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Geohydrology, Water Levels and Directions of Flow, and Occurrence Geohydrology, Water Levels and Directions of Flow, and Occurrence of Light-Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids on Ground Water in Northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet Area of Northeastern Illinois By Robert T. Kay, Richard F. Duwelius, Timothy A. Brown, Frederick A. Micke, and Carol A. Witt-Smith U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4253 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY De Kalb, Illinois Indianapolis, Indiana 1996 CONTENTS Abstract......................................................................................... 1 Introduction...................................................................................... 1 Purpose and Scope............................................................................ 6 Previous Work............................................................................... 6 Acknowledgments............................................................................ 10 Description of Study Area........................................................................... 10 Physiography and Climate...................................................................... 10 Land Use ................................................................................... 11 Geohydrology .................................................................................... 11 Geology.................................................................................... 14 Bedrock Deposits........................................................................ 14 Unconsolidated Deposits.................................................................. 15 Hydrology .................................................................................. 25 Surface Water .......................................................................... 25 Ground Water .......................................................................... 29 Calumet Aquifer ................................................................... 29 Confining Unit..................................................................... 32 Silurian-Devonian Aquifer ........................................................... 36 Water Levels and Directions of Flow .................................................................. 36 Surface Water ............................................................................... 37 Ground Water ............................................................................... 41 Water Table ............................................................................ 41 Silurian-Devonian Aquifer ................................................................ 44 Surface-Water and Ground-Water Interactions ...................................................... 45 Horizontal Hydraulic Gradients and Ground-Water Velocities.......................................... 48 Vertical Hydraulic Gradients and Ground-Water Velocities ............................................ 54 Occurrence of Light-Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids on Ground Water........................................... 59 Summary and Conclusions .......................................................................... 62 References Cited .................................................................................. 63 Appendix 1: Summary of Information and Data Collected During the Synoptic Survey of Wells and Surface-Water Stations in Northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet Area of Northeastern Illinois, June 23-25, 1992.................................................... 68 PLATE In pocket Plate 1. Water-table configuration, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois, June 23-25, 1992. Figures 1-9. Maps showing: 1. Location of study area, political boundaries, large sewer lines, and surface-water bodies, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois .......................... 2 2. Land use in northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois ................ 4 3. Surficial geology, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois............ 8 4. Location of important topographic features and selected monitoring wells, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois ..................................... 12 5. Bedrock geology, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois............ 16 6. Bedrock surface, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois.................................................................... 18 7. Thickness of fine-grained unconsolidated deposits, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois .................................................. 20 8. Thickness of sand deposits, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois.................................................................... 22 Contents III CONTENTS 9. Typical directions of surface-water flow, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois.............................................................. 26 10. Graph showing water-level change as a function of time during slug testing, well S65, rising-head phase ................................................................................... 31 11. Map showing distribution of horizontal-hydraulic-conductivity values at wells within 30 feet of the water table, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois ................. 34 12-14. Graphs showing: 12. Water-level trends in well S297, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois, Oct. 1, 1991-Sept. 30, 1992 .......................................... 38 13. Water-level trends in wells S299 and S277, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois, June 18-25, 1992 .................................................. 39 14. Water-level trends in wells S57, S59, and S64, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois, June 22-24, 1992............................................... 40 15-20. Maps showing: 15. Direction of surface-water flow, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois, June 23-25, 1992..................................................... 42 16. Potentiometric surface of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois, June 23-25, 1992................................... 46 17. Location of transects where horizontal hydraulic gradients along the water table were calculated, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois, June 23-25, 1992...................................................................... 50 18. Location of transects where horizontal hydraulic gradients in the Silurian-Devonian aquifer were calculated, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois, June 23-25, 1992...................................................................... 52 19. Direction of vertical hydraulic gradient within the Calumet aquifer, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois, June 23-25, 1992................................ 56 20. Location of wells where light-nonaqueous-phase liquids were detected, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois, June 23-25, 1992 ...................... 60 TABLES 1. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities calculated from slug-test data, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois.............................................................. 30 2. Calculated horizontal hydraulic gradient and ground-water velocity at the water table along transects, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois ......................... 49 3. Calculated horizontal hydraulic gradient and ground-water velocity in the Silurian-Devonian aquifer along transects, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois..................... 54 4. Calculated vertical hydraulic gradient at selected points, northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois ..................................................................... 55 5. Light-nonaqueous-phase-liquid thickness (LNAPL), northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet area of northeastern Illinois, June 23-24, 1992.......................................................... 59 IV Contents CONVERSION FACTORS AND VERTICAL DATUM Multiply By To obtain inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter foot (ft) 0.3048 meter foot per foot (ft/ft) 0.3048 meter per meter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer acre 4,047 square meter foot per day (ft/d)1 0.3048 meter per day foot per mile (ft/mi) i 0.1894 meter per kilometer cubic feet per second (ft /s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows: °F = 9/5 (°C) + 32 Sea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929) a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. Foot per day is the mathematically reduced term of cubic foot per day per square foot of aquifer cross-sectional area. Contents Geohydrology, Water Levels and Directions of Flow, and Occurrence of Light-Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids on Ground Water in Northwestern Indiana and the Lake Calumet Area of Northeastern Illinois By Robert
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