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Mércia Patrícia Pereira Silva MÉRCIA PATRÍCIA PEREIRA SILVA PADRÕES DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE BRIÓFITAS NA FLORESTA ATLÂNTICA DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL: RELAÇÕES AMBIENTAIS, BIOGEOGRÁFICAS E CONSERVAÇÃO RECIFE 2013 MÉRCIA PATRÍCIA PEREIRA SILVA PADRÕES DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE BRIÓFITAS NA FLORESTA ATLÂNTICA DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL: RELAÇÕES AMBIENTAIS, BIOGEOGRÁFICAS E CONSERVAÇÃO Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Biologia Vegetal da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como requisito para obtenção do Título de Doutor Orientadora: Kátia Cavalcanti Pôrto Área de Concentração: Ecologia Vegetal Linha de Pesquisa: Ecologia de Criptógamos RECIFE 2013 Catalogação na fonte Elaine Barroso CRB 1728 Silva, Mércia Patrícia Pereira Padrões de distribuição de briófitas na Floresta Atlântica do Nordeste do Brasil: relações ambientais, biogeográficas e conservação/ Mércia Patrícia Pereira Silva– Recife: O Autor, 2013. 207 folhas : il., fig., tab. Orientadora: Kátia Cavalcanti Pôrto Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Ecologia Vegetal, 2013. Inclui bibliografia 1. Briófita 2. Floresta Atlântica 3. Ecologia Vegetal I. Pôrto, Kátia Cavalcanti (orientadora) II. Título 588 CDD (22.ed.) UFPE/CCB- 2013- 120 Silva, M.P.P. Padrões de distribuição de briófitas na Floresta Atlântica do ... MÉRCIA PATRÍCIA PEREIRA SILVA PADRÕES DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE BRIÓFITAS NA FLORESTA ATLÂNTICA DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL: RELAÇÕES AMBIENTAIS, BIOGEOGRÁFICAS E CONSERVAÇÃO Tese examinada e aprovada em 25/02/2013 pela BANCA EXAMINADORA Profª Drª. Kátia Cavalcanti Pôrto (Orientadora) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-Departamento de Botânica-CCB Dra. Sylvia Mota de Oliveira (1º Examinador) Nationaal Herbarium Nederland-Leiden-Holanda Profº Dr. André Maurício Melo Santos (2º Examinador) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-Centro Acadêmico de Vitória Profª Drª. Nivea Dias dos Santos (3º Examinador) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-Departamento de Botânica-CCB Profª Drª. Inara Roberta Leal (4º Examinador) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-Departamento de Botânica-CCB Profª Drª. Iva Carneiro Leão Barros (Suplente Interno) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-Departamento de Botânica-CCB Profª Drª. Adaíses Simone Maciel da Silva (Suplente Externo) Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro-Departamento de Botânica Silva, M.P.P. Padrões de distribuição de briófitas na Floresta Atlântica do ... Se as coisas são inatingíveis... ora! Não é motivo para não querê-las... Que tristes os caminhos, se não fora A presença distante das estrelas! (Mário Quintana) . Silva, M.P.P. Padrões de distribuição de briófitas na Floresta Atlântica do ... A Izac Sabino da Silva, por entender todas as horas que passei com meu computador quando deveria ter passado com ele, DEDICO À minha família, maior fonte de apoio OFEREÇO Silva, M.P.P. Padrões de distribuição de briófitas na Floresta Atlântica do ... AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a todos que, de alguma forma, contribuíram para este trabalho: A minha família, maior fonte de apoio, meus pais Reginaldo e Zilmar, minha irmã Cynthia, sobrinha Melissa e Edna Maria (Biá), pelo carinho. Ao meu companheiro e amigo Izac pela constante compreensão e apoio. À Dra. Kátia Cavalcanti Pôrto pela orientação, amizade e dedicação constantes. Ao Dr. Alain Vanderpoorten pelos ensinamentos, conselhos e pela receptividade no seu Laboratório. Aos colegas do Laboratório Biologia de Briófitas, da UFPE: Bruno, Edna, Isadora, Juliana e Renata, e aos do Institut de Botanique, da Université de Liège: Aurélie, Benjamin, Elodie, Jairo, Laurent, Nathalie e Virginie pelas palavras de incentivo, conselhos e conversas jogadas fora. À Dra. Olga Yano, pela confirmação/identificação de algumas amostras de briófitas. À Dra. Andrea Luizi Ponzo, pelos conselhos na elaboração do projeto de tese. Aos membros da banca do Exame de Qualificação e/ou da Defesa da Tese: Dra. Adaíses S. Maciel da Silva, Dr. André M. M. Santos, Dra. Inara R. Leal e Dra. Nivea D. dos Santos, pelos comentários, sugestões e correções de suma importância para a melhoria do trabalho. As professoras Marlene Barbosa e Dra. Nivea Santos, que tanto colaboraram com incentivos e conselhos para a minha formação acadêmica. Silva, M.P.P. Padrões de distribuição de briófitas na Floresta Atlântica do ... A Gilcean Jones da Silva pela ajuda e descontração, essenciais em campo. Aos curadores dos Herbários ALCB, EAN, HUEFS, INPA, JBRJ, JPB, SP, UFP, pelo empréstimo/consulta de vouchers. Aos gestores (ICMBio) das Unidades de Conservação visitadas, pela concessão da autorização de coleta e pelo fundamental apoio logístico durante as coletas de campo. À Université de Liège, em particular ao Institut de Botanique e ao Professor Dr. Emmanuël Serusiaux, chefe do Laboratório de Taxonomie Végétale et Biologie de la Conservation, pela acolhida durante o estágio sanduíche. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq pela concessão das bolsas de estudos. À Fundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção À Natureza pelo o apoio financeiro concedido (Processo nº 0819_20091), fundamental para o trabalho de campo. A Hildebrando, Adriano, Dona Maria e Charles, funcionários do Programa de Pós- graduação em Biologia Vegetal, pelo suporte técnico. A todos, meus sinceros agradecimentos. Silva, M.P.P. Padrões de distribuição de briófitas na Floresta Atlântica do ... LISTA DE FIGURAS Pág MANUSCRITO I - Do extant bryophyte distribution patterns mirror the fragmentation of the Amazon and Atlantic rainforests? Figure 1. The 53 localities studied according to their position in relation to Brazilian phytogeographical domains. For a complete list of the areas see Table 1…………………………………………………………………………………... 58 Figure 2. Hypothetical area cladograms depicting possible phytogeographical affinities of Forest enclaves within Caatinga (CA), Amazonia (AM) and Atlantic forest (AF). The CA could be more closely related to AF (left), to AM (middle), or be basal relative to the two forest domains (right). Adapted from Costa (2003)……………………………………………………..……………….. 59 Figure 3. Relation of spore size between the bryophyte phylum studied (A) and biogeographic process (B). m = moss, l = liverwort…………………………… 59 MANUSCRITO II - Padrões de distribuição de briófitas na Floresta Atlântica: abordagem regional Figura 1. Localização dos remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica Nordestina Brasileira estudados................................................................................................ 87 Figura 2. Diagrama da Análise de Correspondência Canônica (CCA) baseado na composição total de espécies (A) e de grupos funcionais (B) de briófitas e nas variáveis ambientais estudadas da Floresta Atlântica do Nordeste do Brasil. Variáveis redundantes (Spearman: |rs|>0.7) e pouco explicativas (cutoff: 0.2) foram eliminadas das análises. Valores em parênteses correspondem à riqueza de espécies. Eigenvalues (A): eixo 1 = 0.45, eixo 2 = 0.32, eixo 3 = 0.20. Explicação cumulativa em percentagem explicada pelos dois eixos = 46.6. Eigenvalues (B): eixo 1 = 0.60, eixo 2 = 0.15, eixo 3 = 0.08. Explicação cumulativa em percentagem explicada pelos dois eixos = 75................................ 88 Figura 3. Relação da riqueza de espécies de briófitas das áreas de Floresta Atlântica do Nordeste do Brasil com a latitude (log). As siglas de cada círculo correspondem aos Estados Brasileiros (ver Figura 1), seguindo o sentido Norte- Silva, M.P.P. Padrões de distribuição de briófitas na Floresta Atlântica do ... Sul........................................................................................................................... 89 Figura 4. Padrões de ocupação registrados nas comunidades, baseados na constância regional (número de áreas colonizadas) e freqüência local (nº de assinalamentos) das espécies de briófitas dos remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica do Nordeste do Brasil. Cada círculo indica um padrão, conforme legenda. O número de espécies de cada categoria é indicado................................. 90 Figura 5. Freqüência local (A) e constância regional (B) médias (± IC) das espécies de briófitas da Floresta Atlântica Nordestina do Brasil por categorias de guildas de tolerância à luminosidade................................................................. 90 Figura 6. Riqueza relativa de espécies de briófitas quanto ao tipo de sistema reprodutivo (A), categorias de forma de crescimento (B) e guildas de tolerância à luminosidade (C), e tamanho médio do esporo por categorias de distribuição... 91 MANUSCRITO III - Diversidade de briófitas em áreas prioritárias para conservação na Floresta Atlântica do Nordeste do Brasil Figura 1. Localização dos remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica Nordestina estudados................................................................................................................. 133 Figura 2. Representatividade das principais famílias de briófitas, compiladas através de revisão bibliográfica (a) e dos inventários brioflorísticos realizados neste estudo (b). Lej = Lejeuneaceae, Fis = Fissidentaceae, Cal = Calymperaceae, Ort = Orthotrichaceae, Sem = Sematophyllaceae, Fru = Frullaniaceae, Bry = Bryaceae, Pla = Plagiochilaceae, Pil = Pilotrichaceae, Leu = Leucobryaceae, Bra = Brachytheciaceae, Pyl = Pylaisiadelphaceae................... 133 Figura 3. Número de espécies de briófitas das áreas de Floresta Atlântica Nordestina estudadas. Localidades em ordem crescente de latitude geográfica por Estado. RN = Rio Grande do Norte, PB = Paraíba, PE = Pernambuco, SE = Sergipe. Para sigla das áreas ver Tabela 1.............................................................
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