Distributional Checklist and Status of Freshwater Mussels (: Unionacea)

Kevin S. Cummings and Christine A. Mayer Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity, Champaign

Abstract. An examination of museum collections for records of freshwater mussels (Unionacea) from Illinois and boundary waters revealed that 80 occur or did occur in the state. Six species are thought to be extinct, 11 have been extirpated from Illinois, 5 are federally endangered but still extant in the state, 7 are former Federal Candidate species, 8 are state endangered, 4 state threatened, and 9 are species of special concern in Illinois. Of the remaining 30 species, 3 are considered uncommon or limited in distribution leaving only 27 species that currently have relatively stable populations. These data are presented in the form of an annotated list that includes records of species previously unreported from the state. The Sangamon, Rock, Kankakee, Embarras, Little Wabash, and Vermilion (Wabash) River drainages support the highest species diversity and/or extant populations of rare species. Threats to mussel populations are the same as those impacting all freshwater riverine species: siltation, chemical pollution, impoundments, instream disturbances (gravel mining, construction, dredging, channelization, etc.), and compe tition from exotic species. For years conservation efforts throughout the United States have been focused almost entirely on terrestrial . Stronger emphasis needs to be placed on protecting aquatic habitats, particularly streams, in order to preserve the remaining diversity of mussels and other riverine species.

Introduction

Investigations into the freshwater mussel fauna southem Illinois (Differs 1855; Hinkley 1919), of Illinois have been going on for over 150 years and the Chicago region (Kennicott 1855; Calkins and began with Thomas Say, the first American- 1874c; Baker 1898a-b). In addition to drainage bom naturalist to publish on unionids in the specific studies, data are available from vouch United States. Say settled in the Utopian com ers collected from hundreds of site surveys munity of New Harmony, , in 1826, and conducted throughout Illinois by state biologists was the first to describe many of the unionids and consulting firms. that inhabited the Wabash River and its tributar Much of our information on unionid ies, including nine species still recognized today: distribution in Illinois is from a large, unpub Quadrula cylindrica (Say, 1817), Arcidens lished survey conducted by Dr. Max Matteson confragosus (Say, 1829), personata (Say, and his students of the University of Illinois, 1829), cicatricosus (Say, 1829), Urbana-Champaign. From 1947 to 1960, Pyganodon grandis (Say, 1829), Utterbackia Matteson collected over 25,000 voucher speci imbecillis (Say, 1829), Anodonta suborbiculata Say, mens (now at the Illinois Natural History 1831, Lampsilis abrupta (Say, 1831), and Ligumia Survey) from more than 225 sites in most of the subrostrata (Say, 1831) (Say 1817,1829a-d, 1831a- medium-sized drainages in the state. Although c; Pitzer 1989). his survey methodology was not rigorously Since the time of Say, many drainages in quantitative, the data collected were quantified Illinois have been surveyed for mussels, and as catch per unit effort and can be used to their species compositions have been well compare mussel populations now with those documented in numerous papers and unpub sampled 30 or 40 years ago. lished reports (Table 1, Figures 1 and 2). Many Five lists of the unionids found in Illinois of the early workers published faunal lists for a and boundary waters have been published. The particular region of Illinois rather than a specific first was by W.W. Calkins, who privately river or drainage: LaSalle County (Calkins published a catalogue of living Illinois Mollusca 1874a), Mercer County (Marsh 1887-88,1889), in 1872. Calkins recognized and listed 47 northem Illinois (Wolf 1870; Calkins 1874b), species of unionids but did not provide locality 130 Conservation and Management of Freshwater Mussels II: Proceedings of a UMRCC Symposium

Table 1. Number of mussel species live (post-1969) and total number of mussel species known from Illinois, by drainage. Citations from selected papers or reports from surveys conducted are given below each drainage. Data on the number of species within a drainage without a citation are from general collecting by the authors and others (i.e.. no comprehensive survey or systematic sampling has been done).

Species Species Live Total

1. Galena, Apple, and Plum River Drainages 11 19 2. Rock River Drainage 30 44 Baker 1926; Matteson 1961; Schanzle & Kruse 1994 3. Middle Mississippi River Tributaries 7 26 4. Des Plaines River and Lake Michigan Tributaries 8 37 Baker 1898a-b, 1910; Getz 1966

5. Fox River Drainage 23 32 Eldridge 1914 6. Little Vermilion River, Big Bureau, and Kickapoo Creek Drainages 0 14 7. Kankakee - Iroquois River Drainage 27 38 Wilson & Clark 1912; Leiois & Brice 1980; Sulowai/1981, Kioak 1993 8. Vermilion and Mazon River Drainages 23 30 Cummings & Mayer 1990-91, iinpubl. 9. Spoon River Drainage 18 41 Strode 1891,1892 10. La Moine River Drainage 6 15 11. Mackinaw River & Quiver Creek Drainages 24 35 Cummings et al. 1988 12. Sangamon River Drainage 34 47 Parmalee 1955; Klippel & Parmalee 1979; Schanzle & Cummings 1991 13. Lower Illinois River Tributaries and American Bottoms 9 16 14. Kaskaskia River Drainage 26 43 Suloway et al. 1981a; Larimore & Fritz 1993 15. Big Muddy River Drainage 17 24 Parmalee 1956

16. Cache River Drainage 9 18 Phillippi et al. 1986 17. Massac, Bay, Lusk, Big Grand Pierre, and Big Creek Drainages 11 16 Hunter/ESE 1989 18. Saline River Drainage 14 20 Hunter/ESE 1989 19. Little Wabash River and Bonpas Creek Drainages 32 46 Fechtner 1963; Cummings et al. 1989

20. Embarras River and Wabash River Tributaries 32 44 Fechtner 1963; Cummings et al. 1988

21. Vermilion and Little Vermilion River Drainages 30 42 Zetek, 1918; Baker & Smith 1919; Baker 1922; Matteson and Dexter 1966; Suloway 1975; Suloway et al. 1981b

22. Illinois River 26 49 Danglade 1914; Starrett 1971; Whitney et al. 1995 23. Mississippi River 32 51 van der Schalie & van der Schalie 1950; Kindschi 1980

24. River 33 55 Williams 1969; Williams & Schuster 1989; Siemsen 1993

25. Wabash River 29 72 Say, 1817, 1829a-d, 1831a-c; Call 1897,1900; Coodrich & van der Schalie 1944; Meyer 1974; Clark 1976; Cummings et al. 1992

132 Conservation and Management of Freshwater Mussels II: Proceedings of a UMRCC Symposium

data. The eminent malacologist Frank Collins Materials and Methods Baker produced an annotated checklist of the Mollusca of Illinois in 1906 (appended in 1912). The format of this paper follows Burr (1980) and Baker's list was an attempt to provide a com Cicerello et al. (1991) for fishes and plete record of every published reference to mussels, respectively. The species are arranged mollusks in the state. For each species a list of alphabetically by genus and species within localities is given followed by the authority from families and subfamilies. Nomenclature follows which the information was obtained. Although Turgeon et al. (1988) except that (1) members of he based his catalogue primarily on vouchered the genus Pleurobema are recognized following material, several species were listed on the Stansbery (1983), (2) no subspecies are recog authority of correspondents and were not nized, (3) the recognition of the genera verified. Baker was somewhat of a "splitter" Pyganodon and Utterbackia follow Hoeh (1990), and he listed "no less than 98 species and and (4) some modifications have been made to v a r i e t i e s " o f u n i o n i d s f r o m I l l i n o i s . correct errors of spelling or date of publication After the death of F.C. Baker in 1942, few or to reflect published changes in nomenclature papers were published on unionids in Illinois since 1988. Epioblasma phillipsii (Conrad, 1835) until the 1960s. In 1967, P.W. Parmalee pub has been resurrected from the synonomy of £. lished The Fresh-water Mussels of Illinois. In it he torulosa, the justification for which will be provided a key to the species found in Illinois, published in another paper (Cummings and photographs, and many original observations on Gordon in prep.). life history and . Parmalee (1967) listed The distributional information presented in some of the rivers where a particular species this paper is based only upon vouchered mu might be found, but did not give detailed or seum specimens; literature records were not comprehensive information on distribution. included but are noted in the text if significant. Cummings (1991) published a checklist of We examined over 20,000 lots totaling more freshwater mollusks from Illinois with updated than 75,000 specimens from most of the major nomenclature and annotations on their conser malacological collections in the United States vation status. Cummings and Mayer (1992) known to have material from Illinois. A list of published a field guide to the mussels of the museum acronyms (following Leviton et al. Midwest listing 78 species from Illinois. A 1985), collections examined, and principal shaded distribution map was given showing the collectors (given in parentheses) follows: approximate range of each species in the Missis sippi and drainages. The ranges of ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of unionids in the Great Lakes drainage outside of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (E. Hall, Illinois and Wisconsin have not been published C.M. Wheatley) and were not included. CAS California Academy of Science, San These surveys and their associated speci Francisco, California. (C.R. Orcutt) mens form an irreplaceable base of information CA Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago, Illinois. (F.C. Baker, L.E. Daniels) on the distribution and status of freshwater CM Carnegie Museum of Natural History, mussels in Illinois from which we can document Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (A.E. changes that have occurred in the fauna. Unfor Ortmarm, V. Sterki) tunately, many of the earlier collectors did not FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, place a high priority on vouchering material or Chicago, Illinois. (W.W. Calkins, keeping precise locality data so many of the J. Zetek) specimens present in museums are of little or no INHS Illinois Natural History Survey. value for documenting such changes. Champaign, Illinois. (K.S. Cummings, This paper is a preliminary step to the M.R. Matteson, C.A. Mayer, W.A. Nason, W.C. Starrett) preparation of a new Freshwater Mussels of ISM Illinois State Museum, Springfield, Illinois summarizing the biology and distribu Illinois. (P.W. Parmalee, R.E. Warren) tion of Illinois unionids. Additional collecting MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, and compilation of museum records from a few Harvard University, Cambridge, Massa other institutions is needed before it can be chusetts. (R.E. Call, B. Walker). completed. Criticisms, additions, and efforts to OSM Ohio State University Museum of make obsolete the information in this paper are Zoology, Columbus, Ohio. (D.H. encouraged and solicited. Stansbery, C.B. Stein) Cummings and Mayer: Distributional Checklist and Status of Illinois Freshwater Mussels 133

UP Florida Museum of Natural History, Therefore, we considered any records of live Gainesville, Florida. (H.H. Smith) individuals collected after 1969 to indicate that UIMNH University of Illinois Museum of a given species was still extant in Illinois, a Natural History, Champaign, Illinois. rather conservative measure. Each species (F.C. Baker, L.E. Daniels, A.A. Hinkley) UMMZ University of Michigan Museum of listing includes the drainage(s) that die species is known from (Figure 1, Table 1), their current Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan. (L.E. Daniels, H. van der Schalie, B. Walker) (Table 2), and comments on USNM National Museum of Natural History, their recent (post-1969) distribution (Table 3). Smithsonian Institution (United States In the species accounts, numbers given in bold National Museum), Washington, D.C. indicate that individuals of that species have (P. Bartsch, I. Lea, J. Sampson, C.T. been found alive in the corresponding drainage Simpson) since 1970. The post-1969 data can also be used to compare species losses with those Individual spot distribution maps have reported for Kentucky by Cicerello et al. (1991). been completed for each species known to The status categories for the mussels listed occur or have occurred in Illinois or boundary in this paper are similar to the official state and waters. Statements made in the text of this federal lists (lESPB 1994; USFWS 1994), but paper are based on those maps and the data include changes made to reflect more recent base compiled from examination of museum information. The status definitions are very specimens. A map showing the locations of similar to those used by Williams et al. (1993) approximately 1,600 stations sampled since the and are presented in Table 2. We used the 1820s is given in Figure 2. The state was terms "generally distributed," "occasional," divided into 25 subunits that correspond to the and "sporadic" following Smith (1965) and major rivers (Illinois, Mississippi, Ohio, Cicerello et al. (1991) (Table 2). As stated by Wabash) and drainages within and bordering Smith, no connotation of abimdance is in Illinois (Figure 1, Table 1). A cutoff date of tended, because a generally distributed species 1970 was chosen to compare the current status is sometimes relatively uncommon throughout of mussels in Illinois with historical records its range and a species listed as sporadic may based on vouchered museum specimens. be locally abundant.

Table 2. Definitions of terms used to describe the status of Illinois unionids.

EX: Extinct. ET: Extirpated as a breeding species in Illinois. FE: Federally Endangered - A species in danger of throughout all or a significant portion of its range. FT: Federally Threatened - A species that is likely to become endangered throughout all or a significant portion of its range. FC: Former Federal Candidate Species - A species for which there is substantial evidence to suggest listing at the federal level may be warranted. SE: State Endangered - A species that is in danger of extinction as a breeding species in Illinois. ST: State Threatened - A species that may become threatened or endangered by relatively minor disturbances to its habitat, and is likely to become a state within the foreseeable future in Illinois. SC: Special Concern - A species for which there is substantial evidence to suggest listing at the state level may be warranted in the foreseeable future in Illinois. CS: Currently Stable - A species whose distribution and abundance may be stable, or one that may have declined in portions of its range but is not in need of immediate conservation management actions.

Generally Distributed - Implies that any suitable habitat within the prescribed area should be expected to yield specimens with a reasonably thorough search.

Occasional - Implies that suitable-appearing habitat may or may not yield specimens even after a prolonged search.

Sporadic - Implies that encountering specimens of a given species cannot be predicted at all. 1-^ Table 3. Unionid distribution by drainage in Illinois (see Table 1). Column A shows the number of draina ges from which thespecies is historically known; column B s h o w s t h e number of drainages in which the species has been found alive post-1969, x = species present, L = found allive post-1969.

Drainage Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 A B n o 3 Margaritiferidae t« Cumberlandinae < Cumberlandia inonodonta X X X X X L L X 8 2 % o' Ambleminae 3 U' Amblema plicata X L X X L X L L L X L L L L L X L L L L L L L L L 25 19 3 Cl- Cifclomias tuberculata X X X L X X X L X X L X 12 3 X 9 Elliptio crassidens X X X X X L L L 3 3 X X X L X L L X X L L X L X X X X X X 20 6 EUiptio dilatata X CU

Fiisconaia ebem L X X X X X X X L L L 11 4 fC

Fuscomitt flava X L X X L L L L L L X L X X L L L L L L L 21 15 3 ft Fiiscomia siibrotinida X 1 0 3

Hemistem lata X 1 0 Megalomias nen'osa X L X L L L X X X L L X L L L L 16 10 Plelhobasus cicatricosus X 1 0 ft L 1 1 3- Pletlwbasiis cooperianus < < Plethobasiis cyphyiis X X X L X X X L X X L X L 13 4 tu

Pleurobema clava X X 2 0 ft ▶ t

Pieurobema cordatum L X 2 1 Pleurobema plenum X X X 3 0 d, Pleurobema riibrum L X X X 4 1 5r Pleurobema sintoxia L X X L L L L L L X L L L X X X X 17 10 Quadrula cylindrica X L L X 4 2 "3 X X X X X X 6 0 Quadrula fragosa 3 o Quadrula metanevra L X X L L L L X L L X L L L 14 10 n ft L X 2 1 ft Quadrula nobilis n X 1. I. L L L L 12 9 Quadrula nodulala L X X L L 3' L X X L L L L L L L L X L L L L L L L 19 16 cro Quadrula pustulosa Vi L Quadrula quadrula L L L X L L L L X L L L L L X L L L L L L L L 24 21 O Trilogonia verrucosa L L X X X L L X X L L L L X L L L L L L L 21 15 &> Uniomerus tetralasmus X X X L L L L L X L L L L L X L X X X 19 11 a Anodontinae 2

Alasmidonta marginata L X X L L L X L L L L L L X 14 10 n n Alasmidonta viridis X X X X L L X X L L X L X X 14 5 cn Anodonta suborbiculata X X X L X X L X X L L L L L L L 16 9

Anodontoides ferussacianus X L L L X L L L L L X L L L L X X X X 19 12 3 •3 Arcidens confragosus X X X L L L X X L L L L L 13 8 8 Lasmigona complanata L L L L X L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L 23 22 £■ Lasmigona compressa X L X L L X L L L L L X X L X X 16 9 3 Lasmigona costata X L X X L L L X L L X L L L X X X 17 9 Pyganodon grandis L L L L L X L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L 25 24 Simpsonaias ambigua X X X X X X X X X 9 0 Strophitus undulalus L L L X L L L L X L L L X L L L L L L X X 21 16 Utterbackia imbecillis L X X L L L X L X L X L L L L L L L X L L L L 23 17 Table 3 (continued)

Actinonaias ligaiiientina L X L L L X X X X L L L L L L X L 17 11 Ojprogenia stegaria X X X L 4 1 X 3 Ellipsaria lineolala X X X X L L L 8 Epioblasma flexuosa X X 2 0 Epioblasma obliquata X 1 0 Epioblasma personata X 1 0 Epioblasma phillipsii X 1 0 Epioblasma propinqua X X 2 0 Epioblasma rangiana X X 2 0 Epioblasma sampsonii X X 2 0 Epioblasma tonilosa X X 2 0 Epioblasma triquetra X X X X X X X L X X X X X 13 1 Lampsilis abrupta X 1 0 Lampsilis cardiiDii L L L L L X L L L X L L L X L L L L L L X L 22 18 Lampsilis fasciola X X L X 4 1 Lampsilis higginsii X X X X X L 6 1 Lampsilis ovala L X 2 1 X L X L L L L L X X 23 15 Lampsilis siliquoidea X L X L L X L L L X L L L Lampsilis teres X X X X X L X L L X L L X L L L X L L L L 21 12 X X L L L L L L L L 25 21 Leptodea fragilis L L L X L X L L L L L L L L L X X X X X 6 0 Leptodea leptodon X Ligumia recta L L X X L X X X X X X X L L X 15 5 L X X X L X L L L X X X X 15 5 Ligiimia subrostrata X X Obliquaria reflexa L X X X X L L L L L L L L 13 9 Obovaria olivaria L X X X X X L L L L 10 5

Obovaria retiisa X X 2 0

Obovaria siibrotunda X L X X 4 1

Potamilus alatus L L X X X X X L L L X X L L L X L L L L 20 12

Potamiliis capax X X X X L L 6 2

Potamilus ohieitsis L L L L X L L L X L L L L L L L L L L L L 21 19

Potamilus purpuratus X X 2 0 Pti/cliobraiichus/asciolaris X L L X X 5 2 Toxolasma lividus L X L X 4 2

Toxolasma parvus L L X L L X L L X L L L L L L L X L L L L X L L 24 19 Toxolasma texasiensis L L L L X X 6 4

Truncilla donaciformis L L X L X X L L L L X L L L L L L 17 13

Tnmcilla trimcata L X X L L L X L L L L L L L L L 16 13

Vemistacoucha ellipsiformis L X L L X L L X L L X X 12 7 4 Villosa fabalis X X X X 0

Villosa iris X X X X X X L X X 9 1

Villosa lieuosa X X X L L X 6 2

Total No. of Species 19 44 26 37 32 14 38 30 41 15 35 47 16 43 24 18 16 20 46 44 42 49 51 55 72 80 Species Alive post-1969 11 30 7 8 23 0 27 23 18 6 24 34 9 26 17 9 11 14 32 32 30 26 32 33 29 60 136 Conservation and Management of Freshwater Mussels II: Proceedings of a UMRCC Symposium

Results uted in Illinois except in the extreme southern drainages of the state where it is sporadic. Family Margaritiferidae Locally abundant at some sites. Subfamily Cumberlandinae Fusconaia subrotunda (Lea, 1831). longsolid. 25. Cumberlandia monodonta (Say, 1829). (ET). Once found throughout the Wabash River, spectaclecase. 2,4, 7,14,22, 23,24,25. (PC, SE). the longsolid has not been collected alive in over Formerly present in eight drainages in Illinois, 50 years and is extirpated from Illinois. now thought to be restricted to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers where it is sporadic and very Hemistena lata (Rafinesque, 1820). cracking rare. pearlymussel. 25. (FE, ET). Formerly found in the Wabash River, the cracking pearlymussel is Family Unionidae now extirpated from Illinois. Baker (1906) listed Subfamily Ambleminae this species in the Illinois River (citing Marsh); however, this record could not be substantiated Amblema plicata (Say, 1817). threeridge. 1,2,3, by a museum specimen and should be regarded 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19, as spurious. 20,21,22,23,24,25. (CS). Generally distributed throughout Illinois but increasingly uncommon Megalonaias nervosa (Rafinesque, 1820). wash in small- and medium-sized streams. board. 3, 7,9,12,14,15,16,17,18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23,24, 25. (CS). Formerly generally distributed Cyclonaias tuberculata (Rafinesque, 1820). purple in Illinois, the washboard is now occasional to wartyback. 2,4,5, 7, 9,12,19,21,22,23,24, 25. sporadic in all streams except the Mississippi (SC). Present in just 3 of the 12 drainages where River. it was historically known from, the purple wartyback is now sporadically found only in the Plethobasus cicatricosus (Say, 1829). white Kankakee, Vermilion (Wabash), and Ohio rivers. wartyback. 25. (FE, ET). Formerly present in A likely candidate for listing in Illinois in the the Wabash River, the white wartyback is n e a r f u t u r e . extirpated from Illinois.

Elliptio crassidens (Lamarck, 1819). elephantear. Plethobasus cooperianus (Lea, 1834). orangefoot 2, 4,9,14,19,22, 23, 24, 25. (ST). A large-river pimpleback. 24. (FE, SE). Sporadic in the Ohio species, formerly common in the Mississippi, River. P. cooperianus has been recently reported Illinois, Ohio, and Wabash rivers. The from the Ohio River in Massac and Pulaski elephantear is now found sporadically in the counties (Miller et al. 1986). Baker (1906) listed Wabash and Ohio rivers. the Illinois River (citing Wolf); however, this record could not be substantiated by a museum Elliptio dilatata (Rafinesque, 1820). spike. 1,2,3, specimen and should be regarded as spurious. 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9,11,12,14,15,19,20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25, (ST). Formerly generally distributed in Plethobasus cyphyus (Rafinesque, 1820). Illinois (20 of 25 drainages), the spike is now sheepnose. 2,4, 5, 7,9,11,12,14, 20,22, 23,24, restricted to five drainages where it is uncom 25. (SE). Formerly widespread in the larger mon to rare. rivers of Illinois, the sheepnose is now restricted to the Kankakee and Mississippi rivers. Last Fusconaia ebena (Lea, 1831). ebonyshell. 2, 7,11, reported from the Kaskaskia River in 1970, an 13.14.19.20.22.23.24, 25. (ST). Once common attempt to find it again in 1990 was unsuccess in the Mississippi, Illinois, Wabash, and Ohio ful, so it may be extirpated from that drainage. rivers and the lower reaches of their tributaries, A single live individual (out of nearly 3,800 live the ebonyshell is now generally distributed in mussels collected) was found in a survey of the the Ohio and sporadic in the Mississippi and Wabash River in 1987. Wabash rivers. Pleurobema clava (Lamarck, 1819). clubshell. 21, Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque, 1820). Wabash 25. (FE, SE/ET?). Formerly widely distributed pigtoe. 1, 2,3,4, 5, 7, 8, 9,11,12,13,14,15,18, in the Vermilion and Wabash River drainages, 19.20.21.22.23.24.25. (CS). Generally distrib the clubshell may be extirpated in Illinois. Cummings and Mayer: Distributional Checklist and Status of Illinois Freshwater Mussels 137

Fresh-dead shells were found in the North Fork Quadrula nobilis (Conrad, 1854). gulf mapleleaf. of the Vermilion River in Vermilion County in 24,25. (CS). Recent work in Texas has found 1980, but more recent searches have failed to this species to be distinct from Quadrula quadrula find this species alive. and Q. apiculata (Howells et al. 1996). This is the first record of this species reported for Illinois Pleurobema cordatum (Rafinesque, 1820). Ohio where it is apparently restricted to the Ohio pigtoe. 24,25. (SE). Formerly widely distrib River and possibly still extant in the lower uted in the Wabash and Ohio rivers, this species Wabash. is now restricted to the Ohio River where it is generally distributed. Quadrula nodulata (Rafinesque, 1820). wartyback. 2,8, 9,12,14,18,19,20,22,23,24, Pleurobema plenum (Lea, 1840). rough pigtoe. 19, 25. (CS). Strictly a large river species in Illinois, 24,25. (FE, ET). Formerly widely distributed in the wartyback is generally distributed in the the Wabash and Ohio rivers, and sporadic in the Mississippi, Wabash, and Ohio rivers. The lower Little Wabash River. Extirpated from wartyback is occasional to sporadic in the lower Illinois. reaches of tributaries to the above streams.

Pleurobema rubrum (Rafinesque, 1820). pyramid Quadrula pustulosa (Lea, 1831). pimpleback. 2,3, pigtoe. 19,22,24,25. (FC,SE/ET?). The 4, 5, 7, 8, 9,11,12,14,15,18,19, 20,21, 22,23, 24, pyramid pigtoe may be extirpated from Illinois. 25. (CS). Generally distributed in many of the Live individuals were found in the lower Little drainages in Illinois. May be locally abimdant at Wabash River in 1979, but a resurvey of the site some locations. in July 1988 failed to locate any living P. rubrum. Shells of pre-modem specimens of P. rubrum Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque, 1820). mapleleaf. were found in the Illinois River in 1991 confirm 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 7, 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18, ing its historical presence there (Warren, 1995). 19,20,21,22,23,24,25. (CS). As with the preceding species the mapleleaf is generally Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque, 1820). round distributed and common throughout Illinois. pigtoe. 2,3,4, 5, 7, 8, 9,11,12,14,19,20,21, 22, 23,24,25. (CS). Occasional in the northern two- Tritogonia verrucosa (Rafinesque, 1820). thirds of Illinois. Populations still survive in the pistolgrip. 1, 2,4,5, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,14,15,16, Mackinaw, Kankakee, Sangamon, and Embarras 18,19, 20,21,22,23,24, 25. (CS). The pistolgrip River drainages. is sporadic to occasional in most of the drain ages in Illinois, and may be locally abimdant at Quadrula cylindrica (Say, 1817). rabbitsfoot. 20, some locations. 21,24,25. (EC, SE). The rabbitsfoot was once widely distributed in the Vermilion, Wabash Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say, 1831). pondhom. 3, and Ohio rivers. It is now occasional in the 6, 7, 8,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19, 20, 21, North Fork Vermilion River and sporadic in the 22,23, 25. (CS). Occasional throughout the state Ohio River. in very small streams or headwaters, and sporadic in medium or large rivers. Quadrula fragosa (Conrad, 1835). winged mapleleaf. 9,12,14,23,24,25. (FE,ET). The Subfamily Anodontinae winged mapleleaf has not been foimd alive in Illinois for over 50 years and is considered Alasmidonta marginata Say, 1818. elktoe. 2,3,4, extirpated from the state. 5, 7, 8, 9,11,12,14, 20,21,22, 23. (FC, CS). Once considered a candidate for federal listing, the Quadrula metanevra (Rafinesque, 1820). elktoe is generally distributed but relatively monkeyface. 2,4,5, 7,9,12,14,19, 20, 21,22,23, uncommon in the northern half of Illinois. 24,25. (SC). The monkeyface has experienced a considerable decline in range and abundance in Alasmidonta viridis (Rafinesque, 1820). the past four decades. Although still present in slippershell mussel. 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 7, 8,9,11,12,14, 10 drainages, healthy populations can presently 21,22, 23. (SE). Formerly distributed in the be found only in the Kankakee and Mississippi northern half of the state, this species is now rivers. sporadically found in tributaries to the Fox, 138 Conservation and Management of Freshwater Mussels II: Proceedings of a UMRCC Symposium

Kankakee, Mackinaw, Sangamon, and Vermil Pyganodon grandis (Say, 1829). giant floater. 1,2, ion rivers. Although reported from the Wabash 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18, River by Baker (1906), this is a small stream 19,20,21,22,23,24,25. (CS). The most wide species and its occurrence in the Wabash has not spread and common mussel in Illinois. This been substantiated by voucher specimens. mussel occupies a wide variety of habitats from large rivers to small ponds or lakes. The giant Anodonta suhorbicidata Say, 1831. flat floater. 2, floater is known from every drainage in the state 3, 9,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19, 20, 22,23,24, 25. and has been found alive in all but one since (CS). This mussel is occasionally found in 1970. floodplain ponds or quiet backwaters of large rivers. It is locally abundant in some ponds and Sirnpsonaias ambigua (Say, 1825). salamander small lakes in extreme southern Illinois. mussel. 4, 7,12, 20, 21, 22, 23,24,25. (PC, SE/ ET?). Formerly widespread in Illinois, the Anodontoides ferussacianus (Lea, 1834). cylindri salamander mussel has not been collected alive cal papershell. 1,2,4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9,11,12,14,17, in over 30 years, and may be extirpated from the 19,20,21, 22,23, 24,25. (CS). Generally distrib state. The habitat for this species is said to be uted and common in small streams in the quiet areas under limestone slabs. If still extant northeastern part of Illinois. It is often one of in Illinois, this mussel may be found in the the first species encountered in small creeks or Kankakee and Vermilion (Wabash) River headwater streams, and it may be locally drainages where suitable habitat is present, abundant where found. shells are occasionally encountered, and its host, the mudpuppy (Nectiirus maculosus), still occurs. Arcidens confragosus (Say, 1829). rock-pocket- book. 2,9,11,12,14,15,16,18,19,22,23,24,25. Strophitus undulatiis (Say, 1817). squawfoot. 1, (CS). Generally distributed but uncommon in 2,3,4, 5, 7, 8,9,10,11,12,14,15,17,19, 20,21, the large rivers in southern Illinois. Baker (1906) 22,23,24,25. (CS). Generally distributed also gave Lake Michigan and the Fox River as throughout Illinois and still present in most of localities, but its occurrence in these drainages the drainages it formerly occupied. Most often has not been substantiated by voucher speci found in small- to medium-sized streams. mens. Utterbackia imbecillis (Say, 1829). paper Lasmigona complanata (Barnes, 1823). white pondshell. 2,3,4, 5, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15, heelsplitter. 2,3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14, 16,17,18,19,20,21,22, 23,24,25. (CS). Gener 15,16,18,19,20,21,22, 23, 24, 25. (CS). One of ally distributed and locally abundant through the most common and widespread mussels in out Illinois. Illinois. Apparently ecologically tolerant, the white heelsplitter is generally distributed and Subfamily Lampsilinae can be found in many streams where other mussels have been eliminated. Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck, 1819). mucket. 2,4, 5, 7,8,9,10,11,12,14,19,20,21, 22,23, 24, Lasmigona compressa (Lea, 1829). creek 25. (CS). Although widespread in Illinois, the heelsplitter. 1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,11,12,19, 20, mucket is generally distributed only in the 21,22,23. (SC). Occasionally found in small Kankakee River drainage. In the other streams streams in the northern half of Illinois. Al of the state it is occasional to sporadic. though reported from the Illinois and Missis sippi rivers, this mussel is rarely, if ever, found Cyprogenia stegaria (Rafinesque, 1820). fanshell. in large rivers. 19,20,24, 25. (FE, SE) The fanshell is known from only a single live individual found in the Lasmigona costata (Rafinesque, 1820). flutedshell. Wabash River in White County in 1984. The (SC). 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 7, 8,9,11,12,14,19,20, 21, 22, individual found was quite old and it is doubt 23, 25. Sporadic in the northern half of the state. ful that a reproducing population still exists in Presently foimd in just over half of the drainages Illinois. it once occupied. This mussel may warrant listing at the state level in the near future. Ellipsaria lineolata (Rafinesque, 1820). butterfly. 2,12,14,19, 22,23, 24, 25. (ST). Formerly Cummings and Mayer: Distributional Checklist and Status of Illinois Freshwater Mussels 139

generally distributed in the larger rivers of the Lampsilis abnipta (Say, 1831). pink mucket. 24. state, the butterfly has been extirpated from all (FE, ET). Formerly present in the Ohio River, but the extreme lower Illinois River, the Missis the pink mucket is extirpated from Illinois. sippi River in the northern half of the state, and the Ohio River. Lampsilis cardiiim Rafinesque, 1820. plain pocketbook. 1,2,3,4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9,10,11,12,14, Epioblasma flexuosa (Rafinesque, 1820). leafshell. 15,17,19,20, 21,22, 23, 24,25. (CS). Generally 24,25. (EX). Formerly present in the Wabash distributed and common throughout the state and Ohio rivers, this species is now globally except in extreme southern Illinois. extinct. Lampsilis fasciola Rafinesque, 1820. wavyrayed Epioblasma obliquata (Rafinesque, 1820). catspaw. lampmussel. 4,5,21, 25. (SE). Although there 25. (FE, ET). Formerly present in the Wabash are museum records from the Fox River and River, this species is now restricted to two Wolf Lake (Calumet River drainage), the streams in Ohio and Indiana (Hoggarth et al. wavyrayed lampmussel has been extirpated 1995). from those basins and is now occasionally found only in the Vermilion (Wabash) River drainage. Epioblasma personata (Say, 1829). round combshell. 25. (EX). Formerly present in the Lampsilis higginsii (Lea, 1857). Higgins eye. 2, 7, Wabash River, this species is now globally 9,12, 22,23. (FE, SE). Sporadic in the Missis extinct. sippi River, it is extirpated from all of the other Illinois drainages where it was historically Epioblasma phillipsii (Conrad, 1835). 25. (EX). found. Described from and formerly present in the Wabash River, this species is now globally Lampsilis ovata (Say, 1817). pocketbook. (SC). extinct. 24,25. Sporadic in the Ohio River and extir pated from the Wabash River where it appears Epioblasma propinqiia (Lea, 1857). to have been replaced by Lampsilis cardium. riffleshell. 24,25. (EX). Formerly present in the Wabash and Ohio rivers. Although still offi Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes, 1823). fatmucket. 1, cially listed as federally endangered, this species 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,19, is believed to be extinct (Neves 1993). 20,21,22,23,25. (CS). Generally distributed and common in small- to medium-sized streams Epioblasma rangiana (Lea, 1838). northern throughout Illinois. Occasionally found in the riffleshell. 21,25. (FE, ET). Formerly present in large rivers of the state. the Vermilion, Wabash, and Ohio rivers, this species is extirpated from Illinois. Lampsilis teres (Rafinesque, 1820). yellow sandshell. 2, 3,4, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16, Epioblasma sampsonii (Lea, 1861). Wabash 18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25. (CS). The yellow riffleshell. 19, 25. (EX). Formerly present in the sandshell is declining in Illinois, but is occasion Wabash River and small tributaries, this species ally found in a few of the drainages in the is now globally extinct. central part of the state.

Epioblasma torulosa (Rafinesque, 1820). tubercled Leptodea fragilis (Rafinesque, 1820). fragile blossom. 24, 25. (EX, FE). Formerly present in papershell. 1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13, the Wabash and Ohio rivers. Although still 14,15,16,17,18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25. (CS). officially listed as federally endangered, this Generally distributed and common throughout mussel is believed to be extinct (Neves 1993). the state. This mussel can live in soft substrates, and may be more ecologically tolerant than Epioblasma triqiietra (Rafinesque, 1820). snuff other unionids, which could account for the box. 2,4, 7, 8,12,14,19,20, 21, 22,23,24, 25. apparent expansion of its range in Illinois. (FC, SE). The last remaining species in the genus Epioblasma left in Illinois, it is occasionally Leptodea leptodon (Rafinesque, 1820). scaleshell. found in a small stretch of the Embarras River in 2,12,14, 22, 23, 25. (FC, ET). Once found in the east-central Illinois. larger streams of Illinois, the scaleshell has not 140 Conservation and Management of Freshwater Mussels II: Proceedings of a UMRCC Symposium

been collected alive in over 50 years and is now occasionally found only in the lower extirpated from the state. Wabash and Ohio rivers.

Ligumia recta (Lamarck, 1819). black sandshell. Potamilus ohiensis (Rafinesque, 1820). pink 1.2.4, 5, 7, 9,11,12,14,20,21,22, 23, 24, 25. papershell. 1,2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14, (SC). Sporadic in the northern half of the state. 15,18,19,20, 22, 23, 24,25. (CS). Generally Presently found in just one-third of the drain distributed and locally abundant throughout ages it once occupied, this mussel may warrant Illinois. Like Leptodea fragilis, this mussel may be listing at the state level in the near future. one of very few unionids expanding its range in Illinois. Ligumia subrostrata (Say, 1831). pondmussel. 2, 3,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,22,23,24, 25. Potamilus purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819). bleufer. (CS). Occasionally found in small streams or 23,25. (SC). A peripheral species in Illinois. A farm ponds throughout Illinois where it may be historical record exists from the Wabash River in locally abundant. Posey County, Indiana. A post-1965 record from the Mississippi River in Missouri (across Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque, 1820. threehom from Union County, Illinois) was cited by Oesch wartyback. 2,4, 7, 9,11,12,14,19, 20,22,23, 24, (1984). 25. (CS). Generally distributed and common in the larger rivers of Illinois. Not usually found in Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (Rafinesque, 1820). medium to small streams. kidneyshell. 19,20,21,24,25. (SE). Historically found in the Wabash River and its tributaries in Obovaria olivaria (Rafinesque, 1820). hickorynut. Illinois, the kidneyshell is now restricted to the 2,3,5,9,11,12,22,23,24,25. (CS). Generally Embarras and Vermilion rivers where it is distributed in the larger rivers of Illinois. It is sporadic. the dominant species foimd in the Wabash River where it is locally abundant. Toxolasma lividus (Rafinesque, 1831). purple lilliput. 19,20,21, 25. (FC, SE). Historically Obovaria retusa (Lamarck, 1819). ring pink. 24, found in the Wabash River and its tributaries in 25. (FE, ET). Once foimd in the Wabash and Illinois, the purple lilliput is now restricted to Ohio rivers, the ring pink has not been collected the Little Wabash and Vermilion rivers where it alive in Illinois in over 50 years and is extirpated is sporadic. from the state. Toxolasma parvus (Barnes, 1823). lilliput. 1, 2,3, Obovaria subrotunda (Rafinesque, 1820). round 4, 5, 6, 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19, hickorynut. 20,21, 24,25. (SE). Extirpated from 20,21,22,23,25. (CS). A generally distributed most of lUinois, the round hickorynut has been and common species in Illinois. Found in a collected alive only once since the 1950s. Fresh wide variety of habitats from small streams to dead sheUs have been found recently in the large rivers where it may be abundant. Vermilion (Wabash) River and this species may persist there. Toxolasma texasiensis (Lea, 1857). Texas lilliput. 15,16,17,18,19,25. (CS). Restricted to the Potamilus alatus (Say, 1817). pink heelsplitter. 1, southern third of Illinois where it is occasionally 2.4.5, 7, 8, 9,11,12,14,15,16,17,19,20,21, 22, found in small- to medium-sized streams. 23,24,25. (CS). Generally distributed and fairly common in medium-sized streams in central Truncilla donaciformis (Lea, 1828). fawnsfoot. 1, and southern Illinois. Missing from collections 2,4, 5, 6,8,9,11,12,13,14,19,20,22,23, 24, 25. in many drainages in the northern part of the (CS). Generally distributed and common in the state in recent years. larger rivers of Illinois. Occasionally found in the lower end of medium-sized streams. Potamilus capax (Green, 1832). fat pocketbook. 9, 19, 22,23, 24,25. (FE, SE). Formerly present in Truncilla truncata Rafinesque, 1820. deertoe. 2, the Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash rivers and 4, 9,11,12,14,15,16,18,19, 20, 21, 22,23,24, 25. their larger tributaries, the fat pocketbook is (CS). As with the preceeding species, the Cummings and Mayer: Distributional Checklist and Status of Illinois Freshwater Mussels 141

deertoe is generally distributed and common in 27%, and 30%, respectively. Although the the larger rivers of Illinois. Occasionally found decline has been substantial, these streams all in medium-sized streams. currently support at least 29 species and harbor the last remaining Illinois populations of at least Venustaconcha ellipsiformis (Conrad, 1836). 9 endangered species (Tables 1,3). The Wabash eUipse. 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,21,23. (SC). River proper has experienced a 56% decline in The ellipse is restricted to clear-flowing gravel- species richness, including the loss of eight of bottomed streams in the northern half of Illinois the nine members of the genus Epioblasma. The where it is occasionally found in small numbers. Ohio River proper also has imdergone a signifi cant reduction in diversity with a loss of 40% in Villosafabalis (Lea, 1831). rayed bean. 20,21,24, species richness. The remaining 33 species in 25. (PC, ET). Historical records exist for the the Ohio River are further jeopardized by the Wabash River and its tributaries. Although still presence of the zebra mussel, Dreissena on the official Illinois list as endangered, this polymorpha (Pallas, 1771), not currently foimd in mussel is thought to be extirpated from the the Wabash. state. In Illinois, 25 species are or were found only in the Wabash-Ohio River drainage and Villosa iris (Lea, 1829). rainbow. 4,5,7,8,11,12, include Cyprogenia stegaria (Rafinesque, 1820), 21,22,23. (SE). The rainbow was historically Epioblasma flexuosa (Rafinesque, 1820), found in northern and eastern Illinois, but is Epioblasma personata (Say, 1829), Epioblasma now restricted to the North Fork Vermilion phillipsii (Conrad, 1835), Epioblasma propinqua River where it is sporadic. (Lea, 1857), Epioblasma sampsonii (Lea, 1861), Epioblasma torulosa (Rafinesque, 1820), Villosa lienosa (Conrad, 1834). little Epioblasma obliquata (Rafinesque, 1820), spectaclecase. 12,14,19,20,21, 25. (SE). Except Epioblasma rangiana (Lea, 1838), Lampsilis abrupta for a record from the upper Sangamon River, the (Say, 1831), Lampsilis ovata (Say, 1817), Obovaria little spectaclecase was historically found in the retusa (Lamarck, 1819), Obovaria subrotunda Wabash River and its tributaries in Illinois. (Rafinesque, 1820), Ptychobranchus fasciolaris Now restricted to the Embarras and Vermilion (Rafinesque, 1820), Toxolasma lividus rivers where it is sporadic. (Rafinesque, 1831),Villosa fabalis (Lea, 1831), Fusconaia subrotunda (Lea, 1831), Hemistena lata (Rafinesque, 1820), Plethobasus cicatricosus (Say, Discussion 1829), Plethobasus cooperianus (Lea, 1834), Pleurobema cordatum (Rafinesque, 1820), An examination of museum collections for Pleurobema plenum (Lea, 1840), Pleurobema clava records of freshwater mussels (Unionacea) from (Lamarck, 1819), Quadrula cylindrica (Say, 1817), Illinois and boundary waters revealed that 80 and Quadrula nobilis (Conrad, 1854) (Table 3). Another four species, Pleurobema rubrum species occur or did occur in the state. Of those 80 species, 6 are thought to be extinct, 11 have (Rafinesque, 1820), Lampsilis fasciola Rafinesque, been extirpated from Illinois, 5 are federally 1820, Villosa lienosa (Conrad, 1834), and Villosa iris (Lea, 1829) were historically found in the endangered but still extant in the state, 7 are former Federal Candidate species, 8 are state Great Lakes and Mississippi River drainages but are now restricted to Wabash tributaries (Baker endangered, 4 state threatened, and 9 are species of special concern in Illinois. Of the remaining 1898a; Schanzle and Cummings 1991; Warren 30 species, 3 are considered uncommon or 1995; INHS Collection data). limited in distribution leaving only 27 species The streams feeding directly into the Ohio (or one-third of the state's documented diver River, excluding the Wabash River, have rela sity) that currently have relatively stable popula tively low diversity. Twenty species have been tions. recorded from the Saline River drainage, 18 Historical and present-day diversity is from the Cache, and 16 from the other small direct tributaries to the Ohio (Hunter/ESE 1989; greatest in the Wabash-Ohio River drainage (Table 1). However, species richness in the Table 1). The low species richness in these Ohio principal tributaries of the Wabash River - the River tributaries is probably due to the small Vermilion, Embarras, and Little Wabash River size of their drainages and a lack of collecting. drainages - have experienced declines of 29%, Two mussels found in these streams that are 142 Conservation and Management of Freshwater Mussels II: Proceedings of a UMRCC Symposium

uncommon in drainages to the north are Ligumia The reduction of unionids in Illinois subrostrata (Say, 1831) and Toxolasma texasiensis parallel those reported from other states like (Lea, 1857). Kentucky, where 18 (17%) taxa are considered The Illinois-Mississippi River basin, extinct or extirpated and another 34 (40%) have exclusive of the Wabash-Ohio drainage, histori been assigned some kind of conservation status cally supported 55 species (Table 3). The only (Cicerello et al. 1991). For years, conservation unionid found here that is not part of the efforts throughout the United States have been Wabash-Ohio River fauna is Lampsilis higginsii focused almost entirely on terrestrial habitats. (Lea, 1857). The greatest diversity in the Illinois- Stronger emphasis needs to be placed on Mississippi basin occurs in the Sangamon, Rock, protecting aquatic habitats, particularly streams, and Kankakee drainages (Table 1). Species in order to preserve the remaining diversity of declines in the Illinois-Mississippi drainage have freshwater mussels and other riverine species. been significant. The hardest hit has been the Des Plaines River and Lake Michigan tributar ies. Although 37 species were historically Acknowledgments known from this area, only 8 have been col lected alive post-1969. Because these streams We would like to thank the following curators are located near metropolitan Chicago, urban and collection managers for allowing us to sprawl and chemical pollution are the likely examine specimens under their care: George c a u s e s f o r t h i s d e c l i n e . F o r s t r e a m s o u t s i d e o f Davis (ANSP); Ron Vasile (CA); Robert van Syoc the Chicago area, the largest reductions have (CAS); John Rawlins and Juan Parodiz (CM); occurred in the Spoon, Illinois, and Kaskaskia Riidiger Bieler, Janet Voight, Margaret Baker, rivers where species richness has declined 56%, John Slapcinsky, and the late Alan Solem 47%, and 40%, respectively (Table 1). (FMNH); Fred Thompson (FSM); Richard Although the differences between current Johnson and Silvard Kool (MCZ); David and historical diversity in Tables 1 and 3 suggest Stansbery and Kathy Borror (OSM); Tom Uzzell that the LaMoine and Little Vermilion rivers. Big and Lowell Getz (UIMNH); Jack Burch and Bureau and Kickapoo creeks, the lower Illinois Renee Sherman (UMMZ); and Robert Hershler River and middle Mississippi River tributaries, and Paul Greenhall (USNM). Much of the data and American Bottoms area have experienced collected for this report came from various the largest losses, these streams have not been projects, and we are grateful to the Illinois adequately sampled. Additional collecting in Department of Natural Resources, Division of southern Illinois, particularly the Big Muddy Natural Heritage; the Illinois Wildlife Preserva drainage and direct tributaries to the Ohio ]Wver, tion Fund; the Indiana Department of Natural will likely uncover additional taxa as well. Resources; the Illinois Department of Transpor Threats to mussel populations are the same tation, Bureau of Design and Environment; and as those impacting all freshwater riverine the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 3 species: siltation, chemical pollution, impound Office for their financial support. We would ments, instream disturbances (gravel mining, also like to thank Mark Sabaj, Mark Wetzel, construction, dredging, channelization, etc.), Geoff Levin, and Tom Rice for their helpful and competition from exotic species. Commer comments on the manuscript. cial harvest seems to have had relatively little impact on mussel populations, but the data are not conclusive. Species losses appear to be most Literature Cited pronounced in rivers not legally open to com mercial harvest; however, poaching does occur Baker, F.C. 1898a. The Mollusca of the Chicago area. Part in many of these streams Qack Kohlmeyer, I: The Pelecypoda. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy IDNR Law Enforcement, pers. comm). Com of Science 3(1):1-130 + 27 plates. mercial musseling was legal in the Mississippi, Baker, F.C. 1898b. A day on the Chicago drainage canal. Illinois, Wabash, and Ohio rivers, but it has been Nautilus 12(6):63-65. restricted recently to the Mississippi and Ohio Baker, F.C. 1906. A catalogue of the Mollusca of Illinois. rivers because of pressure on unionids from Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural zebra mussels in the Illinois River and declining History 7(6):53-136 + 1 map. Baker, F.C. 1910. The ecology of the Skokie Marsh area, populations in the Wabash River. with special reference to the Mollusca. Bulletin of the Cummings and Mayer: Distributional Checklist and Status of Illinois Freshwater Mussels 143

Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 8(4):441- Insect Identification Technical Report. 1989(l):l-37 + 499 + 20 plates. appendices. Baker, F.C. 1912. Recent additions to the catalog of Cummings, K.S., C.A. Mayer, and L.M. Page. 1992. Illinois Mollusca. Transactions of the Illinois State Survey of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Academy of Science 5:143-145. Unionidae) of the Wabash River drainage. Final Baker, F.C. 1922. The molluscan fauna of the Big Vermil Report. Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for ion River, Illinois. With special reference to its Biodiversity Technical Report. Prepared for Indiana modification as the result of pollution by sewage and Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis. manufacturing wastes. Illinois Biological Mono 1992(6):iii + 201 pp. graphs 7(2):105-224 + 15 plates. Cummings, K.S., L. Suloway, and L.M. Page. 1988. The Baker, F.C. 1926. The naiad fauna of the Rock River freshwater mussels (Mollusca: : Unionidae) of system: A study of the law of stream distribution. the Embarras River in Illinois: Thirty years of stream Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science change. Illinois Natural History Survey, Section of 19:103-112. Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification Technical Baker, F.C., and F. Smith. 1919. A mussel survey of the Report. 1988(2):l-23 + appendices. upper waters of the Vermilion River with special Danglade, E. 1914. The mussel resources of the Illinois reference to the Salt Fork. Transactions of the Illinois River. Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries State Academy of Science 12:129-131. for 1913. Appendix 6:1-48 + 5 plates, 1 map. [Issued Burr, B.M. 1980. A distributional checklist of the fishes of separately as U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document 804]. Kentucky. Brimleyana 3:53-84. Eldridge, J.A. 1914. The mussel fishery of the Fox River. Calkins, W.W. 1872. 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