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Important Multipurpose Projects

Name of the Project Name of the River River Sutlej in Himachal Pradesh. It is the Highest Dam in . Its reservoir is known Bhakra Nangal Project as Gobind Sagar Lake. It should be noted that Bhakra and Nangal are two separate projects. Mandi Project On river Beas in Himachal Pradesh. On river Chambal in and . It has three dams the – Gandhi Chambal Valley Project Sagar Dam(MP), Rana Pratap Sagar Dam (Rajasthan) and Jawahar Sagar Dam. Damodar Valley Project On river Damodar in Bihar. On river Mahanadi in Orissa. It is World’s Hirakud Project longest dam 4801m On river Son in Mirzapur. Its reservoir is Rihand Project Govind Ballabh Pant reservoir. Kosi Project On river Kosi in Bihar. Mayurkashi Project On river Mayrukashi in West Bengal. Kakrapar Project On river Tapi in . On river Krishna in between Andhra Pradesh Nagarjuna Sagar Project and Telangana. It is world’s largest masonry dam. On river Tungabhadra (tributary of Krishana) in Tungabhadra Project Karnataka. On river Kaveri in Karnataka.It’s the oldest Shivasamudram Project river valley project of India. In Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu.India-Canada Kundah & Periyar Project friendship symbol. Farakka Project On river Ganga in West Bengal. Ukai Project On river Tapti in Gujarat. Mahi Project On river Mahi in Gujarat. Salal Project On river Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir. Matatila Multipurpose On river Betwa in & Madhya Project Pradesh. www.Thennakam.com

Thein Project On river Ravi in Punjab. Pong/Beas Dam On river Beas in Punjab. Tehri Project On river Bhagirathi in Uttaranchal. Sardar Sarovar Project On river Narmada in Gujarat. Idukki Hydro-Electric On river Periyar in Kerala. It is built with Project Canadian assistance. Kalpong Hydro-Electric First dam in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Project

Command Stations of Indian Air Force

The Indian Air Force is divided into 5 operational and 2 functional commands. Each of these Command is headed by an Air Officer Commander-in-Chief who is a rank holder of Air Marshal.

The purpose of keeping an operational command is to carry out the military operations using aircrafts within its entrusted area of responsibility. While the responsibility of the functional commands is to maintain combat readiness at all times.

Apart from the Training Command located at Bangalore, there is a centre for primary flight training located at the Air Force Academy, Hyderabad. The Advanced officer training for command positions is conducted at the Defence Services Staff College. While specialized advanced flight training schools are located at Bidar in Karnataka, and Hakimpet in Andhra Pradesh. The Technical schools are located at a number of other locations. also.

Let us now look into different operational commands:

 Central Air Command (CAC)- It is headquartered at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh ; operates Air Bases in Madhya Pradesh and surrounding states of central parts of India www.Thennakam.com

 Eastern Air Command (EAC)– It is headquartered at Shillong, Meghalaya; operates Air bases in Eastern and North-eastern parts of India  Southern Air Command (SAC)- It is headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala; strategically important Air command protecting the vital shipping routes; operates Air bases in Southern India and in the parts Andaman and Nicobar Islands.  South Western Air Command (SWAC)– It is headquartered at Gandhinagar, Gujarat; front line of defence against Pakistan ; operates bases in Gujarat, and Rajasthan region.  Western Air Command (WAC) – It is headquartered at Subroto Park, New Delhi: largest Air Command; operates air bases from parts of Punjab to Uttar Pradesh.

The Functional Commands are located following places:

1. Training Command (TC)– It is headquartered at Bangalore, Karnataka 2. Maintenance Command (MC)– It is headquartered at Nagpur, Maharashtra

Furthermore, India also operates the Farkhor Air Base also known as the Ayni airbase hosting a Indian “military outpost” in Tajikistan (around 15 km from Tajik capital Dushanbe), though officialy both government do not comment much about the base.

Commands of Indian Navy

Indian Navy: Indian Navy functions as the deterrent to any threats or aggression against the territory or people of India. It also protects the maritime interests of India during the times of peace or war. www.Thennakam.com

 Navy Day is celebrated on 4th of December every year to commemorate the efforts of Indian Navy in the war of 1971 with Pakistan where The Navy sank three enemy vessels near Karachi in the Operation Trident.  The motto of the Indian Navy is “Sham no Varunah”.  The President of India is the supreme commander of the Armed forces in India.  The Defence minister, who holds the rank of Cabinet minister in the government of India is the head of the Defenece Ministry which handles the administrative control of the Armed forces of the country.  The head of Indian Navy is known as The Chief of Naval Staff, who is an Admiral rank officer in the Navy.

Commands of Indian Navy:

The Indian Navy is organized into three different commands for all three sides of water surrounding our Indian peninsula. Each of these commands is headed by Commanding-in-chief Flag Officer who has a rank of Vice Admiral.

1. The Western Command – It is headquartered at in the state of Maharashtra. It covers the areas of whole western flank of Indian waters on the western side. In any event of conflict with Pakistan, the western command is bound to respond to it. 2. The Southern Command – It is headquartered at Kochi in Kerala. It also has the Flag Officer Sea Training. 3. The Eastern Command – It is headquartered at Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. Visakhapatnam is the only natural harbour of India.

The Eastern and Western Commands of Indian Navy have a Fleet that is commanded by a Rear Admiral, along with a Commodore commanding submarines. While the Southern Command is mainly for Flag officer sea training. www.Thennakam.com

Additionally, there is a unified tri-services command located at Andaman and Nicobar Islands. All three armed forces have a unified base at Port Blair since 2001.

Commands of Indian Army

Indian Army It is the land based branch of the Indian armed forces. Indian Army is one of the largest standing armies in the world.

Indian Army follows a regimental system but has been divided into 7 commands for operational and geographical reasons.

In a regimental system, the regiments are responsible for recruitment and training of the personnel. These regiments are maintained permanently and develop their unique unitary history which has its own traditions, and functions.

Here are some quick facts about Indian Army:

 The Army Day is celebrated on 15 January every year. It is the day when Field Marshall K. M. Cariappa took office as first Indian Commanding-in-Chief of the Army after Independence.  The motto of Indian army is “One for all and all for one “.  The commander in chief of all armed forces of the country is the President of India.  The Defence Ministry is responsible for the administrative functions related to the Armed forces of the country.

Indian Army Commands :

There are total seven commands of Indian Army, one among them is the training command. And six are operational www.Thennakam.com commands. Each of these command has direct affiliation to the New Delhi Army Headquarter.

Each of these command is headed by a Commanding- in- Chief General Officer holding the rank of Lieutenant General. The staff of these command headquarters is headed by the Chief of Staff (COS) with the rank of a Lieutenant General.

A command usually consists of two or more corps under it (A Corps consists of Army divisions).

1. Northern Command – It is headquartered at Udhampur in state of Jammu & Kashmir. 2. Western Command – It is headquartered at Chandimandir in Haryana. 3. Southern Western Command – It is headquartered at Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan. Many would think, based on logic that Jaipur will be the NORTH western command but it is the SOUTH WESTERN Command. Do take note of this. 4. Central Command – It is headquartered at in Uttar Pradesh. (Prior to this Lucknow was the HQ of the Eastern Command, which was shifted to Kolkata after China war). 5. Southern Command – It is headquartered at in Maharashtra. 6. Eastern Command – It is headquartered at Kolkata in West Bengal. 7. Training Command (ARTRAC) – It is headquartered at Shimla in Himachal Pradesh.

List of Jnanpith (Gyanpith) Award Winners YEAR NAME OF WINNER CONTRIBUTION & WORK LANGUAGE Contribution to Gujarati poetry, novels 2015 Raghuveer Chaudhary including trilogy (Uparvaas), Rudra Gujarati Mahalaya, Venu Vatsala 2014 (Cocoon) Marathi (50th ) 2013 Akaal main Saras 2012 Ravuri Bharadhwaja Paakudurallu Telugu 2011 Yajnaseri Oriya Chandrashekhara 2010 For his contributions to literature Kannada Kambara 2009 Amar Kant Hindi 2009 Hindi For his contribution to Poetry. He is Akhlaq Mohammed Khan 2008 only the 4th Urdu writer to be awarded the Urdu ‘Shahryar’ Jnanpith Award for his contributions to Malayalam 2007 Dr. O. N. V. Kurup Malayalam literature 2006 Sanskrit 2006 Konkani 2005 Hindi Subhuk Soda, Kalami Rahi and Siyah 2004 Rahman Rahi Kashmiri Rode Jaren Manz 2003 Ashtadarshana (poetry) Marathi 2002 D. Tamil 2001 Rajendra Keshavlal Shah Gujarati 2000 Indira Goswami Assamese 1999 Punjabi 1999 Hindi for his contributions to Kannada literature 1998 and for contributions to kannada theater Kannada (yayati) 1997 Urdu 1996 Hajar Churashir Ma Bengali www.Thennakam.com

1995 Dr. M. T. Vasudevan Nair Randamoozham (Second Chance) Malayalam 1994 U. R. Ananthamurthy for his contributions to Kannada literature Kannada for contribution to the enrichment of Indian 1993 Oriya literature 1992 Hindi 1991 Subhas Mukhopadhyay Padati Bengali V. K. Gokak (Vinayaka 1990 Bharatha Sindhu Rashmi Kannada Krishna Gokak) 1989 Akhire Shab Ke Humsafar Urdu 1988 Dr. C. Narayana Reddy Vishwambhara Telugu Vishnu Vaman 1987 Natsamrat Marathi Shirwadkar() 1986 Sachidananda Rout Roy Oriya

1985 Maanavi Ni Bhavaai (માનવીની ભવાઇ) Gujarati Thakazhi Sivasankara 1984 Kayar {Coir} Malayalam Pillai Maasti Venkatesh Chikkaveera Rajendra (Life and struggle 1983 Kannada Ayengar of Kodava King Chikkaveera Rajendra) 1982 Yama Hindi 1981 Kagaj te Canvas Punjabi 1980 S. K. Pottekkatt Oru Desathinte Katha (Story of a land) Malayalam Birendra Kumar 1979 Mrityunjay (Immortal) Assamese Bhattacharya Sachchidananda 1978 Hirananda Vatsyayan Kitni Navon Men Kitni Bar Hindi ‘Ajneya’ Mookajjiya Kanasugalu (Mookajjis 1977 K. Shivaram Karanth Kannada dreams) 1976 Pratham Pratisruti Bengali 1975 P. V. Chitttrappavai Tamil Vishnu Sakharam 1974 Yayati Marathi Khandekar Dattatreya Ramachandra 1973 Nakutanti (Naku Thanthi) Kannada Bendre www.Thennakam.com

1973 Paraja Oriya 1972 Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar’ Urvashi Hindi 1971 Smriti Satta Bhavishyat Bengali Viswanatha 1970 Kalpavrikshamu Telugu Satyanarayana 1969 Gul-e-Naghma Urdu 1968 Chidambara Hindi 1967 Nishitha Gujarati Kuppali 1967 Venkatappagowda Sri Ramayana Darshanam Kannada Puttappa() Tarashankar 1966 Ganadevta Bengali Bandopadhyaya 1965 G. Sankara Kurup Odakkuzhal (Flute) Malayalam

List of National Parks in India

National Parks in India There are many National Parks in India spread across various states and Union Territories. These National Parks are categorized as “Protected Areas” declared under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 to protect the habitats of residing species.

The characteristic feature of a National Parks is that – No Human activity is permitted inside a National Park.

 The first National Park in India was established prior to Independence in 1936, which is now known as the Jim Corbett National Park (earlier it was Hailey National Park) situated in Uttarakhand.  As of 2014, there are 102 National Parks in the country, according to India’s 5th National Report to CBD which came out in 2014. www.Thennakam.com

List of National Parks in India – General Awareness Study Material & Notes

State/ UT Name of National Parks Year of Establishment Andaman Campbell Bay National Park 1992 and Nicobar Andaman Galathea National Park 1992 and Nicobar Marine Andaman National Park (previously: 1983 and Nicobar Wandur National Park) Andaman Middle Button Island National 1987 and Nicobar Park Andaman Mount Harriet National Park 1987 and Nicobar Andaman North Button Island National 1987 and Nicobar Park Andaman Rani Jhansi Marine National 1996 and Nicobar Park Andaman Saddle Peak National Park 1987 and Nicobar Andaman South Button Island National 1987 and Nicobar Park Andhra Kasu Brahmananda Reddy 1994 Pradesh National Park Andhra Mahavir Harina Vanasthali 1994 Pradesh National Park Andhra Mrugavani National Park 1994 Pradesh Andhra Sri Venkateswara National 1989 Pradesh Park Arunachal Mouling National Park 1986 Pradesh www.Thennakam.com

Arunachal Namdapha National Park 1983 Pradesh Assam Dibru-Saikhowa National Park 1999 Assam Kaziranga National Park 1974 Assam Manas National Park 1990 Assam Nameri National Park 1998 Assam Orang National Park 1999 Bihar Valmiki National Park 1989 Bihar Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary 1987 Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Bihar 2009 Sanctuary Chhattisgarh Indravati National Park 1981 Kanger Ghati National Chhattisgarh 1982 Park (Kanger Valley) Chhattisgarh Sanjay National Park 1981 Goa Mollem National Park 1978 Gujarat Vansda National Park 1979 Blackbuck National Park, Gujarat 1976 Velavadar Gujarat Gir National Park 1965 Gulf of Kachchh Marine Gujarat 1980 National Park Haryana Kalesar National Park 2003 Haryana Sultanpur National Park 1989 Himachal Great Himalayan National 1984 Pradesh Park Himachal Pin Valley National Park 1987 Pradesh Jammu and Dachigam National Park 1981 Kashmir Jammu and Hemis National Park 1981 Kashmir www.Thennakam.com

Jammu and Kishtwar National Park 1981 Kashmir Jammu and Salim Ali National Park 1992 Kashmir Jharkhand Betla National Park 1986 Jharkhand Hazaribag National Park 1954 Jharkhand Dimna National Park 1975 Karnataka Anshi National Park 1987 Karnataka Bandipur National Park 1974 Karnataka Bannerghatta National Park 1974 Karnataka Kudremukh National Park 1987 Rajiv Gandhi National Karnataka Park (prev: Nagarhole 1988 National Park) Kerala Eravikulam National Park 1978 Mathikettan Shola National Kerala 2003 Park Kerala Periyar National Park 1982 Kerala Silent Valley National Park 1984 Madhya Bandhavgarh National Park 1982 Pradesh Madhya Fossil National Park 1983 Pradesh Madhya Kanha National Park 1955 Pradesh Madhya Madhav National Park 1959 Pradesh Madhya Panna National Park 1973 Pradesh Madhya Pench National Park, Madhya 1975 Pradesh Pradesh www.Thennakam.com

Madhya Sanjay National Park 1981 Pradesh Madhya Satpura National Park 1981 Pradesh Madhya Van Vihar National Park 1979 Pradesh Maharashtra Chandoli National Park 2004 Maharashtra Gugamal National Park 1987 Maharashtra Navegaon National Park 1975 Maharashtra Pench National Park 1975 Sanjay Gandhi National Maharashtra Park a.k.a. Borivili National 1983 Park, Mumbai Maharashtra Tadoba National Park 1955 Manipur Keibul Lamjao National Park 1977 Manipur Sirohi National Park 1982 Meghalaya Balphakram National Park 1986 Meghalaya Nokrek National Park 1986 Mizoram Murlen National Park 1991 Phawngpui Blue Mountain Mizoram 1997 National Park Nagaland Ntangki National Park 1993 Orissa Bhitarkanika National Park 1988 Orissa Nandankanan National Park 1976 Orissa Simlipal National Park 1980 Punjab Harike Wetland 1987 Rajasthan Darrah National Park 2004 Rajasthan Desert National Park 1980 Rajasthan Keoladeo National Park 1981 Rajasthan Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary 1960 Rajasthan Ranthambore National Park 1980 Rajasthan Sariska National Park 1982 www.Thennakam.com

Khangchendzonga National Sikkim 1977 Park Tamil Nadu Guindy National Park 1976 Gulf of Mannar Marine Tamil Nadu 1980 National Park Indira Gandhi National Tamil Nadu Park (prev: Annamalai 1989 National Park) Tamil Nadu Mudumalai National Park 1990 Tamil Nadu Mukurthi National Park 1990 Tamil Nadu Palani Hills National Park Proposed Uttar Dudhwa National Park 1977 Pradesh Uttarakhand Corbett National Park 1936 Uttarakhand Gangotri National Park 1989 Uttarakhand Govind Pashu Vihar 1990 Uttarakhand Nanda Devi National Park 1982 Uttarakhand Rajaji National Park 1983 Valley of Flowers National Uttarakhand 1982 Park West Bengal Buxa Tiger Reserve 1992 West Bengal Gorumara National Park 1994 West Bengal Neora Valley National Park 1986 West Bengal Singalila National Park 1992 West Bengal Sundarbans National Park 1984

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