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Mussels (Mollusca: Unionacea)

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Mussels (Mollusca: Unionacea) Distributional Checklist and Status of Illinois Freshwater Mussels (Mollusca: Unionacea) Kevin S. Cummings and Christine A. Mayer Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity, Champaign Abstract. An examination of museum collections for records of freshwater mussels (Unionacea) from Illinois and boundary waters revealed that 80 species occur or did occur in the state. Six species are thought to be extinct, 11 have been extirpated from Illinois, 5 are federally endangered but still extant in the state, 7 are former Federal Candidate species, 8 are state endangered, 4 state threatened, and 9 are species of special concern in Illinois. Of the remaining 30 species, 3 are considered uncommon or limited in distribution leaving only 27 species that currently have relatively stable populations. These data are presented in the form of an annotated list that includes records of species previously unreported from the state. The Sangamon, Rock, Kankakee, Embarras, Little Wabash, and Vermilion (Wabash) River drainages support the highest species diversity and/or extant populations of rare species. Threats to mussel populations are the same as those impacting all freshwater riverine species: siltation, chemical pollution, impoundments, instream disturbances (gravel mining, construction, dredging, channelization, etc.), and compe tition from exotic species. For years conservation efforts throughout the United States have been focused almost entirely on terrestrial habitats. Stronger emphasis needs to be placed on protecting aquatic habitats, particularly streams, in order to preserve the remaining diversity of mussels and other riverine species. Introduction Investigations into the freshwater mussel fauna southem Illinois (Differs 1855; Hinkley 1919), of Illinois have been going on for over 150 years and the Chicago region (Kennicott 1855; Calkins and began with Thomas Say, the first American- 1874c; Baker 1898a-b). In addition to drainage bom naturalist to publish on unionids in the specific studies, data are available from vouch United States. Say settled in the Utopian com ers collected from hundreds of site surveys munity of New Harmony, Indiana, in 1826, and conducted throughout Illinois by state biologists was the first to describe many of the unionids and consulting firms. that inhabited the Wabash River and its tributar Much of our information on unionid ies, including nine species still recognized today: distribution in Illinois is from a large, unpub Quadrula cylindrica (Say, 1817), Arcidens lished survey conducted by Dr. Max Matteson confragosus (Say, 1829), Epioblasma personata (Say, and his students of the University of Illinois, 1829), Plethobasus cicatricosus (Say, 1829), Urbana-Champaign. From 1947 to 1960, Pyganodon grandis (Say, 1829), Utterbackia Matteson collected over 25,000 voucher speci imbecillis (Say, 1829), Anodonta suborbiculata Say, mens (now at the Illinois Natural History 1831, Lampsilis abrupta (Say, 1831), and Ligumia Survey) from more than 225 sites in most of the subrostrata (Say, 1831) (Say 1817,1829a-d, 1831a- medium-sized drainages in the state. Although c; Pitzer 1989). his survey methodology was not rigorously Since the time of Say, many drainages in quantitative, the data collected were quantified Illinois have been surveyed for mussels, and as catch per unit effort and can be used to their species compositions have been well compare mussel populations now with those documented in numerous papers and unpub sampled 30 or 40 years ago. lished reports (Table 1, Figures 1 and 2). Many Five lists of the unionids found in Illinois of the early workers published faunal lists for a and boundary waters have been published. The particular region of Illinois rather than a specific first was by W.W. Calkins, who privately river or drainage: LaSalle County (Calkins published a catalogue of living Illinois Mollusca 1874a), Mercer County (Marsh 1887-88,1889), in 1872. Calkins recognized and listed 47 northem Illinois (Wolf 1870; Calkins 1874b), species of unionids but did not provide locality 130 Conservation and Management of Freshwater Mussels II: Proceedings of a UMRCC Symposium Table 1. Number of mussel species live (post-1969) and total number of mussel species known from Illinois, by drainage. Citations from selected papers or reports from surveys conducted are given below each drainage. Data on the number of species within a drainage without a citation are from general collecting by the authors and others (i.e.. no comprehensive survey or systematic sampling has been done). Species Species Live Total 1. Galena, Apple, and Plum River Drainages 11 19 2. Rock River Drainage 30 44 Baker 1926; Matteson 1961; Schanzle & Kruse 1994 3. Middle Mississippi River Tributaries 7 26 4. Des Plaines River and Lake Michigan Tributaries 8 37 Baker 1898a-b, 1910; Getz 1966 5. Fox River Drainage 23 32 Eldridge 1914 6. Little Vermilion River, Big Bureau, and Kickapoo Creek Drainages 0 14 7. Kankakee - Iroquois River Drainage 27 38 Wilson & Clark 1912; Leiois & Brice 1980; Sulowai/1981, Kioak 1993 8. Vermilion and Mazon River Drainages 23 30 Cummings & Mayer 1990-91, iinpubl. 9. Spoon River Drainage 18 41 Strode 1891,1892 10. La Moine River Drainage 6 15 11. Mackinaw River & Quiver Creek Drainages 24 35 Cummings et al. 1988 12. Sangamon River Drainage 34 47 Parmalee 1955; Klippel & Parmalee 1979; Schanzle & Cummings 1991 13. Lower Illinois River Tributaries and American Bottoms 9 16 14. Kaskaskia River Drainage 26 43 Suloway et al. 1981a; Larimore & Fritz 1993 15. Big Muddy River Drainage 17 24 Parmalee 1956 16. Cache River Drainage 9 18 Phillippi et al. 1986 17. Massac, Bay, Lusk, Big Grand Pierre, and Big Creek Drainages 11 16 Hunter/ESE 1989 18. Saline River Drainage 14 20 Hunter/ESE 1989 19. Little Wabash River and Bonpas Creek Drainages 32 46 Fechtner 1963; Cummings et al. 1989 20. Embarras River and Wabash River Tributaries 32 44 Fechtner 1963; Cummings et al. 1988 21. Vermilion and Little Vermilion River Drainages 30 42 Zetek, 1918; Baker & Smith 1919; Baker 1922; Matteson and Dexter 1966; Suloway 1975; Suloway et al. 1981b 22. Illinois River 26 49 Danglade 1914; Starrett 1971; Whitney et al. 1995 23. Mississippi River 32 51 van der Schalie & van der Schalie 1950; Kindschi 1980 24. Ohio River 33 55 Williams 1969; Williams & Schuster 1989; Siemsen 1993 25. Wabash River 29 72 Say, 1817, 1829a-d, 1831a-c; Call 1897,1900; Coodrich & van der Schalie 1944; Meyer 1974; Clark 1976; Cummings et al. 1992 132 Conservation and Management of Freshwater Mussels II: Proceedings of a UMRCC Symposium data. The eminent malacologist Frank Collins Materials and Methods Baker produced an annotated checklist of the Mollusca of Illinois in 1906 (appended in 1912). The format of this paper follows Burr (1980) and Baker's list was an attempt to provide a com Cicerello et al. (1991) for Kentucky fishes and plete record of every published reference to mussels, respectively. The species are arranged mollusks in the state. For each species a list of alphabetically by genus and species within localities is given followed by the authority from families and subfamilies. Nomenclature follows which the information was obtained. Although Turgeon et al. (1988) except that (1) members of he based his catalogue primarily on vouchered the genus Pleurobema are recognized following material, several species were listed on the Stansbery (1983), (2) no subspecies are recog authority of correspondents and were not nized, (3) the recognition of the genera verified. Baker was somewhat of a "splitter" Pyganodon and Utterbackia follow Hoeh (1990), and he listed "no less than 98 species and and (4) some modifications have been made to v a r i e t i e s " o f u n i o n i d s f r o m I l l i n o i s . correct errors of spelling or date of publication After the death of F.C. Baker in 1942, few or to reflect published changes in nomenclature papers were published on unionids in Illinois since 1988. Epioblasma phillipsii (Conrad, 1835) until the 1960s. In 1967, P.W. Parmalee pub has been resurrected from the synonomy of £. lished The Fresh-water Mussels of Illinois. In it he torulosa, the justification for which will be provided a key to the species found in Illinois, published in another paper (Cummings and photographs, and many original observations on Gordon in prep.). life history and habitat. Parmalee (1967) listed The distributional information presented in some of the rivers where a particular species this paper is based only upon vouchered mu might be found, but did not give detailed or seum specimens; literature records were not comprehensive information on distribution. included but are noted in the text if significant. Cummings (1991) published a checklist of We examined over 20,000 lots totaling more freshwater mollusks from Illinois with updated than 75,000 specimens from most of the major nomenclature and annotations on their conser malacological collections in the United States vation status. Cummings and Mayer (1992) known to have material from Illinois. A list of published a field guide to the mussels of the museum acronyms (following Leviton et al. Midwest listing 78 species from Illinois. A 1985), collections examined, and principal shaded distribution map was given showing the collectors (given in parentheses) follows: approximate range of each species in the Missis sippi and Ohio River drainages. The ranges of ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of unionids in the Great Lakes drainage outside of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (E. Hall, Illinois and Wisconsin have not been published C.M. Wheatley) and were not included. CAS California Academy of Science, San These surveys and their associated speci Francisco, California. (C.R. Orcutt) mens form an irreplaceable base of information CA Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago, Illinois. (F.C. Baker, L.E. Daniels) on the distribution and status of freshwater CM Carnegie Museum of Natural History, mussels in Illinois from which we can document Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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