Drinking Water Source Protection Report for the
City of Columbus Public Water System
The City of Columbus is a community public water system that voluntarily completed their drinking water source assessment for their Parsons Road Wellfield under the Wellhead Protection Program. The drinking water source protection areas for their surface water intakes (at Dublin Road and Hap Cremean Water Plants) were completed by Ohio EPA.
Drinking Water Source Assessment for the City of Columbus (surface water intakes only) (completed by Ohio EPA, 2003)
Wellfield Protection, Development and Management Plan (Parsons Road Wellfield) (completed by Malcolm-Pirnie, 1988)
Drinking Water Source Assessment for the City of Columbus
Summary
Source Water Assessment and Big Walnut Creek. These two systems are Protection. the focus of this source water assessment. The following report for the City of Columbus public water system (PWS) was The Parsons Avenue plant pumps ground compiled as part of the Source Water water from the sediments (primarily glacial Assessment and Protection Program for deposits of sand and gravel) of the Scioto Ohio. This program is intended to identify River valley in south Columbus. The City of drinking water protection areas and provide Columbus’ Wellhead Protection Plan for this information on how to reduce the risk of wellfield is the equivalent of a drinking water contamination of the waters within those source assessment, and was fully endorsed areas. The goal of the program is to ensure by Ohio EPA in 1996. Therefore, the the long term availability of abundant and Parsons Avenue plant is not addressed in safe drinking water for the present and this report. future citizens of Ohio. The Hap Cremean plant has the ability to The Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments supplement the water supply at Hoover of 1996 established the national Source Reservoir with water from Alum Creek Water Assessment and Protection Program, Reservoir. Alum Creek source water was targeting all public water systems in the assessed for the Del-Co/Alum Creek water United States. A public water system is a plant, and the source water information is facility that provides drinking water to 15 or available in that report. more service connections or that regularly serves at least 25 people a day for at least The approved design capacity of the Dublin 60 days a year, whether from an Road plant is 65 million gallons per day underground well or spring, or from an (mgd). In 2001, average production was above ground stream, lake, or reservoir. about 52.58 mgd with a peak of 72.81 mg The requirement does not extend to that occurred on August 4. The approved residential wells or cisterns. In Ohio there design capacity of the Hap Cremean plant is are approximately 5,800 public water 100 mgd. In 2001, average production was systems. 73.12 mgd with a peak of 113.76 mg that occurred on June 29. Background. The City of Columbus Division of Water (DOW) operates a Protection Areas. The drinking water community public water system that serves source protection areas for the surface a population of approximately 945,415 water sources are shown in the following people through more than 257,981 service figure. An inventory of all known or connections. Three drinking water plants, identified potential contaminant sources Dublin Road Water Plant, Hap Cremean within the protection areas was conducted Water Plant, and Parsons Avenue Water by DOW staff. Possible impacts to the Plant--comprise the Columbus public water Dublin Road source water include system. The Dublin Road plant uses agricultural sources and point sources in the surface water from the Scioto River and the upper watershed, industrial activities in and Hap Cremean plant uses surface water from adjacent to protection areas, storm water runoff from developing areas and spills from Drinking Water Source Protection Team be the transportation network. Possible created to draft the plan and oversee its impacts to the Hap Cremean source waters implementation. Some general guidance for include agricultural sources in the this effort has been provided with this watershed, storm water runoff from assessment report. developing areas and spills from the transportation network. For More Information. Additional information on protective strategies and how Protective Strategies. The ultimate goal of this assessment was completed is included source water assessment is implementa- in the detailed Drinking Water Source tion of protective strategies will better Assessment Report for the City of protect the drinking water source. Columbus. Contact Gary Hannahs, Strategies for protecting the City of Watershed Manager, City of Columbus, Columbus’ source waters should include DOW to view a copy of the report at (614) controlling runoff from agricultural 645-1721. sources;controlling discharges from industrial and municipal point sources; Current information on the quality of the controlling urban runoff from developing treated water supplied by the City of areas in the watershed and; coordinating Columbus PWS is available in the with local emergency response agencies. Consumer Confidence Report (CCR). The CCR is distributed annually and it reports on Ohio EPA encourages the City of Columbus detected contaminants and any associated DOW to continue working with other health risks from data collected during the stakeholders in the source water protection previous year. Consumer Confidence areas to develop a local protection plan that Reports are available from the City of will protect the sources of drinking water. Columbus website at: Many local watershed planning efforts are http://columbuswater.com/Consumer%20Co underway to guide stream restoration and nfidence.htm or by contacting the Water protection activities which can also serve to Quality Assurance Lab (WQAL) at (614) benefit the protection of drinking water 645-7691. sources. Ohio EPA recommends that a Summary Figure - Drinking water source protection areas (surface water) for the Columbus public water system. Drinking Water Source Assessment for the City of Columbus
Public Water System # 2504412
Franklin County
Prepared by: Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Division of Surface Water Division of Drinking and Ground Waters Central District Office and Central Office
December, 2003 How to Use this Assessment
Clean and safe drinking water is essential to everyone. Protecting the source of drinking water is a wise and cost-effective investment. The purpose of this source water assessment is to provide information your community can use to develop a local Drinking Water Protection Program. The Source Water Assessment benefits your community by providing the following:
• A basis for focusing limited resources within the community to protect the drinking water source(s). The assessment provides your community with information regarding activities within the Drinking Water Source Protection Area that directly affect your water supply source area. It is within this area that a release of contaminants, from a spill or improper usage, may travel through the watershed and reach the surface water intake. By examining where the source waters are most sensitive to contaminants, and where potential contaminants are located, the assessment identifies the potential risks that should be addressed first.
• A basis for informed decision-making regarding land use within the community. The assessment provides your community with a significant amount of information regarding where your drinking water comes from (the source) and what the risks are to the quality of that source. This information allows your community planning authorities to make informed decisions regarding proposed land uses within the protection area that are compatible with both your drinking water resource and the vision of growth embraced by your community.
• A start to a comprehensive plan for the watershed and source water area. This assessment can be the beginning of a comprehensive plan for the water resource, one that addresses all of the uses the water resource provides. An ecologically healthy lake, stream and watershed will provide a stable, high quality resource for drinking water.
For information about developing a local Drinking Water Source Protection Program, please contact the Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters at (614) 644-2752 or visit the Division’s web site at www.epa.state.oh.us/ddagw/pdu/swap.html.
1 1.0 INTRODUCTION
The 1996 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act established a program for states to assess the drinking water source for all public water systems. The Source Water Assessment and Protection (SWAP) Program is designed to help Ohio’s public water systems protect their sources of drinking water from becoming contaminated.
The purpose of this assessment is to identify where and how the source waters are at risk of contamination. The report • identifies the drinking water source protection area, • examines the characteristics of the watershed and water quality, • inventories the potential contaminant sources within that area, and discusses the susceptibility of the system to contamination.
Finally, the report suggests actions that the public water supplier and local community may take to reduce the risk of contaminating their sources of drinking water and ensure the long term availability of abundant and safe drinking water resources.
Results and recommendations presented in this report are based on the information available at the time of publication. Ohio EPA recognizes that additional information may become available in the future that could be used to more accurately determine the drinking water source protection area. Also, changes in land use may occur after Ohio EPA completes the potential contaminant source inventory. This report should be used as a starting point to develop a plan to protect drinking water resources.
This report was prepared by Jeff Lewis, Linda Merchant-Masonbrink, and Rich McClay, Ohio EPA, Division of Surface Water, with assistance from City of Columbus DOW staff.
2.0 PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Dublin Road Water Plant
The Dublin Road Water Plant is located near the center of Franklin County. It has a raw water intake located on the Scioto River just south of the water plant. Griggs Reservoir, constructed in northwestern Franklin County in 1908, and O’Shaughnessy Reservoir, constructed in southwestern Delaware County in 1925, provide the needed water supply on the Scioto River for the Dublin Road Water Plant. The combined storage capacity of both reservoirs is about 6.2 billion gallons.
The Dublin Road Water Plant’s treatment processes consist of two-stage treatment by flocculation and settling. First stage treatment includes alum addition for coagulation followed by second stage treatment using soda ash or caustic soda for softening. Treatment proceeds with recarbonation for stabilization, intermediate chlorination, filtration with anthracite cap filters, post chlorination, fluoridation and zinc orthophosphate for corrosion control. Potassium permanganate and powdered activated carbon are fed as needed for taste and odor control. Potassium permanganate is also fed on a seasonal basis for the removal of synthetic organic chemicals.
The Dublin Road Water Plant’s approved design capacity is 65 million gallons a day (mgd). For 2001, average daily production was 52.58 mgd with a peak flow of 72.81 mgd that occurred on August 4.
2 Hap Cremean Water Plant
The Hap Cremean Water Plant is located in northeastern Franklin County. It has a drinking water intake located on Big Walnut Creek just east of the water plant. Hoover Reservoir, constructed in northern Franklin County and southern Delaware County in 1955, provides the main water supply for the plant. The reservoir storage capacity is about 20 billion gallons of water.
The City of Columbus also maintains a 70 mgd raw water pump station at Alum Creek Reservoir to supplement the Hoover Reservoir water supply during periods of low flow. The pump station provides raw water through a force main that empties into the north west portion of Hoover Reservoir near Big Walnut Road. Most recently, the City of Columbus activated the raw water pump station during the period from July 2002 to March 2003.
The Hap Cremean treatment process is similar to the Dublin Road two-stage treatment. Potassium permanganate and powdered activated carbon are also added for taste and odor control. In addition, the Hap Cremean plant also feeds potassium permanganate on a seasonal basis for the removal of synthetic organic compounds.
The Hap Cremean Water Plant’s approved design capacity is 100 mgd. For 2001, average daily production was 73.12 mgd with a peak flow of 113.76 that occurred on June 29, 2001.
3.0 DRINKING WATER SOURCE PROTECTION AREA
The Drinking Water Source Protection Area (protection area) for an inland stream is defined as the drainage area upstream of the point where the water is withdrawn from a surface source such as a stream, lake or reservoir. The protection area is subdivided into corridor and emergency management zones. An illustration of the protection areas and corridor management zones for the City of Columbus’ public water system is shown in Figure 1. The emergency management zones are shown in Figures 2 and 3.
The Corridor Management Zone (CMZ) is an area along streams and tributaries within the source water assessment area that warrants delineation, inventory, and management. Typically, this zone runs a total of ten miles upstream from the intake, and includes the tributaries that drain into it. The zone is 1,000 feet wide on each side of the Scioto River and Alum Creek mainstems (and the reservoirs), and 500 feet wide on each side of any tributaries.
The Emergency Management Zone (EMZ) is defined as an area in the immediate vicinity of the surface water intake, in which the public water system operator has little or no time to respond to a spill. The boundary of the EMZ is delineated in cooperation with the water supplier. It typically is delineated as a semi-circle that extends 500 feet upstream of the intake and 100 feet downstream of the intake.
The corridor and emergency management zones were the focus and field and windshield surveys to inventory potential contaminant sources. Information was also collected during interviews with water treatment plant personnel.
Dublin Road Water Plant Drinking Water Source Protection Area For the Dublin Road plant, the drinking water source protection area covers more than 1,000 square miles and includes the upper Scioto River watershed. The protection area begins at the intake on the Scioto River near downtown Columbus and extends upstream to the headwaters seven miles north of Indian Lake in Hardin County. Major tributaries to the Scioto River in the
3 protection area include Mill Creek and Bokes Creek. Griggs Reservoir and O’Shaughnessy Reservoir provide more than 6.0 billion gallons of raw water storage for the Dublin Road. Griggs Reservoir covers more than 365 acres and has 15 miles of shoreline. O’Shaughnessy Reservoir covers more than 1,000 acres and has 35 miles of shoreline. An illustration of the Dublin Road protection area and CMZ is shown in Figure 1.
The CMZ portion of the Dublin Road protection area extends north along the Scioto River from the intake up to Griggs Reservoir in the northern portion of Franklin County for a distance of ten river miles. Main tributaries included in the CMZ are Dry Run, Evans Run and Hayden Run.
Metropolitan areas located in the CMZ portion of the Dublin Road protection area include western Columbus, Grandview Heights, Hilliard, Upper Arlington and Dublin. Townships located in the protection area include Franklin, Norwich, Washington, Clinton and Perry.
Figure 2 shows the boundary of the EMZ for the Dublin Road Water Plant’s protection area.
Hap Cremean Water Plant Drinking Water Source Protection Area For the Hap Cremean Plant, the protection area consists of more 195 square miles and includes the upper Big Walnut Creek watershed. The Hap Cremean protection area begins at the intake on Big Walnut Creek in northeast Columbus and extends to just south of Mount Gilead in Morrow County. Tributaries to Big Walnut Creek in the Hap Cremean protection area include Little Walnut Creek, Rattlesnake Creek, Duncan Run, Perfect Creek, Sugar Creek, Long Run, and Reynolds Run. An illustration of the Hap Cremean protection area and CMZ is shown in Figure 1.
The CMZ portion of the Hap Cremean protection area extends north along Big Walnut Creek from the intake up through Hoover Reservoir to the Village of Sunbury into the southern portion of Delaware County for a distance of about 17 river miles. The Hoover Reservoir portion of the Hap Cremean protection area covers more 3,300 acres, has over 45 miles of shoreline and holds more than 20 billion gallons of water.
Metropolitan areas located in the CMZ portion of the Hap Cremean protection area include northeast Columbus, Westerville (Franklin County), Galena and Sunbury (Delaware County). Townships located in the protection area include Blendon, Plain (Franklin County), Genoa, Harlem and Berkshire (Delaware County).
Figure 3 shows the boundary of the EMZ for the Hap Cremean Water Plant’s protection area.
4.0 HYDROLOGIC SETTING
Dublin Road Water Plant
Shape or Unique Features The Dublin Road Water Plant protection area is a hydrologic region of very strong land use contrast, which influences source water protection considerations. Urban-suburban and agricultural land uses each present a different array of challenges to source water protection within the spatial settings unique to the Dublin Road protection area. In shape, this protection area resembles a three pointed hat, with the points terminating in Hardin, Crawford and Franklin counties. The larger, central portion of the area lies in Union County.
Those portions of the area in Crawford, Hardin, Marion, Union and northern Delaware counties
4 display overwhelmingly agricultural land uses, with an emphasis on corn and soybean farming. The portion in southern Delaware County and northern Franklin County transitions from “suburban” to densely populated urban, with a mix of residential, commercial, industrial and transportation infrastructure land uses. Metropolitan Columbus contributes the largest component of urban, suburban and currently developing land uses; smaller cities scattered across the protection area add similar acreage to the total. Bucyrus, Dublin, Hilliard, Kenton, Marion, Marysville and Upper Arlington are the larger examples.
A second notable feature of the protection area is the presence of two major reservoirs (O’Shaughnessy and Griggs) on the Scioto River in the suburban and developing sections of the area. In addition to impeding the flow of the Scioto River, they also intercept a number of perennial and intermittent tributaries which flowed directly to the Scioto, prior to the reservoirs’ construction. These include: Cramer Ditch, Hayden Run, Tudor Ditch, and Slate Run which enter Griggs Reservoir, while Eversole Run and Mill Creek are the major perennial streams entering O’Shaughnessy (United States Geological Survey).
Another feature is the presence of concentrated animal farm operations (CAFOs) in this protection area. Large-scale poultry, swine and dairy operations are present in the Union, Hardin and Marion county portions of the protection area.
A fourth notable characteristic observed in this protection area is the heavy concentration of potential contaminant sources in the lower portion (between the drinking water intake and Griggs reservoir). This portion of the watershed exhibits urban/suburban land uses with extensive impervious surface area and comparatively rapid run off to streams, ditches and storm drains; often unimpeded by wooded or grassed riparian buffers.
Ecoregion - Physiography The whole of the Dublin Road protection area has been glaciated and bears the marks of glacial deposition, with an abundance of associated glacial soils. The area falls within the Eastern Corn Belt Plains ecoregion and exhibits a variety of characteristic soils, geology, climate and original vegetative cover.
That portion of the protection area extending from the intakes to approximately the Delaware County line rests within the Loamy High Lime Till Plains subset of the ecoregion. This subset shows generally better draining soil associations formed on light to rolling glacial till plains with low stream gradients, end moraines and glacial outwash forms. The remainder of the protection area falls within the Clayey High Lime Till Plains subset of the ecoregion exhibiting slower percolating soil associations, frequently requiring the artificial drainage of crop fields (Omernik, 1988).
Topographic Characteristics Iterative flows of glacial ice have marked Central Ohio with their characteristic land forms. The Dublin Road protection area shares this legacy. Depositional features (ground and end moraines) are common and have influenced the area’s stream fall gradients and topography. A close reading of USGS topographic maps reveals end moraines with crowded contour lines indicating ridges.
While the highest stream fall gradients (222 and 275 ft./mile) on Scioto River tributaries are seen outside of this protection area, it should be noted that steep gradients are present in the Dublin Road protection area. Both Slate Run in Franklin County and Deer Run in Delaware County exhibit falls greater than 125 ft./mile (Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 1960). Steep gradients may speed up pollutant transport from tributaries toward mainstem streams and
5 intakes.
Soils The interaction of bedrock geology, slope-topography, flora, climate and the passage of time produced the soils of the Dublin Road protection area. The uplands throughout the protection area are generally not well drained, with the presence of Pewamo soil associations formed on glacial tills, as seen in Union and Delaware counties.
Throughout most of this area somewhat better draining soils formed in alluvium and glacial outwash can be seen in the stream and river corridors (flood plain and terraces). These soil associations can extend to approximately one mile for major tributaries such as Mill and Bokes Creeks and up to approximately two miles in width for the Scioto.
Land Use Land use types typically exhibiting extensive impervious surfaces (commercial, industrial, transportation, low and high density residential) may rapidly introduce surface runoff into protection area waters through storm drains-sewers, ditches, old field tile systems and across parking lots, freeways, roads-streets and similar paved surfaces.
While land use data for the Dublin Road protection area compiled in 1992 indicate that the above uses comprised approximately 4.5 percent of the total, that percentage has undoubtedly increased with the continued development of agricultural and rural acreage. It should also be noted that the percentage of developed land surface in the Franklin County portion of the study area (and in close proximity to the intake) well exceeds 4.5 percent and would be accompanied by a near proportionate increase in impervious surface area. Portions of the Lower Olentangy watershed with similar development and land use exhibit between 41 percent and 78 percent impervious surface (Friends of the Lower Olentangy Watershed 2003).
1992 data indicated that 72.7 percent of all land in the Dublin Road protection area is used for row crop production. Pesticides and fertilizers can be introduced to the water column of protection area streams if applied improperly, exceeding recommended quantities or under unfavorable weather conditions. The absence of grassed or wooded riparian corridor and/or lack of conservation tillage practices may speed introduction of these pesticides to area streams. The prevalence of grass lawns and their maintenance may introduce similar chemical products into surface waters within the residential, commercial and industrial portions of the area.
Transportation corridors and local roads which traverse or have close proximity to a Corridor Management Zone (CMZ) can rapidly convey pollutants from spills to the stream system. Significant transportation infrastructure elements situated within or closely proximate to the Dublin Road CMZ include, but are not limited to: I-270, I-70, I-670, U.S. Route 33, McKinley Avenue, Grandview Avenue bridge, Trabue Road bridge, Fishinger Road bridge, Hayden Road bridge, Conrail bridge at Marble Cliff, Conrail Buckeye rail yards south of Roberts Road, two Conrail lines running from northwest to southeast along the Scioto River between Grandview Avenue bridge and Harrison Road, Camp Chase RR line extending from the southwest and intersecting the Conrail line south of the I-70 and I-670 intersection. I-270 crosses virtually all tributary streams within the CMZ west of the Scioto River (United States Geological Survey).
Surface runoffs from the above transportation network, “urban” runoff from driveways, parking lots, roofs, patios and the likely improper disposal and leakage into storm drains and tributaries of home, business and industry byproducts (paints, lawn-garden chemicals, restaurant greases, soaps, cleaning products, vehicle lubricants, cleaning solvents) are commonly encountered in the lower portion of the Dublin Road protection area.
6 Runoff Potential The runoff potential from the Dublin Road protection area surfaces varies, in part, due to imperviousness, slope, soil characteristics and vegetative cover. Soil characteristics are more determinant in those portions of the area dominated by row cropping and pasture. Conservation tillage and wooded or grassed riparian corridors can mitigate these characteristics.
Imperviousness is more determinant in suburbanized and urbanized locations. Where land is undergoing “clearing”, surface shaping and other development related activity, properly installed erosion protective measures such as seeding, silt fence, drain protection and holding ponds can mitigate the potentials of slope and soil type. These protective measures will in turn act to slow the delivery of storm water to the stream network.
Soils are normally grouped into four hydrological classes: A, B, C, and D; from least to most runoff potential. The soil associations encountered in the rural and agricultural areas of this protection area (i.e. Glynwood-Blount) are classified C-C, exhibiting slow infiltration rates and correspondingly high runoff potential. These soils often require artificial drainage systems such as field tile.
Certain soil associations (Milton-Ritchey) often seen in the Corridor Management Zone within Franklin County are classified C-D, slow or very slow infiltration rates and correspondingly higher runoff potential (United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service).
These soils in combination with one or multiple factors (heavy precipitation, rapid snow melt, frozen ground surface, steep stream gradients, impervious surfaces heavy tillage, absence of riparian vegetative buffers) may contribute to more rapid introduction of pollutants to protection area water columns.
Hap Cremean Water Plant
Shape or Unique Features The Hap Cremean Water Plant’s protection area resembles an arrow head with the tip a few miles south of Mount Gilead. It widens downstream to include both the Alum Creek and Hoover Reservoirs with their constituent tributary systems. Notable features of this protection area include: • Two major stream systems drain the area: Alum and Big Walnut Creeks; • The reservoirs intercept most tributaries that previously would have flowed directly to Big Walnut and Alum Creeks; • A golf course (Little Turtle), is located approximately two lineal miles upstream of the intake and drained by an intermittent tributary to Big Walnut Creek; • A steep sided perennial tributary (100 foot relief) enters Big Walnut Creek approximately 2.3 linear miles upstream of the intake.
Ecoregion - Physiography The Hap Cremean protection area overlaps three ecoregions (Omernik, 1988). South of the Delaware County line, the Big Walnut system flows across the Loamy High Lime Till Plains subset of the Eastern Corn Belt Plains ecoregion. This rolling glacial till plain is characterized by low gradient streams including Perfect and Culver Creeks. North of the Delaware County line, the Big Walnut system drains the landscapes of the Erie Ontario Drift and Lake Plain. These landscapes, on the eastern side of Big Walnut, show rolling plains, low rounded hills, gentle slopes, end moraines and typical outwash landforms. In Morrow County, the few tributaries flowing from the west to the Big Walnut mainstem drain another subset of the Eastern Corn Belt Plains ecoregion: the Clayey High Lime Till Plains. Also glaciated, this till plain area
7 shows basins, end moraines and lower gradient streams.
Alum Creek Reservoir and all streams within the Corridor Management Zone (CMZ) lie within the Loamy High Lime Till Plains, a region of nearly level terrain. North of Indigo Creek’s mouth on Alum Creek, the protection area transitions to the slower draining Clayey High Lime Till Plains. Most of the Alum Creek tributaries flowing from higher elevations to the east (between Fulton and the Morrow County line), drain a portion of the Erie/Ontario Drift and Lake Plain. This region of low rounded hills and scattered moraines and kettles shows more forested ridges and lowlands than other portions of the Alum Creek drainage.
Topographic Characteristics Iterative flows of glacial ice have marked Central Ohio with their characteristic land forms. Landscapes of the Hap-Cremean protection area share this legacy. Depositional features (ground moraines, end moraines etc.) are common and have influenced the area’s stream fall gradients and topography. Glacial till and outwash depositions are common. Many stream courses are incised into these tills. The stream gradients are in part due to topographical relief established by glaciation. However many former tributaries of Alum Creek now enter the reservoir and have as a result, modified gradients. (Alum Creek and its tributaries downstream of the reservoir dam are not within this protection area.)
Big Walnut Creek and many of its tributaries are also reservoir-intercepted. Downstream of the dam four tributaries, two perennial and two intermittent, enter the mainstem. The first of these is a perennial stream entering Big Walnut through a steep sided ravine with relief approximating 100 feet (Ohio Department of Natural Resources 1960).
Soils The interaction of bedrock geology, slope-topography, flora, fauna, climate and the passage of time produced the soils encountered in this protection area. Drainage characteristics are one variable affecting runoff potential within a protection area.
Within the Alum Creek portion of the protection area, two soil associations are dominant. Blount-Pewamo-Glynwood soils are seen on landscapes west of the Alum Creek reservoir, between Kilbourne and a DelCo Water Company intake. Shorter tributaries entering the reservoir between Peachblow Road and the dam, flow across Benington-Cardington-Pewamo soils. County soil surveys describe both soil associations as very slow, slow or moderately slow permeating (US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service).
The protection area landscapes drained by Big Walnut and its tributaries show a variety of well, to very poorly draining soils. Uplands surrounding Hoover Reservoir show the somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained Bennington-Pewamo association formed in medium textured and fine textured glacial till.
The permeabilities and associated runoff characteristics of soils surrounding and upstream of the dam are less relevant than are those between the dam and the intake. The CMZ between the dam and the intake exhibits the Medway-Genesee-Sloan association formed in recent alluvium. This later association includes well, to very poorly drained soils (United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service).
Land Use Land use types typically exhibiting extensive impervious surfaces (commercial-industrial- transportation, low and high intensity residential) may rapidly introduce surface runoff into the Hap-Cremean protection area waters through storm sewers, ditches, old field tile systems, parking lots and similar paved surfaces.
8 The land use data referenced for the Hap-Cremean protection area (1992) indicate that the above uses comprised approximately 1.3 percent of the total. This percentage has undoubtedly increased due to continued development of agricultural and rural acreage in the Big Walnut and Alum Creek watersheds. While scattered across various sections of these watersheds, land uses associated with extensive impervious surfaces are concentrated in the CMZ downstream of Hoover Dam and in close proximity to the intake.
The 1992 data indicated that 50.7 percent of all land in this protection area was devoted to row crop production. Pesticides and fertilizers can be introduced to the water column of the Hap- Cremean protection area streams if applied improperly, exceeding recommended quantities or under unfavorable weather conditions. The absence of grassed or wooded riparian corridor and/or lack of conservation tillage practices may speed introduction of these chemicals to area streams. The prevalence of grass lawns and their maintenance may introduce similar chemical products into surface waters within the residential, commercial and industrial portions of the area
The recent intensive and coordinated focus on Big Walnut water quality by Columbus, County Soil and Water Conservation Districts, the State of Ohio, the United States Department of Agriculture and other entities has led to the increased implementation of water protective agricultural conservation practices, particularly upstream of Hoover Reservoir and dam.
Transportation corridors and local roads which traverse or have close proximity to a CMZ can rapidly convey pollutants from spills to the stream system. Significant transportation infrastructure elements situated within or closely proximate to the Hap-Cremean CMZ include, but are not limited to: exit-entrance ramps of State Route 161 and Sunbury Road, State Route 161 bridge, Central College Road and bridge, Sunbury Road and residential streets intersecting it from the east, Cherry Bottom Road and residential streets intersecting it from the west (United States Geological Survey).
Surface runoffs from the above transportation network, “urban” runoff from driveways, parking lots, roofs, patios and the likely improper disposal and leakage into storm drains and tributaries of home, business and industrial byproducts (paints, lawn-garden chemicals, restaurant greases soaps, cleaning products, vehicle lubricants, clean solvents) are commonly encountered in the intensely developed portion of the protection area between the Hoover Reservoir dam and the intake.
Runoff Potential The runoff potential observed within the Hap-Cremean protection area varies, in part, due to imperviousness, slope, soil characteristics and vegetative cover. Soil characteristics are more important in those portions of the area dominated by row cropping and pasture. Conservation tillage and wooded or grassed riparian corridors can mitigate these characteristics.
Imperviousness will be more determinant in suburbanized and urbanized locations. Where land is undergoing “clearing,” surface shaping and other development related activity; properly installed erosion protective measures such as seeding, silt fence, drain protection and holding ponds can mitigate the potentials of slope and soil type. These protective measures will in turn act to slow the delivery of storm water to the stream network.
Soils are normally grouped into four hydrological classes: A, B, C, and D; from least to most runoff potential. The soil associations encountered on the uplands of this SWAP area (i.e. Blount-Pewamo, Glynwood-Blount) are classified C exhibiting slow infiltration rates and correspondingly high runoff potential. The Medway-Genesee-Sloan associations encountered on flood plains and terraces between the dam and the intake are classified B, moderate infiltration rates and correspondingly lower runoff potential.
9 When soils with high runoff potential are combined with other factors (heavy precipitation, rapid snow melt, frozen ground surface, steep stream gradients, impervious surfaces, heavy tillage, absence of riparian vegetative buffer) they may contribute to more rapid introduction of pollutants to SWAP area water columns.
Climate Fluctuating stream flows within the protection areas are partly a function of climate. Below the dam, the Big Walnut’s flow is strongly influenced by the US Army Corps of Engineers release schedule. Central Ohio lies within a climate region (Humid Continental) characterized by the interface of cold-dry air masses from Canada and warmer, more humid air masses from the Gulf of Mexico (Strahler 1963). The meeting of contrasting air masses produces two predominant phenomena which may cause lengthy periods of precipitation or shorter period of more intense precipitation. They are: (1) the passing of warm and cold fronts which occurs throughout the year; and (2) the development of convectional and frontal thunderstorms which are more frequent in warmer months. Each may contribute to a rapid increase in runoff and stream flow, particularly in the presence of a frozen ground surface, saturated - slow draining soils and/or impervious surfaces (Strahler 1963).
5.0 WATER QUALITY
Available chemical and biological water quality data collected from the streams in the protection area, and sampling results from finished water reported to Ohio EPA by the public water supplier were evaluated to characterize the natural quality of the source waters (Scioto River and Little Walnut Creek).
Treated Water Quality A review of the City of Columbus’ compliance monitoring data from 1991-2002 revealed that the system has periodically detected nitrate and pesticides, as described below.
Dublin Road Water Plant (Scioto River). A review of sampling results for treated water samples at the Dublin Road Plant (Table 1) indicates detections of several pesticides including atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, simazine, metribuzin, acetolochlor and cyanazine. Within this sampling period, only atrazine has ever exceeded its maximum contaminant limit (MCL), but the levels and/or frequency have not been high enough to trigger an MCL violation. Atrazine has been detected at levels as high as 3.89 ug/l (MCL is 3.0 ug/l).
Nitrates have been detected consistently in treated water samples. The maximum level detected during this time period was 15.3 parts per million. The MCL for nitrates is 10 parts per million.
The Dublin Road Treatment Plant has been consistently in compliance with turbidity requirements. The treatment technique requirements for turbidity must be maintained at less than or equal to 0.5 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) in at least 95 percent of the samples analyzed. Turbidity monitoring helps indicate filtration effectiveness and high levels can be an indicator of soil runoff.
Hap Cremean Water Plant (Big Walnut Creek). A review of sampling results for treated water samples at the Hap Cremean Plant (Table 2) indicates detections for several pesticides including atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, metribuzin, simazine and cyanazine. Within this sampling period, only atrazine has ever exceeded its maximum contaminant limit (MCL), but the levels and/or frequency have not been high enough to trigger an MCL violation. Atrazine has been detected at levels as high as 4.72 ug/l (MCL is 3.0 ug/l).
Nitrates have been detected consistently in treated water, but from 1991 to 2003 have not
10 exceeded the MCL of 10 parts per million (mg/l). The maximum detected level was 5.7 parts per million.
The Hap Cremean plant has also been consistently in compliance with turbidity requirements.
It should be recognized that sampling results presented in this report can only provide information on the quality of water at the time the sample was collected. Water quality may over time due to a number of reasons. Therefore, it is recommended that the reader also consult the most recent Consumer Confidence Report (CCR). Columbus is required annually to prepare and distribute the CCR to their customers. This report is a good source of information on the community’s drinking water, including the source of the water, contaminants detected, the likely sources of detected contaminants, and the potential health effects of contaminants at levels above the drinking water standards. Consumer Confidence Reports are available from the City of Columbus website at: http://columbuswater.com/Consumer%20Confidence.htm or by contacting the Water Quality Assurance Lab (WQAL) at (614) 645-7691.
Biological and Chemical Monitoring Ohio EPA and the City of Columbus conduct extensive source water monitoring in the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek watersheds. Included are ongoing biological and water quality surveys conducted by Ohio EPA to support the NPDES permitting process, total maximum daily load (TMDL) program and other surface water activities. When conducting large surveys such as these, sampling frequency and location may not be suitable to characterize specific goals such as those of the Drinking Water Source Protection program.
The City of Columbus source water monitoring activities are coordinated through the Watershed Managementnd stream water quality monitoring efforts in support of drinking water protection activities.
Summaries of some of these watershed monitoring activities are provided below.
Big Walnut Creek Watershed
< Biological and Water Quality Study of Big Walnut Creek and Selected Tributaries (Ohio EPA Technical Report MAS/2003 draft).
In 2000, Ohio EPA sampled more than twenty-five (25) sites in the Big Walnut watershed portion of the Hap Cremean protection area as part of the study. This included nine sites on the Big Walnut Creek mainstem from Cardington-East Road (river mile 73.60) to State Route 161 (river mile 34.90) just upstream of the Hap Cremean Water Plant (HCWP) intake. Tributaries of Big Walnut Creek in the Hap Cremean protection area that were sampled as part of the survey included Little Walnut Creek, Rattlesnake Creek, Prairie Run, Long Run, Sugar Creek, Culver Creek, Dry Run, Perfect Creek and Duncan Run.
A review of the water quality sampling data collected from the 2000 survey indicates numerous exceedences of bacterial water quality standards throughout the Hap Cremean source water protection area. Included were exceedences of primary and secondary contact standards as measured by E. coli and fecal coliform. Several exceedences of the minimum dissolved oxygen criteria were also identified. Other preliminary findings from the study include elevated levels of nutrients (ammonia, nitrates, phosphorus) and suspended solids in the source water protection area. These levels were often above the 75th percentile background value with some levels even exceeding the 90th percentile.
11 The completed report for the 2000 water quality survey should be consulted for additional data, results and discussion related the watershed quality in the Hap Cremean protection area. When completed, a hard copy will be available at the Ohio EPA’s web site at: http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/document_index/psdindx.html.
< Big Walnut Creek TMDL
Water quality sampling in the Big Walnut watershed is expected to continue, to support Ohio EPA’s total maximum daily load (TMDL) program. The proposed TMDL schedule for Big Walnut Creek includes additional field survey and stream sampling activities in 2003 with a projected TMDL completion date of December 2003.
< Hoover Reservoir Water Quality Monitoring
The City of Columbus Water Quality Assurance Lab (WQAL) conducts monthly water quality sampling of Hoover Reservoir. Nutrient levels and pesticides are analyzed to determine water quality trends. Monthly sampling for nutrients (total phosphorus, nitrite/nitrates) in Hoover Reservoir showed slightly declining trends for the thirteen year period from 1990 - 2002. For sampling conducted during the five year period from 1998 - 2002, total phosphorus levels averaged below 0.04 mg/l and nitrite/nitrate levels averaged below 1.5 mg/l.
Pesticide sampling for atrazine in Hoover Reservoir during the five year period from 1998 -2002 averaged below 1.1 ug/l. The highest sample results recorded each year for atrazine were; 2.10 ug/l (09/09/02), 2.67 ug/l (07/02/01), 4.81 ug/l (07/10/00), 2.02 ug/l (03/01/99), and 1.87 (01/06/98). Simazine sample results for the same five year period averaged below 0.35 ug/l. The highest sample results recorded each year for simazine were; 0.81ug/l (07/01/02), 1.10 (07/02/01), 1.56 ug/l (07/10/00), 0.38 ug/l (02/01/99) and 0.50 (01/06/98) (Columbus, 2003).
< Upper Big Walnut Creek CREP Water Quality Monitoring The City of Columbus WQAL and Watershed Management Office also collects and analyzes water quality data in support of the Upper Big Walnut Creek Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (UBWC CREP). The UBWC CREP is a watershed effort to reduce chemical and sediment runoff effort into Hoover Reservoir and tributaries. The CREP compensates landowners who voluntarily take cropland out of production and establish conservation practices. Activities have included monitoring atrazine levels in Sugar Creek, Duncan Run and other streams in the watershed.
Scioto River Watershed
< Biological and Water Quality Study of the Upper Scioto River Basin (Ohio EPA Technical Report MAS/1996-12-13)
In 1995, Ohio EPA sampled more than thirty (30) sites in the Scioto River watershed portion of the Dublin Road Water Plant protection area as part of the study. This included 22 sites on the Scioto River mainstem from upstream of Roundhead (river mile 233.6) to downstream of O’Shaughnessy Reservoir (river mile 145.7). Twelve Scioto River tributary sites were sampled, including sites on Cottonwood Ditch, Taylor Creek, Silver Creek, Panther Creek and Wildcat Creek. A majority of the sites sampled were in the Hardin and Marion County portion of the upper Scioto River watershed.
Overall, the study indicated that most sites studied met applicable biological and water quality use designations. Exceptions included the confluence of the Little Scioto River in the Prospect dam pool. The study showed concentrations of phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen were highest at this location.
12 Sampling immediately upstream and downstream of O’Shaughnessy Reservoir indicated full attainment of aquatic life use standards. The study noted that some of the nutrient load from the Little Scioto River was assimilated by reservoir conditions. Water quality exceedences were noted at rivermile 145.7 downstream of O’Shaughnessy Reservoir for copper and zinc. Urban storm water runoff from adjacent roads was indicated as the likely source.
The Biological and Water Quality Study of the Upper Scioto River Basin (Ohio EPA Technical Report MAS/1996-12-13) is available from Ohio EPA’s website at: http://web.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/documents/uscio95.pdf .
< Biological and Water Quality Study of Mill Creek (Scioto River Basin) and Selected Tributaries (Ohio EPA Technical Report MAS/1996-12-11)
In 1995, Ohio EPA sampled over 27 sites in the Mill Creek watershed portion of the Dublin Road protection area as part of this study. The Mill Creek study area is positioned from just upstream of Otter Creek (river mile 39.4) and East Liberty in Logan County to the Mill Road Bridge (river mile 1.8) near the confluence with the Scioto River in Delaware County. Most of the study area and sampled sites were in Union County and included tributaries to Mill Creek (Town Run, Crosses Run, Blues Creek and Otter Creek).
Important water chemistry findings from this study showed elevated nitrate and phosphorus concentrations extending from the Marysville Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) downstream (approximately 18 miles) to the confluence with the Scioto River. Ammonia exceedences of water quality standards criteria were also detected for about 1.5 miles downstream of the WWTP.
The survey also showed numerous exceedences of bacterial water quality standards throughout the study area. Included were exceedences of primary and secondary contact standards as measured by fecal coliform. Most exceedences were found to be associated with point source dischargers (wastewater treatment plants), home sewage systems, agricultural runoff and other nonpoint sources.
Crosses Run drainage basin downstream from The Scotts Company (fertilizer products manufacturer) showed many water quality exceedences for pesticides. Included were aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan I and II, heptachlor, DDT metabolites and a lindane isomer. The study also found numerous semivolatile contaminants and highly elevated ammonia sample results in this area.
The Biological and Water Quality Study of Mill Creek (Scioto River Basin) and Selected Tributaries is available from Ohio EPA’s website at: http://web.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/documents/millma95.pdf.
< Biological and Water Quality Study of the Middle Scioto River and Alum Creek (Ohio EPA Technical Report MAS/1997-12-12)
In 1996, Ohio EPA sampled seven sites on the mainstem of the Scioto River above the DRWP intake as part of this study. The sites were located beginning just upstream of Griggs Reservoir (River Mile 145) extending downstream to 5th Avenue (River Mile136).
Results from the 1996 water chemistry sampling portion of the study did not reveal significant water quality problems in the Dublin Road protection area. Ammonia and nitrate-nitrite concentrations were generally at or below median concentrations expected to be found in large river warm-water habitat reference sites. Total phosphorus concentrations were found generally below 0.2 mg/l (below warmwater habitat guideline of 1.0 mg/l). Fecal coliform was the most frequently exceeded water quality standard found in the Scioto River and source water
13 protection area during the study. Reported sources included sewage spills, overflows, urban runoff and unsewered areas.
The Biological and Water Quality Study of the Middle Scioto River and Alum Creek is available from Ohio EPA’s website at: http://web.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/documents/Scito96.pdf .
< Total Maximum Daily Loads for Mill Creek (Scioto River Basin) and Selected Tributaries (Ohio EPA Draft TMDL Report/2002)
In 2002, Ohio EPA completed the Total Maximum Daily Loads report for Mill Creek (Scioto River Basin) and Selected Tributaries. A TMDL is a calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a waterbody can receive and still meet water quality standards. The Mill Creek TMDL report describes water quality and habitat conditions and assesses factors affecting water quality standards attainment. The TMDL also provides a method for establishing important restoration options.
Much of this report is based on water quality survey data and other sampling collected by Ohio EPA in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2001. This report showed the primary causes on impairment in the Mill Creek watershed are organic enrichment and low instream dissolved oxygen attributed to point source discharges and habitat degradation in some tributaries to Mill Creek.
TMDLs were calculated for CBOD5 and ammonia-N. Biological and habitat indices were also developed to support habitat restoration goals necessary to meet biological and chemical water quality standards.
The Marysville WWTP was identified as the most significant source of impact to chemical water quality and biological community performance in Mill Creek. This impact was attributed to organic waste loadings (e.g. elevated ammonia, total phosphorus) and subsequent dissolved oxygen depletion downstream. The Mill Creek TMDL report also identified The Scotts Company as the primary source of impacts to Crosses Run. These impacts were related to ammonia, organic enrichment, low dissolved oxygen levels and contamination from pesticides and organic compounds.
The main restoration options identified in this TMDL report are point source controls and habitat protection and restoration. Additional options include septic system improvements, urban runoff controls and public education.
The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Mill Creek (Scioto River Basin) and Selected Tributaries Draft Report is available from Ohio EPA’s website at: http://web.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/tmdl/MillCreekSciotoTMDLDraftReport_1002.pdf.
< Biological and Water Quality Study of Bokes Creek and Selected Tributaries (Ohio EPA Technical Report MAS/2000-12-7)
In 1999, Ohio EPA sampled more than 25 locations in the Bokes Creek watershed as part of this study. Bokes Creek is a tributary of the Scioto River in the Dublin Road source water protection area. The study area included 36 miles of Bokes Creek beginning at the mainstem reach at State Route 292 and extending downstream to the mouth near Warrensburg on the Scioto River. Six tributaries to Bokes Creek, including Smith Run, Brush Run and Powderlick Run were also included in the study.
The study found that the entire Bokes Creek watershed is impacted by excessive concentrations of nutrients along with suspended solids, oxygen demanding substances and bacteria. Headwaters and tributaries were found to be severely influenced by agricultural runoff
14 including fertilizers from grain producing fields and manure from livestock operations. Failing on-site wastewater treatment systems were also identified as problematic sources.
Phosphorus concentrations above the ecoregion reference site median of 0.13 mg/l were found at most sites along the Bokes Creek mainstem and tributaries. Some phosphorus results well above 1.0 mg/l were noted in several of the tributaries sampled. Included were several results ranging from 1.24 mg/l to 1.76 mg/l from sites studied in Powderlick Run.
Numerous exceedences of water quality standards for bacteria were found during the study. Included were exceedences of primary and secondary contact standards as measured by E. coli and fecal coliform.
Several organic pesticides or herbicides were detected in the Bokes Creek watershed study area. Included were concentrations of heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, and 4-4' DDT that all exceeded criterion for the prevention of chronic toxicity and human health water quality criteria for nondrinking water. Heptachlor and atrazine were the most common substances detected. Atrazine was also found in ten of fourteen sample sites. All atrazine concentrations tentatively identified at sample sites were 1.0 ug/l or less.
The Biological and Water Quality Study of Bokes Creek and Selected Tributaries is available from Ohio EPA’s website at: http://web.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/documents/BokesCrTSD.PDF.
< Total Maximum Daily Loads for Bokes Creek (Ohio EPA Draft TMDL Report/2002)
In 2002, Ohio EPA completed the Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) report for Bokes Creek. A TMDL is a calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a waterbody can receive and still meet water quality standards. The Bokes Creek TMDL report describes water quality and habitat conditions and assesses factors affecting water quality standards attainment. The TMDL also provides a method for establishing important restoration options.
Much of this report is based on the Ohio EPA Biological and Water Quality Study of Bokes Creek and Selected Tributaries (1999). This report determined the primary causes in the Bokes Creek watershed are nutrient enrichment, low instream dissolved oxygen, sedimentation and habitat degradation. TMDLs were calculated for total phosphorus. Biological and habitat indices were also developed to support habitat restoration goals necessary to meet biological and chemical water quality standards.
The major causes of impairment in the Bokes Creek watershed were nonpoint source in nature. Land application of manure from egg production facilities in the headwaters and tributaries, coupled with habitat degradation, other agricultural operations and failing or inadequate onsite sewage treatment facilities.
The main restoration options identified in the TMDL report include agricultural runoff control strategies, septic system and point source improvements, habitat restoration and public education.
The Total Maximum Daily Loads for Bokes Creek Draft Report is available from Ohio EPA’s website at: http://web.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/tmdl/BokesCreekTMDLDraftReport_043002.pdf .
< Griggs Reservoir and O’Shaughnessy Reservoir Water Quality Monitoring
The City of Columbus Water Quality Assurance Lab (WQAL) conducts monthly water quality sampling of Griggs and O’Shaughnessy Reservoirs in the DRWP source water protection area. Nutrient levels and pesticides are analyzed to determine water quality trends. Monthly sampling
15 for nutrients (total phosphorus, nitrite/nitrates) in Griggs Reservoir showed a slightly increasing trend for the thirteen year period from 1990 - 2002. For sampling conducted during the five year period from 1998 - 2002 total phosphorus levels averaged below 0.16 mg/l and nitrite/ nitrate levels averaged below 3.80 mg/l. Monthly sampling for total phosphorus and nitrite/ nitrates in O’Shaughnessy Reservoir during the same 13-year period also showed a slightly increasing trend. For sampling conducted during the five year period from 1998 - 2002 total phosphorus levels averaged below 0.18 mg/l and nitrite/nitrate levels averaged below 4.20 mg/l.
Pesticide sampling for atrazine in Griggs Reservoir during the five year period from 1998 -2002 averaged below 1.3 ug/l. The highest sample results recorded each year for atrazine were; 10.76 ug/l (07/01/02), 1.05 ug/l (08/06/01), 5.47 ug/l (07/10/00), 1.04 ug/l (09/07/99), and 4.40 (07/06/98). Simazine sample results in Griggs Reservoir for the same five year period averaged below 0.25 ug/l. The highest sample results recorded each year for simazine were; 2.56 ug/l (07/01/02), < 0.10 (multiple dates), 1.13 ug/l (07/10/00), 0.32 ug/l (03/01/99) and 0.83 (07/06/98).
Pesticide sampling for atrazine in O’Shaughnessy Reservoir during the five year period from 1998 -2002 averaged below 1.6 ug/l. The highest sample results recorded each year for atrazine were; 13.38 ug/l (06/03/02), 5.50 ug/l (06/04/01), 9.01 ug/l (06/05/00), 0.58 ug/l (06/07/99), and 2.30 (07/06/98). Simazine sample results in O’Shaughnessy Reservoir for the same five year period averaged below 0.30 ug/l. The highest sample results recorded each year for simazine were; 3.12 ug/l (06/03/02), < 0.10 (multiple dates), 1.10 ug/l (06/05/00), 3.52 ug/l (06/07/99) and 0.39 (07/06/98) (Columbus, 2003).
6.0 POTENTIAL CONTAMINANT SOURCES
A review of available regulated facility databases, including U.S. EPA’s Envirofacts, and field surveys of the corridor management zone (CMZ) was conducted to identify potential contaminant sources present in the Hap Cremean and Dublin Road drinking water source protection areas. This detailed inventory was conducted by Ohio EPA and City of Columbus Division of Water staff. Comprehensive field survey work was primarily completed by the Watershed Protection Specialists with the City of Columbus.
It is important to note that this inventory represents potential contaminant sources, and includes any source that has the potential to release a contaminant to surface or ground waters in the protection area. It is beyond the scope of this study to determine whether any specific potential source is actually releasing a contaminant, or to what extent any potential source(s) may be contributing to the overall pollutant load.
It was noted during field surveys that storm sewers exist in much of the protection areas. The storm sewers may convey contaminants from potential sources located outside of the corridor management zone (CMZ). Future inventories may focus on identification and evaluation of sources that are located outside the CMZ but next to storm sewers that enter source water protection areas.
Dublin Road Water Plant - Scioto River Watershed Table 3 provides a list of the potential contaminant sources for the Dublin Road protection area. These sources are also depicted in the Potential Contaminant Source Inventory (PSCI) Map (Figures 6 - 6c).
The inventory for the Dublin Road protection area includes more than 200 municipal, commercial and industrial sources. More than 180 of these sources are located inside the corridor management zone (CMZ). No sources were found inside the emergency management zone (EMZ). The PCSI includes more than 60 former petroleum leaking underground storage
16 tank sites and more than 40 current Section 311 and 312 (SARA Title III) reporters of hazardous substances. The inventory also includes three inactive/closed landfill sites.
There are 12 NPDES permitted direct discharging facilities located in the Dublin Road protection area. Included is treated surface and storm water runoff from seven bulk petroleum facilities located near Dry Run in the protection area. Other notable NPDES permitted facilities include a large rail yard complex, an asphalt emulsion manufacturer and a limestone aggregate production facility.
The PCSI contains a variety of industrial and commercial sources, including gas stations, fleet (bus/truck) terminals (more than 30), light to moderate manufacturing (metal fabrication, electronics, food processing), asphalt/concrete plants, junk yards, dry cleaners and auto repair shops. Some of the municipal, industrial and commercial sources were identified to have bulk chemical storage areas. The inventory reflects a protection area with sources and activities common to most metropolitan or urban areas.
Hap Cremean Water Plant (HCWP) - Big Walnut Creek Watershed
Table 4 provides a list of the potential contaminant sources in the Hap Cremean protection area. These sources are also depicted in the Potential Contaminant Source Inventory (PSCI) Map (Figures 7 & 7a).
The inventory for the Hap Cremean protection area includes more than 60 municipal, commercial and industrial sources. More than 20 of these sources are located inside the corridor management zone (CMZ). No sources were found inside the emergency management zone (EMZ). The PCSI includes two NPDES municipal wastewater treatment plant dischargers and ten former leaking underground storage tank sites. Commercial sources located in the Hap Cremean protection area include gas stations, a farm chemical dealer, dry cleaners and auto repair shops. A few industrial (manufacturing) sources were identified, primarily in the Galena and Sunbury portions of the protection area. Some of the municipal, industrial and commercial sources were identified to have bulk chemical storage areas.
No industrial NPDES permitted wastewater discharging facilities or closed/inactive landfills were found to be in the protection area.
Overall, the inventory found the Hap Cremean protection area to be dominated by agricultural land uses. Potential sources associated with these uses include row crop production and livestock activities. Developing areas in the upper portion of the protection area indicate growing commercial and residential land uses.
7.0 SUSCEPTIBILITY ANALYSIS
For the purposes of source water assessments, all surface waters are considered to be susceptible to contamination. By their nature, surface waters are open systems with no confining layer to impede contaminant movement, and have relatively short travel times from the source to the public water system intake. Based on the information compiled for this assessment, the Columbus source water protection areas are susceptible to several sources of potential contamination. This information is provided below for the Dublin Road and the Hap Cremean protection areas.
Changing land uses in the protection areas may also result in new potential sources of contaminants. New residential, commercial and industrial development can be expected to increase in the protection areas. This development will increase the amount of impervious surfaces such as roofs, parking lots and roads in the protection area. Increases in these impervious surfaces can affect the transport of contaminants to the source water via direct
17 runoff or through storm water collection systems. Contaminants such as metals, oil and grease, nutrients and pathogens are commonly transported in urban runoff. The transportation network is a potential source of contamination through vehicular accidents that release hazardous materials.
It is important to note that this assessment is based on available data, and therefore, it may not reflect current conditions. Water quality, land uses, and other activities that are potential sources of contamination may change with time. While the source water for the Columbus public water system is considered susceptible to contamination, historically, Columbus has effectively treated this source water to meet drinking water standards with the occasional exception of nitrate and atrazine.
Dublin Road Protection Area The Dublin Road protection area is particularly susceptible to spills via the transportation network. Much of the Dublin Road corridor management zone (CMZ) is located in the greater Columbus metropolitan area. The transportation network in this area is significantly developed with many different types and volumes of cargo being carried.
Interstate 270 is a designated hazardous materials route with more than eight miles of the western portion of the highway in or immediately adjacent to CMZ areas. There are also several major bridge crossings in the source water protection area including Interstate 670, Trabue Road, Fishinger Road, Hayden Run Road, Dublin-Granville (State Route 161) Road and Interstate 270. Interstate 70 storm water control includes a 4,000 gpm pump station that discharges into Dry Run during storm events just upstream of the intake.
Several miles of rail lines, including Conrail and CSX, are located in or adjacent to CMZ areas. The large Conrail Buckeye Yards rail complex off Trabue Road and drained by Trabue Run also represents a source of contamination through spills and storm water run-off.
The Dublin Road protection area is also susceptible to spills and releases from industrial point sources located in the source water protection area. Included are the bulk petroleum storage facilities located near Dry Run in the western portion of the source water protection area. These facilities discharge storm water and other wastewaters to Dry Run which flows into the Scioto River just above the Dublin Road protection area intake.
Untreated sewage releases from the City of Columbus sanitary sewer system in the Dublin Road protection area also represent a risk to the water supply. These sewage releases include sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs). Sewage releases can cause pathogen impacts and increased nutrient loading. Unsewered areas (on-site septic systems) may also be a concern in the protection area.
Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from agricultural activities is a contributor of nutrient and agricultural chemical loading (e.g. pesticides) in the upper Scioto River portion of the Dublin Road protection area. Identified sources include several egg farms and other concentrated animal feeding operations located in the Mill and Bokes Creek watersheds. These operations can be the source of significant nutrient loading as well as sediment and bacteria contaminants in the watershed.
Atrazine loading from row crop agriculture is also well documented in the source water protection area. Other sources of contamination located in this upper portion of the Dublin Road protection area include nonpoint source impacts from a large fertilizer manufacturer and municipal wastewater treatment discharges in Marysville.
Nonpoint source impacts from construction and development activity in the Dublin Road protection area also represent risk. This activity increases the susceptibility of the Dublin Road
18 protection area to impacts from heavy siltation, metals and oil and grease, nutrients and pathogen run-off. The western portion of Franklin County and southern portion of Delaware County are two of the more rapidly developing portions of the Dublin Road drinking water source protection area.
Hap Cremean Protection Area The Hap Cremean protection area is susceptible to impact largely due to agricultural activities in the upper Big Walnut Creek watershed portion of the Hap Cremean source water protection area. These activities include row crop agriculture and livestock operations that dominate this portion of the source water protection area. Nonpoint source runoff containing sediment, nutrients and agricultural chemicals (including atrazine) have caused water quality concerns in the watershed. These impacts are well documented and are the focus of current source water protection efforts (e.g. Upper Big Walnut Creek Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program).
Nonpoint source impacts from construction and development activity in the Hap Cremean protection area also represents risk. This activity increases the susceptibility of the source water protection area to impact from heavy siltation, metals and oil and grease, nutrients and pathogen run-off. The southern portion of Delaware County is one of the more rapidly developing portions of the Hap Cremean protection area.
The Hap Cremean protection area is susceptible to spills in the source water protection area via the transportation network including Interstate 270 and State Routes 3 and 36/37. Interstate 270 is a designated hazardous materials route with more than one mile of the northeast portion of the highway in or immediately adjacent to the CMZ and just immediately upstream of the EMZ and intake. There are also several major bridge crossings in the source water protection area, including State Route 161, Smothers Road, Sunbury Road (two crossings), State Route 36 and State Route 37. Frequent fuel (e.g. gas stations, home fuel oil) and agricultural chemical (e.g. anhydrous ammonia) deliveries are common in the source water protection area.
Point sources located in the Hap Cremean protection area also represent some risk. These sources include two municipal wastewater treatment plants (Galena, Sunbury) located just north of Hoover Reservoir in the Hap Cremean protection area. Other sources, including on-site home sewage treatment and disposal systems and commercial sources, represent a reduced risk.
8.0 PROTECTIVE STRATEGIES
Protective strategies for public water systems and source water protection areas typically fall into one or more of the following three categories: education, training and public participation; emergency response/contingency planning; and potential contaminant source control strategies. The City of Columbus has been actively involved in these and many other types of watershed protection efforts for the DRWP and Hap Cremean source water protection areas. Notable protective strategies currently used in the Columbus source water protection areas include;
• Land Stewardship Program; The Division of Water has established a program to work with the nearly 1,200 residential landowners living contiguous to the Hoover, O’Shaughnessy and Griggs Reservoirs. Primary goals of this program include elimination of encroachments, implementation of best management practices along the waterways, and securing land stewardship agreements. Land stewardship agreements are personalized contracts with the contiguous landowners which give permission for limited landscape management on city-owned riparian land. This outreach program is succeeding through personal contact and landowner education on best management practices. Prior to this
19 program, many landowners were maintaining mown lawns to the water’s edge and erodible paths. Now, landowners are mowing less, establishing buffer zones of grasses and native plants to slow run-off, and minimizing impact to the riparian corridor. This program, established in 1996 is improving through the use of databases, documentation of land conditions and photographic records of land-use changes.
• Agricultural Programs; With agriculture as the primary land use in the Big Walnut Creek Watershed, the Division of Water has actively pursued programs to reduce erosion, pesticide and nutrient loading into Hoover Reservoir. The Big Walnut Creek Water Quality Partnership is a volunteer consortium representing producers, and agencies including City of Columbus, Soil and Water Conservation Districts, ODNR, Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever and USDA. A variety of voluntary incentive programs encourage best management practices (BMPs) such as filter strips, riparian buffers, tree plantings and wildlife habitat. In 2002, the Partnership was instrumental in establishing a Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) for the Big Walnut Creek Watershed. This program provides more than $13 million in financial incentives to farmers and other landowners to establish important watershed protection activities with a goal of enrolling 3,500 acres into conservation practices. The Division of Water has contributed funds and in-kind services to support these programs.
In addition to CREP, the Big Walnut Creek Water Quality Partnership facilitates enrollment in the Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) program which has enrolled more than 28 thousand acres of land in Delaware and Morrow counties between 1998 and 2002. This program minimizes atrazine use through use of alternative herbicides. The Division of Water has also established funds for perpetual conservation easements. Interest in these easements is being pursued with a large egg farm operation in the Scioto River Watershed, as well as from individual landowners who do not qualify for conservation programs like CREP.
Currently work is underway to establish a CREP in the Scioto River Watershed. With a much larger watershed drainage area, the Scioto CREP is a challenge for the many stakeholders, including the Division of Water, but progress is being made.
• Watershed Ranger Staff; The Division of Water, Watershed Management Section employs eleven Water Protection Specialists, commonly known as Watershed Rangers. Two shifts of Rangers patrol the watershed areas using boats, vehicles, and foot patrol to identify potential sources of contamination. They maintain and secure the city-owned land and facilities surrounding the reservoirs and serve as contact points for the public. Duties include regular and special water sampling, various educational efforts, monitoring of contiguous properties, and cooperation with law enforcement, and other agencies to respond to violations of park and reservoir rules and regulations.
• Public Outreach at Special Events; All three reservoirs are popular recreation destinations for central Ohio. Watershed Rangers participate in the annual “Boat Show” and the “Sports, Vacation and Travel Show,” both held at the Ohio State Fairgrounds. By staffing an information booth with various brochures and computerized slide show, the rangers educate attendees on the water quality impacts of boating, and park rules and regulations (many of which are based on a water quality preservation concept).
• Reservoir Litter Clean-ups; Every year, two litter clean ups are organized by the Watershed Management Section at Hoover and O’Shaughnessy Reservoirs. The clean-ups attract recreational users, scouts, school groups, and neighbors, with some year's
20 participation totaling 400 volunteers. Gloves, bags and refreshments are provided for the volunteers who collect litter from the banks and public access areas around the reservoir. The spring clean-up is held in conjunction with other area clean-ups in the Big Walnut Creek and Scioto River Watersheds to celebrate River Pride Week.
Other strategies Columbus may consider for source water protection include:
‘ Continue to coordinate emergency planning efforts with the Delaware County Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) and the Franklin County LEPC to ensure source water protection is considered in LEPC hazardous material spill responses;
‘ Continue to ensure procedures are in place with LEPCs and other emergency responders (including local fire department personnel) to ensure early notification from facility and transportation spills/releases in the source water protection areas;
‘ Consider conducting a more detailed evaluation (e.g. GIS mapping, field inventory) of storm water conveyances and specific land use activities in and adjacent to corridor management zones.
‘ Continue conducting periodic inventories for potential contaminant sources, including commercial and industrial uses, located in the source water protection areas.
‘ Integrate source water protection efforts with the City of Columbus Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) Program. Included are efforts for identifying major storm water outfalls and sources, reducing pollutants from industrial, commercial and residential areas, and controlling storm water from new development.
‘ Continue collecting data on water quality conditions in the source water protection area to identify pollutant trends, prioritize protective strategies and evaluate effectiveness of protection efforts.
Ohio EPA encourages the City of Columbus to incorporate the types of protective strategies listed above into a written drinking water source protection plan. Two guidance documents are available from Ohio EPA to assist with development of a Drinking Water Source Protection Plan. A Guide to Developing Local Watershed Action Plans in Ohio is available on the internet at www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/hps/wsguide.pdf and Developing Local Drinking Water Source Protection Plans in Ohio is available at www.epa.state.oh.us/ddagw/pdu/swap_psdoc.pdf. For more information on drinking water source protection, please contact the Drinking Water Protection staff at (614) 644-2752.
References
Friends of the Lower Olentangy Watershed. 2003. The Lower Olentangy Watershed Action Plan in 2003.
Ohio EPA. 1999. Biological and Water Quality Study of the Middle Scioto River and Alum Creek. Franklin, Delaware, Morrow and Pickaway Counties. Division of Surface Water. Ecological Assessment Unit.
Ohio Department of Natural Resources. 1960. Gazetteer of Ohio Streams, Division of Water. Ohio Water Plan Inventory Report No. 12
21 Omernik, J.M. and A.L. Gallant. 1988. Ecoregions of the Upper Midwest States. EPA/600/3- 88/037. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. 56pp.
Strahler, A.N. 1963. Physical Geography. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York 534 pp.
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. In Cooperation with Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Lands and Soil and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Soil Survey of Delaware County. Soil Survey of Union County. Soil Survey of Franklin County.
United States Geological Survey. Galena, New Albany, Northeast Columbus, Northwest Columbus, Southwest Columbus Quadrangles; Ohio. 7.5 minute series (topographic).
22 Table 1 - Water Quality Monitoring Summary of Treated Water City of Columbus Dublin Road Water Plant
Ohio EPA Public Water System Compliance Monitoring Database (1991- 2003) Ohio EPA Pesticide Special Study (May 1995 - March 1999) Contaminant Levels Primary MCL Typical Source (units) Found MCL Violation 1 Inorganic Contaminants Discharge of drilling wastes; Discharge from Barium (mg/l) 0.012 - 0.016 2 No metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Copper (mg/l) 0.007 AL=1.3 No Erosion of natural deposits; Leaching from wood preservatives Erosion of natural deposits; Water additive Fluoride (mg/l) 0.91 - 1.02 4 No which promotes strong teeth; Discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic Nitrate (mg/l) 0.2 - 15.3 10 No tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic Phosphorus (mg/l) 0.39 - 0.63 none NA tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge of industrial waste Discharge from petroleum and metal Selenium (µg/l) 2 50 No refineries; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from mines Erosion of natural deposits; decomposition product of organic matter; discharge from Sulfate (mg/l) 100 - 113 none NA2 mining and industrial waters; detergents in sewage; component of precipitation in metropolitan areas Radioactive Contaminants Beta/photon emitters (pCi/L) 4.2 - 8.5 AL=50 No Decay of natural and man-made deposits Synthetic Organic Contaminants including Pesticides and Herbicides Alachlor 3 (µg/l) 0.07 - 0.54 2 No Herbicide runoff Atrazine 3 (µg/l) 0.11 - 3.89 3 No Herbicide runoff Metolachlor 3 (µg/l) 0.08 - 3.63 none NA Pesticide runoff Metribuzin 3 (µg/l) 0.04 - 0.47 none NA Pesticide runoff Simazine 3 (µg/l) 0.10 - 1.72 4 No Herbicide runoff Cyanazine 3 (µg/l) 0.08 - 3.41 none NA Pesticide runoff Acetochlor 3 (µg/l) 0.55 none NA Herbicide runoff Volatile Organic Contaminants TTHMs [Total 17.6 - 99.8 80 No4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Trihalomethanes] (µg/l) Bromodichloromethane 0.7 - 23.7 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination (µg/l) Chloroform (µg/l) 6.75 - 103.3 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Bromoform (µg/l) 0.6 - 2.7 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Dibromochloromethane (µg/l) 0.52 - 14.1 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination
Dibromoacetic Acid (µg/l) 1.0 - 4.2 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination
23 Table 1 - Water Quality Monitoring Summary of Treated Water City of Columbus Dublin Road Water Plant
Ohio EPA Public Water System Compliance Monitoring Database (1991- 2003) Ohio EPA Pesticide Special Study (May 1995 - March 1999) Contaminant Levels Primary MCL Typical Source (units) Found MCL Violation 1 Dichloroacetic Acid (µg/l) 6.6 - 37.5 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Trichloroacetic Acid (µg/l) 4.6 - 27.8 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Monobromoacetic Acid (µg/l) 0.3 -2.3 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Monochloroacetic Acid (µg/l) 1.0 - 5.9 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination MCL = Maximum Contaminant Level (AL = Action Level).
1 MCL set by federal or state drinking water standards. A sampling result that exceeds the MCL value does not necessarily indicate a violation by the public water system. MCL violations for many contaminants are based on a running annual average.
2 Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) for this parameter. SMCLs are non-health-related limits.
3 Data includes Ohio EPA Pesticide Special Study results (1995-1999). For the study, samples were analyzed using an immunoassay (IA) method and by USEPA Method 507, a gas chromatograph (GC) method. The immunoassay results are only estimations of the actual concentration values. The IA test kits tend to overestimate concentrations, due to cross reactivity of chemically similar pesticides (e.g. atrazine and simazine).
4 Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs): (MCL = 80 µg/l) calculated as the sum of the concentrations of Bromodichloromethane, Dibromochloromethane, Bromoform, and Chloroform. Five Haloacetic Acids (HAA5): (MCL = 60 µg/l) calculated as the sum of the concentrations of Monochloroacetic acid, Dichloroacetic acid, Trichloroacetic acid, Monobromoacetic acid, and Dibromoacetic acid.
24 Table 2 - Water Quality Monitoring Summary of Treated Water City of Columbus Hap Cremean Water Plant
Ohio EPA Public Water System Compliance Monitoring Database (1991- 2003) Ohio EPA Pesticide Special Study (May 1995 - March 1999) Contaminant Levels Primary MCL Typical Source (units) Found MCL Violation 1 Inorganic Contaminants Discharge of drilling wastes; Discharge from Barium (mg/l) 0.019 - 0.020 2 No metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Copper (mg/l) 0.004 AL=1.3 No Erosion of natural deposits; Leaching from wood preservatives Erosion of natural deposits; Water additive Fluoride (mg/l) 0.2 - 1.0 4 No which promotes strong teeth; Discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Lead (µg/l) 3.0 AL=15 No Erosion of natural deposits Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic Nitrate (mg/l) 0.4 - 5.7 10 No tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic Phosphorus (mg/l) 0.33 - 0.59 none NA tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge of industrial waste Erosion of natural deposits; decomposition product of organic matter; discharge from Sulfate (mg/l) 60 none NA2 mining and industrial waters; detergents in sewage; component of precipitation in metropolitan areas Radioactive Contaminants Beta/photon emitters (pCi/L) 4.0 - 6.8 AL=50 No Decay of natural and man-made deposits Synthetic Organic Contaminants including Pesticides and Herbicides Alachlor 3 (µg/l) 0.03 - 1.67 2 No Herbicide runoff Atrazine 3 (µg/l) 0.11 - 4.72 3 No Herbicide runoff Metolachlor 3 (µg/l) 0.22 - 2.26 none NA Pesticide runoff Metribuzin 3 (µg/l) 0.14 - 0.24 none NA Pesticide runoff Simazine 3 (µg/l) 0.09 - 0.92 4 No Herbicide runoff Cyanazine 3 (µg/l) 0.07 - 1.65 none NA Pesticide runoff Volatile Organic Contaminants TTHMs [Total 24.0 - 108.4 80 No4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Trihalomethanes] (µg/l) Bromodichloromethane 1.2 - 17.8 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination (µg/l) Chloroform (µg/l) 9.46 - 119.6 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Bromoform (µg/l) 0.5 - 3.1 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Dibromochloromethane (µg/l) 0.59 - 61.0 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination
Dibromoacetic Acid (µg/l) 0.3 - 1.0 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Dichloroacetic Acid (µg/l) 10.1 - 37.7 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination
25 Table 2 - Water Quality Monitoring Summary of Treated Water City of Columbus Hap Cremean Water Plant
Ohio EPA Public Water System Compliance Monitoring Database (1991- 2003) Ohio EPA Pesticide Special Study (May 1995 - March 1999) Contaminant Levels Primary MCL Typical Source (units) Found MCL Violation 1 Trichloroacetic Acid (µg/l) 6.6 - 26.2 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Monobromoacetic Acid (µg/l) 0.1 - 3.4 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination Monochloroacetic Acid (µg/l) 1.2 - 10.4 none NA4 By-product of drinking water chlorination MCL = Maximum Contaminant Level (AL = Action Level).
1 MCL set by federal or state drinking water standards. A sampling result that exceeds the MCL value does not necessarily indicate a violation by the public water system. MCL violations for many contaminants are based on a running annual average.
2 Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) for this parameter. SMCLs are non-health-related limits.
3 Data includes Ohio EPA Pesticide Special Study results (1995-1999). For the study, samples were analyzed using an immunoassay (IA) method and by USEPA Method 507, a gas chromatograph (GC) method. The immunoassay results are only estimations of the actual concentration values. The IA test kits tend to overestimate concentrations, due to cross reactivity of chemically similar pesticides (e.g. atrazine and simazine).
4 Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs): (MCL = 80 µg/l) calculated as the sum of the concentrations of Bromodichloromethane, Dibromochloromethane, Bromoform, and Chloroform. Five Haloacetic Acids (HAA5): (MCL = 60 µg/l) calculated as the sum of the concentrations of Monochloroacetic acid, Dichloroacetic acid, Trichloroacetic acid, Monobromoacetic acid, and Dibromoacetic acid.
26 Table 3 - Potential Contaminant Source Inventory for the Columbus-Dublin Road Drinking Water Source Protection Area [Map ID number corresponds to Figures 6, 6A, 6B and 6C] Map ID Unique ID Facility Description Data Source
101 RIP0009 Hazardous waste site with ground OEPA RIPFLEX Database water monitoring
102 OHD982622508 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
103 LUST252293700 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
104 OHD022556930 County Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
105 LUST253027900 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
106 LUST253097100 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
107 OHD982610594 City Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS/NPDES
108 OHD986966380 City Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
109 SIM0594 Settling Pond OEPA-DSW Surface Impoundment GIS Layer
110 LUST251096600 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
111 OHD980617054 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
112 LUST250240800 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
113 LUST025942700 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
114 LUST250116000 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
115 Foundries & metal fabricators Field Survey
116 Foundries & metal fabricators Field Survey
117 OHD017874173 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
118 Landscaping firms Field Survey
119 OH0001859156 Automotive Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
120 LUST251170100 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
121 OHD987032893 Automotive Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
122 Junk yards Field Survey
123 Foundries & metal fabricators Field Survey
124 Junk yards Field Survey
125 LUST252030900 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
126 OHD065996688 City bus depot US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
127 LUST250062300 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
128 LUST254093200 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
27 Map ID Unique ID Facility Description Data Source
129 LUST251325100 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
130 Foundries & metal fabricators Field Survey
131 Junk yards Field Survey
132 LUST254042300 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
133 Equipment Rental/Repair shops Field Survey
134 LUST252032600 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
135 OHD017911546 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
136 LUST251130600 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
137 LUST250220500 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
138 Junk yards Field Survey
139 Junk yards Field Survey
140-142 RIP0014 Hazardous waste site with ground OEPA RIPFLEX Database OHD081313744 water monitoring US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS/DOCKET
143 125-1392 Commercial Ohio EPA-DERR MSL GIS layer
144 OHD986966331 Pumping Station US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
145 LUST255018500 Underground Storage Tank T BUSTR: LUST database
146 OH0000923078 Automotive Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
147 LUST256124100 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
148 OHD047979976 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
149 LUST250278200 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
150 Commercial SARA III
151 AIR0001 Heliport USGS Geonames
152 Print shops/Photo shops Field Survey
153 LUST025946000 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
154 OHD987044856 Residence US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
160 Commercial SARA III
163 LAN0032 Inactive/Closed Landfill OEPA Landfill GIS Layer
164 OHD980995146 Training Academy US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
165 LUST251096500 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
166 OHD987000775 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
167 Food processor Field Survey
168 LUST255163600 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
28 Map ID Unique ID Facility Description Data Source
169 OHD982619322 Automotive Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
170 LUST257001900 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
171 OHD095019691 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
172 LUST254060300 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
173 OHD980679716 State Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
174 - 175 OHD045082542 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS, SARA III
176 Commercial SARA III
177 LUST253086000 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
178 LUST252022300 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
179 LUST251148500 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
180 OHD987013257 Gas Station US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
181 OHD004282307 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
182 OHD987007358 Automotive Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
183 OHD987019478 Automotive Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
184 LUST252293600 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
185 Print shops/Photo shops Field Survey
186 OHD987036126 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
187 OH0000044768 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
188 Auto repair shops/Body shops Field Survey
189 Vacant Lot Ohio EPA-DERR MSL GIS layer
190 LUST257024200 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
191 LUST257121300 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
192 Chemical drums/Storage Field Survey
193 Gas station Field Survey
194 Gas station Field Survey
195 OHD980792378 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - TRIS
196 Material stockpiles Field Survey
197 LUST257123700 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
198 OHD065978702 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
199 LUST259107601 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
200 OHD057806614 Automotive Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS AIRS/AFS
29 Map ID Unique ID Facility Description Data Source
201 Automotive Services Ohio EPA-DERR MSL GIS layer
202 Commercial/Industrial SARA III
203 Gas station Field Survey
204 LUST254165300 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
205, 206 OHD982623167 Petroleum Distribution/Storage US EPA Envirofacts/SARA III
207, 208 RIP0003 Chemicals Mfg/Storage - OEPA RIPFLEX Database, Ohio EPA- hazardous waste site with ground DERR MSL GIS layer water monitoring
209 LUST252031600 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
210 LUST025805000 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
211, 212 OHD000816751 Chemicals/Petroleum Mfg/Storage US EPA Envirofacts - RCRA AIRS/AFS Underground Storage Tank DOCKET, SARA III
213 LUST025905800 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
214 OHD017891482 Automotive Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
215 LAN0020 Inactive/Closed Landfill OEPA Landfill GIS Layer
216 OH0000622688 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
217 Commercial SARA III
218 OHD051368595 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS SSTS
219 OHD061762241 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS AIRS/AFS DOCKET
220 Commercial SARA III
221 OHD075033993 RCRAInfo US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
222 Commercial/Industrial SARA III
223 OH0001363910 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
224 LUST250152200 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
225 OHD000608679 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS AIRS/AFS
226 LUST252241300 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
227 LUST252250800 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
228, 229 OHD079436077 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS AIRS/AFS DOCKET, SARA III
230 LUST258061800 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
231 OHD075037374 Chemicals/Petroleum Mfg/Storage US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS AIRS/AFS DOCKET
232 Chemicals/Petroleum Mfg/Storage SARA III
30 Map ID Unique ID Facility Description Data Source
233 LUST253031800 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
234 Commercial/Industrial Ohio EPA-DERR MSL GIS layer
235 OHD987022779 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
236 LUST252198700 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
237 OHD065988206 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
238 - 247 Automotive Services SARA III
248 OHD075018895 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
249 LUST256046000 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
250 000007552076 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
251 OHD986967388 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
252 OHD982210890 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
253 OHD981960123 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS PADS
254 Commercial SARA III
255 OH0001859313 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
256 LUST025968100 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
257 OHD986989358 Quarry US EPA Envirofacts - AIRS/AFS
258 LUST253134400 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
259 OHD000683607 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
260 LUST254143600 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
261 Laboratory SARA III
262 OHD987047800 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
263 LUST252322800 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
264 LUST252323100 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
265 Material stockpiles Field Survey
266 LUST251170700 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
267 000007485010 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
268 OHD037534526 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
269 LUST251066700 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
270 Landfill Ohio EPA-DERR MSL GIS layer
271 OH0001859438 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
272 Commercial SARA III
31 Map ID Unique ID Facility Description Data Source
273 Commercial SARA III
274 OHD982631970 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
275 OHD987016110 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
276 Commercial/Industrial SARA III
277 OHD987037868 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
278 000007370062 Quarry US EPA Envirofacts - NPDES
279 OHD089427561 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
280 OHD023637671 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
281 OHD041078106 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - TRIS RCRIS AIRS/AFS
282 Commercial/Industrial SARA III
283 LUST251224300 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
284 OHD037534583 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
285 OH0000060186 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
286 Material stockpiles Field Survey
287 Commercial/Industrial SARA III
288 OHD041901646 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
289 OHD981198724 Dry Cleaners US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
290 LUST251281901 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
291 Veterinary offices Field Survey
292 Fleet/Truck/Bus terminals Field Survey
293 LUST251265001 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
294 OHD056742117 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - TRIS RCRIS AIRS/AFS
295 OHD981000094 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
296 LUST252201600 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
297 City Services SARA III
298 LUST258147200 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
299 LUST025995500 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
300 OHD981778202 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
301 LUST251112900 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
302 Commercial SARA III
32 Map ID Unique ID Facility Description Data Source
303 OHD986967545 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
304 Commercial SARA III
305 Gas station Field Survey
306 LUST025946700 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
307 OHD987052636 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
308 Commercial SARA III
309 OH0001859362 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
310 LUST259012100 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
311 OHD980990873 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS AIRS/AFS
312 OHD982642175 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - TRIS RCRIS AIRS/AFS
313 Commercial SARA III
314 Gas station Field Survey
315 OHD982623381 Dry Cleaners US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
316 LUST253258000 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
317 OHD987015930 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
318 OHD981537996 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
319 OHD987020765 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS PADS
320 Commercial/Industrial SARA III
321 Car/Boat/Camper dealerships Field Survey
322 Commercial Ohio EPA-DERR MSL GIS layer
324 LUST252159002 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
325 OH0001363639 Automotive Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
326 OHD051368553 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
327 LUST252159001 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
328 OHD131890469 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
329 OHD042312629 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
330 LUST257080500 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
331 OHD987020740 Dry Cleaners US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
332 OHD092164557 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
333 Commercial/Industrial SARA III
334 Plastics/Synthetics producers Field Survey
33 Map ID Unique ID Facility Description Data Source
335 OHD986983492 Vacant Lot US EPA Envirofacts - TRIS
336 LUST253067000 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
337 OHD987034501 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
338 LUST252307800 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
339 OHD044528933 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
340 Commercial SARA III
341 Commercial/Industrial SARA III
342 OHD986989226 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS AIRS/AFS DOCKET
343 OHD986970432 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
344 Commercial SARA III
345 LUST252008400 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
346 LUST255003600 Underground Storage Tank BUSTR: LUST database
347 OHD095031035 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS DOCKET
348 OHD987044716 Commercial/Industrial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
349 OHD051368520 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
350 Commercial/Industrial SARA III
351 OHD099733842 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
Table 4 - Potential Contaminant Source Inventory for the Columbus-Hap Cremean Drinking Water Source Protection Area [Map ID number corresponds to Figures 7 and 7A] Map ID Unique ID Facility Description Data Source
1 Other Industrial Sources Field Survey
2 Gas Station. Field Survey
3 Auto Repair Shop Field Survey
4 Auto Repair Shop Field Survey
5 Landscaping Firm Field Survey
6 Municipal Wastewater Field Survey Treatment Plant
7 Auto Repair Shop Field Survey
8 Cemetery Field Survey
9 Chemical Drum Storage Field Survey
34 Map ID Unique ID Facility Description Data Source
10 Auto Repair Shop Field Survey
11 Auto Repair Shop Field Survey
12 Gas Station. Field Survey
13 Chemical Drum Storage Field Survey
14 Other Industrial Sources Field Survey
15 Chemical Drum Storage Field Survey
16 Schools (bus areas/garages) Field Survey
17 Above Ground Storage Field Survey Tanks
18 Other Industrial Sources Field Survey
19 Auto Repair Shop Field Survey
20 Salt/Deicing Storage Piles Field Survey
21 Auto Repair Shop Field Survey
22 Cemetery Field Survey
23 Hardware / Parts Store Field Survey
24 Hardware / Parts Store Field Survey
25 Cemetery Field Survey
26 Other Industrial Sources Field Survey
27 Municipal Wastewater Field Survey Treatment Plant
28 Gas Station. Field Survey
29 Gas Station Field Survey
30 Chemical Drums/ Storage Field Survey
31 Machine/metalworking Field Survey shops
32 Pesticide/fertilizer/petroleum Field Survey storage &
33 LUST021800800 Leaking Underground Tank BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
34 LUST210092100 Leaking Underground Tank BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
36 LUST216057000 Leaking Underground Tank BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
37 LUST217117400 Leaking Underground Tank BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
38 LUST218280100 Leaking Underground Tank BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
39 LUST025916000 Leaking Underground Tank BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
35 Map ID Unique ID Facility Description Data Source
40 LUST253144500 Leaking Underground Tank BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
41 LUST253144501 Leaking Underground Tank BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
42 LUST255102000 Leaking Underground Tank BUSTR: LUST database (geocoded)
43 OHD004282885 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - TRIS AIRS/AFS
44 OHD018091918 Dry Cleaners US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
45 OHD075035469 Commercial US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
46 OHD981198880 Dry Cleaners US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
47 OHD987009602 Automotive Services US EPA Envirofacts - RCRIS
48 LAN0040 Unknown Status Landfill OEPA Landfill GIS Layer
49 CEM0552 Cemetery USGS Geonames
50 CEM3523 Cemetery USGS Geonames
51 SIM0553 Oxidation OEPA-DSW Surface Impoundment GIS Layer
52 SIM0592 Oxidation OEPA-DSW Surface Impoundment GIS Layer
54 000007363916 Drinking Water Treatment Plant
61 CEM2058 Cemetery USGS Geonames
62 AIR0042 Airport USGS Geonames
63 031006-JL01 Wastewater Treatment Plant Field Survey
64 031006-JL02 Wastewater Treatment Plant Field Survey
Data Source Explanation
AIRS Airborne Emissions (AIRS) Facilities report releases of pollutants into the air. Airborne pollutants can be deposited in surface waters.
CERCLIS Facilities that have been identified as hazardous or potentially hazardous and may require action by U.S. EPA under Superfund. The sites are being (or have been) investigated for releases of hazardous materials. These types of facilities may be associated with soil, ground water, and surface water contamination from releases of hazardous materials.
DOCKET Facilities that have been involved in an action filed by the U.S. Department of Justice for U.S. EPA. These actions may relate to one or more U.S. EPA program.
FFIS Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities owned and operated by Federal agencies. These types of facilities may be associated with potential releases of hazardous materials.
PADS Facilities that are authorized by U.S. EPA to use, store, transport, or dispose polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). These types of facilities may be associated with potential leaks and spills of PCBs or other hazardous materials.
36 PCS Facilities that hold a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. The NPDES permit program controls water pollution by regulating point sources such as pipes or man-made ditches that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States.
RCRIS Facilities regulated by U.S. EPA under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) as hazardous waste generators or handlers. These types of facilities may be associated with potential releases of hazardous materials.
SSTS Facilities that produce pesticide, active ingredients, and devices. These types of facilities may be associated with potential releases of pesticides or other hazardous materials.
TRIS Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) facilities are industrial facilities that manufacture, process, or import any of over 300 listed toxic chemicals that are released directly into the air, water, or land, or are transported off-site.
NPL Facilities listed on U.S. EPA’s National Priority List requiring cleanup of uncontrolled or hazardous waste, these facilities are a subset of the CERCLIS site list. These types of facilities may be associated with soil, ground water, and surface water contamination from releases of hazardous materials.
MSL Sites that have been investigated by or are under investigation by Ohio EPA’s Division ofEmergency and Remedial Response. These types of facilities may be associated with soil, ground water, and surface water contamination from releases of hazardous materials.
LUST Facilities that have reported a leaking underground storage tank (LUSTs) to Ohio’s Bureau of Underground Storage Tank Regulations (BUSTR). Leaking underground storage tanks have been associated soil and water contamination related to leaks and spills of gasoline and other petroleum products. Unused underground storage tanks may be used for the improper disposal of wastes.
RIPFLEX Hazardous waste sites that have provided ground water monitoring information.
37 Figure 1 - Source water areas (surface water) for the Columbus public water system.
38 Figure 2 - Emergency Management Zone for the Dublin Road water intake.
39 Figure 3 - Emergency Management Zone for the Hap Cremean water intake.
40 Figure 4 - Land use in the Columbus-Dublin Road WTP source water area. (Based on 1992 land use data)
41 Figure 5 - Land use in the Columbus-Hap Cremean WTP source water area. (Based on 1992 land use data)
42 Figure 6 - Potential contaminant sources in the corridor management zone for the Dublin Road water intake.
43 Figure 6.1 - Symbols used in Figures 6A, 6B, and 6C for depicting types of potential contaminant sources.
44 Figure 6A - Potential contaminant sources in the corridor management zone for the Dublin Road water intake.
45 Figure 6B - Potential contaminant sources in the corridor management zone for the Dublin Road water intake.
46 Figure 6C - Potential contaminant sources in the corridor management zone for the Dublin Road water intake.
47 Figure 7 - Potential contaminant sources in the corridor management zone for the Hap Cremean water intake.
48 Figure 7A - Potential contaminant sources in the Sunbury and Galena vicinity.
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