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Water Levels in the Calumet Aquifer and Their Relation to Surface-Water Levels in Northern Lake County, Indiana, 1985-92

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Water Levels in the Calumet Aquifer and Their Relation to Surface-Water Levels in Northern Lake County, Indiana, 1985-92 WATER LEVELS IN THE CALUMET AQUIFER AND THEIR RELATION TO SURFACE-WATER LEVELS IN NORTHERN LAKE COUNTY, INDIANA, 1985-92 By THEODORE K. GREEMAN Prepared in cooperation with the INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4110 Indianapolis, Indiana 1995 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For additional information, write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center Water Resources Division Open-File Reports Section 5957 Lakeside Boulevard Box25286, MS 517 Indianapolis, IN 46278-1996 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................. 1 Introduction .............................................................................. 2 Purpose and Scope ..................................................................... 2 Physical Setting........................................................................ 3 Hydrogeologic Setting of the Calumet Aquifer ............................................... 3 Acknowledgments ..................................................................... 12 Data-Collection Network.................................................................... 12 Ground-Water-Level Sites ............................................................... 12 Surface-Water-Level Sites ............................................................... 13 Ground-Water Levels and Their Relation to Surface-Water Levels ................................... 13 Water-Level Fluctuations ................................................................ 22 Changes Induced by Drought............................................................. 24 Changes Induced by Lake Michigan ....................................................... 24 Ground-Water/Surface-Water Interaction.................................................... 27 Changes Induced by Dewatering .......................................................... 28 Water-Table Configuration............................................................... 29 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................. 42 References Cited .......................................................................... 44 Supplemental Data......................................................................... 45 FIGURES 1-4. Maps showing: 1. Surface water and cultural features in the study area................................ 4 2. Locations of wells and surface-water sites, northern Lake County, Indiana .............. 6 3. Surficial geology of the study area.............................................. 8 4. Major land uses in the study area............................................... 10 5. Ground-water hydrograph showing the daily effects of evapotranspiration.................... 23 6. Difference in water levels between deep and shallow wells, northern Lake County, Indiana ...... 25 7. Graphs showing monthly precipitation data for Hobart, Indiana ............................ 26 8-13. Maps showing water table in the Calumet aquifer: 8. May 9-16, 1986 ............................................................ 30 9. July 5-7,1988 ............................................................. 32 10. October 11-13,1988 ........................................................ 34 11. February 26-March 1,1990................................................... 36 12. November 26-29,1990 ...................................................... 38 13. September 8-11,1992 ....................................................... 40 Contents iii CONTENTS TABLES 1. Characteristics of observation wells completed in the Calumet aquifer, northern Lake County, Indiana ............................................................. 14 2. Location and description of surface-water-stage measurement sites in northern Lake County, Indiana ............................................................. 17 3. Summary statistics for ground-water-level measurements in the Calumet aquifer, northern Lake County, Indiana ...................................................... 18 4. Summary statistics for surface-water-level measurements in northern Lake County, Indiana...... 21 5. Water levels in selected wells in the Calumet aquifer and surface-water sites in northern Lake County, Indiana, August 1985 through October 1992 ........................ 46 iv Water Levels in the Calumet Aquifer CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND ABBREVIATIONS Multiply By To Obtain inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter inch per year (in/yr) 25.4 millimeter per year foot (ft) 0.3048 meter foot per day (ft/d) 0.3048 meter per day mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer Temperature is given in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) which may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: °C = (°F-32) 0.556 Sea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929) a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. Conversion Factors v Water Levels in the Calumet Aquifer and Their Relation to Surface-Water Levels in Northern Lake County, Indiana, 1985-92 By Theodore K. Greeman Abstract Analysis of water-level data indicates that the 1988 drought did not substantially affect The U.S. Geological Survey made 2,328 water levels in the Calumet aquifer, but the water-level measurements at a total of deficit in precipitation reversed vertical flow 96 ground-water and surface-water sites in northern Lake County, Indiana, from August gradients in ground water at three paired 1985 through September 1992. This report deep and shallow wells. High water levels lists and summarizes the significance of the in Lake Michigan during 1985-87 created measurements. Northern Lake County is on long-term backwater effects on the Grand the southern shore of Lake Michigan and Calumet River as far as 11.0 miles upstream includes the cities of East Chicago, Gary, from Lake Michigan. Hammond, and Whiting. The study area is underlain by the unconfined Calumet aquifer Analysis of water-level data from the and receives about 36 inches of precipitation data-collection network indicates that the per year. water table normally slopes toward streams, The U.S. Geological Survey investigated ditches, sewers, the Indiana Harbor Canal, and ground-water levels and flow in the Calumet Lake Michigan. The slope of the water table aquifer and the effect of Lake Michigan levels toward the Grand Calumet River is greatest in on ground-water and surface-water levels the winter and can decrease to being almost throughout the study area. Summary statistics horizontal in the summer. Wells near streams of the water-level data were computed for each site. respond quickly to nearby surface-water-level changes. Water-table maps indicate that Ground-water levels annually reach a sewers and dewatering systems are lowering maximum in June or July and a minimum in September or October. Measured ground- ground-water levels in large areas. Ditches, water fluctuations in the Calumet aquifer the Grand Calumet River, and the Indiana during the study period ranged from 0.40 Harbor Canal connect the Lake Michigan to 5.01 feet, and the mean ground-water water level to large parts of the study area. fluctuation was about 2.3 feet The largest The surface-water stage in the Indiana Harbor surface-water fluctuations were affected by Canal, which functions as a ditch, can equal record setting Lake Michigan levels. Mid- Lake Michigan's stage up to 3.75 miles inland month daily averages for the data-collection period show that Lake Michigan fluctuated from the lakeshore. Human activity, the stage 4.14 feet Water-level fluctuations on the of Lake Michigan, and the storage capacity of Grand Calumet River were from 1.06 to the Calumet aquifer combine to reduce vertical 2.45 feet changes in the water table in the study area. Abstract 1 INTRODUCTION After several new wells were installed, quarterly measurements were made at 99 sites from October Northern Lake County, Ind., (fig. 1), is on 1986 through August 1988. The USGS, in cooper­ the southern shore of Lake Michigan and is ation with IDEM, measured water levels in the accessible to major shipping routes. This area, network quarterly from October 1988 through which includes the cities of Gary, Hammond, September 1992. East Chicago, and Whiting, is one of the most Results of these previous investigations of industrialized and urbanized regions in the United contaminant loads in the Grand Calumet River States. Large-scale industries in the area include and the Indiana Harbor Canal indicated that steel mills, petrochemical refineries, chemical ground-water discharge is a contributor to the plants, coal-fired electric-generating plants, and surface-water contaminant load (Crawford and factories. Before development, much of the area Wangsness, 1987, p. 121; Fenelon and Watson, consisted of bogs and marshes separated by former 1993, p. 70); however, additional analysis of water beach ridges. As the area was developed, many levels in the Calumet aquifer (fig. 3) and surface- wetlands were drained, most beach ridges were water bodies nearby was necessary to determine leveled, new drainage outlets were opened to Lake ground-water flow directions. Interpretations of Michigan, and rivers were dredged. Large areas
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