Community Consultations All consultations in the period of the consultancy were initiated by the Consultant and established by the SPMU. The direct involvement and active participation of relevant stakeholders and the local level people in the planning and management processes of the project, guarantees that any potential disharmonious issues will be resolved swiftly. Also, there will be maximization of resource use, increased benefits and expanded opportunities for the communities in the project area. Community participation will certainly help improve understanding of the project and

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

communication between the SPMU, the contractors and the community. The decision making process for the project will be enhanced by actively involving relevant stakeholders, especially those directly or indirectly affected by the project, and other organizations with stakes in the project.

4.7.4 Objective of Community Consultation The aims of the community consultation process are: - Provides an opportunity for members of Agassa community to be carried along in the project, informing them of the components of the project and essentially, document their concerns for further use in decision making. -Sensitizes the stakeholders in the project command area while benefiting from local knowledge which forms a basis for project designs and implementation. -Enable consideration of alternatives, modification measures and trade-offs and ensure that important impacts are not overlooked and benefits are maximized; -Mitigate conflict through early identification of contentious issues and increase public confidence in the project. -Provide an opportunity for the public to influence the designs and implementation in a positive manner and improve transparency and accountability in decision-making;

4.7.5 The Stakeholders Consulted and their Concerns The consultations involved independent and frequent meetings between the Consultant team, the NEWMAP officials, the Engineering design Consultant and Traditional and Administrative leaderships of Agassa community which included the village Chairmen. The key stakeholders identified and consulted in the area include: - The Chairman - Public Relation Officer of Agassa (active and committed throughout the fieldwork) - Chairmen of all villages affected by the project - Other Stakeholders are individuals who own properties that will be directly or indirectly affected by the project, Community Associations, Business Owners etc. During consultation meetings, the NEWMAP overview, the Proposed Project, World Bank safeguard policies as they involved the rehabilitation of Agassa ESMP as well as the challenges

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

that could impede the implementation of the project were presented. The support needed from all stakeholders to ensure effective project and successful implementation were also discussed.

4.7.6 Summary of Meetings with Stakeholders The stakeholders‘ meetings focused and discussed on the project justification and the associated potential impacts to the community members living within the project corridors. After Introductions by the NEWMAP team, the consultant warmly welcomed every stakeholder present. He explained the rationale behind World Bank Operational Procedure 4.01 (Environmental Assessment), thus informed the stakeholders that his assignments will focus on Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) He stated that World Bank has in place a number of operational and safeguards policies, which aim to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in any development initiative involving the Bank. He told the stakeholders that the Nigerian EIA Act and the World Bank safeguard policies are similar; designed to help ensure that projects proposed for Bank financing are environmentally and socially sustainable, and thus improve decision-making. He said although Bank has various safeguards policies but his assignment is limited to Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies as applicable for to the Project. He informed the stakeholders that Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) is used in the World Bank to identify, avoid, and mitigate the potential negative environmental and social impacts associated with Bank‘s lending operations early in the project cycle. In World Bank operations, the purpose of Environmental Assessment is to improve decision making, to ensure that project options under consideration are sound and sustainable, and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted and their concerns addressed. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential adverse environmental and social risks and impacts in its area of influence. The EA has various tools that can be used, including amongst others Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). He described Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) as an instrument that details the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and the actions needed to implement these measures. The ESMP is an integral part of Category ―A‖ Environmental Assessments (EAs) (irrespective of other instruments used). EAs for Category ―B‖

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

projects May also result in an ESMP. However, the impacts of the Agassa Gully Erosion rehabilitation project are considered to be mainly site specific. He stated that the paramount objective of his ESMP assignment is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures would be implemented throughout the phases for the Rehabilitation of the Agassa Gully Erosion site. He stated that the ESMP report will ensure the effective long-term protection of the area and other biotic and abiotic components of the environment. He stated that Stakeholder engagement and involvement is important in the Gully Erosion rehabilitation project and therefore expected to continue in a manner that gives the communities and the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) the opportunity to make contributions aimed at strengthening the development project while avoiding negative impacts as well as reducing possible conflicts. In addition, the consultations will remain active (i.e. on-going exercise) throughout the duration of the entire project. The consultant called on the project community to take the ownership of the NEWMAP projects. He also advised the community to protect the project equipment during construction works. He pleaded with the community members to welcome and give attention to Enumerators who would be coming to their various homes for data collection. The consultant also enlightened the stakeholders on the NEWMAP livelihood restoration plans. He reiterated that NEWMAP has livelihood activities projects that focused on alleviating the sufferings impended on the PAPs and project communities by the lingering erosion menace. Finally, the consultant urged the community members and stakeholders to participate fully in the consultation exercise by answering questions and raising their concerns. Concerns The community members believe that this project will bring development to their area and will also remove their fears of building collapse; they believe also that this time around, since NEWMAP is involved, the project will kick-off without delay. They made passionate request expectations; that with this project, other developmental cum social amenities will come to their area, such as Police Station, pipe borne water, medical facilities; youth employment from their locality will assist the project at implementation.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Introduction The proposed Rehabilitation of Agassa Gully Erosion Complex will lead to several changes in the environment and socio-economic aspect of the project area. A good number of these changes will be beneficial, especially the impacts of rehabilitating degraded land and reducing longer-term erosion vulnerability in the project community. There are a number of approaches for the prediction and evaluation of impacts. The ISO-14001 method is simple to apply and provides a high level of details and also relies on limited data, unlike the other methods that require the availability of large historical data. The ISO-14001 method, therefore, is selected for the identification and evaluation of impacts for the proposed gully rehabilitation project.

5.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation In line with general guidelines for an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, the following were the basic steps adopted for identification and evaluation of impacts: - Impact identification - Impact qualification - Impact rating - Impact description

5.2.1 Impact Identification The aim of impact identification is to account for the entire potential and associated bio-physical, social and health impacts making sure that both significant and insignificant impacts are accounted for. The anticipated impacts were determined based on the interaction between project activities and environmental sensitivities. The identified potential impacts during the different phases of the proposed project are listed in tables 5.8 to 5.11.

5.2.2 Impact Qualification The identified impacts of the project were qualified based on the following four criteria: - Positive or negative - Short-term or long-term

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

- Reversible or irreversible - Direct or indirect Negative impacts are those that adversely affect the biophysical, health, and social environments, while positive impacts are those, which enhance the quality of the environment. For this study, short-term means a period of time less than three months while any period greater than three months is considered long-term. By reversible/irreversible, is meant whether the environment can either revert to previous conditions or remain permanent when the activity causing the impact is terminated.

5.2.3 Impact Rating This stage involves evaluation of the impact to determine whether or not it is significant. The quantification scale of 0, 3 and 5 was used. The system of rating employed was adapted from The International Organization for Standardization ISO 14001– Environmental Management System Approach. The criteria and weighting scale used in evaluating significance are as follows: - Legal/regulatory requirements (L) - Risk factor (R) - Frequency of occurrence of impact (F) - Importance of impact on affected environmental components (I) - Public perception/interest (P) Legal /Regulatory Requirements (L) This seeks to address the question ‗if there is a legal/regulatory requirement or a permit required?‘ The scoring is as follows: 0= There is no legal/regulatory requirement 3= There is legal/regulatory requirement 5= There is a legal/regulatory requirement and permit required

The legal/regulatory requirements were identified based on national laws/guidelines/standards (FMEnv) relating to the project activity.

Risk (R) This uses a matrix based on the interaction of the probability of occurrence of the impact (Table 5.1) against consequences of the impact (Table 5.2). The matrix (Table 5.3) is referred to as the

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM). Five probability categories are interacted against four groups of consequences. The resultant outcomes are given scores with colour-coding. High-risk categories are red; intermediate risks, yellow and low risks, green as follows: 1=Low risk (green) 3=Intermediate risk (yellow) 5=High risk (red)

Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence Probability Category Definition A Possibility of Repeated Incidents B Possibility of Isolated Incidents C Possibility of Occurring Sometime D Not Likely to Occur E Practically Impossible

Table 5.2: Consequences of Impact Consequence Considerations Category Safety / Health Public Environmental Aspects Financial Disruption Implications I Fatalities / Serious Impact on Large Major/Extended High Public Community Duration/Full Scale Response II Serious Injury to Personnel / Small Serious / Significant Medium Limited Impact on Public Community Resource Commitment III Medical Treatment for Personnel / Minor Moderate / Limited Low No Impact on Public Response of Short Duration IV Minor Impact on Personnel Minimal to Minor / Little or No None None Response Needed

Table 5.3: Risk Assessment Matrix A B C D E I II III IV

Key to Colours Low Medium High Positive

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Frequency of Impact (F) Frequency of impact refers to the number of occurrence of impact. The frequency of impact was determined using historical records of occurrence of impacts, and consultation with experts and local communities. The criteria for rating the frequency of impacts are outlined in Table 5.4. Table 5.4: Frequency rating Criteria Frequency Rating Criteria Low 1 Rare, not likely to happen within project lifespan Medium 3 Likely to happen ≥ 5 years High 5 Very likely to happen throughout the project lifespan

Importance of Affected Environmental Component and Impact (I) The importance of the affected environmental components was determined through consultation and consensus of opinions. This was also further facilitated by information on experiences on the impacts of already existing facilities in the proposed project area. The rating of the importance of impacts is shown in Table 5.5. Table 5.5: Importance Criteria Importance Rating Criteria Low 1 - Imperceptible outcome - Insignificant alteration in value, function or service of impacted resource - Within compliance, no controls required Medium 3 - Negative outcome - Measurable reduction or disruption in value, function or service of impacted resource - Potential for non-compliance High 5 - Highly undesirable outcome (e.g., impairment of endangered species and protected habitat) - Detrimental, extended animal behavioural change (breeding, spawning, moulting) - Major reduction or disruption in value, function or service of impacted valued ecosystem resource - Impact during environmentally sensitive period - Continuous non-compliance with existing statutes

Public Perception (P) The consensus of opinions among the project stakeholders were used to determine the public perception on the potential impacts and the following criteria were applied. The combination of the five impact rating weights forms the basis for judging the level of significance of each impact. A matrix displaying the combination based on the ISO 14001 tool is shown in Table 5.6.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

The final ratings of the identified impacts are presented in Tables 5.6 to 5.8.In this report, medium and high significant negative impacts were judged to require mitigation, and all positive impacts required enhancement. Table 5.6: Perception Criteria Public Rating Criteria Perception Low 1 - No risk to human health, acute and/or chronic - No possibility of life endangerment for residents, associated communities - Minor reduction in social, cultural, economic values - Unlikely adverse perception among population Medium 3 - Limited incremental risk to human health, acute and/or chronic - Unlikely life endangerment for residents, abutting communities - Some reduction in social, cultural, economic value - Possibility of adverse perception among population - Potential for non-compliance High 5 - Elevated incremental risk to human health, acute and/or chronic - Possibility of life endangerment for residents, abutting communities - Major reduction in social, cultural, economic value - Continuous non-compliance with statute - Any major public concern among population in study area

Table 5.7: Impact Value and Rating Colour Code Impact Value Cut off Values Impact Rating L+R+F+I+P <8 Low L+R+F+I+P ≥8 but <15 Medium L+R+F+I+P ≥15 High F + I >6 P = 5 Positive Positive

5.3 Summary of Associated and Potential Impacts Determination The results of the evaluation of the interactions between the proposed activities and their impacts on environmental and social sensitivities are shown in subsequent pages of this chapter. The identified negative impacts were rated as minor, moderate and major. Beneficial impacts arising from the project were rated as positive. Hence, no further classifications were made on the beneficial impacts. The project is envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts. Some of these are a function of the objectives of the project, while others are a function of the way in which the project is designed to meet its objectives.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Some adverse impacts that may be associated with the rehabilitation of the gully site are highlighted in this subsection (Table 5.8). Notwithstanding, the ESMP will be prepared to ensure that these impacts are reduced to the barest minimum. Table 5.8: Summary of Beneficial and Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts S/N Positive Impacts Adverse Impacts 1. Community development programs. The frequency and incidence of occupational hazards may rise during construction activities. 2. Connection and restoration of access to houses and Possibility of seepage of fuel from machineries and villages already cut off by the erosion effluent discharge into the watershed, thus impacting on the water quality. 3. Control and Reduction of water body sedimentation Contaminated (with human waste) water run-off into rates due to erosion. surface water, etc. 4. Gender Issues: Construction activities will Soil destabilization due to vibrations from encourage economic activities, especially for construction equipment use. women. Since there would be a large workforce, petty traders and food-spots owners will benefit immensely from the demand on site. 5. Improved agricultural productivity within the Noise and vibration from heavy-duty project vehicles community and Kogi state at large. and equipment resulting in nuisance. 6. Improved livelihood enhancing activities. Disruptions to resident activities within the project area. 7. Increase in social interactions Delayed travel time due to movement of construction equipment or vehicles 8. Initiation/ kick-off of rapid production systems and Increase in sexual activities leading to possible agricultural practices. spread of STIs. 9 Minimization of flooding and control of overflow. Grievance and resistance from communities 10 Promotion of afforestation programs (with all its Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from vehicular benefits) and construction equipment would be generated during the pre-construction, construction and subsequently, operational phases of the project 11 Promotion of goodwill and community appreciation Increased generation of solid and liquid wastes. of the NEWMAP intervention in Kogi State and Nigeria at large. 12 Provision of employment opportunities for both Site clearing will lead to loss of species diversity and skilled and unskilled workers. abundance, including soil organisms, fungi, invertebrates, and bacteria. 13 Reduced fear perception of loss of property, Injuries, falls, accidents, explosions, fires, leakages, inhabitation and ancestral origins of the accidents etc. communities. 14 15 Reduction of mortality rate. Increase in turbidity of river waters from storm water/ runoff during preconstruction and construction phase. 16 Rehabilitation of the erosion menace in the Increase in fugitive dust emission during community preconstruction and construction phases of the rehabilitation. 17 Reintegration of community and diversification of Loss of employment for labourers after the sources of livelihood. completion of the rehabilitation works, 18 Repair of the watershed gullies Waste generation especially construction wastes.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Identified Potential Impacts (by Project Phases) Pre-Construction Phase A. Environmental Impacts Positive Prior to the commencement of rehabilitation works, a feasibility study and environmental assessment are required to describe the proposed project needs, aid project design, and ensure environmental and socio-economic sustainability of the project and the project community. - The project will undertake a stakeholders/public consultation exercise to sensitize the stakeholders in the project command area and beyond on the environmental safeguards components of the project. The public consultation process is seen to be a positive impact, as it will form a basis for project design and implementation of decision-making.

Negative a. Air Quality - The pre-construction phase will give rise to fugitive dusts and frequent exhaust emissions into the atmosphere as equipment is delivered to the Site and along access roads where the proposed rehabilitation works will take place. b. Soil - Leakages may occur from stacked equipment containing oil such as engine oil. This could result in the seeping-through of oil into the soil, thereby leading to possible contamination of soil, surface water and ground water. - Soil compaction and soil structure changes may occur due to influx and stationary positioning of heavy duty equipment and vehicles

Surface Water - Leakages may occur from stacked equipment containing oil such as engine oil. This could result in surface water contamination by run-off. c. Noise and Vibration - During the pre-construction activities the WHO/FMEnv permissible noise level (90dB) may be exceeded due to mobilization of heavy machinery to the rehabilitation site.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Ground water Oils, sludge and chemicals from construction trucks, construction activities, machines and equipment can infiltrate the local water table and pollute the ground water.

B. Social Impacts Positive - The project will undertake a stakeholders/public consultation exercise to sensitize stakeholders in the project command area and beyond on the social safeguards to ensure project sustainability. The public consultation process is seen to be a positive impact, as it will form a basis for project concept decision-making and implementation.

Negative a. Land Acquisition - Possible unresolved issues during land acquisition process from members of the community which may result in conflict between contractors and land owners. - Hostile and unfriendly community attitudes during land acquisition process. - Decrease in accruable income from land b. Noise - Noise from heavy-duty project vehicles and equipment may exceed the WHO/FMEnv acceptable noise level limits, resulting in nuisance. c. Others - Possible disruptions of movement of residents within the project area to places of work, and businesses, as a result of movement of equipment and materials along access roads, resulting in loss of man-hours and negative perception of the project amongst road users and residents. - Properties particularly farmlands may be accidentally damaged or destroyed during the movement of heavy duty vehicles and equipment. - Accidents involving vehicles or pedestrians may occur during vehicle and equipment movement to site.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

C. Occupational Health and Safety Positive - During the pre-construction phase, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) awareness programs will be conducted. Awareness programs and interactive sessions will benefit primarily the contractors‘ personnel, schools, residents and businesses. Guidelines on safe practices and safe behaviours will be made available to these groups in order to minimize the occurrence of occupational incidents or accidents in the course of implementing project activities Negative - During the pre-construction phase air pollution from exhaust fumes of vehicles and release of fugitive dust as a result of equipment moving to the work area may occur. This will pose an occupational health risk (respiratory infections and diseases), especially for people residing in and carrying out activities around the project rehabilitation area and also, contractor personnel, and personnel conveying equipment. - Exposure to noise pollution, injuries and accidents during movement of equipment to the work areas.

Construction Phase A. Environmental Impacts Positive - Channelization of flood waters: Drainage channels will be constructed, to channel storm water to collector drains at the gully head. - Construction of suitable sized and aligned collector drains at the gully head to collect and lead the storm water/runoff from the roads into drop structures. - A chute will be constructed to channel water into the stilling basin. This will enable the controlled flow of water from the collector drain to the stilling basin. - The phase will allow for recovery works for land located within the gully, so as to safeguard residential properties at risk of erosion. - Re-vegetation activities will be carried out, to provide cover for the eased out slopes, channels, chute and the stilling basin. The structured vegetation to be applied include sand bags, erosion resistance trees, plants and grasses in other to make the area environmental friendly and to improve the aesthetic of the project area.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

- Stabilization (even out/ uniformity) of the slopes, where feasible to prevent further collapse of the slopes

Negative a. Climate Change - Climate change impacts need to be assessed from two perspectives. Firstly, the impact of the project on climate change and secondly the impact of climatic change on the project scheme and its infrastructure. - Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from vehicular and construction equipment would be generated during the pre-construction, construction and subsequently, operational phases of the project. These emissions would be the primary impact of the project on climate change. GHG emissions are considered based on three ―scopes‖ – Scope 1 (direct emissions), Scope 2 (indirect emissions) from the consumption of purchased energy [Purified Motor Spirit {PMS}, diesel] and Scope 3 (other indirect emissions) b. Air Quality - Emission of Green House Gases, Dust and Particulates: Emissions from exhaust fumes will originate from mobile sources including vehicles, trucks and heavy equipment during construction works. - Excavation and other civil works will lead to the increase in fugitive dust. - Civil works will cause changes in the air and atmospheric conditions of the project area and surrounding environment. Fugitive dusts, machinery exhaust fumes [nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur oxides (SOx), hydrocarbons and suspended particulates], and dusts from rehabilitation/construction activities will impact negatively on air quality. Air pollution from machineries will be short term, moderate and localized. c. Soil -Construction machinery stationed and moving around the area can create soil compaction, which may harm the soil‘s future potential as farmland, impair drainage and increase the risk of flooding. -Excavation and compaction activities through construction works will alter the soil properties including loss of valuable top soils. -Accidental spillage of chemicals and fuels from the operation and maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will pose negative impacts to surface and future groundwater quality.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

d. Water Quality and Hydrology - Increased pressure on water resources during construction works -During construction works, seepage of fuel from machineries and effluent discharge into the watershed may occur, thus impacting on the ground water quality -During the rehabilitation works, there may be potential for sediment/contaminant laden water runoff to impact on water quality. The contaminants in water runoff may have the potential to enter existing drainage channels and into local watercourses, affecting downstream users and aquatic life. -Flood draining activities may introduce chemicals into water bodies leading to possible changes in water colour and pH levels, pollution and eutrophication in surface water. e. Noise and Vibration -The project area is a built-up area with residential houses, schools, market and a hotel. The civil works will generate noise and vibrations on site and surrounding environment. Most activities associated with road project starting from the pre-construction phase to the construction phase would generate relatively high levels of noise and would be mainly from heavy equipment. The noise levels generated by construction equipment would vary significantly, depending on such factors as type, model, size, and condition of the equipment, operation schedule, and condition of the area being worked. Accordingly, potential impacts of site monitoring and testing activities on ambient noise level would be expected to be temporary and intermittent in nature. -Vibrations resulting from construction equipment may cause further soil destabilization and consequent erosion. f. Waste (solid and liquid) -Construction activities will lead to the production of solid wastes - soil excavated debris, metal scraps, plastics, wood, waste concrete, papers and cartons, etc. -Increased generation of liquid waste – concrete washings, canal watering, etc. -Construction crews may generate solid and liquid wastes (sewages). Uncontrolled and untreated, these wastes are major sources of pollution, disrupting the ecosystem and contributing to local (and sometimes much broader) health problems. g. Flora and Fauna -Alteration of habitat and biodiversity may occur, due to human activities and disturbance on the natural habitat. Site clearing will lead to loss of species diversity and abundance, including soil

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

organisms, fungi, invertebrates, and bacteria. It will also lead to loss of food sources, fauna habitat, breeding grounds and nesting sites. - Reduction in the number of native wildlife -During mobilization of equipment, construction activities such as grading, dredging, filling, excavation etc., Weed invasion/proliferation of opportunist species (weeds & pests) may occur. h. Topography - Scarification of natural landscape of the project site.

B. Social Impacts Positive a. Employment -Employment of skilled and unskilled labour will be promoted. Artisans and professionals from the project area will be provided contractual employment during this phase. This will help promote community goodwill. b. Economic Benefits -This phase will encourage economic activities within and around work areas. Petty traders, food vendors and other small businesses will benefit from the demands at the work site. c. Waste Management -The construction phase will see to the implementation of a viable waste management plan for project activities. d. Occupational, Health and Safety -Occupational health and safety efforts will be intensified during the construction phase as signage, warning and hazard signs will be put up to inform residents and others, about the on-going rehabilitation works in sensitive areas. -The phase will encourage the conduct of Occupational Health Risk Assessment (OHRA), Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), Hazard Communication Program (HAZCOM), OHS trainings and other proactive safety strategies (fulfilling the social and fiscal imperatives) which will help reduce the occurrence of on-site incidents/accidents and the resultant burden of direct or indirect compensation costs.

Negative a. Impact on Livelihood/Community Activities/Social Stress

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

-During the rehabilitation works there are bound to be restriction in movement, which will affect residents and business owners in the project area. -Gully rehabilitation activities may disrupt use of access roads by other users including travellers. There may be occurrences of traffic congestion on access roads as a result of intermittent movement of equipment and materials into and from the rehabilitation work area. There is high likelihood that when moving these equipment and personnel along these roads, the transport activities of the community could be disrupted and this could have impact on the socio-economic activities of the community. -Flooding in other areas may occur during construction activities (construction of drainage), which can lead to destruction of lands, and properties. -Human Displacement: Civil, re-vegetative, and watershed management may require the relocation of surrounding residents and their sources of livelihood. -Social unrest as a result of non-participation/hiring of locals in the construction/ rehabilitation project. b. Social Vices -The project will attract a significant workforce. Associations between workers and local residents may lead to casual sexual relationships, thereby increasing the risks of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV -Vices such as theft, drug use, casual sex (with minors, prostitutes, etc.), small scale gambling, rape, etc., may arise due to the influx of project workforce into the area. c. Health and Safety -Incidences of respiratory conditions and respiratory diseases (silicosis, asthma, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections may occur due to air contamination by exhaust fumes and dust resulting from civil works. -Possible spread of water borne diseases (e.g. Cholera, Dysentery, Amoebiasis, Salmonellosis etc.) may occur. - Possible outbreak of HIV/AIDS and other STDs. -During construction activity through creation of pools of stagnant water there may be an increase in malaria cases -Exposure of workforce to attack by poisonous insects, reptiles and other dangerous wild animals. These attacks could result in injuries, poisoning or even death.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

-The frequency and incidence of occupational hazards may rise with during construction activities. -Accidents may occur during the construction phase as a result of increased vehicular movements d. Noise and Vibrations - This phase will cause noise and vibration nuisance e. Waste -The construction phase will give rise to increased generation of waste from construction activities f. Archaeological and Cultural Loss -Construction works may impact on sensitive sites such as shrines, graves etc. g. Conflict -Conflict may arise between community members and contractor. This may hinder or slow down project implementation activities. h. Traffic -Existing travel patterns will be negatively impacted during the construction phase of the project.

C. Occupational Health and Safety Negative -In the course of rehabilitation works, there would be a moderate to severe likelihood of the occurrence of workplace hazards. Activities using heavy and light equipment such as graders and bulldozers could predispose personnel to hazards. ―Unsafe behaviours‖ and “unsafe conditions‖ will pose serious occupational health and safety risks. -Contact with natural hazards such as animals, insects, poisonous plants and reptiles.

Operational Phase A. Environmental Impacts Positive - Repair of watershed gullies and rehabilitation of erosion menace. Proper erosion and watershed management as flood waters and run-off will be efficiently controlled. - Improved access road for between villages in the communities. This will immensely benefit community residents and other road users. - Stabilization of the gully erosion, this preventing further erosion from occurring. - Aesthetic modifications will promote good ambience within the gully erosion. - Availability of water (in the stilling basin) for agricultural use.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

- Control and reduction of water body sedimentation rates due to erosion. - Promotion of afforestation programs

Negative a. Water Quality Issues -Roadway runoff, wastes (municipal solid wastes, agricultural wastes, effluent, hazardous wastes etc.) may cause turbidity, changes in water colour pH levels and other water quality issues b. Odour -Release of foul smell from the collector drains, chute and stilling basin as a result of runoff/storm water containing decaying matter. c. Blocked Drains -There may be sediment laden run-off/storm water which may block the collector drains whereby affecting water flow. d. Oil spill Spill of oil around fuel storage tanks has the potential of seeping into groundwater and nearby stream and waste oil, grease and de-greasing solvents from vehicle and plant servicing as well.

B. Social Impacts Positive a. Livelihood -Proper erosion and watershed management as flood waters and run-off will be controlled. -With the rehabilitation of the gully, the risk of land and properties being carried away will be significantly reduced. Reduced fear perception of loss of property, inhabitation and ancestral origins of the communities. -Increase in project area development and business opportunities -Improved access between villages and communities thus increasing social interactions. Reintegration of community and diversification of sources of livelihood. -Improved agricultural productivity within the community and Kogi state at large. -Initiation/ kick-off of rapid production systems and agricultural practices. - Reduction in mortality/morbidity from landslides. b. Education

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

-The rehabilitation in the gully area will lead to educational and social tourism to the project (for example university students studying various the fields of erosion and watershed management and engineering), and Industrial Training and those requiring hands-on experience. - Increase in community development programs c. Traffic -Increase in traffic within the roads and access roads of the project d. Control -Control and monitoring of human activity e.g. farming, building etc. within the recovered areas and eased out side slopes

Negative a. Loss of Employment -At the end of the project lifetime the project workforce will be demobilized. This will bring about loss of jobs for the project workers. This will translate to loss in income and business opportunities. Most of the small-scale businesses that provided goods and services to the road crew members will either windup or experience significant reduction in the volume of business with the demobilization of the project and this too will translate to loss of income b. Air Quality - Increase vehicular emissions from road users c. Waste -Indiscriminate dumping of waste may lead to blocking of drainage channels and sanitation issues. d. Conflict - There may be land use conflict in managing the erosion site e.g. ecological, grazing and farming e. Health and Safety -The stilling basin could become a breeding site for disease vectors e.g. flies and mosquitoes. Possible spread of water borne diseases (e.g. Cholera, Dysentery, Amoebiasis, Salmonellosis etc.) may occur. -Increase in respiratory problems amongst local residents as a result of increase in road users. -Increase in vehicular accidents along constructed/rehabilitated access roads.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

C. Occupational Health and Safety Positive -Implementation of site-specific occupational health and safety management plans (OHSMPs) -Monitoring for occupational health and safety risk assessment (OHSRA) report data. - Continuous job hazard analysis and process hazard analysis (JHA and PHA) - Implementation of a hazard communication program (HazCom) -Reduced direct and indirect costs as a result of pro-active safety strategies. - OHS Training - PPE availability

Negative -There may be flood risk associated with the stilling basin. This is likely to occur when the impoundment level of the stilling basin exceeds the safety level. - Injury of workers and the public during the operation and maintenance activities Potential environmental and social impacts are summarized in tables 5.9 to 5.11 below. Table 5.9: Identified Potential Impacts and Rating - Pre-Construction Phase Project Phase Component Sub- Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating component Pre- Environment Air Fugitive dust and Direct Medium Considerable Moderate construction exhaust fumes from Negative Phase vehicles Short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible Soil Soil compaction and Direct Medium Considerable Moderate soil structure changes Negative Low due to influx and Short-term stationary positioning Local of heavy duty Reversible equipment and vehicles Leakages from Direct Medium Considerable Moderate stacked equipment Negative and subsequent Short-term seeping through of Local contaminated oils and Reversible chemicals Noise Increase above Direct Medium Considerable Moderate permissible noise Negative level, (90dB) due to Short-term movement of vehicles, Local/widespread equipment and Reversible machines to the gully erosion site Vegetation De-vegetation – Loss Direct Medium Little Minor of flora and fauna Negative Short-term Local/widespread Reversible/Irreversible Project Phase Component Sub- Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating component

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Pre- Social Land Conflict between Direct Medium Considerable Moderate construction Acquisition contractor and land Negative Phase owners, due to Short-term unresolved issues Local during land acquisition Reversible process Decrease in accruable Direct Medium Considerable Moderate income due to sale of Negative land Short-term/Long-term Local Reversible Traffic Traffic Direct Medium Considerable Moderate congestion/travel Negative delay Short-term Local/widespread Reversible Noise Nuisance to Direct Medium Considerable Moderate surrounding residents/ Negative communities Short-term Local Reversible Others Accidental destruction Direct Medium Little Minor of property such as Negative low farmlands Short-term Local Reversible Accidents involving Direct/Indirect Low Little Minor vehicles or Negative pedestrians Short-term Local Reversible Grievances Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Minor Negative Low Short-term Local Reversible Pre- Social Others Blocked access route Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Minor construction to places of work, Negative Low Phase residence and Short-term business Local Reversible Pre- Occupational Air Exposure to Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Construction Health and respiratory disease Negative Safety risks from dusts, Short-term /long-term exhaust fumes of Local/wide spread equipment and Reversible vehicles Health and Exposure to injuries Direct Medium Great Major Safety and accidents during Negative movement of Short-term /long-term equipment Local/wide spread Reversible

Table 5.10: Identified Potential Impacts and Rating - Construction Phase Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Construction Environment Climate GHG Emissions Direct /indirect Medium Considerable Minor Phase Change Negative low short-term/Long- term Local/widespread Irreversible

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Air Cement dust, fugitive Direct Moderate Considerable Moderate dust, welding fumes, Negative exhaust fumes, short-term/Long- hazardous gases term (NOx, CO, SOx, PM 2.5, Local/widespread PM 10) Irreversible

Soil Destabilization of soil Direct Medium Considerable Moderate structure/ Increase of Negative erosion site short-term Local Reversible Compaction of top soil Direct Medium- Considerable Moderate due to movement of Negative high heavy vehicles and short-term equipment Local Reversible Contamination of soil Direct Medium- Considerable Minor by oil spills, fuel, etc. Negative low short-term Local Reversible

Water Discharge of sediment Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate quality/hydrolo laden run-off into water Negative gy bodies Short-term/Long- term Local/Widespread Reversible Contamination from Direct/indirect Medium Considerable Moderate (oils, fuel, chemical Negative substances etc.) short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible

Construction Environment Water Contamination by Direct/indirect Medium Considerable Moderate Phase quality/hydrolo human faecal wastes Negative gy short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible

Noise pollution and Direct Medium- Considerable Moderate vibration nuisance as a Negative high result of on-going short-term rehabilitation works. Local Reversible

Noise and Soil destabilization due Direct Medium Considerable Minor Vibration to vibrations from Negative low construction equipment short-term use Local Reversible Waste Increased generation Direct Medium Considerable Moderate of solid and liquid Negative wastes short-term Local Reversible

Biodiversity Loss of flora and fauna Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Negative High short-term /Long term Local Reversible/irreversib le Project Phase Component Sub- Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating component

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Construction Social Socio- Disruptions to resident Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Phase economic activities within the Negative activities project area short-term Local Reversible Blocked access Direct Medium Considerable Moderate route/Restricted access Negative short-term Local Reversible Construction Social Public Negative perception Direct Medium Little Minor Phase among residents and Negative commercial short-term establishments etc. Local about the project. Reversible Possible human Indirect Medium Great Moderate displacement Negative short-term Local Reversible Traffic Delay in travel time Direct Medium Little Minor Negative low short-term Local Reversible Education Noise disturbances to Direct Medium Considerable Moderate the serene learning Negative environments. (name of short-term school) Local Reversible Health and Increase in sexual Indirect Medium Great Major Safety activities leading to Negative high possible spread of STIs short-term Local/widespread Reversible Incidence of respiratory Direct Medium Considerable Moderate diseases due to air Negative contamination by short-term fugitive dusts and Local exhaust fumes Reversible Residents and Direct Medium Great Moderate workforce exposed to Negative accidents and injuries short-term Local Reversible Incidence of water Direct Medium Considerable Moderate borne diseases (e.g., Negative dysentery, typhoid, short-term cholera) Local Reversible Construction Social Behaviour Occurrence of social Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate Phase vices (e.g. theft, drug Negative use etc.) short-term Local Reversible Noise Nuisance due to Direct Medium Little Minor increase in noise levels Negative short-term Local Reversible Project Conflict between Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Performance community members Negative and contractor short-term Local Reversible Grievance and Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate resistance from Negative communities Short-term/long-term Local

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Reversible

Construction Occupational Personnel Injuries, falls, accidents, Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate Phase Health and safety explosions, fires, Negative high Safety leakages, accidents etc. Short-term/Long- term Local/widespread Reversible

Table 5.11: Identified Potential Impacts and their Ratings - Operational Phase

Project Phase Component Sub- Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating component Operational Environment Air Exhaust fumes from Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate Phase road users Negative Short-term/long-term Local/widespread Irreversible

Noise Nuisance due to Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate increase in noise Negative levels Short-term/long-term Local Reversible

Water quality Contaminated (with Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate and human waste) water Negative hydrology run-off into surface Short-term/long-term water etc. Local/widespread Reversible

Water flow Blocked drains (with Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate sediment) impeding Negative water flow Short-term Local Reversible

Social Employment Loss of employment Indirect High Little Moderate (engaged contract Negative staff on the project) short-term Local Reversible

Health and Increase in water Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate Safety borne diseases Negative (malaria, typhoid, short-term cholera) Local Reversible

Increase in vehicular Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate related accidents Negative short-term Local Reversible

Increase in respiratory Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate problems amongst Negative local residents due to short-term increase of road users Local Reversible

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Occupational Personnel Injury of workers Direct Low Considerable Minor Health and safety during operation and Negative Safety maintenance activities short-term/Long-term Local/widespread Reversible

5.4 Mitigation Measures for Agassa Gully Erosion Gully control is one of the most important restoration methods used in watershed management, and timing is an essential element. The civil work in all structural and vegetative control measures selected should be completed during the dry and early rainy season. Otherwise, the incomplete structural work can easily be destroyed during the first rainy season. In addition, vegetative measures such as the planting of tree seedlings and shrub and grass cuttings cannot begin until structural work is complete. Each continuous gully in the gully system should be regarded as a basic treatment unit, and all the control measures in that unit should be finished before the rainy season. This is important because any continuous gully head that is left behind is capable of affecting the watershed again.

5.4.1 Selection of Mitigation Measures The duty of selection of Mitigation Measures is bound on the Client (SPMU/World Bank) as recommended by the ESMP Consultant. The main criteria for selecting structural control measures should be based on: (a) The size of the gully catchment area, (b) The gradient and the length of the gully channel. The various portions of the main gully channel and finger gullies should be stabilized either by brush fills; earth plugs and brushwood, log, and loose-stone check dams. The lower parts are treated with loose-stone or boulder check dams. At a stable point in the lowest section of the main gully channel, for example, on a rock outcrop, a gabion check dam or cement masonry check dam should be constructed. If there is no stable point, a counter-dam (gabion or cement masonry) must be constructed in front of the first check dam. The points where the other check dams will be constructed are determined according to the compensation gradient of the gully channel and the effective height of the check dams. Table 5.12 presents the Criteria for Selection of Control Measures for a Continuous Gully

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Table 5.12: Criteria for Selection of Control Measures for a Continuous Gully Length of main gully Gradient of main gully Catchment area of Required structural measures channel portions (m) channel portions (%) gully portions (ha) for each portion of main gully channel - - 2 or less Above gully heads: Diversion ditches or channels 100 or less (from gully Various 2 or less Maximum 100m from gully head: head) Brush fills, earth plugs, woven- wire, brushwood, log and loose stone check dams. These measures can also be constructed in branch gullies. 900 70 or less 2 - 20 Between 100m – 1000m: Boulder check dams, retaining walls between check dams if necessary, one gabion or cement-masonry check dam is usually constructed as a first check dam instead of a boulder one. Note: All structural measures must be accompanied with vegetative/bio-remediation measures (planting of tree seedlings, shrub and grass cuttings, and sowing of tree, shrub and grass seeds).

5.5 Risk and Danger Assessment/Management Development projects of this magnitude often have associated risks or dangers. These could be commonplace risks that are almost inevitable, such as the risk that a member of the team is sick for part of the project. There may be some unlikely but high impact risks such as the risk that the rehabilitation could cause the loss of source of livelihood. Therefore, there is the need to constantly assess the risks and take action as needed as shown in the Risk Assessment Process in Fig. 5.1 below. Three possible outcomes can be envisaged for the risk; (a) Take action now to avoid the risk, to reduce its likelihood, or to reduce its impact, (b) Make contingency plans so that the team is ready to deal with the impact and mitigate the risk should it occur, (c) Agree that it is an acceptable risk to take no action and hope that the risk does not occur.

Risks can then be managed as follows; (a) Identify all realistic risks (b) Analyse their probability and potential impact

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(c) Decide whether mitigating action should be taken now to avoid or reduce the risk and to reduce the impact if it does occur (d) Where appropriate, make plans now so that the proponent is prepared to deal with the risk should it occur (e) Constantly monitor the situation to watch for risks occurring, new risks emerging, or changes in the assessment of existing risks.

Figure 5.1: Risk Assessment Process

5.5.1 Assessing risks at the start of a project It is expected that during the Project conception, the headline risks should be considered as part of the overall benefit model. At this stage, one will not be dealing with a full catalogue of risks, consequences and actions. You will focus on the main areas that affect either the justification of the project or the manner in which it will be carried out. Also, it will be necessary to instigate some specific activities to examine risk, for example additional interviews, workshops and brainstorming sessions. Where there is a specialist area involved, you should consult with an appropriate expert. A good technique for presenting these issues is to use a risk matrix showing in Figure 5.2 below shows the probability of different headline risks in comparison with their relative impact on the project's goals.

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Figure 5.2: Risk matrix

This focuses attention on the areas where the project plan will need to address key issues and where specific actions and techniques may be required. Note how this example suggests that the biggest area of concern tends to be with the "people issues". The human element of a solution is often the most overlooked aspect. Sponsors and steering committee members are often very busy people and want the key risks spelt out into maybe the top ten they should consider. You can use these to raise the most vital points that need executive attention, but remember it is your job to make sure all significant risks are considered and dealt with. The other thing you should do early on is to decide upon the procedures and technology for managing risk. In most cases you will use some form of technology, preferably as part of a set of integrated Project Office tools. The procedures should make it easy for all participants to submit

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their thoughts and concerns. Always capture the thought. You may dismiss it later if appropriate, but you should always consider and assess the input.

5.5.2 Assessing risks at the start of each phase When you prepare in detail for each phase of work you should look at the risks in detail. Try to identify all realistic risks that should be considered. In most cases, it will be worth capturing the information electronically in a risk register. It should include: (a) A reference code for the risk (b) A description of the risk; (c) Who owns this risk (i.e. who is accountable for monitoring it and taking action); (d) The probability of the risk occurring; (e) A description and quantification of the potential impact of the risk; (f) The likely cost to the project if that risk occurs; (g) Optionally, the proximity of the risk (i.e. how soon could it strike); (h) The severity of the risk and/or priority for dealing with it; (i) What actions should be taken now to reduce the probability and/or impact and by whom; (j) Optionally, a re-assessment of the probability, impact and priority of the risk after those planned mitigation actions have been taken; (k) What contingency plans should be formulated now so that NEWMAP is ready to act if the risk occurs; (l) Optionally, tracking information for the actions proposed above (who, when, status, etc.); (m) When the risk should next be assessed (timing or trigger).

In a quantitative risk assessment, considerable evidence is gathered to quantify the probability and impact of the risk. This is a specialised area and uses specialised tools, but the simple logic is impact x probability = expected cost. The purpose of qualitative risk management is to focus leadership attention on risks that merit their attention. It is not helpful to present a high degree of precision since the risks have not been thoroughly quantified and the point is not to calculate their precise expected impact. Often the probability and impact are simplified to categories such as High, Medium and Low - or maybe 3, 2 and 1. Most people want to multiply qualitative probabilities with qualitative impacts to show severity. Mathematically, this is not logical as we are not dealing with quantified values. Some

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people prefer to add the scores or you could use a look-up table, but any way of focusing attention can be used if it conveys the key points to the leadership. The example below shows a risk severity prioritization table used to identify Risk Level from Probability and Impact. Table 5.13: Risk severity prioritization

The table below shows some specific risks identified for the rehabilitation project

Table 5.14: Identified Risk, Ratings and Response to Risk IDENTIFIED RISKS PROBABILITY IMPACT RESPONSE Team members leave or High Low Ensure the plan has contingency built into it to allow become sick for less than expected resource availability Key team member Medium Medium Ensure project procedures include good knowledge becomes available sharing and documentation so that the thought process, designs and decisions are not lost. Solution does not meet the Low High Ensure good participation and collaboration project needs involving representatives and resources from all stakeholders Insufficient participation High Medium Ensure the Project Sponsor and supporting from stakeholders sponsors are aware of the importance of promoting and rewarding participation. This message should be conveyed to the stakeholders. Significant change in the Medium High Project needs may sometimes change, so plan the project and its consequent project so that it could adjust rapidly at relatively low needs (eg restructuring) cost, for example, a number of short incremental steps towards the goal could be easier and cheaper to re-direct than one enormously long delivery project.

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IDENTIFIED RISKS PROBABILITY IMPACT RESPONSE Technical solution has Low High Invest in appropriate levels of testing. Consider a major flaws period of parallel running. Have a fallback contingency plan to revert to a previous system if necessary Technical solution has High Low Put in place an "early care" programme to deal with operational flaws immediate snags. Ensure processes, resources and responsibilities for on-going maintenance are established well before live date System failures High Medium Invest now in fault tolerant components and adequate redundant contingency resources. Ensure the plan includes appropriate backup, recovery, and disaster recovery procedures (and tests them). PAPs fail to use the Medium Medium Plan for a detailed Training Needs Analysis and put alternative livelihood in place an appropriate training programme. Consider options effectively and how to coach and support users after live date efficiently PAPs resist the changes High High Use change management experts to assess the issues and create a change programme. Co-ordinate communications and sponsorship activities to convey the message. Confront big issues early in the project (not just before live operation). Dependency with other Low Medium Plan to accommodate other projects with minimal or systems and projects no negative impact on the proposed sub project. Degree of executive High High Ensure that the executive is carried along from support required to project conception all through the life cycle of the succeed project.

These risks and implications should be discussed with the relevant leaders and participants. Planned responses to those risks should be agreed by the World Bank and NEWMAP.

5.5.3 Managing the risks Risk management should be seen as a continuous process throughout the project. Once the initial risk register and procedures have been established the PMU, and all project participants should be alert for new, changing or occurring risks. Participants should be briefed on the importance of this and the specific procedures. Procedures for reporting risk should be as easy as possible. Feedback from all participants should be encouraged and rewarded. The PMU should review the risk register proactively on a regular basis. They should check the status of potential issues, for example, by calling the responsible party and checking if there has been any change in status. The Project Coordinator should also review the register on a regular basis and take action as required. Headline information on risks would be reported to the leadership along with the other project performance data.

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Where risks occur, they need to be managed therefore a contingency plan should be formulated and the Project Coordinator should be able to take immediate action to mitigate the impact. Some of these methods stated below can be employed also in the management of risk for the rehabilitation project; Transfer of risk Contractual clauses are intended to transfer risks. When laying-off risks, weigh up the frequency of occurrence against the level of premium paid for the transfer. It can be unwise to pass a risk that is difficult to assess to the contractor as they may either increase their prices, or disregard it when preparing their bid and then find they are in difficulty later. Acceptance of risk The client may carry highly unpredictable and poorly defined risks as the alternative might be to unacceptably inflate tenders. Avoidance of risk Redefine the project goes a long way in helping avoid risk. Clarification of responsibilities, remuneration, and expenditure at the beginning of the project will help avoid problems. Insuring against risk Most standard form contracts insist on certain types of insurance, such as; insurance against fire, professional indemnity insurance and so on. Doing nothing about risk Either none of the project team considers the risk, or they consider the risk and decided that they already lie with those who could best control them. Allocating risk through methods of payment One of these two ways can be used in allocating risk through payment method. (a) Fixed price: items paid for based on the contractor‘s predetermined estimate (b) Cost reimbursement: items paid for based on what the contractor spends in executing the work.

However, there will be need to balance the envisaged risk. This can be achieved through one of the following contractual approach Design and build There is a single point of responsibility with the contractor for both the design of the project and operations on site. As such, most of the risk lies with the contractor, particularly where the contract

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is let on a lump sum basis. However, risk is increasingly transferred back to the employer as more preparatory design work is carried out before the contract is let. Traditional contract With traditional lump-sum contracts, the intention is that there should be a fair balance of risk between the parties. The employer is responsible for the design and the contractor for the operations on site (although this is complicated when nominated sub-contractors and suppliers are included). The balance can be adjusted as required, but the greater the risk assigned to the contractor, the higher the tender Plate is likely to be. The risk to the employer is lessened by the contract being let on a lump-sum basis, although in reality, no price is 'fixed'. Management contracting In management, contracting the balance of risks lies with the employer. Separate works contracts are let, and the employer may continue to develop the design during construction, hence there may be little certainty about cost or time. However, the risk of delays and defects are associated with the responsibility for the works contract. In some cases the management contractor may absorb this risk and with a resulting increase in price, although this may compromise their 'impartiality'.

5.6 Analysis of Alternatives 5.6.1 Project Alternatives and Options In the context of this ESMP, analysis of project alternatives refers to the performance of the natural and socio-economic resources with or without the project or with or without the implementation of the measures of this ESMP and/or other safeguard instrument considered appropriate. For intervention work of this nature, there are usually a number of viable options that can be considered. These alternatives include: the no project option; delayed project; alternative site/location and project execution options. For this project, analysis of the various alternatives is presented as follows:

5.6.2 No Project Alternative The No Project Alternative implies that the intervention work shall not be executed; hence there is no need to carry out this study. This implies the site will remain in its current state and perhaps widen due to natural forces without even any interference from man. Nevertheless, this situation will worsen and put the activities of man and the environment into further jeopardy since the area is already exposed to the forces of erosion. The intervention work is designed to stop these forces

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and mitigate any negative impacts that may arise. Therefore, choosing the no project option will mean a loss of efforts made by all parties to ensure the erosive forces do not continue to pose risk to lives and the environment and even loss of job opportunity to Nigerians. The ‗no project option‘ is therefore not considered a viable option.

5.6.3 Delayed Project Alternative This option implies that the planned intervention be delayed until a much later date. Such option is usually taken when conditions are unfavourable to project implementation such as in heavy rainfall, war situation, or where the host community is deeply resentful to it. Also, if the prevailing economic climate is not quite favourable, or there is war or insurgency, then delayed option may be feasible. None of these conditions is applicable at present. Further delay will mean the onset of heavy rainfall that is not favourable for the proposed treatment method. At present, both the economic and the political environment and natural environmental phenomena are most favourably disposed towards it. Therefore, the implication of delayed project option will mean that all the preliminary work and associated efforts/ costs incurred would have come to nothing. Also, because of inflationary trends, such a delay may result in unanticipated increase in project costs, which may affect the final target from the project. These, and other related problems make adopting the delayed option impracticable.

5.6.4 Do It ProjectAlternative This option means going ahead to implement the intervention work. This also entails incorporating professional advice on the most practicable option such as are spelt out in this ESMP and other relevant safeguard instruments and/or best practices relating to the execution of the intervention. This will definitely reassure the public of their safety and the environment. It will also aid employment creation. The environmental threats from the gully erosion will be reduced drastically, if not totally solved in that area. The devastation by erosion that has rendered the existing road impassable will be addressed and solved. This alternative is therefore considered the most viable and recommended for implementation. However, in going ahead, appropriate measures for the gully treatment must be adopted and applied.

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5.6.5 Technologies/Designs Option This will involve the use of Civil Works, Bioengineering and other Technological Options in solving the problems created by the gully. All the elements of the watershed including the environmental and social components were considered in the process of adopting the use of civil works, bioengineering and technological options analysis. This approach will ensure that relevant components of the natural and human environment under the threat and risk of destruction such as soil, public infrastructure, social and community infrastructures and facilities will be secured in the affected communities. The proposed intervention will involve intensive civil works across the broad spectrum of the affected and high-risk areas. Consequently, construction works, bioengineering and technological approaches will be adopted in restoring and enhancing affected areas as envisioned in the goals of the NEWMAP. Adverse impacts of these activities will be highly reduced to the extent that the benefits will outweigh the demerits as necessary. In conclusion, the merits of the Technologies/DesignsAlternative outweigh the other alternatives, it is therefore, recommended.

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CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1 Overview The range of environmental, social and occupational health and safety issues associated with the rehabilitation works for the Agassal Gully Erosion Complex will be described in a matrix table format for the environmental and social management plan (ESMP). The table also includes columns for Monitoring Indicators, monitoring parameters, monitoring instruments, monitoring locations, Monitoring Frequencies, monitoring responsibilities and costs. It outlines the corresponding mitigation measures for potential environmental and social impacts; and occupational health and safety risks that are envisaged to occur during activities. Since the project consists of civil rehabilitation works basically, majority of the environmental and social impacts and occupational hazards will be expected to arise during the construction phase of the project. The ESMP also covers potential impacts as perceived during the pre-construction and operation phases.

6.2 Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan It is envisaged that the environmental and social impacts and their designed enhancement and mitigation measures shall be monitored during implementation of the construction/rehabilitation works and operation phases. The roles and responsibilities for monitoring the environmental and social impacts and the implementation of the ESMP are as follows. Overall sub-project coordination will be housed in Project Management Unit (PMU), of Kogi State NEWMAP Office. They will oversee the day-to-day project management and ensure that environmental and socio-economic concerns and management as elucidated in the ESMP are integrated into all aspects of project implementation. The Kogi State Ministry of Environment; herein referred to as State Ministry of Environment (SMEnv); National Environmental Standards Regulatory Enforcement Agency (NESREA), and Kogi State Environmental Protection Agency (KSEPA) will monitor, evaluate and audit the implementation of the ESMP to ensure that the rehabilitation works and project operations meet ―best environmental practices‖. Awareness creation exercises on HIV/AIDS, environmental protection and personal hygiene and sanitation shall also be undertaken for contactors personnel and all stakeholders involved in project implementation.

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6.2.1 ESMP Budget and Monitoring Plan The total cost for Implementing the Agassa Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation Works ESMP is estimated at N43,178,850.00 (Forty Three Million, One Hundred and Seventy Eight Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty Naira) only, at N365 per USD; that correspond to One Hundred and Eighteen Thousand Two Hundred and Ninety Eight US. Dollars S[USD118, 298.00]. The ESMP matrix for the implementation of the Rehabilitation works for Agassa Gully Erosion Site is highlighted in Table 6.1.

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Table 6.1: ESMP - Pre-Construction Phase Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators Monitor monitor Frequency Responsibili Responsibility (USD) ty (Monitoring) (Mitigation) Environment Air Mobilization Increase in Sprinkling of Air quality 2-3km Air quality Twice Mitigation: Monitoring: 800 of workers, amounts of water via parameters Radius of test monthly Contractor SMENV, PMU, equipment fugitive dusts spraying are within project area ESO and other and exhaust devices to limit permissible Contractor materials into fumes from dusts. Limits Agassa Gully movement of Ensure that Ensure that 2-3km Air quality Every two 1000 Erosion Site heavy-duty vehicles are vehicles are Radius of test months vehicles and serviced; serviced; project area equipment undergo vehicle undergo into work emission testing vehicle areas. (VET) and emission vehicle exhaust testing (VET) screening (VES) and vehicle as laid down in exhaust the NESREA screening guidelines. (VES) as laid down in the NESREA guidelines. Soil Mobilization Loss of top Limit zone of Visible Project Visual Weekly Mitigation: ESO 1200 of workers, soil and soil vehicle and demarcation camp sites observation, PMU and equipment compaction equipment of vehicles and Soil Contractors and other due to weight impacts and equipment Compaction materials into movement of (designate an equipment packing test Agassa Gully vehicles to area for parking limit zone zones Erosion Site site and and stacking Warning stacking of equipment) signs, flags heavy-duty will be utilized equipment to alert users, so as to reduce risks associated with the

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For minimal disturbance it will be advised that equipment is transported when it will cause least disturbance Vegetation Vegetation Displacement Contractors Vegetation Project For a and Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: 750 clearing of soil fauna should limit clearing is Community fauna Contractors ESO, NRO, and damage to vegetation limited to especially studies in PMU flora. clearing to precise access selected minimum areas areas routes to areas required gully as particularly areas well as with indigenous gully vegetation

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Predisposing Cleared areas Re- Community Ground Monthly Mitigation: ESO, NRO 1000 of soils to should be revegetation especially trotting PMU, erosion vegetated with is ongoing access Contractor beneficial local where routes to species known appropriate. gully to mitigate against erosion

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators Monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Social Traffic Mobilization Traffic Apply lane Lane Project Site visits Daily Mitigation: Monitoring: 1200 of workers, congestion/tr configuration configuration routes within and Contractors, ESO, FRSC; equipment avel delay changes to changes are community observation FRSC (Federal and other along some affected being made Road Safety materials into major roads roads and where Corps) Agassa Gully streets. applicable. Erosion Site Noise Mobilization Nuisance to Retrofit with Retrofitting Project Inspect Daily Mitigation: Monitoring: 1750 of workers, nearby suitable cost with vehicle community Contractors Contractors ESO, SMENV, equipment residential effective sound proof equipment KSEPA and other areas vehicle sound materials is materials into proofing being Agassa Gully materials/ performed Erosion Site technologies. Social Air Mobilization Exposure to Provision of Provision of Project area Site visits Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: 1000 of workers, health risks facemasks to face masks and SMENV, PMU, ESO, KSEPA equipment from fugitive residents and and inspections Public Health and other dusts and project appropriate depts. materials into exhausts personnel. PPEs are OkeneLGA Agassa fumes. being provided.

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators Monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Construction Transportatio Public Safety Transportatio Evidence of Project Site visits Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: 1500 camping n and and Traffic n of heavy warning communities and during pre- Contractor PMU most movement of congestion equipment signal and transport inspections construction PMU importantly, heavy will be carried Log record of routes phase ESO), equipment out during off time of lorry pick hours arrival/discha when it will rge of not disturb equipment public movement Where movement cannot be avoided during work hour, the contractor must attach a warning signal Others Mobilization Disruption of Adequate Adequate Project Site visits Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: 2000 of workers, vehicle and and timely and timely communities and Contractor, PMU(most equipment pedestrian sensitization sensitization and transport inspections PMU importantly, and other access to of identified program is routes ESO) materials into where Respondents being Agassa Gully rehabilitation ; Lane conducted Erosion Site works will be configuration Lane conducted configuration change have been made Grievances Adequate Sensitization Project Examine Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: 1000 and negative and timely exercise are communities Awareness Contractor, PMU most community sensitization conducted and transport reports, site PMU importantly, perception of identified routes visits and ESO,SLO, about the Respondents consultations FoNGO project. SUB TOTAL:

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators Monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Occupational Air Mobilization Respiratory Institute Institution of Contractors Examine Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: 500 Health and of workers, disease risks workers WRPP project contractors Independent ESO, KSEPA, Safety equipment from respiratory camp/office WRPP Consultant, PMU and other exposure to protection Contractors materials into exhaust program gully erosion fumes of (WRPP) site equipment and vehicles Mobilization Noise Institute Institution of Contractors Examine Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: 400 Noise of workers, pollution noise control noise control project Contractors Independent ESO, KSEPA, equipment plan plan camp/office Noise control Consultant, PMU and other plan Contractor materials into gully erosion site Accidents Mobilization Accidents Education Education Contractors Examine One-off PMU, PMU 750 of workers, involving and training and training project Contractors Contractor, equipment pedestrians of has been camp/office Accident Independent and other Respondents conducted prevention Consultant materials into about the plan gully erosion project and site accident occurrence Contractor(s) Training has Contractors Examine One-off PMU PMU 1000 education been project Contractors and training conducted camp/office Accident on pedestrian safety

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Table 6.1: ESMP - Construction Phase cnt’d

Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibilit Responsibility (USD) y (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Environment Climate Operation of GHG Fuel switching- Fuel Compliance 2-3km Radius Air quality test Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: 1750 Change equipment Emissions switching from high- to to proffered of project area Site visits and PMU, KSEPA, used during low-carbon content mitigation Project site inspection Contractors PMU.CCO the fuels (where available) measures. construction can be a relatively phase cost effective means to mitigate GHG emissions during this phase. Transition to renewable energy sources i.e. solar energy (where applicable) Energy efficiency- Machines e.g. generator plants could be turned off when not in use, in order to reduce carbon emissions. Multiple trips reduction: In order to reduce vehicular movement and subsequent

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring where to How to monitor Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) increased carbon emissions. Hire vehicles, plants and equipment that are in good condition (current models) generally less than 3 yrs. old. Air Operation of Fugitive and Routine Contractors 2-3km Air quality test Daily Mitigation: Monitoring: 1200 equipment cement dusts watering of Compliance Radius of Contractors KSEPA, PMU used during the project area (most the rehabilitation importantly, construction site ESO) phase Rehabilitation Daily Mitigation: Monitoring: 1000 works – Contractors KSEPA, including PMU(most filling and importantly, compaction ESO) activities, construction of side drains, culverts and other hydraulic structures

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Quality Control – Contractors Project Site visits, Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: - 900 Routine Compliance site inspection Contractors PMU (most equipment and importantly, efficiency audits consultation ESO), SMEnv Quality Assurance with workers –Continuous training of contractor(s) personnel on air quality management Water All Contaminati Attempts to Contractors Surface Water quality Daily Mitigation: Monitoring: 950 quality/Hydrol rehabilitation on of dispose of Compliance water test Contractors PMU (most ogy works surface sediment-laden within importantly, water run-off into project ESO), SMEnv (discharge surface water area of sediment should be laden run- discouraged and off into prevented. drainages, Implement site- waterways specific waste etc) management plans Defecation Generation Liaise with the PMU Surface Water quality Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: 1300 near gully of sewage municipal sewage Compliance water test, Contractor PMU (most erosion site overtime collection within consulatation importantly, (from use of authorities for project with ESO, WRO, temporary collection and area monitoring SMENV, mobile treatment of waste agency KSEPA toilets by with KSEPA personnel involved in civil works)

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Contaminatio Pollution of All oil and Contractor Project site Site visits Periodically Mitigation: Monitoring: 1800 n by oil spills, soil and lubricants Compliance and routes and Contractor SMENV, PMU lubricants and groundwater should be sited inspection, (most other on an soil and importantly, chemicals impervious base groundwate ESO) and should r testing have drip pans The storage area should be far from water course All containers should be clearly labelled Filling and Loss of top Ensure Contractor Project site Site visits Monthly Contractor Monitoring: 1500 Compaction soil ; possible excavation is Compliance and routes and PMU (most activities for minor to limited to inspection importantly, gully head moderate soil desired areas ESO) and finger instability Filling and gullies compaction in reclamation layers must range between 150-200mm thicknesses as recommended. Erosion Erosion The contractor Contractor Project site Site visits Weekly Contractor Monitoring: 1800 management management must implement Compliance and routes and SMENV, PMU appropriate inspection (most erosion control importantly, measures to ESO) Project avoid further Engr erosion in this watershed.

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Rehabilitation a result of reduce noise by Equipment Monitoring: and on-going interrupting the ESO, SMENV, stabilization constructio propagation of sound of gully n works. waves. Waste All Increase in Implement site- Contractors Project site Site visits, Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: 800 rehabilitation/ waste specific waste Compliance inspection, Contractor ESO, SMENV, construction generated management plan and KSEPA, works Liaise with KSEPA for consultatio effective waste n with management monitoring agencies Sanitary Increased Increased Provision of on-site Contractors Project Site visits One-off Mitigation: Monitoring: 1200 Concerns human faecal human sanitary facilities Compliance community and Contractor ESO, waste faecal inspection SMENV, waste KSEPA, Design All Interferenc The design shall in no Contractors Project site Site visit During Monitoring: PMU No Rehabilitation e with the way propose to Compliance and Design Contractor additiona Works physical implement inspection l costs to setting developments that will BOQ hinder drainage, change the topography or introduce physical changes that are not in harmony with

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Where How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Indicators to monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) monitor (Mitigation) (Monitoring) the physical setting of the Project area. The structures to be developed should be aesthetically acceptable to blend in with the surrounding. These structures should not form or end up being used by the resident population as access or bridges. No residential facilities shall be erected on site and the proponent shall as much as possible complete the works in such a way that natural aesthetics shall be retained at the locations. Restoration shall be undertaken to ensure that the original setting is as much as possible retained.

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Social Livelihood Rehabilitatio Disruptions to Conduct survey Independent Project Examine One-off Mitigation: PMU, Monitoring: PMU 1100 Impacts n/ residents to identify best Consultants community Community Independent (most Construction activities – alternatives to Compliance Livelihood Consultant importantly, of drainage (e.g. blocked prevent enhancement SLO) network access to disruptions to plan residents) livelihood within on & off-site work areas before commencement of rehabilitation works. Traffic Mobilization Loss of travel Lane Contractors Project Site visits and Weekly Mitigation: Monitoring: PMU 1000 of time due to configuration Compliance area inspection FRSC (most equipment heavy changes importantly, and other concentration ESO), materials of construction/pr oject vehicles on and off the project site Grievances Involve PMU Project Site visit and Monthly Mitigation: PMU, Mitigation: PMU, 1000 and negative Respondents at Compliance community consultation Contractors (most perception certain levels of with importantly, among decision making community ESO) residents and and commercial implementation establishments of activities about the project

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Education Extensive Noise Mitigation at Compliance Academic Visits Monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: 1800 civil disturbances to source institutions ,inspection PMU, ESO, Okene work/rehabilit the serene Inform residents within and Contractors LGA ation environments for prior to project consultation activities the residence commencement of area with works institutions Social Health Continuous Increase in sexual Awareness Conduct of Project Consultation Quarterly Mitigation: Monitoring: 700 civil work activities leading campaign on awareness community, s, MWR, Public ESO, SMH activities and to possible spread sexual diseases, campaigns contractors Health dept. of steady influx of STIs and distribution of camp the Okene of workforce male and female LGA. condoms.

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Environment Waste Increase in Ensure that all Contractors Project Site visits Weekly Contractors Monitoring: 900 al hygiene management waste construction Compliance community and ESO, SMENV, and generated wastes are inspection KSEPA aesthetics from gathered on- construction site and works disposed off according through the available waste disposal operation in

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Social Noise Massive use of Hearing Operators of Evidence of Project Site visits and Daily Contractor Monitoring: 1200 heavy impairment heavy duty procurement community inspection and SMENV, PMU machinery for for machines of ear muffs consultation land clearing, machinery must wear Evidence of levelling and operators ear muffs use of the excavation of They must PPE soil not exceed 8 Record of working signing out hours per time day Noise Mitigation at Compliance Project Site visits and Monthly Mitigation: PMU, Monitoring: 400 nuisance for source community inspection, Contractors PMU Residents. Inform consultation residents prior to commencem ent of works Loss of Land Disincentive The Minutes of Project consultation monthly Mitigation: Monitoring: - occupation Acquisition to land pastoralist meetings community Contractor PMU owners must be with land carried along owners all through

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Where to How to monitor Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs compone Indicators monitor Frequency Responsibilit Responsibility (USD) nt y (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Occupational Personnel All Fugitive dust and Develop and Independent Project Inspection and Monthly Independent Monitoring: 1600 Health and safety construction fumes from implement on-site Consultants/ communit consultation with Consultant, PMU, ESO Safety activities grinding, welding, occupational health Contractors y contractor, Contractors cutting, or brazing and safety Compliance examining surfaces coated management plan; contractors with lead-based Routine OHS training health and paint; Silica dust and education; Safety from cutting Conduct routine management concrete; solvent JHA/PHA; Use of plan and vapours from PPE; Establish consultants adhesives, paints, electrical safety report strippers, cleaning program; Establish fall solvents, and protection program; spray coatings; Establish fleet safety and isocyanate management program; vapours from Establish and spray foam implement HazCom; insulation and Conduct hazard certain identification, control and analysis; Establish fire prevention program; Use material safety data sheets (MSDS); Employ hierarchy of controls procedure; Conduct OHSRA, Cost Benefit Analysis(CBA), Return on Investment(ROI)/pay- back period analysis

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Table 6.1: ESMP - Operational Phase Cntd

Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Environment Air Increased Increase of Air sampling Compliance Project Air quality Monthly Monitoring: Monitoring: ESO, 800 Vehicle road users on and community testing SMENV SMENV, (state), movement Access Road monitoring KSEPA Soil Change of Change in Training on Trainings are Project Soil quality Monthly Mitigation: PMU, Monitoring: ESO, 600 topography soil profile Sustainable conducted community testing SMENV SMENV, (state), Land KSEPA Management (SLM) practices Increase in Monitoring: ESO, soil salinity SMENV, (state), KSEPA Change in Monitoring: ESO, land use SMENV, (state), KSEPA Noise Increase of Noise Noise Project Noise level One-off Mitigation: PMU, Monitoring: ESO, 700 road users on nuisance to sampling and community testing SMENV SMENV, (state), Access Road local monitoring KSEPA residents Water Quality Roadway Potential Water Compliance Project Water quality Bi-Annual Mitigation: PMU, Monitoring: ESO, 800 runoff surface water sampling and community, testing SMENV SMENV, (state), pollution monitoring surface water KSEPA

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Social Employment Closure of Loss of Inform personnel Proper Project Consultatio One-off Contractors Monitoring: 1000 civil works employment that employment engagement of community ns PMU is short-term prior service to their documentation engagement. Health Operation of Blocked Regular Compliance Project Visits and Independent Monitoring: - 1500 rehabilitated drainage maintenance of community Inspections consultant, ESO, gully site structure drainage and PMU , SMH Breeding site structures consultatio for disease n with vectors health Possible institutions increase of and malaria cases community due to members stagnant water in drainage structures Increase in Increase in Regular sampling Regular Project Visits and Monitoring: 700 number of respiratory and monitoring monitoring community Inspections ESO, vehicles problems and tests SMH using roads amongst local residents

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) Land use Land use Land use Control land Inspections Project Visits and Contractors Monitoring: 600 conflicts conflicts conflict use conflicts are conducted community Inspections PMU through Land and use planning consultations that should be participatory to designate areas for ecological, grazing and farming Safety Increase in Increase in Use of road Compliance Project Visits and One-off Monitoring: 900 number of vehicular safety signage community Inspections ESO, FRSC road users accidents Operation of Seepage or Re-vegetation Compliance Project site Visits and One-off Monitoring: 1200 rehabilitated flow back activities using Inspections PMU gully site action approved Collapse of plant/tree rehabilitated species to gully head or establish finger gullies green belt along the gully as a stabilization measure

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Component Sub- Activities Potentia Mitigation Monitoring Where to How to Monitoring Institutional Institutional Costs component l Impact Measures Indicators monitor monitor Frequency Responsibility Responsibility (USD) (Mitigation) (Monitoring) safety data sheets (MSDS); Implement hierarchy of controls procedure; Conduct OHSRA, Cost Benefit Analysis(CBA), Return on Investment (ROI)/pay-back period analysis

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6.3 Environmental and Social Management Monitoring Plan Some specific Management plans have been described in the sections below.

6.3.1 Waste Management Plan The ESMP had provided detailed information on waste management including the amount and type of waste to be generated, the sources and proffered mitigation measures, among other measures to be considered include: - Sensitization amongst the labourers on the need for effective waste management throughout the sub-project activity. - Sensitization and mobilization on the adverse consequences of poor waste management.

It is important that the Kogi State Ministry of Environment and KSEPA ensure that appropriate waste management control is employed.

6.3.2 Recommended Measures for Waste Management The ESMP details how wastes that will be generated at the project sites will be managed in an environmentally sustainable and socially acceptable manner. To be practical and effective in handling of wastes, (Solid and liquid) the ESMP follows the fundamental principles of waste management: - Identify and classify the type of waste generated. Proper procedures must be taken regarding their storage, collection, transportation and disposal - Identify and demarcate disposal areas clearly indicating the specific materials that can be deposited in each. - Dispose all wastes in authorized areas, metals, used oils, etc. - Identify and demarcate equipment maintenance areas (>15m from rivers, streams, lakes or wetlands). - Identify, demarcate and enforce the use of within-site access routes to limit impact to farm. - Erect erosion control barriers around perimeter of cuts, disposal pits, and roadways. - Spray water on dirt roads and stockpiled soil to reduce wind-induced erosion and particulates dispersal, as needed.

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- Establish and enforce daily site clean-up procedures, including maintenance of adequate disposal facilities for construction debris.

The management of other kinds of waste that will be generated from the rehabilitation works is highlighted below: a. General Waste - There should be adequate number of garbage bins and containers made available at strategic areas of the site. The use of plastic bin liners should be encouraged. - All organic and inorganic materials will be placed and/or disposed of so as not to directly or indirectly impact any watercourse or groundwater. The placement and disposal of all such products and materials will be done in an environmentally acceptable manner. - Solids, sludge and other pollutants generated as a result of construction or those removed during the course of treatment or control of wastewaters will be disposed of in a manner that prevents their direct or indirect re-entry into any watercourse or ground waters. - Any waste material that is inadvertently disposed of in or adjacent to watercourses will be removed immediately in a manner that minimizes adverse impacts, and the original drainage pattern should be restored. - Waste materials should be placed and stored in suitable containers. Storage areas and containers will be maintained in a sanitary condition and shall be covered to prevent spreading of wastes by water, wind or animals. - All food wastes should be collected and stored in containers at appropriate locations and should be emptied at regular intervals and the collected waste should be transported to Government designated waste management facilities.

b. Oil waste - Ensure that all equipment maintenance activities, including oil changes, are conducted within demarcated maintenance areas designated for such. - Ensure that oil or other lubricants are never dumped on the ground, but only in designated areas.

c. Vegetative waste - The land clearing of the vegetation will be performed in accordance with stipulated standards in order to mitigate negative impact that maybe associated with the activity to the environments.

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6.4 Emergency Response and Incidence Management In the context of this sub-project, the purpose of Emergency Response and Incident Management (ERIM) is to ensure that well developed and rehearsed emergency procedures assist Kogi State NEWMAP and inhabitants of the project community to: - Effectively respond to emergencies and critical incidents in the project area - Reduce the risk of severe injuries. - Limit potential harm to the environment & surrounding infrastructure. - Minimise disruption to the community and surrounding businesses through the effective implementation of this ERIM procedures

As much as possible ERIM procedures should address: - Community security and public safety actions to be taken in the case of an emergency - Effective spill containment and management - Effective fire-fighting - Effective response to emergencies and critical incidents

Incident Prevention Incident preparedness procedures for potential incidents and emergencies include: - Ongoing training for project personnel; - Periodic Desktop and field exercises to uncover work place risks and hazards; - Regular auditing of construction activities; - Ongoing liaison with Emergency Services - Identifying key roles and responsibilities and effective methods of communication; - Monitoring of activities and documentation and ongoing compliance checks with statutory OHS and Environmental requirements.

6.5 Recommended Measures for Chance Find/Cultural Heritage Management In the event of chance finds of items of cultural significance, all forms of excavation in and around the site will be stopped. Subsequently, experienced archaeologist and anthropologist would be recruited to carry out an investigation and proposed plans for the preservation of such cultural artifacts.

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During the project site induction meeting, all contractors will be made aware of the presence of an on-site archaeologist who will monitor earthmoving and excavation activities. The following procedure is to be executed in the event that archaeological material is discovered: - All construction activity in the vicinity of the find/feature/site will cease immediately. - Delineate the discovered find/ feature/ site will be delineated. - Record the find location, and all remains are to be left in place. - Secure the area to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. - The on-site archaeologist will assess, record and photograph the find/feature/ site. - The on-site archaeologist will undertake the inspection process in accordance with all project health and safety protocols under direction of the Health and Safety Officer.

In consultation with the statutory authorities the on-site and Project Archaeologist will determine the appropriate course of action to take.

6.6 Reasons for Failure in Gully Rehabilitation Gully control can be tedious where executed measures do not seem to work. Failure in control brings losses of material, time, money and sometimes makes the gully erosion even worse. Actually, failure can be avoided if appropriate measures are taken and proper techniques are applied. From experience, the following problems can be taken as the major reasons for the failure of most of the gully rehabilitation schemes and they must be avoided in this project. - Poor consideration for upper catchment treatment - Poor installation of check-dams that is related to lack of keying the check-dam to the floor and sidewalls of the gully - Lack of apron. If there is no apron, water falling from the check-dam spillway erodes the area below and undermines the structure. If the apron is not keyed or secured into the gully, it will be washed away. - Lack of spillway. The check-dam tends to impede the flow of water. This leads to the water exerting pressure on the dam that can weaken it. A spillway will discharge the runoff thus protecting the check-dam.

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- Poor maintenance. The life and effectiveness of control measures are extended by regular maintenance. Any shortcomings in the control structures should be corrected before they develop into serious problems. Any grass, shrub/bush and tree planted which dies should be replaced. - Improper spacing of check-dams. Proper spacing is crucial if the check-dams are to serve their purpose. Inappropriate and irregular spacing of the check-dams may lead to their being washed away. - Failure to complete the work. In some instances, the gully rehabilitation schemes may not be completed because of various reasons. Half measures do not offer the required protection and are a waste of time and resources. - Structures are sometimes made too high and the water that ponds causes instability of the soil and piping underneath or around the structure. - Poor integration between physical and biological measures.

6.6.1 Management of Rehabilitated Erosion Site Management of gully control structures is a very important point worth to be emphasized. Treated gullies should be checked regularly and the healing process monitored closely. Structures built in the gully for stabilization purpose should be observed for damage especially during rainy seasons and after heavy storms. Damaged check-dams should be repaired immediately to avoid further damage and the eventual collapse. The use of gully will depend on whether it has been established for a protected waterway or the water has been diverted and the gully stabilized for other uses. Under the condition when the water is discharged through the gully after the necessary stabilization activities have been undertaken, the side of the gully can be used for growing of grass or fodder. But, in conditions when the gully is not used as a waterway, it can be used for growing horticultural crops or plants such as banana or other fruit trees. Wide gullies can have tree planted on the side slopes provided they are not too steep. The other important issue for sustainable gully rehabilitation scheme is the identification of users and development of a use concept or management plan. In most cases, gullies are crossing different land uses owned by many land users. Therefore, before treatment of gullies, the users should be identified and the boundaries should be clearly demarcated, the gully rehabilitation

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process should be objective oriented and responsibilities of owners in managing, maintaining and utilizing the gully and its produces should be elaborated and agreed upon. Experiences have shown that most of the gully rehabilitation efforts are made accidentally without having clear purposes. As a result, it is common to see gullies with a huge biomass, mostly of one species (Sesbania sesban or Elephant grass) but not harvested and after all owners are not known. This has forced the community members into conflict and hence destruction of the whole endeavour. In view of this fact, the identification of land owners along gully areas and demarcation of their boundary, development of a management plan and formulating user‘s agreement (on maintenance and proper utilization of the gully) should come before any treatment effort. It is always crucial to remember that before deciding to undertake gully control measures one has to plan first for what purpose the gully is intended to be used after treatment and then try to take measures relevant to the future strategy.

6.7 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) The World Bank‘s approach to GRM will apply (Annex 5); alternative conflict resolution and problem-solving mechanism abound at local levels. According to NEWMAP, in November 2017, 4 levels of grieviance resolusion mechanism have been propounded; summary of which have been highlighted below:

Step 1: Assessment of Risks and Potential Grievances and Disputes;

Step 2: Capacity Assessment

Step 3: Action Plan

Step 4: Follow-up and review

To operationalise the GRM effectively, grievances have to be classified according to their potential severity or complications. One of the most common ground for grievances is land compensation entitlement and disbursement. This is likely going to generate grievances more constantly than any other issues about the project. More complicated matters like RAP and implementation issues that may involve private sector entities and third-party agencies are likely to require the attention of the PMU. For the GRM to be effective as an all-inclusive engagement instrument that effectively handle the grievances of women, there has to be a deliberate structuring to include Women in Grievance

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Redress Committee, who will easily be approached by women for the purpose of presenting their grievances.

Grievance Procedures Registration It may be less depending on the severity of the matter under consideration. The first step is the presentation of a grievance at the uptake point at any level. The social contact person will receive grievance from the complainant clarify primary information, register and acknowledge receipt of it to the grievant within two days. The registration will capture the following data: Name of the complainant, Date of the grievance, Category of the grievance, Persons involved, Impact on complainant‘s life, Proofs and witnesses. A registration form will have all these bits of information. Verification The verification will determine among other things whether the matter has any relationship with the Project and whether the level at which it is presented can handle it. This will mean a quick referral of the case either to the next level or the traditional rulers or to law enforcement. Part of investigation will also be assessing the cost of loss or risk involved in the grievance. Processing The processing step is when options for the approach to resolving the case are weighed and determined. Parties involved in the case are brought together for a first attempt at resolution with suggestion from the parties by the social contact personnel. The social personnel at a certain level then decide where the case should go to for hearing and resolution if complainant decides to pursue the matter further. This should happen within five days from investigation. Implementation and Case Closing The social contact personnel then refer the case to the responding authority within the level for GRM implementation. This authority may be the chairman of the GRC or the officers with direct responsibility over the nature of the case within the PMU. Putting this in writing makes the appeal process faster in case of dissatisfaction on the part of the complainant. And in the case of satisfaction, it is an instrument to compel execution of decision. The outcome of the Grievance Redress process is therefore communicated to the complainant and other concerned party. The result of the process can vary. The request of the complainant may be turned down, compensation may be recommended, or Management may simply apologise to the grievant.

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Feedback All responses to the complainant in a grievance redress process that moves beyond the unit level must be communicated in writing and/or by verbal presentation to the complainant. This will include a follow up on the corresponding authority where cases are referred to ascertain the status of reported cases. Feedback on outcome of each case should get to the complainant through the social contact person at all levels.

Guiding Principles Having a grievance redress measure connotes readiness for plain fairness. This GRM has to be based on the following universal principles that guide fairness in these matters: i. Accessibility and social inclusion: The process has to be accessible to everybody that feels aggrieved and affected by the project components in anyway regardless of their age, gender or economic status within the communities. Vulnerable groups including women, children and the physically challenged should have opportunities to present their complaints without complications. ii. Simplicity: the filing of complaints and grievances will be kept simple and the process of redress will be easy to understand by stakeholders. Suggestions complaints and queries may be presented through different accessible channels. iii. Transparency: The system will encourage feedback of any kind (negative or positive) as long as it has bearing on the project. These feedbacks will be made available to all stakeholders to put them abreast of issues that may stall or enhance the sustenance of the project. It is important that representatives of the community be involved in the redress of grievances and everybody kept informed on any progress made on them. iv. Due process and impartiality: Every grievant will have the right to be present and be heard before a duly constituted body saddled with the responsibility of hearing and managing their complaints or grievances. The system will view and analyse all issues with transparent objectivity. This will enhance responsiveness of all parties concerned and build trust. The mechanism will be independent so that it will be perceived as fair by all. v. Quick action: Response to grievance and feedbacks will be prompt and direct to the grievant or the feedback provider. Grievances will be acknowledged at the point of uptake and the ensuing decisions will be communicated within 48 hours of reaching them.

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vi. People: It is important that all stakeholders, including project personnel be involved in the process of grievance redress. Grievant lodgers or feedback providers will assume full responsibility for their filings. Personnel that would be involved in grievance redress on the supply side have to have basic communications skills. Key persons on the redress team will need to acquire skills for mediation, conciliation and negotiation. Grievance redress policy will be sustained by the commitment of persons involved both on the demand and supply side. There is need for personnel who will be providing grievance redress services to have knowledge of the already disclosed policies guiding resettlement for NEWMAP. vii. Process: This GRM will have a predictable process that will operate in all the intervention sites and in all the components of the project. There will be specified grievance uptake points where grievances/complaints will be lodged. The time frame for a response will be known to the grievant. Investigation and deliberations on the complaint will be open and communicated promptly. viii. Analysis: In grievance redress it is important for handlers to be clear on all the issues. A first step is an honest appraisal of whether the feedback is proactive or reactive. Facts have to be established against the interest and goal of grievant. Fact-finding is essential for meaningful and sustainable grievance/conflict redress. Grievances spring from differences in expectations, interests, knowledge or lack of it, needs and fears. Questions arise in the process that must be taken into account. Are the complainants digging in or unforgiving or are they unwilling to accept the outcomes? The handlers of grievance redress also need to appraise the complaints against relevance to the project and the project policies. This will need to be done with reference to the already prepared RPF, ESMF and the RAP. This requires a thorough knowledge of various policies and guidelines of NEWMAP. Grievance handlers also need to know the category of grievance involved and treat accordingly. Grievances need to be characterised both for the sake of proper redress and for evaluation purpose.

6.8 Gender Based Violence Nigeria has acceded to the core international human rights treaties and is a party to the major regional human rights instrument which obliged States to respect, protect and fulfill human rights of all persons within the territory and subject to the jurisdiction of the State, without discrimination.

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Rape may violate several human rights obligations enshrined in the instruments ratified by Nigeria and is also a form of gender-based violence and a brutal manifestation of violence against women. As a State party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples‘ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the ―Maputo Protocol‖), Nigeria has made legally binding commitments to exercise due diligence to combat gender-based violence and discrimination. Accordingly, Nigeria has an obligation to take all appropriate measures to prevent rape, ensure that there are adequate sanctions for rape in law and in practice, and ensure access to reparation for the victims. Furthermore, several human rights instruments require Nigeria to take special measures to protect the rights of individuals who are vulnerable to sexual violence, namely women, children, and persons with disabilities. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women has provided guidance on States‘ due diligence obligations in combating sexual violence, noting that it must be implemented at both individual and systemic levels. Individual due diligence focuses on the needs of individual survivors and ―places an obligation on the State to assist victims in rebuilding their lives and moving forward,‖ for instance through the provision of psychosocial services. Individual due diligence ―requires States to punish not just the perpetrators, but also those who fail in their duty to respond to the violation.‖ As for systemic due diligence, it includes ensuring ―a holistic and sustained model of prevention, protection, punishment and reparations for acts of violence against women. 1. International Treaties  The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (2004)  The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (2004)  The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) (1993)  The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (1984)  The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1990), and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) (2012)  International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1976)

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2. Regional Treaties  The African Charter on Human and Peoples‘ Rights (ACHPR) (1982)  The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) (2007)  The Protocol to the ACHPR on the Rights of Women in Africa (the ―Maputo Protocol‖) (2007) 3. National polices  The National Action Plan for the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2009);  The National Gender Policy (2010) Nigeria is among the 10 percent of countries worldwide that exhibit the highest levels of gender discrimination according to the OECD‘s Social Institutions and Gender Index (see the figure below), with an assessment of ―high‖ or ―very high‖ in all of the evaluated categories (discriminatory family code, restricted physical integrity, son bias, restricted resources and assets, restricted civil liberties). It also falls into the group of countries with highest gender inequality in human development outcomes (UNDP 2016). Gender-Based Violence (GBV) remains pervasive and underreported in the country, largely constraining women‘s autonomy and life chances. The 2013 Demographic Health Survey (DHS) indicates that nationally 38 percent of women between the ages of 15-49 have experienced some form of physical or sexual violence from the age of 15, and 11 percent experienced physical violence within the 12 months prior to the survey. 45 percent of women who experienced violence never sought help or never told anyone about the violence. Besides interpersonal and sexual violence, child marriage and Female Genital Mutilation are the other culturally harmful practices prevalent across Nigeria. Conflict in the North East has further contributed to a steep rise in targeted violence against women and children by Boko Haram increasingly for abduction and violence. Women are increasingly being used as instruments of war, making them vulnerable to stigmatization and rejection from their families and communities. Figure below illustrates pervasiveness of GBV Nigeria on regional:

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Nigeria Degree of Gender Inequality according to the Social Institutions and Gender Index

South Nigeria Niger Mali Namibia Vietnam Brazil Thailand Africa Overall Discriminatory family code Restricted physical integrity Son bias Restricted resourcs and assets Restricted civil liberties

Legend: very low medium very high low high

GBV Risk Management Mechanisms NEWMAP has adopted Specific measures to reduce and mitigate the risk of GBV/SEA in the project. Such measures include:

i GBV/SEA assessment of project;

ii mandatory contractors‘ code of conduct on sexual harassment;

iii appointment of NGO to monitor GBV/SEA in NEWMAP-AF;

iv community and workers‘ sensitization on GBV/SEA;

v provision of referral units for survivors of GBV/SEA;

vi provisions in contracts for dedicated payments to contractors for GBV/SEA prevention activities against evidence of completion;

vii Contractor and SPMU requirement to ensure a minimum target of female employment with incremental rewards of the obtainment of this target. The following actions are recommended for immediate implementation:  Hiring a dedicated GBV/SEA specialist or retraining SLOs for the project,  Including in the focal NGO‘s ToR services for managing social risks associated with GBV/SEA in the project,  Building and improving FPMU/SPMUs, local communities and other relevant stakeholders‘ capacities to address risks of GBV/SEA by developing and providing guidance, training, awareness, and dissemination of relevant GBV/SEA materials to communities,

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 Developing a clear NEWMAP specific internal ―Reporting and Response Protocol" to guide relevant stakeholders in case of GBV/SEA incidents,  Strengthening operational processes of NEWMAP states project area on GBV/SEA,  Identifying development partners and cultivating pragmatic partnership on GBV/SEA prevention measures and referral services,  Developing Codes of Conduct for civil works contractors with prohibitions against GBV/SEA,  Strengthening consultations and operationalizing GBV/SEA specific grievance redress mechanisms,  Providing financial support implementation of the GBV/SEA actions described herein, including training and awareness building for various stakeholders,  Establishing inter-ministerial committee to advance GBV/SEA actions described above.

Overall, GBV risks in the project target areas might include Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), public harassment including harassment, verbal insults, physical abuse, rape, harmful widowhood practices and women and child trafficking. Targeted support to women under the program could likely exacerbate these risks. Development and implementation of specific GBV risk prevention and mitigation strategies, tailored to local contexts, will be critical. Guidelines for situation analysis of GBV and safe reporting guidelines in line with international best practices will be implemented. Further, all risks related to labor influx will have to be mitigated by participation of project beneficiaries/communities, and involvement of project contractors and contractors‘ workers and consultant employees, in identifying mitigation and implementing measures, including developing mitigation instruments such as ―Labor Influx Management Plan‖ and ―Workers Camp Site Management Plan‖.

6.9 Workers Influx and Child-Labour Management The project may face an influx of non-local labour and working conditions issues as skilled labourers might not be available in some of the project sites. The project is expected to take concrete measures to mitigate potential labour influx-related risks such as workers‘ sexual relations with minors and resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AID, sexual harassment of female employees, child labour and abuse, increased dropout rates from school, inadequate resettlement practices, and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labour practice, and lack of road safety. These risks will require careful

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consideration to improve social and environmental sustainability, resilience and social cohesion. Therefore, the project will include mitigation measures such as:

a assessing living conditions of workers‘ camps and ensuring appropriate living conditions;

b establishing and enforcing a mandatory Code of Conduct for the company, managers and workers, and an Action Plan for implementation;

c ensuring appropriate location for these camps;

d taking counter measures - indicated in the Social Management Plan - to reduce the impact of the labour influx on the public services; and,

e devising and implementing a strategy for maximizing employment opportunities for local population, including women.

The following guidelines lays out the principles that are key to properly assessing and managing the risks of adverse impacts on project area communities that may result from temporary NEWMAP induced labour influx. a The SPMU will have to hire, to the maximum extent, skilled and unskilled workers from affected communities in the project area. The SPMU will adopt or implement all possible measures to avoid if not minimize labour influx into the project area. b The SPMU will assess and manage labour influx risk, based on appropriate instruments such as those based on risks identified in the ESIA and the Bank‘s sector-specific experience in the country. c Depending on the risk factors and their level, appropriate mitigation instruments need to be developed such as Site-specific Labour Influx Management Plan and/or a Workers‘ Camp Management Plan, d Risk factors to the SPMU that should be considered, include:  weak institutional capacity of the implementing agency;  predominant presence of contractors without strong worker management and health and safety policies;  anticipated high volumes of labour influx;  pre-existing social conflicts or tensions;  weak local law enforcement;  prevalence of gender-based violence and social norms towards it in the community (acceptance of gender based violence);

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 prevalence of transactional sex;  local prevalence of child and forced labour;  existing conflict situation between communities;  absorption capacity of workers to the community e The SPMU will be required to incorporate social and environmental mitigation measures into the civil works contract and responsibilities for managing these adverse impacts. This will be a binding contractual obligation on the SPMU, with appropriate mechanisms for addressing non- compliance

The Supervision Consultant shall be responsible for monitoring the contractor performance and adherence to the labour influx guideline and that of its Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) obligations, with a protocol in place for immediate, timely, mandatory and confidential reporting in case of incidents to project community. This allows the SPMU to enforce the implementation of such mitigation measures, which are required to ensure the consultant‘s own compliance with Bank policy requirements. While the Bank reviews and clears project-level safeguard instruments such as the ESIA/ESMP, it is the SPMU‘s responsibility to:

i ensure the safeguard instruments are reflected in the contractor‘s ESMP (CESMP), and

ii ensure the project is implemented in accordance with the CESMP, safeguard instruments and other relevant contractual provisions.

6.10 Community Security, Health and Safety Management Sub-project activities, equipment, and infrastructure can increase community exposure to risks and impacts. While acknowledging the role of public authorities‘ in promoting the health, safety, and security of the public, Kogi NEWMAP through the Contractor(s) will be directly responsible for avoiding or minimizing the risks and impacts of community health, safety, and security that may arise from project related-activities, with particular attention to vulnerable groups. Major Objectives of Community Security, Health and Safety Management include: - To anticipate and avoid adverse impacts on the health and safety of the Affected Community during the project life from both routine and non-routine circumstances. - To ensure that the safeguarding of personnel and property is carried out in accordance with relevant human rights principles and in a manner that avoids or minimizes risks to the affected Communities.

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Community Security, Health and Safety Management should be established during the environmental and social risks and impacts identification process. The implementation of the actions necessary to meet the community security, health and safety should be managed by Kogi NEWMAP‘s Environmental and Social safeguards officers. It is necessary that trainings be delivered for the Community, Contractors and the SPMU with regards to Health and Safety. The SPMU should procure a consultant that will carry out these trainings before the contractors are mobilized to sight. This will help prepare the SPMU and Communities in handling HSE issues that may arise during project implementation. Below is a guide to some of the trainings and timeline for delivery; Table 6.2: Training and timeline S/N Module Topics Duration Participants Cost Estimate (USD) 1 Construction Fall Protection 2days Contractor, SPMU, 420 Safety Community, Equipment safety and Handling 1day Contractor, SPMU, 275 Community, Excavation Waste management 3days Contractor, SPMU, 680 Community, Permit to work 1day Contractor, SPMU, 230 2 Fleet Safety Vehicle Parking and Operations 2days Contractor, SPMU, 455 Community, Sight specific and Perimeter Safety 2days Contractor, SPMU, 450 Signage communication for Community, communities Emissions Management 1day Contractor, SPMU, 230 Community 3 Hazard Effective hazard Communication 1day Contractor, SPMU 250 Communication for contractor Personnel / Workers Effective hazard Communication 1day Community, 250 for Communities 4 Job Hazard Job Hazard Analysis 1 day Contractor, SPMU, 350 Analysis Community, 5 Disaster Hazard Preparedness and 1day Contractor, SPMU, 350 management Response Community, Emergency Planning and 1day Contractor, SPMU, 350 Communication Community, 6. Accident Accident Investigation 1day Contractor, SPMU 250 Investigation Accident Analysis and Report 1 day Contractor, SPMU 250 Writing

6.11 Stakeholders Engagement Plan Stakeholders‘ engagement is essential in achieving the major objectives of any project implementation and sustainable development. Participatory approaches in project planning and

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implementation enhance project policy, ownership and sustainability and also empower targeted beneficiaries. The objectives for stakeholders‘ engagement and sensitization includes but not limited to the following; i. To create general public awareness and understanding of the project, and ensure its acceptance; ii. To develop and maintain avenues of communication between the project proponent, stakeholders and PAPs in order to ensure that their views and concerns are incorporated into the project design and implementation with the objectives of reducing, mitigating or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits from the project; iii. To inform and discuss about the nature and scale of possible adverse impacts of the rehabilitation work and to identify and prioritize the mitigation measures for the impacts in a more transparent and direct manner; iv. To document the concerns raised by stakeholders and PAPs so that their views and proposals are mainstreamed to formulate mitigation and benefit enhancement measures; v. To sensitize other MDAs, local authorities, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) about the project and solicit their views and discuss their share of responsibility for the smooth functioning of the overall project operations; and vi. Reducing conflict between stakeholders, project proponents PAPs. vii. To develop stakeholders capacity in the areas sustainable project management. In summary, it goes to spell out the role of stakeholders in the project planning, implementation and monitoring. Involving stakeholders in monitoring service delivery, revenues, budget execution, procurement, contract awards, and reform policies can increase transparency, improve efficiency of service delivery or budget execution, and reduce opportunities for corruption. Some mechanisms for stakeholders-led monitoring include public expenditure tracking surveys, social audits, or stakeholder report cards. Additional entry points for stakeholder‘s engagement in monitoring include collaboration with local CBOs/NGOs, communities, local academia, or think-tanks in gathering results data and conducting joint evaluations of project results after project completion (including in the preparation of project Implementation Completion Reports). Capacity building will be an integral part of the stakeholders engagements. Envisaged Benefits

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The envisaged benefits of the Stakeholders engagement and sensitization exercises include; - Provision of opportunities to foresee and/or resolve potential obstacles, constraints and conflicts; - Means to identify and address potential negative social and environmental impacts as envisaged by stakeholders; - Opportunities to generate social learning and innovations based on local field experiences; - Means of ensuring that project benefits are distributed equitably, and; - Strengthened working relations between stakeholders; Federal and State Governments, etc., and the World Bank.

6.12 Fundamentals of Stakeholder Engagement Approach Consultations Meaningful consultations can contribute to improved design, implementation, and sustainability of development interventions. The objectives of consultations include receiving input for improved decision-making about the design and implementation arrangements of a development program or project, to contribute to improved results and sustainability. In this context, consultations can potentially give voice to the needs of different population groups, including vulnerable and marginalized groups; improve risk management by identifying opportunities and risks from and to a project; and increase transparency, public understanding, and stakeholder involvement in development decision-making. Consultations with key stakeholders, including project-affected people and civil society, are mandatory in development projects so as to satisfy “best practices”. Consultation methods include public hearings or meetings, focus group discussions, household surveys and interviews, electronic consultations, and advisory/expert groups. In addition, consultations can include informal structures at the local level, such as village councils and women‘s groups. Good practice approaches to consultation, including closing the feedback loop, need to be applied more systematically. Collaboration Collaboration with stakeholders in decision-making processes and events can make decisions more responsive to stakeholder needs and improve the sustainability of program and project outcomes through increased ownership by stakeholders. Mechanisms for collaboration include stakeholder/user membership in decision-making bodies, integrity pacts, participatory planning and budgeting, and stakeholders‘ juries.

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Collecting, Recording, and Reporting on Inputs from Stakeholders Stakeholder feedback can be collected periodically on various dimensions of public services provided, such as effectiveness, inclusiveness, quality, delivery time, transaction costs, and targeting, as well as on resource utilization or engagement processes. Tools include satisfaction surveys, focus group discussions, hotlines, community scorecards, stakeholder report cards, or SMS/online feedback

6.13 Social Investment Plan Social investment refers to philanthropy, charitable giving, corporate social responsibility, community programs and social contributions to contribute to society that is not primarily motivated by generating a direct financial return. NEWMAP should employ a three phased approach strategy which includes community investment, social investment and philanthropy. The potential benefit of NEWMAP social investments in the community will create significant opportunities for businesses, including enabling them to meet regulatory requirements, secure a social license to operate, improve reputation, attract talented employees, increase workforce engagement and develop new products and markets. The areas for social investment include education, health, disaster relief, environment, community welfare, housing, infrastructure & energy, sports & recreation, food and agriculture. NEWMAP should work in conjunction with existing community NGOs/CBO in achieving the investment plan. This social investment plan is further delineated in the RAP/ARAP developed in the framework of this subproject.

6.14 Project Coordination and Implementation Arrangements It is necessary to highlight and define the roles, responsibilities and institutional arrangements for the implementation of the NEWMAP, as they are fundamental to the effective implementation of the environmental safeguard measures outlined in this ESMP. Accordingly, details of institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the implementation of the ESMP are highlighted below.

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6.15 NEWMAP Institutional Arrangement Generally, the NEWMAP project is expected to run at two levels, namely the Federal and State. At the Federal level, the Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) supervised by the Federal Ministry of Finance will manage the Coordination and Program Support. The FPMU will establish coordination and support relationship with the State counterpart Agencies. Thus at the State level, the governments of the 14 States have set up by State Law, agencies that would work in collaboration with the FPMU, though operating independently. Albeit, the Ministry of Finance, Budget and / Economic Planning, as the case may be in the various State is at present taking the lead in the coordination of the NEWMAP preparatory programmes. The law or legal agreement used in establishing the agencies will insulate the agencies and specifically the management unit from undue political or administrative interference. In addition, to implement the NEWMAP program according to the agreed terms and conditions, a formal agreement is needed between the State Governments, the Implementing Agencies (PMU) and other MDAs outlining the tasks, responsibilities, schedules, procedures, deliverables etc., required for preparation and implementation of the approved sub-projects. Furthermore, the State Agency/Project Management Unit (PMU) will have an advisory board or a technical steering committee and a management unit. The board will include representatives from civil society and the government. The State Project Management Unit S(PMU) headed by a Project Coordinator who will supervise activities of staff within three (3) major departments of the Agency, namely: Operations, Finance and Administration, and Monitoring and Evaluation (all three departments will cater for the environmental and social components/issues as concerns the NEWMAP). To capture the inflow and use of credit proceeds in a transparent manner through the Office of the Accountant General [Project Financial Management Unit (PFMU) set up for financial management of donor assisted projects at the state level], the PMU shall establish a relationship with PFMU. This relationship would entail: - A copy of the annual budget and work plan will be made available to the FPMU by the SPMU; - FPMU internal auditors will be responsible for regular internal audit in the PMU and submit quarterly reports to the government (copied to IDA). - A copy of monthly progress reports, quarterly reviews and interim Financial Reports (IFRs) shall be sent regularly to the PFMU;

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- The FPMU internal auditors shall participate in quarterly monitoring visits to communities as organized by the SPMU.

6.16 Roles and Responsibilities The successful implementation of the ESMP depends on the commitment of the sector and related institutions, and the capacity within the institutions to apply or use the ESMP effectively, and the appropriate and functional institutional arrangements, among others. Thus, details of institutional arrangements, the roles and responsibilities of the institutions that would be involved in the implementation of the ESMP are highlighted below. For the purpose of this ESMP, the institutions identified include; - Federal Level Institutions: Federal Ministry of Environment and other relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). - State Level Institutions: SPMUs and other relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). - Local Government Level Institutions: Local Government Review Committee - (LGRC); Local Government Desk Office (LGDO) - Community Level and other Institutions - Direct and Other Stakeholder/Groups: Community Project Management Committee (CPMC); CDA; CBO/NGOs - Consultants, Contractors and Site Engineers - World Bank and Other Development Partners Their roles and responsibilities are highlighted below

6.17 Federal Level Institutions The institutions at the federal level are responsible for the establishment of national policy goals and objectives and the appropriate provision of technical and financial assistance to State and local governments. For this ESMP specifically, the Federal Ministry of Environment and her relevant agencies like Department of Erosion, Flood and Costal Management shall play the role of lead environmental regulator, overseeing compliance requirements, granting consent and also monitoring or providing supervisory oversight for the NEWMAP projects. It also shall receive comments from stakeholders, public hearing of project proposals, and convening technical

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decision-making panel as well as provide approval and needed clearance for EA/EMP or other environmental clearance.

6.17.1 Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is mandated by the Federal Republic of Nigeria to ensure environmental protection and natural resources conservation for a sustainable development in the country. They promote cooperation in environmental science and conservation technology with similar bodies in other countries and with international bodies connected with the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources. The Ministry also cooperates with Federal and State Ministries, Local Government, statutory bodies and research agencies on matters and facilities relating to the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources.

6.17.2 Department of Erosion, Flood and Costal Management The Department is the lead agency at the federal level for this project. The department is ultimately responsible for monitoring, assessing, mapping, inventory and generation of baseline environment data for the prevention, mitigation and control of hydro- meteorological related disasters in Nigeria. Other responsibilities include: - Monitoring the impact of global change and associated impacts on flood, inland and coastal Erosion - Land reclamation - Development of Soil Conservation policy and master plan towards efficient land use practices in Nigeria - Processing and management of satellite data for management of hydro-metrological related disasters in Nigeria-flood, erosion, water harvest & Coastal Erosion - Inter-basin water transfer from regions of surpluses to region of deficits for water harvesting for flesh flood prevention - Formulation of resettlement strategies, emergency preparedness plans, and sociological aspects of coping with flood in affected areas in the country in cooperation with other related agencies. - Development and operation of flood, early warning systems. - Studies and designs for control of Soil Erosion, Flood Coastal Zones Management water harvesting and management.

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- Public enlightenment on prevention, mitigation and control of Flood Erosion and Coastal Zone Degradation. - Operation and Maintenance of installed physical structures for control of flood and erosion, to ensure optimum efficiency and achievement of designed life spans of such structures. - Protection and management of coastal shoreline against coastal erosion and coastal degradation. - Establishing linkages with agencies with similar mandates.

6.17.3 Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) The Federal Ministry of Water Resources is the umbrella government organ under which all water resources activities at the Federal levels, including hydrological activities, operate. The Nigerian Hydrological Services Agency and Integrated Water Resources Commission and River Basin Development Authorities are under the Ministry.

6.17.4 Nigerian Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA) The Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA) operates and maintains hydrological stations nation-wide for gauging of surface water points. The agency also undertakes groundwater exploration and monitoring. The data collected is stored in robust database system, analyzed and processed for the purpose of mapping all the nation's water deposits and also to provide the vital hydrological and hydrogeological data required for sustainable water resources budgeting for various purposes such as domestic, irrigation/agricultural development (for food security and poverty alleviation), hydroelectricity generation, industrialization, tourism and recreation among others.

6.17.5 Integrated Water Resources Commission The commission ensures the effective monitoring and evaluating of water sector program, and also receives and investigates complaints from consumers and other persons in the water resources sector.

6.17.6 Federal Ministry of Works (FMW) The Federal Ministry of Works is engaged to ensure modern and reliable national road transport network in the country. They are also charged with Federal Highways and Bridges (Planning & Design, Construction & Rehabilitation, Monitoring and Maintenance of Federal Roads nationwide,

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Provision of Highway Engineering Infrastructure, Surveying and mapping the nation‘s internal and international boundaries. Under the ministry they have several departments and agencies.

6.17.7 Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development ensures that the citizenry are provided with credible and timely information on government activities, programs and initiatives; while creating an enabling technological environment for socio-economic development of the nation.

6.17.8 National Environmental Standards and Regulatory Enforcement Agency (NESREA) The agency is chiefly responsible for the protection and development of the environmental, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria‘s natural resources in general and environmental technology including liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matter of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines. The safeguard responsibilities for the NEWMAP are highlighted in the table 6.3below Table 6.3: Safeguard Responsibilities for NEWMAP S/No Category Roles I Federal Government MDAs (Federal Ministry Lead role -provision of advice on screening, scoping, review of of Environment and her agencies (Such as Draft RAP/EA report (in liaison with State Ministry of NESREA) Environment), receiving comments from stakeholders, public hearing of the project proposals, and convening a technical decision-making panel, Project categorization for EA, Applicable standards, Environmental and social liability investigations, Monitoring and evaluation process and criteria II State Compliance overseer at State Level, on matters of Land Government Acquisition and compensation and other resettlement issues, MDAs Lead role -provision of advice on screening, scoping, review of (Ministry of Lands, Survey and Urban Draft RAP/EA report (in liaison with Federal Ministry of Development, Environment), receiving comments from stakeholders, public Ministry of hearing of the project proposals, and convening a technical Environment, etc. decision-making panel, Monitoring and evaluation process and criteria. Other MDAs The MDAs applies when relevant areas or resources under their jurisdiction are likely to be affected by or implicated sub-projects. They participate in the EA processes and in project decision making that helps prevent or minimize impacts and to mitigate them. These institutions may also be required, issue a consent or approval for an aspect of a project; allow an area to be included in a project; or allow impact to a certain extent or impose restrictions or conditions, monitoring responsibility or supervisory oversight. III World Bank Assess implementation Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance.

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IV NEWMAP SPMU Liaise closely with Ministry of Environment in preparing a Safeguards coordinated response on the environmental and social aspects of Unit project development. V Local government Liaising with the SPMU to verify adequacy of resettlement location and provide approval for such sites, Providing additional resettlement area if the designated locations are not adequate, Provide necessary infrastructures in relocated areas, engage and encourage carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed sub-projects, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups. VI CDAs Ensure Community participation by mobilizing, sensitizing (Community community members; Development Will work with the SPMUs at Federal and State levels, and other Associations) stakeholders. They are to ensure effective project delivery in a Consultants, timely, safe and environmentally sound manner. Contractors, and Site Engineers VII NGOs/CSOs Assisting in their respective ways to ensure effective response actions, Conducting scientific researches alongside government groups to evolve and devise sustainable environmental strategies and rehabilitation techniques, Organizing, coordinating and ensuring safe use of volunteers in a response action, and actually identifying where these volunteers can best render services effectively & Providing wide support assistance helpful in management planning, institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter, Project impacts and mitigation measure, Awareness campaigns VIII The General Same as above Public

The other institutions, on the other hand, come in as and when relevant areas or resources under their jurisdiction or management are likely to be affected by or implicated in the execution of the project. These institutions are grouped broadly into two – resource based ones and the utility service providers. They all have a significant role and are consulted as appropriate. They participate in the EIA processes and in project decision-making that helps prevent or minimize impacts and to mitigate them. These institutions may also be required: - To issue a consent or approval for an aspect of a sub- project; - To allow impact to a certain extent or impose restrictions or conditions.

Furthermore, the institutions may have monitoring responsibility or supervisory oversight in an area of concern or interest to them during implementation.

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6.18 State Level Institutions The State level institutions include the SPMUs and other relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). Some relevant agencies include:

6.18.1 Kogi State Environmental Protection Board (KSEPB) This serves as the regulatory body to protect and manage the environmental issues in the state. The functions of the KSEPB include: - Enforcement of all environmental legislations in the states - Minimization of impacts of physical development on the ecosystem - Preservation, conservation and restoration to pre-impact status of all ecological process essential for the preservation of biological diversity. - Protection of air, water, land, forest and wildlife within the state. - Pollution control and environmental health in the state.

6.18.2 Kogi State Ministry of Agriculture The state ministry promote accelerated agricultural development, increase production in all the sub sectors; and realization of the structural transformation in the socio-economic development of the rural areas.

6.18.3 Kogi State Ministry of Works The Ministry of Works the State level ensures the construction and maintenance of rural and urban road networks as well as transportation issues. They are also responsible for the physical development of the States specifically the duties of Planning, Researching, Formulation, Implementation and evaluation and evaluation of policies on roads, electrical and Mechanical installations as well as the acquisition of earthmoving equipment and other machines needed in survey and Civil Engineering works.

6.18.4 Kogi State Ministry of Land and Survey The major function of the Ministry of Land and Survey is to ensure that there is optimal utilization of land resources in their states in order to achieve development. For the NEWMAP purpose, the State Ministry of land will provide proper guidelines in acquiring land from the members of the community for the purpose of the work.

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6.18.5 Kogi State Ministry of Information The State Ministry of Information will be responsible for the dissemination of information that will enhance and facilitate project understanding and acceptance at the level of the state. It will have an idea on the language of the community members and the culture of its local people. The ministry will utilize the use of radios, television media, public awareness campaigns and jingles; going into the communities and informing the people and other communication media to educate the community members on the importance of the NEWMAP in their community. This ministry will play a vital role in community involvement mechanism.

6.18.6 Kogi State Ministry of Youth Development This ministry will work with the State NEWMAP to ensure that youths of the local communities gain occupational benefits from sub-project implementation.

6.18.7 Kogi State Ministry of Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation The ministry is responsible for community-based matters such as community mobilization; self-help projects, rural industrialization, neighbourhood watch, training and workshop for community development associations, listing of community development associations in the State etc. It will assist in educating the community members on the importance of the NEWMAP. It will provide indigenous communities with assurance. For example: that the NEWMAP will not disrupt any farming practices but rather provide a better environment for production systems to thrive.

6.18.8 State Project Management Unit (SPMU) The PMU, as the implementing authority, has the mandate to: - Co-ordinate all policies, programmes and actions of all related agencies in the States - Ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the project‘s various technical programmes - Cooperate through a Steering Committee that provides guidance to the technical aspects of all project activities; - Maintain and manage all funds effectively and efficiently for the sub-projects - Plan, coordinate, manage and develop NEWMAP projects to ensure success. - Coordinate activities of the State Licensing Authority and all vehicle inspection units. - Recommend on policy issues to the Governor including mechanisms for implementation. - Prepare plans for the management and development of NEWMAP project.

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- Facilitate the discussion between PAPs and communities regarding compensation for land acquired for the subprojects micro-projects; - Monitor the project work to ensure that the activities are carried out in a satisfactory manner; - Organize the necessary orientation and training for the departmental officials so that they can carry out consultations with communities, support communities in carrying out RAPs and implement the payment of compensation and other measures - (relocation and rehabilitation entitlement) to PAPs in a timely manner; - Ensure that progress reports are submitted to the World Bank regularly

6.18.9 SPMU Safeguard Units To ensure sustainability in all the NEWMAP projects, an Environmental/Social and Livelihood Safeguards Unit that reports directly to the Project Coordinator exists. The paramount objective of the Environmental/Social and Safeguards unit is to ensure the effective consideration and management of environmental/social concerns in all aspects of NEWMAP project, from the design, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of initiatives in the State. Thus a key function of the Unit is to engender a broad consensus, through participatory methods and extensive dialogue with affected and interested parties, on fair and adequate methods by which rights of way can be cleared of occupants as needed, taking account of international standards for involuntary displacement as incorporated into the World Bank's OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement and environmental compliance with the EA. With this, particular attention is directed at minimizing environmental/social risks associated with the development of sub-project initiatives, as well as the identification and maximization of social development opportunities arising from investments. In the implementation of the NEWMAP, the Safeguard Unit will be expected to advise on the environmental and social costs/benefits of the different options and audit environmental and social safeguards compliance of sub-projects. The PMU Safeguards Unit will function as an independent unit. For all environmental and social issues, the Safeguard Unit shall work closely with other relevant MDAs in preparing a coordinated response on the environmental and social aspects of the NEWMAP sub-projects. In order to achieve this made, the PMU would have in each State Steering Committee (Board) and a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for coordinating the day to day activities with the relevant line departments.. Two members of the PMU will be designated as

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Environmental & Social Officers to oversee the implementation of Safeguard instrument for the ESMP and the RPF as well as any other environmental and social provisions as deemed fit for project implementation as per the regulations of the World Bank and Government of Nigeria and the respective State government. The roles and responsibilities of the Safeguard Specialists (Environmental and Social Officers to anchor environmental and social issues distinctively) are described below; Roles & Responsibilities of Safeguard Specialists - Review all EA / SA Documents prepared by consultants and ensure adequacy under the World Bank Safeguard policies including the OP4.01; - Ensure that the project design and specifications adequately reflect the recommendations of the EIA / ESIA; - Co-ordinate application, follow up processing and obtain requisite clearances required for the project, if required; - Prepare compliance reports with statutory requirements; - Develop, organize and deliver training programme for the PIU staff, the contractors and others involved in the project implementation, in collaboration with the PMU; - Review and approve the Contractor‘s Implementation Plan for the environmental measures, as per the ESIA and any other supplementary environmental studies that may need to be carried out by the PIU; - Liaise with the Contractors and the PIU / State Implementing agency on implementation of the ESMP / RAP; - Liaise with various Central and State Government agencies on environmental, resettlement and other regulatory matters; - Continuously interact with the NGOs and Community groups that would be involved in the project; - Establish dialogue with the affected communities and ensure that the environmental concerns and suggestions are incorporated and implemented in the project; - Review the performance of the project through an assessment of the periodic environmental monitoring reports; provide a summary of the same to the Project Manager, and initiate necessary follow-up actions; - Provide support and assistance to the Government Agencies and the World Bank to supervise the implementation.

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Note: Because of the sectoral nature of the NEWMAP and anticipated project types, and given the number of safeguard policies, a safeguards manual will be prepared by the proponent.

6.19 Local Government Level Institutions The Local Government has become accepted as the government nearest to the people or the masses. For any meaningful development to take place, this level of government needs to be galvanized, to execute people oriented programs, which seek to lower poverty level as is designed in NEWMAP. The LG governs the affairs in the various communities. It is expected that it serves as an inter-phase between the community members and the SPMU. The LG can assist in the implementation of the proper community mechanism. Members of the local government are mostly people from the community and can easily win the trust of the people. Their staff can work together with the other MDAs and CBOs. The Local Government Council has to be fully briefed and enlightened in the process and steps to be taken in the ESMP/EA/ESMP and the overall project execution. The Council should in turn engage and should be encouraged to carry out a comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed project, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups.

6.19.1 Community Level and other Institutions This includes direct and other concerned stakeholders/groups. This may have complaints/views that need to be resolved in the choosing and execution of the various subprojects. It is obvious that villages and youth leaders shall ensure that social values are not interfered with.

6.19.2 Community Based Organizations (CBO) These are organizations based in the communities. Organizations in the community can serve as an inter-phase and can speak for the people. They can communicate to the SNEWMAP, the intentions and needs of the people and vice versa.

6.20 World Bank The World Bank, during the implementation support and supervision missions will assess the implementation of the ESMP and recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance, where need be. The reporting framework, screening procedures and preparation of management and mitigation plans shall be

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discussed and agreed upon betweenthe Bank team and PMU during the early part of project implementation.

6.21 Consultants, Contractors and Site Engineers The Consultant and Contractor will work with the PMU and other stakeholders in prompt and effective projects delivery.

6.22 Safeguards Manual A Safeguard manual will be prepared in order to enable the FPMU, SPMU, Safeguards PMU and implementers of sub-projects, ensure that all sub-project activities comply with environmental and social safeguards requirements of the World Bank.

6.23 ESMP and Monitoring Budget Table 6.4: Summary of ESMP and Monitoring Budget S/N Items Responsibilities Cost Estimate in Cost Estimate in Nigerian Naira (N) Us Dollars (USD) 1 Mitigation Contractor To be included in To be included in contract sum contract sum 2 Monitoring KSG-NEWMAP,KSG 24,053,500 65,900 MDAs, FMEnv. Federal MDAs KSG- MEnvr, KSEPA 3 Capacity Building KSG-NEWMAP, 15,200,000 41,643.84 Communities 4 Sub-Total 39,523,500 107,544 5 10% Contingency 3,925,350 10754.4 6 Grand Total 43,178,850 118,298

The total cost for Implementing the Agassa Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation Works ESMP is estimated at N43,178,850.00 (Forty Three Million, One Hundred and Seventy Eight Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty Naira) only, at N365 per USD; that correspond to One Hundred and Eighteen Thousand Two Hundred and Ninety Eight US Dollars [USD118, 298.00].

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6.24 ESMP Disclosures After a review and clearance by the World Bank, the ESMP will be disclosed at the FMEnv, SME and host LGA offices as well as at the World Bank website. The purpose will be to inform stakeholders about the project activities, impacts, anticipate and proposed environmental management actions. The purpose is also to obtain the certificate of conformity from the Federal Ministry of Environment.

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CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 Conclusion There is no doubt that this ESMP represents a strategic roadmap, not only towards solving the Agassa gully erosion problem in an environmentally and socially acceptable manner, but also towards creating a wealthy and happy society, since NEWMAP projects promote the participation and capacity development of indigenous and local communities in the management of restored areas. The proposed Agassa gully erosion rehabilitation is a worthy venture and should be pursued for the sake of humanity and environment. The excitement and cooperation shown by host community and all stakeholders are pointers to the fact that the intervention will be a huge success and is highly appreciated.

7.2 Recommendation The following recommendations are for the consideration of the Kogi State NEWMAP PMU towards ensuring the improvement of decisions and filling of gaps identified by the ESMP study. Improvement of capacity of the Project site committee members is important to ensure that they deliver their duties as expected. Also, there should be adequate awareness creation in the area of water harvesting as this will reduce surface run-off especially during the rainy season thereby preventing flooding and subsequent erosion. Residents should be enlightened on the anthropogenic causes of erosion and ways to prevent them especially in alternative ways of doing things. There is a need to enlighten the residents of the community on sustainable land management (SLM) practices that will maintain or improve a balanced soil organic material-nutrient cycle as well as reduce vulnerability to erosion. There is also a need to create more awareness on the anthropogenic causes of soil erosion and flooding with a bid to prevent future occurrence after the rehabilitation works. Waste management is also a serious issue in the area as residents tend to dump refuse either in the gully or drainages. These should be discouraged and programmes designed to enlighten them of best practice for refuse disposal.

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REFERENCES

Adegoke, O.S., 1969. Eocene Stratigraphy Of Southern Nigeria: Colloque Sur L‘ Eocene, III. Bureau De Recherché Geologiques et Minieres, Vol. 69, 20 – 48.

Adeigbe, O.C and Salufu, A. E, Geology and Depositional Environment of Campano-Maastrichtian Sediments in The Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria: Evidence From Field Relationship And Sedimentological Study, Earth Sci. Res. J. Vol.13 No.2 Bogotá July/Dec. 2009

Anyanwu J. C., Egbuche C. T., Amaku. G. E., Duruora J. O., Onwuagba, S. M. The Impact of Deforestation on Soil Conditions in Anambra State of Nigeria.Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Special Issue: Environment and Applied Science Management in a Changing Global Climate. Vol. 4, No.3-1, 2015, Pp. 64-69.

Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project, World Bank (2013)

FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). (1991). A Study for the Reasons for Success or Failure of Soil Conservation Projects

Herweg, K. (1999). Field Manual for Assessment for Current Erosion Damage.

Ibe, K.M, and Njemanze, G.M., (1998) The Impact of Urbanization and Protection of Water Resources Owerri, Nigeria [online] Available from

IFC performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability, World Bank (2012)

Norman H. (1995). Soil Conservation.3rd Edition. Batsford, UK.

Oboh, F.E. (1992): Middle Miocene Paleoenvironments of the Niger Delta. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Paleoecology 92: 55-84.

Offodile M.E, an Approach to Ground Water Study and Development in Nigeria. Mecon Services, Jos, 1992, 247p.

Onuoha, K. M. And Uma, K. O; 2008, Hydrodynamic Flow And Formation Pressures In The Anambra Basin, Southern Nigeria, Product Of University Of Nigeria, Nsukka Virtual Library, Pp. 142-159.

Operational Manual (Safeguards on Involuntary Resettlement), World Bank (2001) Practices Project Appraisal Document for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project, World Bank (2012)

Project Implementation Manual for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project, World Bank, (2013)

Resettlement Policy Framework for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project, World Bank (2012)

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Reyment R. A.; 1976.Stratigraphy of Niger Delta. Ibadan University Press, Nigeria.

DIYOKES, 2016, Final Engineering Drawings Umuakwu/Umuogele Gully Erosion Mitigation Works.

Suresh, R. (2007). Soil and Water Conservation Engineering.Second edition, Standard Publishers Distributers, 44-46.

World Bank (1991), Environmental Assessment sourcebook volume I: Policies, procedures and cross- sectoral issues. World Bank, Washington.

World Bank (2004). Strategic Framework for Mainstreaming Citizen Engagement in World Bank Group

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ANNEX ONE TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)FOR AGASSA GULLY SITE UNDER THE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP)

Background The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project initially targeted 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo. However12 additional states including Akwa Ibom, Plateau, Kogi, Kano, Delta, Oyo, Gombe, Niger. Nassarawa, Borno, Katsina and Ondo have recently joined the programme.

The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities and CSOs are or will be involved in the project, given that the project is a multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management.

The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. At State level, NEWMAP activities involve medium-sized civil works such as construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gullies themselves, as well as small works in the small watershed where gullies form and expand. These works trigger the World Bank‘s Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment OP 4.01; Natural Habitats OP 4.04; Cultural Property OP 11.03; Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 Safety of Dams OP 4.37; Pest Management Safeguard Policy OP 4.09; and Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50.

The environmental and social safeguards concerns are being addressed through two national instruments already prepared under the project: an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). These framework instruments need to be translated into specific costed, measurable, and monitorable actions for specific intervention sites through the preparation of site- specific management and action plans.

ESMF; In general, the ESMF specifies the procedures to be used for preparing, approving and implementing (i) environmental/social assessments (ESAs, or alternately either an SA or an EA) and/or (2) environmental/social management plans (ESMPs, or alternately both an EMP and SMP) for individual civil works packages developed for each project. ESMPs are essential elements for Category B projects.

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RPF; The RPF applies when land acquisition leads to the temporary or permanent physical displacement of persons, and/or loss of shelter, and /or loss of livelihoods and/or loss, denial or restriction of access to economic resources due to project activities. It sets out the resettlement and compensation principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to meet the needs of project-affected people, and specifies the contents of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for each package of investments.

Objective and Scope of the Consultancy The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Agassa gully erosion sub-project in Kogi State intervention site(s). Each ESMP is site- specific and consists of a well-documented set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional actions to be taken before and during implementation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. Each ESMP also includes the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the intervention site.

The consultant will work in close collaboration with the engineering design consultants and NEWMAP State Project Management Unit‘s (SPMU) safeguard team, and with other actors as directed by the SPMU. In that respect the sequencing of the technical/feasibility studies and the ESMP will be critical. The consultant will have to receive the draft technical/feasibility studies in order to take into account the technical variants of the proposed activities and also in return inform the technical design consultants of any major constraint that may arise due to the social and environmental situation on the ground.

In each intervention site, the consultant will visit the full sub-watershed as delimited in the given gully stabilization design. These sub-watersheds are an average of four square kilometres in southern Nigeria. The consultant will take into account the proposed civil engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed at reducing or managing runoff that would be carried out within the sub-watershed. The consultant will assess natural resources and infrastructures potentially affected during project implementation and operation, and select the management strategies needed to ensure that environmental risks are appropriately mitigated.

Tasks of the consultant include the following: a) Describe biophysical and social environment including the existing status of the sub-watershed (Upper/Lower) and gullies; b) Identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention; c) Drawing on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall). d) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully intervention in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; e) Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;

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f) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the specific intervention in the designated sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; g) Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; h) Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above(in a-e); i) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; j) Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; k) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and l) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs. m) Other tasks: n) The consultant shall assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and (ii) Disclose the finalized ESMP at National, State, LGA and Community levels.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE Agasa gully site is in Okene LGA of Kogi State. It is located on latitude 194006 and 193948N and Longitude 834497 and 833825E; it is a valley between Okene -eba hill and the surrounding hills. The gully is 1,341m in length and has width ranging from 15 to 20m, and depth of 4m. The gully is came about as a result of uncontrolled waterfall from the Okene – eba and surrounding hills and developed fingers at Ubazi- Ewenyi and Urividaahache, which terminates at the community burial ground.The gully is a threat to the surrounding buildings and infrastructure. The well, which is the source of water in the community, has been washed off, and the LGEA primary school is under serious threat. The vegetation of the area is of Guinea Savanna and majority of the population are Ebira with few non- indigenes. The geology of the area is of basement complex and consists of granites, granite gneiss and biotite.The people of the area are mostly farmers, Artisans and civil servants. The crops grown in the area are yam, maize, guinea corn, beniseed and cotton.

Qualifications The consultant(s) must have expertise and advanced degrees earned in relevant fields including but not limited to: civil/environmental engineering, environmental sciences, or the social sciences. Minimum experience should be eight (8) years with a minimum specific experience of four (4) years on planning related to infrastructure development or disaster response. The consultant(s) must have experience in design and preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for infrastructure projects. The consultant(s) must have competency and

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documented experience in social and environmental scientific analysis and development of operational action plans. The consultant(s) must have a working knowledge of World Bank operational safeguards policies gained through hands-on experience in the preparation and implementation of environmental and social management plans in an urban area. Deliverables and timing  Inception Report: One week after contract signing.  Week 4: A draft ESMP will be submitted for comments in Four weeks from the date of signing the contract.  Week 6: The draft final ESMP Report will take into account all comments, and will be submitted to the SPMU.  Week 8: The Final ESMP acceptable to Kogi State and to the World Bank. A comprehensive database of relevant information collected in Excel format.

Project-specific background documents  Environmental and Social Management Framework(ESMF)  Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF)  NEWMAP Project Appraisal Document (PAD)  NEWMAP Project Implementation Manual (PIM)  World Bank safeguards policies  Intervention design

Payment Schedule 20% of Contract sum on successful conclusion of inception deliverable 30 % of Contract sum on submission of Draft Report 30% of Contract sum on submission of Draft Final Report 20% of Contract sum of submission and Acceptance of Final Report

Annex 1: Outline and Substance of the ESMP report The ESMP Report shall be presented in a concise format containing all studies, processes, analyses, tests and recommendations for the proposed intervention. The report shall focus on the findings, conclusions and any recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used. The ESMP report will include the following topics, organized in a suggested outline that can be adjusted for local needs:

Cover page Table of contents List of acronyms and their definitions Executive Summary

Chapter 1: Introduction  Description of the proposed intervention

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 Rationale for ESMP  Map

Chapter 2: Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management  Discussion of the World Bank safeguard policies triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed activity  Summary of relevant local and federal policy, legal, regulatory, and administrative frameworks Chapter 3: Biophysical Environment  Description of the area of influence and environmental baseline conditions Chapter 4: Socio-Economic Characteristics and Consultation with Stakeholders  Analysis of existing livelihoods opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, health, transport access, existing community structures – at watershed, community, household, and individual levels  Analysis of existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in and around the intervention area  Presentation of consultations with relevant stakeholders and affected persons  Other topics as relevant Chapter 5: Assessment of Potential Adverse Impacts and Analysis of Alternatives  Methods and techniques used in assessing and analyzing the environmental and social impacts of the proposed project  Discussion of alternatives to the current project and reasons for their rejection, including short description of likely future scenario without intervention;  Discussion of the potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts of the proposed project Chapter 6: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), including:  Discussion of the proposed mitigation measures  Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities  Capacity building plan  Public consultation plan  Description of grievance redress mechanism(in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities  Monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project  Costs of implementing the ESMP Chapter 7: Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion Reference Annex 1: Annex 2: Annex 3: Annex 4: Annex 5: Annex 6: Annex 7:

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ANNEX TWO2: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS/CIVIL WORK The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Specific Obligations Of Contractor:  The contractor shall familiarize himself with the contents of the ESMP and share same with those who work with him about this Plan.  He shall prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of the ESMP.  If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the PMU reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.  Where it is established that there are persist flouting of the guidelines and other relevant provisions sanction shall be met on the contractor

Sustainability Issues  The Contractor shall endeavor in its performance of the construction service to ensure that it uses working methods, equipment and materials that will improve the sustainability of delivering the contract requirements, with particular emphasis on the following sustainability objectives:  Increased recycled content;  Reduced transport distances;  Whole life cost considerations;  Reduced energy use and CO2 emissions;  Waste reduction; and  Reducing impact on the community i.e. noise and disruption of traffic).  The Contractor shall encourage their supply chain to help them meet the sustainability objectives of the project.  The Contractor shall produce materials sourcing plan for the items covered under the Schedule of Rates

Transport of products and tools to the site  Delivery of products to the site in concentrated form and then dilution on site  Use of reusable containers to transport products to the site  Delivery of products in bulk and outside peak traffic times

Disposal of used products or packaging from products  Products or packaging taken away for reuse, recycling or appropriate disposal by the contractor

Training of contractor staff The contractor needs to indicate members of its Staff who are trained on the environmental impact of their work and the environmental policy of the authority on whose project they will be working.

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Health and Safety  Precautions for maintenance of Contractor‘s personnel H&S  Appointment of an accident prevention officer at the site and reporting on H&S conditions HIV- AIDS prevention

Prohibitions  Prohibitions on child labour  Prohibitions on forced labour.  Prevent pollution of water bodies and neighbouring environ from wastes arising from construction sites.

Taking Over of Site by Contractor  The date on which the site is handed over to the Contractor shall be recorded and certified in writing by both the Engineer and the Contractor‘s Agent. From the date on which the site is taken over, the Contractor shall be responsible for maintaining that portion of road in good condition and for repairing damage of an kind to the road culverts or bridges from whatever cause arising thereof, whether caused by constructional traffic or not.

Contractor Not To Enter Neighbouring Land  Where it is necessary to enter a neighbouring land during the course of construction or maintenance for the purpose of making temporary road diversions, winning construction or maintenance materials or for any other reason, the landowner or occupier shall first be consulted by the Contractors, and his written permission obtained. In the event of the owner or occupier withholding his permission, full circumstances of the case shall be referred to the Engineer and no further action shall be taken until his instructions are received.  Under no circumstances is land to be interfered with until the compensation, if any, has been paid by the Contractors.  When permission has been obtained and work is carried out, care shall be taken to ensure that no unnecessary damage is caused to the land and that all reasonable precautions are taken to prevent soil erosion, and mosquito breeding. On completion of the work, all land shall be left in a tidy condition with the sites of all borrow-pits battered down to a reasonable slope as directed by the Engineer‘s Representative. All borrow pits shall be adequately drained so as to prevent storm water collecting in them. No compensation will be paid to the Contractors for any delays due to negotiations with the owners of the land. Any costs incurred in complying with the requirements of this Item shall be deemed to be included in the tendered rates and prices.

Notice of Operations  No important operation, particularly blocking or cutting of any road, water pipe or other services shall be carried out without the consent in w

Weather Conditions  The Contractor shall be deemed to have taken weather conditions into account when preparing his Tender and he shall not be entitled to extension of time by reason of the occurrence of delays due to weather unless he can show that such conditions could not have been reasonably foreseen.

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Precautions against Pollution of Streams  The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to secure the efficient protection of all ditches, streams and waterways against pollution.

Copies of orders  The Contractor and Sub-contractors shall provide the Engineer‘s Representative with copies of all order, which they may place for the supply of materials or goods required in connection with the Works.

Work during period of maintenance  After the commencement of the period of maintenance the Contractor shall do nothing, which might endanger the safety of the public, and he shall obey all instructions of the Engineer or other duly authorized person or authority in this regard.

Throughout the Period of Maintenance the Contractor shall notify the Engineer‘s Representative what work or operations the company intendeds to carry out on the site, and he shall obey any instructions which the Engineer‘s Representative may give as to times and manner of working, so that any inconvenience to the Public, especially Agassa community, is kept to a minimum.

General 1. Notwithstanding the Contractor‘s obligation under the instructions above, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to: (a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. (d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. (e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environmentincluding protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. (f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources.

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(g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. (i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps. (j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. (k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

2. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed.

3. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan/strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions.

4. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the SE for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works.

Worksite/Campsite Waste Management 5. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed properly at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations.

6. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regu Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed properly at designated sites or be re-used or sold for re-use locally.

7. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.

8. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis.

9. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels.

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Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality.

Material Excavation and Deposit 10. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas.

11. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land.

12. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing.

13. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations.

14. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings.

The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of the general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE.

15. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites.

Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention 16. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction.

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17. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure.

18. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended.

19. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes.

20. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities.

21. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired.

22. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute ground water and soil.t EMP

23. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins.

24. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation.

25. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape.

26. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement.

27. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise.

28. Re-vegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people.

Water Resources Management 29. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities.

30. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 31. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system.

32. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses.

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33. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains.

34. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.

Traffic Management 35. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas.

36. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated.

37. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions.

Blasting 38. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE.

39. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times.

40. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels.

Disposal of Unusable Elements 41. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client‘s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites.

42. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned.

43. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above.

44. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport.

Health and Safety 45. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS.

Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points.

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46. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour.

Repair of Private Property 47. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner‘s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims.

48. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation.

Contractor’s Environment, Health and Safety Management Plan (EHS-MP) 49. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor‘s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:  For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate EHS management, and as an operational manual for his staff.  For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the EHS aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor‘s EHS performance.

50. The Contractor‘s EHS-MP shall provide at least:  a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP;  a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts;  a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and  the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.t ESMP

51. The Contractor‘s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor‘s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts.

EHS Reporting 52. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor EHS report is portrayed in Annex 6. It is expected that the Contractor‘s reports will include information on:  EHS management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national, Problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof);

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 Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;  Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects; and  Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings.

52. It is advisable that reporting of significant EHS incidents be done ―as soon as practicable‖. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keep his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. A sample format for an incident notification is shown below. Details of EHS performance will be reported to the Client through the SE‘s reports to the Client.

Training of Contractor’s Personnel 53. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be:  EHS in general (working procedures);  Emergency procedures; and  Social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues).

Cost of Compliance 54. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of art as generally required under this Contract. The item ―Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions‖ in the Bill of Quantities covers this cost. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable EHS impact

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ANNEX TWO

STUDY METHODOLOGY

IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY The assessment of the environmental impacts of the sites was done using the ISO 14000 as well as the modified Effect Management Process (HEMP) methods. The methods were used alongside key sources of references: these are 1. Federal Ministry of Environment EIA Procedural Guideline 2. Federal Ministry of Environment EIA Sectoral Guideline for infrastructural development (1995). 3. World Bank environmental assessment source book (1991) 4. ISO 14000 environmental management systems standard (2004) 7. Baseline data and information 8. Checklist of environmental and social impacts

Identification of Impacts Screening was conducted to identify the impacts. The activities that could occur during the phases of development of the project were screened against various environmental aspects and components. The purpose of the screening is to evaluate if interactions between the project activity and environmental components are likely to result in an impact. The screening was done using a checklist matrix adopted from the Leopold Matrix method (Leopold et. al., 1971). The project activities screened are as follows;-

Site Acquisition and Construction Phase - Site Acquisition - Site cleaning - Excavation and trenching - Construction and civil works - Operation - Maintenance

Environmental Indicators/Sensitivities - Waste and sanitation effects - Exposure to hazardous waste - Risk of fire outbreak - Quality of habitat - Vegetation quality - Surface water quality - Groundwater quality - Household water quality - Biodiversity/Genetic resource - Air quality - Level of noise and sound

Social and Economic Indicators/Sensitivities - Sense of place/well being /socio-economically

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- Opportunities for contracting and procurement - Opportunities for local employment - Exposure to nuisance (dust, noise etc.) - Third party agitation (land owners, communities, NGO, CBO, etc.)

Health Indicators/Sensitivities - Fire hazard from fuel storage - Accident from civil work

Prediction and Evaluation of Impacts The interactions in Table 1 with a ―YES‖ are identified as impacts. The Impact prediction and evaluation is the formal stage at which the identified impact is quantified and a test of significance is made. Step one involves evaluating the significance of ‗as predicted‘ impacts to define the requirements for mitigation and other remedial actions. Step two involves evaluating the significance of the ‗residual‘ impacts i.e after mitigation measures are taken into account. This test is the critical measure of whether or not a proposal is likely to cause significant impacts. It is determined by the joint consideration of its characteristics (magnitude, extent, duration etc.) and the importance (or value) that is attached to the resource losses, environmental deterioration or alternative uses which are foregone . These will assist decision making process in prioritizing mitigation measures.

The quantification and evaluation of significance done based on the criteria defined in Table 1. Table 1: Criteria Used for Evaluation of Significance of Impact CRITERIA CONSIDERATION RANKING Legal or regulatory requirement (L) There is no legal or regulatory requirement 0 There is a legal or regulatory requirement 3 Permit required 5 Impact frequency (F) Low frequency 1 Medium or intermediate frequency 3 High frequency 5 Importance (I) Low Importance 1 Medium or intermediate Importance 3 High Importance 5 Public perception (P) Low perception and interest 1 Medium or intermediate perception and interest 3 High perception and interest 5 Risk (R) Low risk 1 Medium or intermediate risk 3 High risk 5 Adverse/Beneficial (A/B) Adverse impacts or negative impacts - Beneficial impacts or positive impacts + Duration of Impacts (D) Short term impacts (<6months) ST Long term impacts (>6months) LT Applying the test of significance, the significance of potential impact are determined as follows: High significance: when, (L+F+I+P+R) = 15 or (F+I) > 6, or P =5. Medium significance: when (L+F+I+P+R) = 8 but <15 Low significance: when (L+F+I+P+R) < 8 The definition and elaboration of these criteria are in Table 2 below.

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Table 2: Importance Criterion Importance Rating Attribute – Environmental Attribute - Socio-economic Low 1 No risk to human health, acute and/or chronic Insignificant alteration in value, function or No possibility of the endangerment of residents service of impacted resource for abutting communities Within regulatory compliance, no controls Minor reduction in social, cultural, economic required value Unlikely adverse perception among population Medium 3 Limited incremental risk to human health, acute Measureable reduction of disruption in value, and/or chronic function or service of impacted resource Unlikely life endangerment for residents of Potential for non-compliance with statute or abutting communities regulation Some reduction in social, cultural, economic value Possibility of adverse perception among population Potential for non-compliance with statute or regulation. High 5 Highly undesirable outcome (e.g., impairment of endangered species or habitat) Elevated incremental risk to human health, Detrimental, extended animal behavioural acute and/or chronic change (breeding, spawning , moulting) Possibility of life endangerment for residents of Major reduction or disruption in value, function abutting communities or service of impacted resource Major reduction in social, cultural, economic Impact during environmentally sensitive period value Continuous non-compliance with statute or Continuous non-compliance with statute or regulation regulation A major public concern among population in study area

Table 3: Risk Criterion Risk Category Rating Attribute - Socio-economic High 5 If the likelihood of adverse Impacts occurring, which will require avoidance or major control/mitigation is almost certain to occur. Medium 3 Moderate chance of the adverse impacts occurring that can be mitigated with additional controls and modifications. Low 1 If the impact is either not likely to occur or the chances is very slim or the impact may not require mitigation.

The significance of the impacts of the project evaluated and the computed ranking are shown in Tables below.

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Table 4: Significance and Ranking of Impacts (Construction Phase) IMPACTS RANKING LEVEL OF IMPACTS A/B D L F I P R F+I L+F+I+P+R SIGNIFICANCE

AIR QUALITY AND NOISE IMPACTS Dust generation from construction equipment - ST 3 1 3 3 3 4 13 High Gaseous emissions by construction equipment - ST 3 1 3 3 3 4 13 High Public nuisance from noise generation - ST 3 1 3 5 3 4 15 High ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS Alteration of hydrological pattern leading to soil erosion - LT 0 1 3 3 1 4 8 Medium Alteration of land use pattern and changes to landscape - LT 0 1 3 5 3 4 12 High Decrease in ecological species diversity - ST 0 1 3 1 3 4 8 Medium Quality of surface water and aquatic habitat - ST 3 1 3 3 3 4 13 High Loss of vegetation and wildlife habitat - LT 3 1 3 1 3 4 9 Medium Ground water quality - ST 3 1 3 3 1 4 11 Medium Household water quality - ST 0 1 3 1 1 4 6 Low Encroachment on archaeological and cultural sites - ST 0 1 3 1 1 4 6 Low INTERACTION WITH ADJACENT DEVELOPMENTS Damage to underground public utility pipe and cables during excavation. - ST 0 1 3 1 1 4 6 Low IMPACTS FROM WASTES Littering of site with used cement bags/packaging materials - ST 3 3 1 3 3 4 13 High SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS Conflict among communal landowners - ST 0 1 3 3 1 4 8 Medium Conflicts from entry into archaeological sites/places of worship - ST 3 1 3 5 3 4 15 High Improved accessibility to closed areas especially rural areas + LT 0 1 3 1 1 4 6 Low

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IMPACTS RANKING LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE IMPACTS A/B D L F I P R F+I L+F+I+P+R Increased access to restricted areas(forest reserves) leading to poaching and - LT 5 5 3 1 1 8 15 High ecosystem fragmentation Income through the payment of compensation to affected landowners + ST 0 1 3 5 5 4 14 High Employment of local labour (semi-skill and non skilled) + ST 0 1 3 5 3 4 12 High Revenue to LGAs and othe Government Agencies + ST 3 1 3 1 3 4 11 Medium Temporary obstruction of traffic during construction - ST 3 1 3 5 3 4 15 High Exposure to communities to nuisance (dust, noise etc.) - ST 3 1 3 5 1 4 13 High HEALTH RISKS Accident risk from working – civil works - LT 0 1 3 3 1 4 8 Medium Health effects of dust and NOx, SOx, COx, gases - LT 3 1 3 3 1 4 11 Medium Injuries to on-site workers from fall or dislodgement of earth, rock or other - LT 3 1 3 3 1 4 11 Medium materials Respiratory disorder from inhalation of cement dust - LT 0 1 3 3 1 4 8 Medium Death/injury of personnel from poisonous snake bite - LT 0 1 3 1 3 4 8 Medium

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Table 5: Significance and Ranking of Impacts (Operation Phase)

IMPACTS IMPACTS RATING LEVEL OF A/B D L F I P R F+I L+F+I+P+R SIGNIFICANCE AIR QUALITY AND NOISE IMPACTS Gaseous emissions vehicles on road - LT 3 3 3 3 3 6 15 High Public nuisance from noise generation - LT 3 3 3 5 3 6 17 High ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS Boost in economic and business activities/transactions within the country through + LT 0 5 5 5 5 10 20 High enhanced transportation network. Alteration of land use pattern and changes to landscape - LT 0 3 1 1 3 4 8 Medium Decrease in ecological species diversity - ST 0 3 1 1 3 4 8 Medium Soil/groundwater contamination resulting from disposal of cement liquor - LT 3 3 3 1 3 6 13 High Soil/groundwater contamination due to fuel leaks/spills at project site - LT 3 1 3 1 1 4 9 Medium Soil/groundwater contamination from disposal of toxic substances such as generator - LT 3 3 3 1 3 6 13 High batteries, used engine oil Quality of surface water and aquatic habitat - ST 3 1 3 1 1 4 9 Medium Loss of vegetation and wildlife habitat - ST 3 3 3 1 3 6 13 High contamination of household water quality from oil spills into wells - LT 0 1 1 1 1 2 4 Low IMPACTS FROM WASTES Littering and contamination of soil, water and air (when burnt) from disposal of packaging - LT 0 1 3 1 3 4 8 Medium materials SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS Access to farms + LT 3 5 3 5 5 8 21 High Increased conspiracy and criminal activities due to improved transportation. - LT 3 3 3 5 3 6 17 High Creation of jobs and job opportunities (distribution and marketing of farm produces + LT 0 5 3 3 3 8 14 High

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IMPACTS IMPACTS RATING LEVEL OF A/B D L F I P R F+I L+F+I+P+R SIGNIFICANCE Facilitating of crime abatement through improved transportation + LT 3 4 3 5 3 7 18 High Improved accessibility to closed areas especially rural areas + LT 0 3 1 3 1 4 8 Medium Improved ease of escape from danger, thus promoting prompt emergency response + LT 0 3 3 3 3 6 12 Medium Increased access to restricted areas(forest reserves) leading to poaching and ecosystem - LT 3 3 1 1 1 4 9 Medium fragmentation Social responsibilities intervention projects and contributions to quality of life + LT 0 3 1 5 3 4 12 High Exposure of communities to nuisance gaseous emissions and noise) - LT 3 3 3 5 3 6 17 High Revenue generation for government agencies from agriculture sales + LT 3 3 5 1 3 8 15 High HEALTH RISKS Possible fire and explosion from ignition of petroleum products at storage facilities. - ST 0 1 3 3 3 4 10 Medium Health effects of dust and NOx, SOx, COx, gases - LT 3 3 5 5 3 8 19 High Increase in accident rates due to speed at driving - LT 3 3 5 5 5 8 21 High

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LEVEL OF IMPACTS A/B D L F I P R F+I L+F+I+P+R SIGNIFICANCE AIR QUALITY AND NOISE IMPACTS Dust generation from scrapping of road - ST 3 1 3 3 3 4 13 Medium Gaseous emissions - ST 3 1 3 3 3 4 13 Medium Public nuisance from noise generation - ST 3 1 3 5 3 4 15 High ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS Alteration of hydrological pattern leading to soil erosion - LT 0 1 3 3 1 4 8 Medium Alteration of land use pattern and changes to landscape - LT 0 1 3 5 3 4 12 Medium Decrease in ecological species diversity - ST 0 1 3 1 3 4 8 Medium loss of nesting sites (mast)to birds especially within urban areas - ST 0 1 1 1 3 2 6 Low Availability of land for alternative use + LT 0 1 3 3 3 4 10 Medium Availability of concrete debris as fill materials for land reclamation + ST 3 1 3 3 3 4 13 High Loss vegetation and Wildlife - ST 0 1 3 1 1 4 6 Low Quality of surface water and aquatic habitat - ST 3 1 3 1 1 4 9 Medium Household water quality - ST 0 1 3 1 1 4 6 Low INTERACTION WITH ADJACENT DEVELOPMENTS Damage to underground public utility pipe and cables during excavation activities. - ST 0 1 1 1 3 2 6 Low IMPACTS FROM WASTES Littering of site with unwanted materials - ST 3 3 1 3 3 4 13 Medium SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS Conflict among communal landowners - ST 0 1 3 3 1 4 8 Medium Employment of local labour (semi-skill and non skilled) + ST 0 1 3 5 3 4 12 High Temporary obstruction of traffic during decommission - ST 3 1 3 5 3 4 15 High Exposure to neighbouring communities to nuisance (dust, noise etc.) - ST 3 1 3 5 1 4 13 High HEALTH RISKS Accident risk from working civil work - LT 0 1 3 3 1 4 8 Medium Injuries to on-site workers from fall or dislodgement of earth, rock or other materials - LT 0 1 3 1 1 4 6 Low Death/injury of personnel from poisonous snake bite

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LABORATORY MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

1. Hand gloves 2. Masking Tape 3. Aluminum Foil 4. 12 plastics of 1 litre capacity 5. 6 bowl with cover for plankton and sediment samples 6. 6 plastic keg of 5 litres each for BOD samples 7. Cutlass and soil auger 8. Preservatives for microbiological samples - Sodium thiosulfate at concentration of 0.01%(/v), - Normal Formaldehyde solution 4% v/v for plankton

Laboratory Equipment and their Condition for In-situ Measurement S/N Equipment Use Working 1 Konamax SPM Working 2 Ibrid CH4, NOX, COX Working 3 Minirae lite VOC Working 4 Anemometer Wind speed Working 5 TES1350A Noise Working 6 PH meter pH Working 7 Conductivity meter Conductivity Working 8 Soil auger

Others: - Dissolved oxygen - Chlorine - Turbidity - H2S - SO2 - Sieve - Ice pack

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Analytical methods used for water analysis S/N Parameter Method Equipment 1 pH pH Meter pH Tester, Hanna (H198128) 2 EC(μS/cm) Conductivity Conductivity meter, Hanna(H196301) 3 Turbidity (NTU) (mg/L) turbidimetry (Nephelometric) Secchi disc 4 Temperature (0C) Thermometry Jenco UC Meter 6100 5 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Titrimetric electrochemical DO Meter, Wrinkler 6 Colour Colorimetric Lovibond Colorimeter 7 Odour Subjective (inhalation/smell) - 8 Total Dissolved Solid Gravimetric (weigh to constant) Analytical balance (FEJ-600g) 9 TSS(mg/L) Gravimetric (weigh to constant) Analytical balance (FEJ-600g) Electrical Conductivity 10 Salinity (Nacl)(% or mg/L)* Salinometer 11 Sodium (Na) (mg/L) Colorimetric Taylor water tester, UV/VIS Spectrometer (T80) 12 Potassium (k+) (Mg/L) Colorimetric Taylor water tester, UV/VIS Spectrometer (T80) 13 Calcium (Ca) (mg/L) Complexometeric UV/VIS Spectrometer (T80) 14 Oil/grease Chromatographic/Spectrophotometric N-Hexane extraction/UV Spectrometer 280 15 Sulphate (SO42) (mg/L) Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter, Taylor water tester Phenoldisulphionic acid/Lamotte smart 2 16 Nitrate(NO3-) (mg/L) Colorimetric colorimeter 17 Lead (Pb) (mg/L) Absorption Spectroscopy Digestion, Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter 18 Iron (Fe) (mg/L) Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter 19 Mercury (Hg) (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 20 Chromium (Cr) (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 21 THC Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 22 Copper (Cu) (mg/l) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 23 Manganese(Mn)(mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 24 BOD5@ 20 – 25oc Iodometric Hach BOD Track 25 COD (mg/L) Redox Hach COD Tester 26 Magnesium(mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 27 Phosphate (mg/L) Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter, Taylor water tester 28 Vanadium (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 29 Nickel (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 30 Zinc (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 31 Arsenic (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 32 Cobalt (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 Standard plate counttechnique using Petri dish, Nutrient, autoclave, microscope 33 Total coliform Count (cfu/ml) spread plate method Heterotrophic Bacteria count Standard plate count technique using Petri dish, Nutrient, autoclave, microscope 34 (cfu/ml) spread plate method Total Fungal Count Standard plate count technique using Petri dish, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), 35 (spore/ml) spread plate method autoclave, microscope Standard plate count technique using Petri dish, Sabour and Dextrose Agar (SDA), 36 Total yeast count (cfu/ml) spread plate method autoclave, microscope Source: Labstaff Laboratory, 2017

*Salinity: unit of measurement is % or mg/L. the equipment was set to read in % which can be converted. Table 6 pg 29 of National Guidelines and Standards for water quality in Nigeria (undated) by Federal Ministry of Environment

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Analytical methods used for soil analysis S/N Parameter Method Equipment 1. Moisture Content (%) Gravimetric/drying to constant weight Analytical balance (FEJ-600g) 2. Sand (%) Sieve Graded standard sieves 3. Silt (%) Sieve Graded standard sieves 4 Clay (%) Sieve Gradedstandard sieves 5 pH pH Meter pH Tester, Hanna (H198128) 6 E.C (µScm-1) Conductivity Conductivity meter, Hanna(H196301) 7 Ca Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter 8 Mg Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter 9 K Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter 10 SO42- Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter 11 PO42- Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter 12 NO3- Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter Diachromate wetoxidation UV/VIS Spectrometer, T80 13 TOC (420mmwavelenght) 14 Fe Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 15 Cu Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 16 Pb Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 17 As Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 18 Mn Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 19 Cr (total) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 20 Ni Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 21 V Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 22 Zn Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 23 Hg Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 Standard plate count technique using spread Petri dish, Nutrient, autoclave, microscope 24 (THB)X104 plate method Standard plate count technique using spread Petri dish, Nutrient, autoclave, microscope 25 (HUB)X103 plate method (THF)X103 Standard plate count technique using spread Petri dish, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), 26 plate method autoclave, microscope

(HUF)X102 Standard plate count technique using spread Petri dish, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), 27 plate method autoclave, microscope

Source: Labstaff Laboratory, March, 2017

Air Quality and Noise Level Study Duration and Frequency The study covered a period of three weeks and measurements weremade between 0700 hours and (1830 hours throughout hours) throughout the study period.

Materials Gaseous Emission Measurements The materials include; Model GP-204 , Portable Combustible gas monitor for VOCs CO meter-ELE Toxic gas monitor

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NO meter-ELE Toxic gas monitor

NO2 meter-ELE Toxic gas monitor

SO2 meter-ELE Toxic gas monitor Total Suspended Particulate: Microdust 880nm Aerosol monitoring system Wind Speed Meter VOCs - Principle The model GP-204 hand held portable combustible gas detector is a compact battery operated instrument used for taking air sample and indicating the presence and concentration of volatile organic compounds. Samples of air under test are drawn by means of a rubber aspirator bulb and analysed for VOCs content on a heated platinum filament in a Wheatstone bridge measuring circuit. A built-in meter indicates gas content in sample. A probe and extension hose permit withdrawal of samples from remote locations. The model GP-204 is factory calibrated. Gas Level The instrument shall be first checked for battery capacity and zeroed before been taken to the field for measurement. At the sampling point, probe shall be held within the installation areas to be tested. The aspirator bulb shall be squeezed several times while watching meter and maximum reading observed. After completion of test, probe shall be removed from test space, and the instrument flushed with fresh air before taking another measurement.

CO, NO, NO2, and SO2 - Principle The ELE toxic gas monitors are designed to measure the concentration of these gases in an ambient atmosphere or from point source. They are battery powered; factory calibrated and provides a continuous digital display of the concentration of the specified gas. - Gas Level The instrument shall be checked for battery capacity and zeroed before been taken to the field for measurement. During measurement the instrument shall be exposed to ambient atmosphere. The concentration of the respective gas shall be displayed and reading taken when steady.

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Total Suspended Particles (Micro-dust Monitoring System) - Principle The Microdust 880nm is an ideal survey instrument for the assessment of real time particulate mass concentration in mg/m3. Themicrodust is usually portable and is suitable for both fixed size and general survey application. The instrument uses a modulated beam of infrared light projected forward into a measurement chamber. Under clean air conditions all light is prevented from reaching the receiver by a light stop. When dust particles enter the sample volume, the light beam is scattered forward within a narrow angle to the receiver. By using a narrow angle of scatter, the instrument‘s sensitivity to variations in refractive index and colour of measured particulate is reduced. An internal rechargeable nickel- cadmium battery powers the instrument.

Total Suspended Particulate Measurement First, the zero and span check of instrument was performed, and the averaging period and range appropriate to the monitoring application selected. At sampling point, the instrument aperture on the probe shall be exposed, and slowly moved through the aerosol or relying on natural air movement. At switch on, the microdust displayed the prevailing particulate concentration. This represents the actual particulate concentration being measured by the micro-dust. Noise Measurement Sound Level Meter The meter operates effectively in an ambient area irrespective of the atmospheric pressure. It is calibrated with a sound level generator, which performs well without a correction factor, independent of atmospheric pressure and volume of air. The meter is rugged and simple to operate. During noise measurements, the instrument probe shall be connected and switched on. The noise level in dB shall be displayed on the LCD. Maximum and minimum noise levels shall be measured by holding down the respective button.

Total Hydrocarbon (THC) Content in soil and water Sample Storage Water/Soil samples were preserved in the laboratory at 40C until ready for the analysis.

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Sample Preparation The samples were brought out of the freezer and allowed to attain laboratory atmospheric condition.

Sample Extraction Water 1.0 litre of separating funnel used for the extraction of 1.0ltr of the homogenized water sample with the mixture of the hexane and methylene chloride in the extractable ratio. The extraction was repeated on the same sample for more extra two times for complete solvent extraction. Collected filtrate was cleaned up by using the Silica gel and kept for Gas Chromatography analysis.

Soil 5.0g of the homogenized soil sample was weighed into a clean beaker and then extracted with the appropriate mixture of hexane/methylene chloride. The mixture was filtered into a clean beaker by using the appropriate filter paper. Collected filtrate was cleaned up by using the Silica gel and kept for Gas Chromatography analysis. The fraction was reduced in volume with the of nitrogen gas to the required volume for the injection in to the machine.

Gas Chromatography Analysis The following conditions was set for the extracted sample: GC: HP5890 Powered With HPCHEM SOFTWARE Initial Temp.: 600C Initial Holding Time: 2MIN Final Temp.: 3200C Detector: FID Carrier Gas: Nitrogen Column: HP-5

Soil Analysis Profiling A reconnaissance field trip to the gully site was carried out to locate the extent of damage. A detailed field study of soil was subsequently carried out with sitting of soil profile pits, digging,

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describing and sampling of soils for laboratory analysis and assessment of other land parameters. Soil profile pits was dug to depths between 60cm – 150cm or unless an impenetratable layer is encountered. Each pit was described regarding the dry and moist state of their full range of morphological characteristics. These included soil depth, horizon, thickness, colour of matrix, texture, structure, consistence, including materials, roots and horizon boundary. In addition, records were taken of the vegetation and land use, crops grown, the topography, geology and drainage conditions. The description of the soils followed the pattern given in the soil survey manual (Soil Survey Staff, 1951, 1995 and 1999).

Preservation of samples To avoid contamination of samples, each sample was kept separately in a tray. After it was air- dried, ground and sieved each sample was kept in a sealed container and labelled.

Laboratory analysis Soil samples collected from the field was air-dried, ground and sieved to remove materials larger than 2mm in size. The amount of gravel in each was weighed and the percent gravel noted. The less than 2mm soil particles was analysed for the following parameters: a) Particle size distribution (texture) Particle size distribution was determined by the hydrometer method (Day, 1965). b) Soil reaction (pH) The pH of the soils was obtained in water at a 1:2:5 soil/liquid ratio using the pH meter. c) Electrical conductivity (EC) The electrical conductivity of the saturation extract was determined on a 1:1 soil water saturation extract using a conductivity meter. d) Extractable cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na)

Extractable cations were extracted using Ammonium Acetate (1N NH4OAc) solution at pH7 IITA (1979). Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) are read on the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Potasium (K) and Sodium (Na) are read on a flame photometer. e) Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

CEC was determined by the neutral 1N NH4OAc solution saturation method (Chapman, 1965).

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f) Chloride (Cl) Chloride was determined from the soil saturation extract titrated with silver nitrate using

potassium chromate (K2Cr2O7) as oxidant.

g) Sulphate (SO4)

Sulphate was determined by the turbidimetric method KH2PO4 as extracting solution. Gelatine barium chloride is used to develop turbidity whose intensity is read on Spectronic 20 at wavelength of 420 m.

h) Phosphate (PO4) Phosphate was extracted by the ascorbic acid method of Murphy and Riley (1962). i) Soil classification The soils were classified according to their textural groups using the USDA textural class. j) Soil description The soils were described regarding their morphological, physical and chemical properties under section 5 of the USDA document.

Heavy Metal in Soil Sampling The dried samples were used in the analysis. The samples are fairly ground to facilitate accurate measurements four grams (4gm) of this sample is weighted and put into a 250ml baker to which is

added 10ml of distilled water and 1ml of analytical grade concentrated HNO3 (specific gravity 1.42). A foaming reaction an addition of the acid indicated the presence of carbonates, in which case the acid is slowly added. Then 10ml of analytical grade concentrated HCI (specific gravity 1.19) is added. The baker is covered with ribbed watch glasses and heated on hot plate of 95oC, care is taken not to allow the solution to boil over by addition of antibumping substance to prevent splattering and hence affecting the accuracy of the measurements. Heating is continued until 10 – 15 ml of the solution is left in the beaker. This is then brought down, and allowed to cool before being filtered into 100 ml volume metric. Flask and made up to volume with distilled water. The digested filtrate is used for the determination of the various trace metals by the Atomic Absorption/Flame Emission Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu model AA – 670).

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10 SO42- Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter

11 PO42- Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter

12 NO3- Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter Diachromate wetoxidation UV/VIS Spectrometer, T80 13 TOC (420mmwavelenght) 14 Fe Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 15 Cu Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 16 Pb Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 17 As Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 18 Mn Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 19 Cr (total) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 20 Ni Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 21 V Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 22 Zn Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 23 Hg Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 Standard plate count technique using spread Petri dish, Nutrient, autoclave, 24 (THB)X104 plate method microscope Standard plate count technique using spread Petri dish, Nutrient, autoclave, 25 (HUB)X103 plate method microscope (THF)X103 Standard plate count technique using spread Petri dish, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), 26 plate method autoclave, microscope (HUF)X102 Standard plate count technique using spread Petri dish, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), 27 plate method autoclave, microscope Source: fieldwork, 2018

Water Analysis Heavy Metals Assessment: Determination of Heavy Metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, etc.) And Some Cations in Water Sample Summary: This is method for the rapid determination of Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd , Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, K, etc.in water samples using AA. This method is suitable for both dissolved and total metals in water samples. Principle: The sample is first aspirated into the flame or electrothermal device where it is vaporized and atomized, Radiation of the proper wavelength is then passed through the vapor containing the ground state atoms of the metal where absorption occurs. The magnitude of the

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AAS absorption signal is directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte metal in the sample solution. Apparatus and Reagents - Unicam 929 AA Spectrometer (AAS) - 1000mg/l Stock Standard solutions of Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd , Fe, Mn Ca, Mg, Na,K, etc.

- Conc. HNO3 Procedure Sample Preparation for Turbid Samples - A representative portion of the well mixed sample (100ml) is transferred into a beaker and 5ml of Conc.

HNO3 added. - The solution is evaporated to near dryness on a hot plate, making sure that the sample does not boil.

- The beaker is allowed to cool and another 5ml of Conc. HNO3 added. The beaker is covered with a watch glass and returned to the hot plate. - A gentle refluxing action of the solution is set by increasing the temperature of the hot plate. Heating is continued with addition of acid as necessary until digestion is completed (light coloured residue obtained)

- 1.2ml Conc. HNO3 is added to dissolve the residue. The residue is washed with distilled water and filtered to remove silicate and other insoluble material.The volume of the solution is adjusted to 100ml in a volumetric flask. A reagent blank determination is carried out, samples and reagent blank is analysed for total heavy metals with the flames. AAS.

Sample Preparation for Surface and Groundwater Samples Samples are not pretreated in any way. They are analysed directly using the AA.

Calibration And Analysis - Single elemental working standard solutions were prepared by dilution of 1000mg/lstock solutionsof the individual elements (Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, K etc.) - A minimum of five standard working solutions is prepared from the stock solutions;the solutions ranged between 0.1mg/l to 10.0mg/l. - External Calibration is used by running deionised water and a suite of calibration standards for each element. The calibration curve is then generated for each metal. - The extracted solutions and blanks are then run on the AA to obtain the absorbance values. - Concetrations of the metals in the water sample are then calculated from the equation of the calibration curve by the equipment by automation.

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QualityAssurance Blanks, Duplicates and Laboratory Control samples were run as QC samples.

Safety Use PVC hand gloves and laboratory coats.

Analytical methods used for water analysis S/N Parameter Method Equipment 1 pH pH Meter pH Tester, Hanna (H198128) 2 EC(μS/cm) Conductivity Conductivity meter, Hanna(H196301) 3 Turbidity (NTU) (mg/L) turbidimetry (Nephelometric) Secchi disc 4 Temperature (0C) Thermometry Jenco UC Meter 6100 5 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Titrimetric electrochemical DO Meter, Wrinkler 6 Colour Colorimetric Lovibond Colorimeter 7 Odour Subjective (inhalation/smell) - 8 Total Dissolved Solid Gravimetric (weigh to constant) Analytical balance (FEJ-600g) 9 TSS(mg/L) Gravimetric (weigh to constant) Analytical balance (FEJ-600g) 10 Salinity (Nacl)(% or mg/L)* Electrical Conductivity Salinometer Taylor water tester, UV/VIS Spectrometer 11 Sodium (Na) (mg/L) Colorimetric (T80) Taylor water tester, UV/VIS Spectrometer 12 Potassium (k+) (Mg/L) Colorimetric (T80) 13 Calcium (Ca) (mg/L) Complexometeric UV/VIS Spectrometer (T80) 14 Oil/grease Chromatographic/Spectrophotometric N-Hexane extraction/UV Spectrometer 280 Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter, Taylor water 2) 15 Sulphate (SO4 (mg/L) Colorimetric tester Phenoldisulphionic acid/Lamotte smart 2 - 16 Nitrate(NO3 ) (mg/L) Colorimetric colorimeter 17 Lead (Pb) (mg/L) Absorption Spectroscopy Digestion, Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter 18 Iron (Fe) (mg/L) Colorimetric Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter 19 Mercury (Hg) (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 20 Chromium (Cr) (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 21 THC Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 22 Copper (Cu) (mg/l) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 23 Manganese(Mn)(mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 o 24 BOD5@ 20 – 25 c Iodometric Hach BOD Track 25 COD (mg/L) Redox Hach COD Tester 26 Magnesium(mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 Lamotte smart 2 colorimeter, Taylor water 27 Phosphate (mg/L) Colorimetric tester 28 Vanadium (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 29 Nickel (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 30 Zinc (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 31 Arsenic (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 32 Cobalt (mg/L) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Digestion, Unicam 939 Standard plate counttechnique using spread plate Petri dish, Nutrient, autoclave, microscope 33 Total coliform Count (cfu/ml) method Heterotrophic Bacteria count Standard plate count technique using spread Petri dish, Nutrient, autoclave, microscope 34 (cfu/ml) plate method Standard plate count technique using spread Petri dish, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), 35 Total Fungal Count (spore/ml) plate method autoclave, microscope Standard plate count technique using spread Petri dish, Sabour and Dextrose Agar (SDA), 36 Total yeast count (cfu/ml) plate method autoclave, microscope Source: Fieldwork, 2018

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ANNEX FOUR HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE SOCIO – ECONOMIC QUESTIONNAIRE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR AGASSA GULLY EROSION PROJECT Your kind assistance in answering the following questions as correctly as possible is hereby solicited. You are expected to tick {√} against the option that best represent your situation. Your response will be accorded necessary confidentiality. Name of community/settlement/neighbourhood: Local Government Area:.. State: Date:

RESPONDENT PERSONAL INFORMATION 1. Sex: Male [ ] Female [ ] 2. Marital Status: a. Single [ ] b. Married [ ] c. Divorced [ ] d. Widow/widower [ ] 3. Age bracket (in years): a. 1 – 18 [ ] b. 19 – 36 [ ] c. 37 – 54 [ ] d. 55 – 73 [ ] e. 74 & above [ ] 4. Level of education: a. None [ ] b. Primary [ ] c. Secondary [ ] d. Tertiary [ ] 5. How would you describe yourself in this community? a. Indigene [ ] b. Settler [ ] c. Visitor [ ] d. Tenant [ ] 6. How long have you lived in this community a. less than 5years [ ] b. 6-10years [ ] c. 11-15years [ ] d. 16-20years [ ] e. above 20yrs [ ] 7. Position hold in this community: a. Traditional ruler [ ] b. Religious leader [ ] c. Family head [ ] d. Youth leader [ ] DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 8. Family size: a. 1-3 [ ] b. 4-6 [ ] c. 7-10 [ ] d. 11-15 [ ] e. above 15 [ ] 9. Number in the family:. 10. How many births in the last 12months? a. 0 [ ] b. 1 [ ] c. 2 [ ] d. 3 [ ] d. 4 [ ] 11. How many deaths in the last 12months? a. 0 [ ] b. 1 [ ] c. 2 [ ] d. 3 [ ] d. 4 [ ] 12. How many vulnerable persons in the family? a. 0 [ ] b. 1 [ ] c. 2 [ ] d. 3 [ ] d. 4 [ ] 13. Age distribution in the family: a. 1-5 [ ] b. 6-10 [ ] c. 11-15 [ ] d. 16-20 [ ] e. 21-25 [ ] f. 26-30 [ ] g. 31-35 [ ] h. 36-40 [ ] i. 41-45 [ ] j. 46 and above [ ]

ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 14. What is your occupation? a. Trading [ ] b. Farming [ ] c. Civil servant [ ] d. Banker [ ] e. Hunting [ ] g. Teacher/lecturer [ ] h. Industrial worker [ ] i. others (specify):. 15. How long have you been in the occupation? a. Less than 5yrs [ ] b. 6-10yrs [ ] c. 11-20yrs [ ] d. 21-30yrs [ ] e. above 30yrs [ ] 16. If farming, what crops do you grow?

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a. Maize [ ] b. Guinea corn [ ] c. Millet [ ] d. Yam [ ] e. Cassava [ ] f. Soya beans [ ] g. Others (Specify):.. 17. Where do you sell your farm produces? a. Community Market [ ] b. Markets within the state [ ] c. Markets outside the state [ ] d. International Market [ ] 18. Do you have market/s in this community? A. Yes [ ] B. No [ ] If yes, state its/their name/s 19. What is your means of transportation? A. Bicycle [ ] B. Car [ ] C. Motorcycle [ ] D. Foot [ ] E. Animal [ ] F. All of the above [ ] 20. How much do you realise annually from the job you do? a. Less than 20,000 [ ] b. 21,000-40,000 [ ] c. 41,000-60,000 [ ] d. 61,000-80,000 [ ] e. 81,000-100,000 [ ] f. 101,000 and above [ ] 21. Please state in order of importance your monthly household expenditure item: a. Food items [ ] b. Education [ ] c. Transportation [ ] d. Health care [ ] e. Shelter/accommodation [ ] f. Household maintenance [ ] g. Others (Specify): 22. Do you own any land in the community? If yes, what is the size in hectares? a. 0-1 [ ] b. 2-3 [ ] c. 4-5 [ ] d. 6-7 [ ] e. Above 7 [ ] 23 What is your monthly expenditure? a. Less than 20,000 [ ] b. 21,000-40,000 [ ] c. 41,000-60,000 [ ] d. 61,000-80,000 [ ] e. 81,000-100,000 [ ] f. 101,000 and above [ ] 23. What is the nature of land ownership? a. Personal [ ] b. Family [ ] c. Communal [ ] e. Leasehold [ ] f. Others (Specify):..

SOCIO CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT 24. What is your religion? a. Christianity [ ] b. Islam [ ] c. Traditional [ ] d. Others (Specify) 25. Which of the following do you have in the community? a. Shrines [ ] b. Sacred ground/forest [ ] c. Historical/archaeological site [ ] e. Religious houses [ ] 26. Which of these social problems do you have in your community? a. Youth delinquency/unrest [ ] b. Land dispute [ ] c. Chieftancy problem [ ] d. Communal crisis [ ] e. Herdsmen attack [ ] f. Religious crisis [ ] g. Others (Specify): 27. Nature of community security: a. secured b. Insecure c. No idea If secured, what is the nearest security post:

AVAILABILITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE 28. What is your source of water supply? a. Streams [ ] b. Pipe-borne water [ ] c. Hand dug well [ ] d. Borehole [ ] e. Others (Specify): 29. What is your source of energy? a. Wood [ ] b. Kerosene [ ] c. Gas [ ] d. Petrol [ ] e. Coal [ ] f. Electricity [ ] 30. What are your fears about this proposed project? a. Loss of land [ ] b. Damage of agricultural land [ ] c. Cultural interferences [ ]

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d. Noise nuisance from working equipment [ ] e. Pollution of fishing ground [ ] 31. What benefits do you expect in the course of the execution of this project? Please rank them in order of importance by placing 1 against the most important, 2 against next important and so on a. Employment of indigenes [ ] b. Ease of trade [ ] c. Ease of transportation [ ] d. Primary school [ ] e. Water project [ ] f. Health centers [ ] g. Others:. 32. What type of road networks exist in this community? a. Foot path [ ] b. Un-tarred road [ ] c. Feeder [ ] d. Arterial (State) [ ] e. National [ ] 33. What communication mode exists in this community? a. Tele mast [ ] b. Radio [ ] c. Television [ ] d. Town crier [ ]

EDUCATION 34. How many primary schools do you have in this community? a. 1-2 [ ] b. 3-5 [ ] c. 6-8 [ ] d. 9 and above [ ] 35. How many secondary schools do you have in this community? a. Less than 2 [ ] b. 3-5 [ ] c. 6-8 [ ] d. 9 and above [ ] 36. Name the tertiary institutions nearest to this community?

37. How many members of your family are out of school? a. None [ ] b. 1 [ ] b. 2 [ ] c. 3 [ ] d. 4 [ ] 38. You are literate in how many languages a. English [ ] b. Hausa [ ] c. Arabic [ ] d. Nupe [ ] e. Gbagi [ ] SECURITY 39. What are the prevalent security issues in the community? a. Communal crisis [ ] b. Armed robbery [ ] c. Herdsmen attack [ ] d. Religious crisis [ ] 40. What means exist to combat security challenges? a. Army [ ] b. Police [ ] c. Civil Defense [ ] d. Vigilante [ ]

POVERTY ALLEVIATION 41. What poverty alleviation mechanism is available in this community? a. Npower [ ] b. Cooperative [ ] c. Youwin [ ] d. Soft loan from financial institution/s [ ]

HEALTH STUDY 42. Do you have hospitals in this community? A. Yes [ ] B. No [ ] 43. How many private hospitals? .. 44. How many government hospitals? . 45. How often do you visit the hospital for treatment? a. Weekly [ ] b. Once in a month [ ] c.Once in a year [ ] d. Once in a year [ ] e. Always [ ] 46. What are the major causes of death in the last three in this community? a. Ill health [ ] b. Old age [ ] c. Child birth [ ] d. Accident [ ] e. Food poison [ ] f. Communal crisis [ ] g. Others (specify): 47. Are you satisfied with the medical services received? a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ]

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48. What are the common illnesses in this community? a. Malaria [ ] b. Yellow fever [ ] c. Dysentery/diarrhea [ ] d. Measles [ ] e. Cough [ ] f. Skin disease [ ] g. Others (Specify): 49. What are the common environmental problems in this community? a. Flooding [ ] b. Bush fire [ ] c. Erosion [ ] d. Landslide [ ] e. Others:

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ANNEX FIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

S/N Potential Source Waste Type Waste Streams Management A PRECONSTRUCTION 1 Movement of vehicles on Emission COx, SOx, VOCs, NOx, SPM, CH4, Use water suppression to prevent dust emission unpaved surface and engine Dust Maintain vehicles and machineries to reduce emission exhaust Maintain low speed to reduce dust and gaseous emission Allow aerial dispersal over a large area. 2 Site Clearing and Installation of Non-Hazardous  Vegetal Waste Vegetal waste shall be supplied to farmers for use as compost. temporary workers camp and Woody vegetal shall be supplied to host communities for domestic offices and workshops uses including as fuel wood for cooking.

Segregated and stored on site to be collected at least once a week  Industrial Waste: Metal scraps, for reuse or recycle through licensed third party facilities. packaging waste 3 Project yard Domestic and  Food remnant, kitchen wastes. To be transferred to locals for use as compost and animal feed. Sanitary Food packaging etc Plastic and other packaging to be recycled through licensed recycling third parties. Temporary stored and transferred to licensed carrier for disposal  Domestic Sewage B CONSTRUCTION 1 Movement of vehicles on Emission COx, SOx, VOCs, NOx, SPM, CH4, See A1 unpaved surface and engine Dust exhaust 2 Civil works Non-Hazardous  Spoils Reuse spoils as fill materials as much as possible /Industrial  Waste Packaging and Dunnage Segregated and kept securely in closed containers on site. To be such as scrap wood, scrap metal, transferred to approved recycling third parties for reuse/recycling. steel, glass, plastic, paper and Non-recyclables to be removed by approved waste contractor for cardboard, empty metal containers, onward disposal at approved sites. excess concrete, broken equipment, or components  Domestic-type waste: wastepaper To be transferred to locals for use as compost and animal feed. Workers‘ camp/offices and food scraps, metal cans Plastic and other packaging to be recycled through licensed recycling third parties. 3 Civil Works Hazardous Waste Solid Wastes: used batteries, Store on site in closed containers with secondary containment and chemical containers, concrete etc transferred to a registered waste contractor with off-site permitted hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities Liquid Waste: spent lubricating oils,

hydraulic fluids, brake fluids, battery

electrolyte, and dielectric fluids, chemical cleaning agents, paints, primers, thinners, and corrosion control coatings; sealants and adhesives etc

Civil works Waste Water Waste water from equipment washing Discharged to the ground as only very small quantity is envisaged at and concrete production this stage. 4 Workers‘ camp Domestic and  Food remnant, kitchen wastes. See A3 Sanitary Food packaging etc  Domestic Sewage C OPERATION 1 Movement of vehicles Emission COx, SOx, NOx, CO, Dust See A1 2 Maintenance of bridge and Non-Hazardous  Packaging waste, scrap metals, Segregated and kept securely in closed containers on site. To be other infrastructures /Industrial plastic, paper and cardboard, transferred to approved recycling third parties for reuse/recycling. empty metal containers, broken Non-recyclables to be removed by approved waste contractor for equipment, or components onward disposal at approved sites.

Workers‘ camp/offices  Domestic-type waste: wastepaper To be transferred to locals for use as compost and animal feed. and food scraps, metal cans Plastic and other packaging to be recycled through licensed recycling third parties. 3 Maintenance of bridge and Hazardous Same as B3 but smaller quantity may See B3 other infrastructures be expected.

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ANNEX SIX

THE WORLD BANK’S APPROACH TO GRIEVANCE REDRESS IN PROJECTS

Background and Purpose

The World Bank is committed to enhancing opportunities for grievance redress, collaborative problem solving, and alternative dispute resolution on the projects it supports. Effectively addressing grievances from people impacted by World Bank projects is a core component of managing operational risk. Grievance redress mechanisms (GRMs) can be an effective tool for early identification, assessment, and resolution of complaints on projects. Understanding when and how a GRM may improve project outcomes can help both project teams and beneficiaries improve results.

The business case for such an approach is strong—many major infrastructure projects around the world are stalled due to disputes over land, water, or labor issues. The costs of ignoring such disputes—or responding too late—are high. A core characteristic of an effective grievance mechanism is the ability to identify minor community incidents before they escalate into unmanageable disputes. This is especially important for development projects, where support from impacted communities is critical to success.

The World Bank Executive Board and senior management are supporting more effective approaches to problem solving to help strengthen the Bank‘s performance and development outcomes. OPCS has taken the lead in coordinating this strengthened corporate approach1 focusing on a preventive approach to identify, track and resolve grievances early; and offering lower-cost, rapid citizen redress at the project and country level through mediation, facilitation or other problem solving processes where it is most needed. The Bank is not alone in this: across public and private sectors, in developed and emerging economies, organizations have increasingly institutionalized complaints handling and dispute resolution processes to better manage feedback and operational risks.

This note presents the World Bank’s recommended approach to strengthening grievance capacity in Bank-supported projects.

Approach to Grievance Redress

The approach proposes three interlinked steps: (i) a risk-based assessment of potential grievances, disputes or conflicts that may arise during project preparation and implementation; (ii) identification of the client‘s existing capacity for grievance redress; and (iii) an action plan that identifies priority areas for strengthening grievance capacity, or if necessary, establishing new mechanisms at the project level, andwhere applicable, dedicated resources should be allocated for realisation of the action plan.

Step 1: Assessment of Risks and Potential Grievances and Disputes

The project team works with the client to conduct a rapid review of contentious issues, stakeholders, and institutional capacity, strongly relying on existing information from the client, civil

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society and other non-state institutions. The ESIA, ORAF, and/or RAP or IPP should provide the basis for much of this work.

The work will start by understanding the issues that are—or are likely to be—at the heart of disputes related to the project, such as clarity over land rights, benefit distribution, existing ethnic tension, or labor issues.

The review will map who the key stakeholders to these issues are and what the nature of the debate is (informed, polarised, etc). Attention will be paid to the local dispute resolution culture and, particularly, to the capacity and track-record of stakeholders to settle disputes through mediation or constructive negotiation.

Step 2: Capacity Assessment

The review will also cover the availability, credibility and capabilities of local and national institutions to address the issues related to the project or program. For each of the institutions that are expected to deal with these issues, there will be a credibility assessment, based on the following criteria:

 Legitimacy: is its governance structure widely perceived as sufficiently independent from the parties to a particular grievance?  Accessibility: does it provide sufficient assistance to those who face barriers such as language, literacy, awareness, cost, or fear of reprisal?  Predictability: does it offer a clear procedure with time frames for each stage and clarity on the types of results it can (and cannot) deliver?  Fairness: are its procedures widely perceived as fair, especially in terms of access to information and opportunities for meaningful participation in the final decision?  Rights compatibility: are its outcomes consistent with applicable national and international standards? Does it restrict access to other redress mechanisms?  Transparency: are its procedures and outcomes transparent enough to meet the public interest concerns at stake?  Capability: does it have the necessary technical, human and financial resources to deal with the issues at stake?

Categorising both risks of disputes and institutional capacity to address those disputes is central to this approach. Where capacity of national institutions is low and the stakes are high, the risk of grievances going unaddressed will be significant. The risk analysis table is a helpful guide:

Issues and stakeholder reviews will be mostly desk-based and will initially and primarily rely on the information contained in the ESIA and other project documents. Review of institutional capacity will likely require both desk-work and in-country interviews with key stakeholders. A two-page ―GRM Evaluation‖ that can be used to guide a discussion

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on the effectiveness of existing grievance capacity in a country is also available. The focus should remain on whether existing systems are credible to the users, i.e. beneficiaries and local citizens. Step 3:Action Plan

Action plans will necessarily be project specific, but should focus on tangible steps that can be taken during preparation and implementation to strengthen grievance capacity more widely. A key emphasis is to explore opportunities and synergies for supporting improved sectoral or national capacity for addressing disputes that might arise from project-specific impacts.

In practical terms, there are a small number of components for an effective institutional approach to grievance management:

Additional detail on each component is provided below.

Access Point / Complaint Uptake

Have Access Points as Close to the Users as Possible

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An easily accessible and well publicised focal point or user-facing ‗help desk‘ is the first step. This can be within the relevant agency or government department, but must be in a location that is seen as credible and accessible. Uptake channels should include some or all of the following: phone hotline, email, mail, SMS, webpage, or face-to-face. The uptake channels should be publicized and advertised via local media, the implementing agency and—where relevant—contractors.

Staff members who receive complaints verbally should put them in writing for them to be considered. Recognising that many complaints may be resolved ‗on the spot‘ and informally by project staff, there are opportunities to encourage these informal resolutions to be logged here to (i) encourage responsiveness; and (ii) ensure that repeated or low-level grievances are being noted in the system. The GRM should have the ability to handle anonymous complaints.

Typically, the user should be provided with a receipt and ‗roadmap‘ telling him/her how the complaint process works and when to expect further information.

Grievance Log

It is important that all complaints are logged in writing and maintained in a database—either a simple Excel file or a publicly accessible web site (with appropriate steps taken to preserve anonymity). Complaints received should be assigned a number that will help the complainant track progress via the online system or database. Complainants should be handed a receipt and a flyer that describes the GRM procedures and timeline (staff should be trained to read this orally for illiterate complainants). Where possible, the grievance log should capture complaints being made via informal or traditional systems, such as village councils or elders. This will often require training local people and putting in place a formal link between the traditional systems and a Bank- designed GRM (this could take the form of a verbal agreement or a written MoU).

DRP and SDV staff can provide examples of GRM databases and off-the-shelf technology to build a database

At a minimum, the database should track and report publicly on the following metrics:

 # complaints received  # complaints resolved  # complaints that have gone to mediation GRM data should be included in the Bank‘s own supervision systems, including via ISRs and ICRs. The project team should discuss with the client the need to fully share the data with the Bank to allow the Bank to provide support where needed and help the client respond quickly and effectively.

The database should also show the issues raised and location of complaints circle around.

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Assessment, Acknowledgment, and Response Eligibility should be a procedural step to ensure that the issue being raised is relevant to the project. It is often better to ensure a relatively low barrier to entry with quick turnaround rather than to prevent users having their issues considered.

Complaints that cannot be resolved on the spot should be directed to the grievance focal point who will have a set number of days to assess the issue and provide a written response to the complainant, acknowledging receipt and detailing the next steps it will take (one week or less is recommended). The determination of whether the issue can be resolved on the spot or needs to be referred elsewhere requires some judgment on the part of the client—and, in some instances, the TTL. Grievances should be categorised according to the type of issue raised and the effect on the environment/claimant if the impacts raised in the complaint were to occur. Based on this categorisation, the complaint can be prioritised based on risk and assigned for appropriate follow up. For example, claims relating to land may be referred to an existing land claims court if this has been identified as a credible institution for resolving these disputes. The process of assigning cases is generally more successful when it is done with the agreement of the user. On the spot resolution is encouraged but make sure all incidents are recorded in a central database.

The assessment of next steps should consider:  Who is responsible for responding to this grievance? Is it the client, the World Bank, or someone else? It is anticipated that the majority of issues raised will be informational in nature or feedback that requires small course corrections; these should generally be handled by the client. Issues having to do with governance issues— at the client or by World Bank staff—should be addressed at a higher level, either an appeals or supervisory body within the client or senior management within the Bank. The ‗tip of the iceberg‘ complaints will likely be those reflecting outright opposition to a project or open conflict between stakeholders. These issues are unlikely to be resolved via a GRM and should be handled at the highest appropriate level within either the client country or the Bank. Higher risk issues will require greater independence to handle, whereas lower-level feedback can and should be handled ―in-house,‖ i.e. by the client.  What is the risk-level of this complaint? Is it low risk, medium risk, or high risk? Ideally, the person or office handling the complaints will have been involved with (or aware of) the risk assessment process that may have been completed prior to putting in place the GRM (i.e. Steps 1&2 above). Some training will be required to ensure staffs implementing the GRM are aware of what would constitute a higher-risk issue for the project and which entity should handle such a complaint.  Is the complaint already being addressed elsewhere? If an issue is already being handled, for example by a local court or mediation body, or within the World Bank (for example by INT or the Inspection Panel), then the issue should most likely be excluded from the grievance redress process in order to avoid duplication and confusion on the part of the complainant. The client should have the primary role in resolving complaints. If possible, this responsibility should be written into appropriate project management manuals and procedures.

Once the above issues have been considered, the complainant should be offered option(s) for resolution of their issue. The option offered is likely to fall into one of the following three categories:  The complaint falls under the mandate of (contractor/ client) and resolution can be offered immediately according to the request made by the complainant. The response will describe how and when resolution will be provided by (contractor/client) and the name and contact information of the staff member responsible for it.

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 The complaint falls under the mandate of (contractor/ client) but various options for resolution can be considered and/or extraordinary resources are required. The response will invite the complainant to a meeting to discuss these options.

 The complaint does not fall or partially falls under the mandate of (contractor/client). The response will indicate that the complaint has been referred to the appropriate body (eg. Complaints related to resettlement will be forwarded to the Resettlement Committee), which will continue communications with the complainant. Appeals Where an agreement has not been reached, the complainant should be offered an appeals process. One approach is to refer appeals to the national courts or other suitable process. In some countries, the courts may not be seen as effective, in which case the Bank and client should discuss offices/individuals within the implementing agency that have a degree of independence from the project and are viewed as credible spaces to resolve higher-level disputes. In some instances, it is helpful to convene a senior and independent panel of individuals to seek appropriate resolution of the case, with representation from both government and civil society. This panel may also play the role of providing strategic oversight and assurance of the mechanism through reviewing monitoring and tracking data.

At this stage it may be helpful to offer third party fact-finding, facilitation or mediation. OPCS3 maintains a roster of independent professionals located in the regions who are experienced with World Bank projects and can provide independent support on a contract basis. Costs will be paid by the project.  If the complainant accepts the options, and an agreement is reached, implementation will be monitored by the mediation service and a minute will be signed signaling the complaint has been resolved.  If the complainant does not accept these options or if he/she does but an agreement is not reached, the case will be closed. The complainant may seek redress through courts or other mechanisms available at the country level.

Resolve and Follow-Up Where there is an agreement between the complainant and the client or contractor on how the complaint will be resolved, a minute will be drafted and signed by both parties. After due implementation of it, a new minute will be signed stating that the complaint has been resolved.

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All supporting documents of meetings needed to achieve resolution should be part of the file related to the complaint. This should include meetings that have been escalated to an appeals level or are handled by a third party.

The client should provide regular (monthly or quarterly) reports to the public that track the # complaints received, resolved, not resolved, and referred to a third party. The World Bank project team should receive either the raw grievance data or the monthly reports, in order to support the client in early identification of developing risks. The GRM data should feed into ISRs and ICRs to demonstrate responsiveness and early resolution of issues (and help teams identify outstanding complaints in need of attention).

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ANNEX SEVEN NEWMAP: LABOR INFLUX AND GENDER BASED VIOLENCE (GBV) Labor Influx

The project may face an influx of non-local labor and working conditions issues as skilled laborers might not be available in some of the project sites. The project will take concrete measures to mitigate potential labor influx-related risks such as workers‘ sexual relations with minors and resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AID, sexual harassment of female employees, child labor and abuse, increased dropout rates from school, inadequate resettlement practices, and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labor practice, and lack of road safety. These risks require careful consideration to improve social and environmental sustainability, resilience and social cohesion. Therefore, the project will include mitigation measures such as: (a) assessing living conditions of workers‘ camps and ensuring appropriate living conditions; (b) establishing and enforcing a mandatory Code of Conduct for the company, managers and workers, and an Action Plan for implementation; (c) ensuring appropriate location for these camps; (d) taking countermeasures - indicated in the Social Management Plan - to reduce the impact of the labor influx on the public services; and, (e) devising and implementing a strategy for maximizing employment opportunities for local population, including women.

 The SPMU will have to hire, to the maximum extent, skilled and unskilled workers from affected communities in the project area. The SPMU will adopt or implement all possible measures to avoid if not minimize labor influx into the project area.  The SPMU will assess and manage labor influx risk based on appropriate instruments such as those based on risks identified in the ESIA and the Bank‘s sector-specific experience in the country.  Depending on the risk factors and their level, appropriate mitigation instruments need to be developed including the ESMP, Site-specific Labor Influx Management Plan and/or a Workers‘ Camp Management Plan1,  Risk factors to the SPMU that should be considered, include, o weak institutional capacity of the implementing agency; o predominant presence of contractors without strong worker management and health and safety policies; o anticipated high volumes of labor influx; o pre-existing social conflicts or tensions; o weak local law enforcement; o prevalence of gender-based violence and social norms towards it in the community (acceptance of gender based violence);

1 A Labor Influx Management Plan addresses specific activities that will be undertaken to minimize the impact on the local community, including elements such as worker codes of conduct, training programs on HIV/AIDS, etc. A Workers’ Camp Management Plan addresses specific aspects of the establishment and operation of workers’ camps.

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o prevalence of transactional sex; o local prevalence of child and forced labor; o existing conflict situation between communities; o absorption capacity of workers to the community (See http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/497851495202591233/Managing-Risk-of-Adverse-impact-from-project- labor-influx.pdf)  The SPMU will be required to incorporate social and environmental mitigation measures into the civil works contract and responsibilities for managing these adverse impacts. This will be a binding contractual obligation on the SPMU, with appropriate mechanisms for addressing non-compliance

The Supervision Consultant shall be responsible for monitoring the contractor performance and adherence to the labor influx guideline and that of its Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) obligations, with a protocol in place for immediate, timely, mandatory and confidential reporting in case of incidents to project community.

This allows the SPMU to enforce the implementation of such mitigation measures, which are required to ensure the consultant‘s own compliance with Bank policy requirements. While the Bank reviews and clears project-level safeguard instruments such as the ESIA/ESMP, it is the SPMU‘s responsibility to: (i) ensure the safeguard instruments are reflected in the contractor‘s ESMP (CESMP), and (ii) ensure the project is implemented in accordance with the CESMP, safeguard instruments and other relevant contractual provisions.

Gender Based Violence

Nigeria has ratified or acceded to the core international human rights treaties and is a party to the major regional human rights instrument which obliged States to respect, protect and fulfill human rights of all persons within the territory and subject to the jurisdiction of the State, without discrimination. Rape may violate several human rights obligations enshrined in the instruments ratified by Nigeria and is also a form of gender-based violence and a brutal manifestation of violence against women. As a State party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples‘ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the ―Maputo Protocol‖), Nigeria has made legally binding commitments to exercise due diligence to combat gender- based violence and discrimination.

Accordingly, Nigeria has an obligation to take all appropriate measures to prevent rape, ensure that there are adequate sanctions for rape in law and in practice, and ensure access to reparation for the victims.2 Furthermore, several human rights instruments3 require Nigeria to take special measures to protect the rights of individuals who are vulnerable to sexual violence, namely women, children, and persons with disabilities.

2CEDAW art. 2(c), for example, provides that States must “establish legal protection of the rights of women on an equal basis with men and ensure through competent national tribunals and other public institutions the effective protection of women against any act of discrimination.” The Maputo Protocol, art.4, paras. 2(a) and (e), explicitly provides that laws prohibiting violence against women must be enforced and perpetrators held accountable; See also CEDAW general recommendation N.19 (n). 3CRC, CEDAW, CRPD, ACRWC, and the Maputo Protocol.

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The United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women has provided guidance on States‘ due diligence obligations in combating sexual violence, noting that it must be implemented at both individual and systemic levels. Individual due diligence focuses on the needs of individual survivors and ―places an obligation on the State to assist victims in rebuilding their lives and moving forward,‖ for instance through the provision of psychosocial services. Individual due diligence ―requires States to punish not just the perpetrators, but also those who fail in their duty to respond to the violation.‖4 As for systemic due diligence, it includes ensuring ―a holistic and sustained model of prevention, protection, punishment and reparations for acts of violence against women.

International Treaties

 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (2004)  The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (2004)  The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) (1993)  The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (1984)  The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1990), and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) (2012)  International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1976) Regional Treaties

 The African Charter on Human and Peoples‘ Rights (ACHPR) (1982)  The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) (2007)  The Protocol to the ACHPR on the Rights of Women in Africa (the ―Maputo Protocol‖) (2007) National polices

 The National Action Plan for the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2009);  The National Gender Policy (2010) Nigeria is among the 10 percent of countries worldwide that exhibit the highest levels of gender discrimination according to the OECD‘s Social Institutions and Gender Index (see the figure below), with an assessment of ―high‖ or ―very high‖ in all of the evaluated categories (discriminatory family code, restricted physical integrity, son bias, restricted resources and assets, restricted civil liberties). It also falls into the group of countries with highest gender inequality in human development outcomes (UNDP 2016).

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) remains pervasive and underreported in the country, largely constraining women‘s autonomy and life chances.The 2013 Demographic Health Survey (DHS) indicates that nationally 38 percent of women between the ages of 15-49 have experienced some form of physical or sexual violence from the age of 15, and 11 percent experienced physical violence within the 12 months prior to the survey. 45 percent of women who experienced violence never sought help or never told anyone about the violence. Besides interpersonal and sexual violence, child marriage and Female Genital Mutilation are the other culturally harmful practices prevalent across Nigeria. Conflict in the North East has further contributed to a steep rise in targeted violence against women and children by Boko Haram increasingly for abduction

4Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, para.70, UN Doc. A/HRC/23/49 (14 May 2013).

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and violence. Women are increasingly being used as instruments of war, making them vulnerable to stigmatization and rejection from their families and communities. Figure 1 below illustrates pervasiveness of GBV Nigeria on regional:

Figure 6.0 Nigeria Degree of Gender Inequality according to the Social Institutions and Gender Index

South Nigeria Niger Mali Namibia Vietnam Brazil Thailand Africa Overall Discriminatory family code Restricted physical integrity Son bias Restricted resourcs and assets Restricted civil liberties

Legend: very low medium very high low high

GBV Risk Management Mechanisms A GBV workshop was conducted to sensitize the SPMU staff on the key principles, and specific requirements to address GBV/SEA have been included in the bidding documents (‗pre-qualification‘ and ‗employers‘ requirements‘). As such, specific measures to reduce and mitigate the risk of GBV/SEA in the project. Such measures will include:

i) GBV/SEA assessment of project; ii) mandatory contractors‘ code of conduct on sexual harassment; iii) appointment of NGO to monitor GBV/SEA in NEWMAP-AF; iv) community and workers‘ sensitization on GBV/SEA; v) provision of referral units for survivors of GBV/SEA; vi) provisions in contracts for dedicated payments to contractors for GBV/SEA prevention activities against evidence of completion; vii) contractor and SPMU requirement to ensure a minimum target of female employment with incremental rewards of the obtainment of this target. The followingactions are recommended for immediate implementation:

 Hiring a dedicated GBV/SEA specialist or retraining SLOs for the project,  Including in the focal NGO‘s ToR services for managing social risks associated with GBV/SEA in the project,  Building and improving FPMU/SPMUs, local communities and other relevant stakeholders‘ capacities to address risks of GBV/SEA by developing and providing guidance, training, awareness, and dissemination of relevant GBV/SEA materials to communities,  Developing a clear NEWMAP specific internal ―Reporting and Response Protocol" to guide relevant stakeholders in case of GBV/SEA incidents,  Strengthening operational processes of NEWMAP states project area on GBV/SEA,

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 Identifying development partners and cultivating pragmatic partnership on GBV/SEA prevention measures and referral services,  Developing Codes of Conduct for civil works contractors with prohibitions against GBV/SEA,  Strengthening consultations and operationalizing GBV/SEA specific grievance redress mechanisms,  Providing financial support implementation of the GBV/SEA actions described herein, including training and awareness building for various stakeholders,  Establishing inter-ministerial committee to advance GBV/SEA actions described above. Overall, GBV risks in the project target areas might include Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), public harassment including harassment, verbal insults, physical abuse, rape, harmful widowhood practices and women and child trafficking. Targeted support to women under the program could likely exacerbate these risks. Development and implementation of specific GBV risk prevention and mitigation strategies, tailored to local contexts, will be critical. Guidelines for situation analysis of GBV and safe reporting guidelines in line with international best practices will be implemented. Further, all risks related to labor influx will have to be mitigated by participation of project beneficiaries/communities, and involvement of project contractors and contractors‘ workers and consultant employees, in identifying mitigation and implementing measures, including developing mitigation instruments such as ―Labor Influx Management Plan‖ and ―Workers Camp Site Management Plan‖.

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ANNEX EIGHT MINUTES OF THE MEETING WITH AGASSA COMMUNITY FOR THE REHABILITATION OF GULLY EROISON SITE ON 12THNOVEMBER, 2017

The meeting started at 9.40am with an opening prayer by Alh. Abdulsalam Arikochunu. The Chairman, Agassa Community briefed the people of Agassa community on the issues that necessitated the meeting.

He welcomed the Environmental Consultant and his team for being part of the efforts to bring lasting solution to the erosion menace in Agassa community for the past 5-8 years. He called on the people to aid profitable ideas and comments that will in turn bring lasting solution to the problem. He also assured NEWMAP on the community‘s willingness to make their stay in the community during project implementation conducive.

The Environmental Consultant, NEMWAP addressed the people on the NEWMAP intervention in Agassa community. He stressed that today‘s meeting is vital because of need for information gathering from the community, which will aid the Consultant in preparing the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and the need to foster relationship between the community and NEWMAP.

The Consultant introduced himself and the rest of his team, stressing that he has been engaged to carry out the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). He described the ESMP as a tool used to ascertain the positive and negative impacts that the proposed project will trigger to the environment and people. He said if the ESMP is successfully carried out, it will provide a sustainable platform to recommend mitigation measures against the adverse impacts of the project.

The Consultant emphasized that NEWMAP will ensure that any person or persons affected by this project would be properly compensated upon the agreement reached by the two parties. He restored the people‘s confidence on the World Bank commitment in providing sustainable plans during and after the project.

The consultant also explained the envisaged benefits accruable to the community during rehabilitation. Expected benefits include: youth Empowerment, job creation, business opportunity and infrastructure development.

Response, Inputs and concerns Mr.Saeed Idris, community chairman, asked if there are measures of compensation for those whose land and houses were affected.

How the comments were addressed a) The Consultant explained that the World Bank has earmarked certain money for the erosion and watershed intervention which will be used in the rehabilitation exercises. However for the need of compensation for the affected persons, the Consultant stressed that NEWMAP team on RAP will make compensations provision for those whose land and property are affected by the erosion and also during the project activities. He also explained that the compensation is based upon person/ persons that will be affected by the project not the entire community. The compensation format will be made known to the affected persons by the Consultants responsible for the preparation of Resettlement Action Plan.

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Closing Remarks The Consultant expressed gratitude to the community for making the public consultation a success. Mr. Saaed on behalf of the community also commended NEWMAP Environmental Consultant and his team for the success of the meeting which he describes as a good starting point geared towards effective implementation of the subject discussed. The meeting ended at exactly 10:55am with a closing prayer said by Pastor Joseph Momoh. Pictorial Presentation of the Meeting

Saaed Isah, Chairman Agasa Community Association, introducing the consultant

Opening remark by Mr. Simon Odaudu, NEWMAP Environmental Consultant

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The chairman interpreting for the community

Consultation process

An elder stateman discussing the history of Agasa people

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The community elders, Agasa

Women group association, Agasa

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Youth Group Association, Agasa

Members of the community during public consultation

Registration of names Closing prayer by Pastor Joseph Momoh

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ANNEX NINE

LIST OF ATTENDANCE FOR COMMUNITY CONSULTATION

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ANNEX TEN Summary of Triggered World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies • Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. • Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified. Should the sub-project-specific EMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the proposed sub-project activities with suitable mitigation measures • Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. • Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats. If a project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, the Bank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. • Cultural Property (OPN 11.03). The term ―cultural property‖ includes sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank‘s general policy regarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically, the Bank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non- replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage; and (ii) will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. The government‘s

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attention should be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site and appropriate agencies, NGOs, or university departments should be consulted; if there are any questions concerning cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken in the field by a specialist. • Physical Cultural Resources OP. 4.11This policy addresses physical cultural resources,1 which are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above or below ground, or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community. Physical cultural resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people‘s cultural identity and practices.

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ANNEX ELEVEN Gully Treatment Options Treatment of gullies depends on a range of factors including: the size of the gully, whether it is actively eroding or not, the soil type, the size and frequency of water flow, the gradient of the area and the desired use of the land after rehabilitation. The situation of the proposed intervention area shows that the best option or combination of the following options should be employed: 1. The do nothing a. Applicable when assets are not at risk from erosion. b. This option can result in downstream significant sedimentation problems. c. Generally the slowest option to achieve a stable gully. 2. Backfilling the gully and forming a stable drainage state a. Generally only viable for small gullies. b. This option requires only cheap supplies of materials for gully/earth filling c. Generally the quickest Option to achieve a stable gully. 3. Partially backfilling the gullies using natural sedimentation processes a. This is usually the cheapest option in the long run. b. This option relies on the on-going supply of sediments from the upstream gully erosion. If the upstream gully is stabilized as part of the overall gully rehabilitation, then there may be insufficient sediments to backfill the weirs. c. This option is often adopted, when the gully extends upstream of a given property. 4. Partially backfilling using local or imported materials a. This option requires heavy machinery. b. High safety risks are often associated with such project and Earth works. c. Battering the gully bank to provide a source of fill usually accelerate the rehabilitation of the gully bank. 5. Stabilization of gully without partial backfilling of the beds or battering of the banks a. This option can result in a long drawn-out process, requiring planting and replanting. b. Significant sediment loss can occur before the gully bank reaches a stable form

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Alternative Technologies/Designs The Kogi State gully occur in an area with a humid and warm climate, ideal for including vegetation as part of the design solutions. The designs for gulley rehabilitation in Kogi State will deal with the following challenges: How to manage the stormwater within the catchment area above the gulley so as to reduce the peak flow quantity and mitigate the impacts on development within the catchment How to safely route the stormwater that caused the gulley to form through or around the problem area in such a way that it does not cause any further erosion How to dissipate the energy of the water once inside the gulley How to stabilise the gulley side slopes and redirect local runoff so as toimprove public safety and prevent further erosion of the surfaces of the slopes, while improving the landscape by means of planting How to protect the base of the side slopes from being undermined How to prevent the base of the gulley from eroding The paragraphs that follow provide an overview of the options that are available formanaging these challenges. Managing stormwater within the catchment The management of stormwater within the catchment area that contributes to the flowin the gulley is critically important in order to keep the cost of gulley rehabilitation worksto a minimum and to ensure the long-term success of the rehabilitation of the gulley.Various stormwater and watershed management techniques are available for themanagement of stormwater in the catchments and these are discussed in detail in the chapter dealing with stormwater master planning.

Routing the stormwater into the gully Ultimately the designs for the various gullies need to deal with how to route the stormwater from the upstream catchment safely past the gulley problem areas whilepreventing further damage, either along a new route or safely into and down the gulley.The designs need to include how to deal with dissipation of energy if water is routedinto the gulley or around and prevention of further erosion in the gulley. There areessentially two options available on how to do this: - Option 1: Divert flow in a channel away from or around the gulley head. Flowcould be routed either back into the gulley at a point downstream, or into aneighbouring stream (which could include erosion protection of the receivingstream if this was found to be necessary). This option will usually allowconstruction of the outfall on firm, in-situ material. It will also allow constructionto take place in dry conditions while runoff continues to flow into the

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

gulley.Once completed, flows may then be diverted into the new channel allowingrehabilitation of the gulley head to take place. - Option 2: Route flow directly into the gulley at the head of the gulley. Since the gulley head is often dangerously close to buildings or roads, this option willusually require some filling of the gulley head prior to construction of the newoutfall channel.

The designs of the structures should not only deal with the question of how to conveythe stormwater safely past the gullies, but also deal with how to prevent further erosionduring the construction phase. This can be done by minimising the amount of disturbedsoil, prevention of runoff from offsite areas flowing across disturbed areas, slowingdown runoff flowing across the site and removal of sediment from onsite runoff beforeit leaves the site. Structures that are suitable for the routing of stormwater into the gullies include: Pipe drop structures Stepped channels Vertical drop structures Chutes Drop structures can be used both to drop flows safely into the gullies and also toregrade the gulley beds to a stable gradient. Drop structures can be constructed usinggabions, concrete or large rocks. Vertical drop structures are limited in height to about 5 m maximum, because ofstability and other issues, and many guidelines limit heights to 5 feet (1.5 m). Accordingto the USBR document ―Design of small canal structures‖ (USBR, 1978), the standardUSBR drop structures should be between 3 and 15 feet high, so 1 to 5m roughly. Gabion weirs can be stepped back and can be designed to be higher. Thus their use for dropping flows into the various gullies will be limited. But they willprobably be used within the gullies to achieve a stable channel bed gradient. The United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) provides a design for a baffledchute (USBR Basin IX) (USBR, 1984). This design has been used in Nigeria beforeand a chute of this type has been included for the rehabilitation of the Queen Edegulley. The advantage of this design is that energy is dissipated in the chute itself bythe water falling over the baffles which create turbulence in the flow, which results inno stilling basin being necessary at the base of the structure (USBR, 1984). The bafflesthough can be large, can be tricky to construct and can add significant expense to thestructure.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

According to the USBR (USBR, 1984), the baffles prevent undue acceleration of theflow as it passes down the chute and consequently because the flow velocitiesentering the downstream channel are relatively low no stilling basin is required. Thechute may be designed to discharge up to 60 cubic feet per second per foot of width(5.6 m3/s/m of width). According to the ―Design of small canal structures‖ (USBR,1978) the length of a baffled apron does not affect the efficacy of the structure and itis effective for drops of any magnitude but it becomes uneconomical for large flowswith great drops due to the wide section and numerous blocks required. Where anexcess of trash or trees accompanies the flow they may become lodged in the baffleblocks restricting the flow. Removal of this material is sometimes difficult. A smooth chute results in far higher velocities in the chute itself and a properlydesigned stilling basin at the downstream end is required for dissipation of energy priorto release into the gulley or receiving channel. The advantage of a smooth chute isthat no finicky baffles need to be constructed in the chute, making it easier, faster andcheaper to construct. This needs to be weighed against the requirement for a stillingbasin at the downstream end of the chute compared to a baffle chute where no stillingbasin is required. The US Army Corps of Engineers provide guidelines on the design of smooth concretechutes.

Dissipating the energy at the base of the gully The energy from the fall of the water into the gulley via whichever structure is selected(pipe inlet, drop structure, stepped structure or chute) needs to be safely dissipatedbefore the water is released into the gulley else erosion of the gulley downstream canbe expected. Some of these structures dissipate more energy than others, for examplea chute with baffles dissipates a large portion of the energy in the structure itself whilethe water is falling and the USBR states that no stilling basin is required for this typeof design. A smooth concrete chute however only dissipates a small portion of theenergy while the water is falling. Various agencies have conducted research into the optimal design of stilling basinsand these include the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR, 1984) where tenstandard stilling basin types are presented each with their own design curves. Differentbasins are suitable for different situations and the choice of stilling basin is dependentupon the depth and velocity of the inflowing water (from which Froude number isdetermined), and the tail water depth.

Stabilising the side slopes of the gully Various issues need to be addressed as follows:

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Control of runoff from above the side slopes of the gulley Stabilisation and rehabilitation of the surfaces of the slopes Stabilising the base of the slopes Control of runoff from above the side slopes of the gully The first issue to be dealt with in the gulley rehabilitation is to prevent unwanted flowfrom being discharged onto the side slopes from above, except at safe points wheremeasures have been taken to prevent erosion. These measures could include stormwater systems such as pipes and channels that route flows to safe entry points to thegullies, channels or pipes that transfer the main inflowing stream to a desirable pointand berms that prevent inflow from the gulley crest due to sheet flow across the land.

Rehabilitation of the surfaces of the slopes Once the uncontrolled discharge of flow onto the gulley slopes has been prevented,the next challenge is the question is how to stabilise the slopes so as to improve publicsafety and prevent further erosion of the surfaces of the slopes, while improving thelandscape by means of planting or otherwise. After construction has been completed or in certain situations, when construction isstill on going, the slopes of the gullies will need to be protected against further erosionfrom local influences, such as rain falling on the soil surface, local runoff and even theaction of people and animals passing over the slopes. There has in recent years been some research into so-called green and soft options,including from the National Cooperative Highway Research Program report―Environmentally sensitive channel- and bank- protection measures‖ (NCHRP, 2005).The options for slope stabilisation include (US EPA): - Temporary seeding: Temporary seeding is sometimes employed if for somereason construction work will not occur in an area for a period of time duringwhich there is a danger of erosion. The practise uses fast growing grasses orother suitable species which are seeded as soon as practicably possible afterdisturbance has taken place. Temporary seeding is only practical in wetclimates and the Kogi State site should present no problems for temporaryseeding if it is required. - Mulching: Mulching is a temporary soil stabilisation or erosion control practicewhere materials such as grass, hay, woodchips, wood fibres, straw or gravelare placed on a surface. Mulch tends to stabilise the surface of the soil and toreduce the speed of runoff and it does not require subsequent removal at alater stage because it breaks down naturally. It is cheap and can be used inconjunction with seeding for a permanent soil stabilisation solution.

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The USEPA recommends areas steeper than 2:1 or areas where runoff is flowingacross the area are mulched when seeding is undertaken. - Geotextiles: A geotextile is a porous fabric manufactured for use inconstruction. Some geotextiles are biodegradable while others are not. Whenused alone geotextiles can be used as a matting over the soil surface. Theycan also be used on recently planted slopes to protect seedlings until theybecome established. - Chemical stabilisation: Chemical stabilisation of soils is a temporary erosioncontrol practice. Materials made of vinyl, asphalt or rubber is sprayed ontothe surface of the soil to hold it in place. Chemical stabilisation can be usedas an alternative to temporary seeding practices and can provide immediate, effective and inexpensive erosion control. Chemical stabilisation can causeimpervious surfaces which in turn can lead to increased runoff downstream. Itcan also cause harmful impacts on water quality if not used correctly. It isusually more expensive than vegetative cover. - Permanent seeding and planting: Permanent seeding is probably the mostsuitable soil stabilisation alternative at the NEWMAP site because of themedium to high rainfall and warm climate, where plants grow very fast and donot need constant attention after they have established. Vegetation reducesrunoff velocities, holds the soil together, provides habitat for wildlife and isaesthetically pleasing. It is also cheap. It is important to select appropriatespecies that are preferably indigenous, and at the least non-invasive. Timingof planting in Kogi State is probably less of an issue than in many other partsof the world, but the soils may need conditioning prior to planting. Topsoilneeds to be imported and established where planting is desired if topsoil doesnot already exist in these areas, or where mulching and fertilizer alone cannotsufficiently improve soil quality. - Sod stabilisation: Sod stabilisation can be used when seeding may not beeffective enough immediately. Grass or other vegetation sods are laid downon the soil in a pattern that covers the entire area. Sodding is more expensivethan seeding. - Soil retaining measures: Soil retaining measures include structures orvegetative stabilisation practices used to hold the soil firmly to its original placeor confine it within the site boundary. Examples include reinforced soilretaining systems and stream bank protection using shrubs and reeds. Soilretaining measures are used when other methods are not practical (such asvegetation), and can be expensive. - Re-grading of the slope: The slope can be graded back to a stable slope andcan have additional benefits such as making it safer for people and animals.Small gullies leading into the main gullies could be repaired using ‗live‘ techniqueswhere they are filled and planted up using living plant material. Sometimes it isnecessary to drain the slope to achieve stability. Various engineered options exist, butthere are also ‗green‘ options that could be considered.

Stabilising the base of the side slopes The bases of the gulley slopes are particularly vulnerable to erosion due to the erosiveeffect of water flowing in the base of the gulley. This flow tends to undercut the sideslopes, resulting in slip

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surfaces developing and collapse of the slopes.Various options are available for the protection of the base of the side slopes, someof which are described below. Vegetated rock walls prevent surface erosion and shallow mass movement of theslope by stabilising and protecting the base of the slope and are discussed by theUSDA (United States Department of Agriculture, 2007). They can provide edgehabitats and reduce the need to grade back the banks. They are not designed to resistearth pressure and are most applicable in high energy streams with narrow ripariancorridors, a very similar situation to the gullies. Vegetated rock walls are usually designed to be 3 to 5 ft high (1 to 1.5m high) with 2 to 3 ft (0.5 to 1m) designed to be below grade for their footing. The rock use is large,up to 1 m in diameter, smaller stones can be used to fill gaps between the large stonesand the stones are dry packed. Rocks are rectangular shaped and are placed at a6V:1H batter angle for stability of the wall. A sloping bench can be provided behind the wall to serve as a transition slope onwhich vegetation can be planted. Tamped earth is placed behind the wall and also inplaces between the rocks as they are placed. Live branch cuttings can be placed ininterstices of the rock wall as it is constructed, with the butt ends of the branchesextending into the backfill behind the wall. Other options that may be considered include the use of gabions, reno-mattresses,rip-rap or cement stabilised sandbags.

Stabilising the floor of the gully After the water has been routed safely into the gullies, the water will then need to besafely routed down the gullies without causing further erosion. This section describesconsiderations relating to stabilisation of the floor of the gulley. Methods of stabilizing the base of the gulley side slopes were discussed in previous section.

Grade control structures Re-grading the gulley bed to a stable gradient is a common solution to gulley erosionproblems. Drop structures or other grade control structures are often spaced so thatthe bed gradient in between is graded at a stable gradient, where no significantaggradation or degradation of the channel should take place. This stable gradient isoften termed the equilibrium slope and equations for the determination of this slopeare provided by the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture, 2007) amongothers.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

The structures can be spaced so that either the crest of the downstream structure liesat the level of the toe (or stilling basin) of the upstream structure (resulting in ahorizontal stream bed gradient) but this is an unnecessarily costly solution as thisresults in the maximum number of grade control structures in a reach. It is far betterto determine the equilibrium slope of the channel and there are various designequations that can be used to determine this gradient, for example those provided bythe United States Department of Agriculture (United States Department of Agriculture,2007). The advantage of grade control structures is that they can also indirectly help withbank stabilisation. According to the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture,2007), grade control can lead to decreased bank heights due to sediment depositionupstream of the structures and by creating backwater conditions velocity and scourpotential can be reduced thereby minimising or eliminating the severity and extent ofbasal clean out of the failed material, thereby promoting self- healing of the banks. Various options for grade control structures exist including concrete drop structures,gabion drop structures, sheet pile structures, rock structures built out of riprap andarticulated concrete block systems Designs of these are presented by among othersthe USDA (United States Department of Agriculture, 2007) and USACE (United StatesArmy Corps of Engineers, 1984).

Continuous lining of channel The potential for erosion of channels is based on two factors: - Velocity of water flowing in the channel, and - Type of material that is in contact with the flowing water Various options for reducing flow velocity to a level that can be conveyed in unlinedchannels by means of changing the longitudinal gradient of the channel have beendiscussed above. An alternative approach is to consider the changing the type ofmaterial that is in contact with the flowing water i.e. provision of a continuous lining tothe channel. The alternative linings that could be considered for the NEWMAP project are asfollows: - Rip-rap - Reno-mattress - Articulated concrete blocks While the use of rip-rap and reno-mattress linings are relatively commonly used andwell known in Nigeria, the use of articulated concrete blocks is not. This option istherefore described in more detail below.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Articulated concrete block systems consist of a matrix of interconnected concreteblock units. The system consists of concrete blocks, a filter (usually geotextile) and insome products, cables (to link the blocks together). The spaces in the blocks can beplanted up which can improve their visual impact and make them greener. Articulatedblock systems can be used to protect the entire channel cross-section, or to protectonly the toes and lower side slopes or can be used as part of grade stabilization structures. Design guidelines are available from the manufacturers and also describedin various other publications including from the USDA (United States Department ofAgriculture, 2007) and the South African Drainage Manual (South African NationalRoads Agency SOC Limited, 2013). ACBs are usually proprietary and are made of pre-cast concrete, cast into interlockingor non- interlocking shapes, and cabled into mats or can be un-cabled. In somesystems the cables are placed on site, while in others the cables are manufacturedwith the blocks Some of the systems are open-cell (consisting of an open area in theblocks of 17 to 23 percent) while others, termed closed-cell systems, have openingsin or between the blocks of approximately 10 percent. The openings can be filled withsoil or sediment allowing some vegetation growth.

Conceptual solutions: Landscaping concepts The engineering solutions presented above will be complimented and enhanced bymeans of landscaping. Apart from improving the visual and aesthetic qualities of theworks, the landscaping will also assist with erosion control and energy dissipation ofsurface flows. The conceptual proposals for landscaping are indicated in the sketchesthat follow.

Typical gulley cross section (reshaped)

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Figure 4.8: typical channel cross section

Figure 4.9: typical gulley head long section (10 x distorted scale)

Figure 4, 10: typical gulley head cross section

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Agassa Gully Erosion site in Okene LGA, Kogi State

Typical gulley head elevation

: Typical articulated concrete block channel

Plan and cross-sectional views of a typical articulated concrete block revetment

: Typical section through a detention pond

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