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Mimicry and Defense
3/24/2015 Professor Donald McFarlane Mimicry and Defense Protective Strategies Camouflage (“Cryptic coloration”) Diverse Coloration Diversion Structures Startle Structures 2 1 3/24/2015 Camouflage (“Cryptic coloration”) Minimize 3d shape, e.g. flatfish Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) 3 4 2 3/24/2015 Counter‐Shading 5 Disruptive Coloration 6 3 3/24/2015 Polymorphism – Cepeae snails 7 Polymorphism – Oophaga granuliferus 8 4 3/24/2015 Polymorphism – 9 Polymorphism – Oophaga Geographic locations of study populations and their color patterns. (A) Map of the pacific coast of Colombia showing the three study localities: in blue Oophaga histrionica, in orange O. lehmanni, and in green the pHYB population. (B) Examples of color patterns of individuals from the pHYB population (1–4) and the pattern from a hybrid between Oophaga histrionica and O. lehmanni bred in the laboratory (H) 10 5 3/24/2015 Diversion Structures 11 Startle Structures 12 6 3/24/2015 Warning Coloration (Aposematic coloration) Advertise organism as distasteful, toxic or venomous Problem: Predators must learn by attacking prey; predator learning is costly to prey. Therefore strong selective pressure to STANDARDIZE on a few colors/patterns. This is MULLERIAN MIMICRY. Most common is yellow/black, or red/yellow/black 13 Warning Coloration (Aposematic coloration) Bumblebee (Bombus Black and yellow mangrove snake (Boiga sp.) Sand Wasp (bembix oculata) dendrophila) Yellow‐banded poison dart frog (Dendrobates leucomelas Fire salamander ( Salamandra salamandra) 14 7 3/24/2015 Warning Coloration (Aposematic coloration) coral snakes (Micrurus sp.) ~ 50 species in two families, all venomous 15 Batesian Mimicry 1862 –Henry Walter Bates; “A Naturalist on the River Amazons” 16 8 3/24/2015 Batesian Mimicry Batesian mimics “cheat” –they lack toxins, venom, etc. -
Predatory Behavior of Jumping Spiders
Annual Reviews www.annualreviews.org/aronline Annu Rev. Entomol. 19%. 41:287-308 Copyrighl8 1996 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved PREDATORY BEHAVIOR OF JUMPING SPIDERS R. R. Jackson and S. D. Pollard Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand KEY WORDS: salticids, salticid eyes, Portia, predatory versatility, aggressive mimicry ABSTRACT Salticids, the largest family of spiders, have unique eyes, acute vision, and elaborate vision-mediated predatory behavior, which is more pronounced than in any other spider group. Diverse predatory strategies have evolved, including araneophagy,aggressive mimicry, myrmicophagy ,and prey-specific preycatch- ing behavior. Salticids are also distinctive for development of behavioral flexi- bility, including conditional predatory strategies, the use of trial-and-error to solve predatory problems, and the undertaking of detours to reach prey. Predatory behavior of araneophagic salticids has undergone local adaptation to local prey, and there is evidence of predator-prey coevolution. Trade-offs between mating and predatory strategies appear to be important in ant-mimicking and araneo- phagic species. INTRODUCTION With over 4000 described species (1 l), jumping spiders (Salticidae) compose by Fordham University on 04/13/13. For personal use only. the largest family of spiders. They are characterized as cursorial, diurnal predators with excellent eyesight. Although spider eyes usually lack the struc- tural complexity required for acute vision, salticids have unique, complex eyes with resolution abilities without known parallels in animals of comparable size Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1996.41:287-308. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org (98). Salticids are the end-product of an evolutionary process in which a small silk-producing animal with a simple nervous system acquires acute vision, resulting in a diverse array of complex predatory strategies. -
Mimicry - Ecology - Oxford Bibliographies 12/13/12 7:29 PM
Mimicry - Ecology - Oxford Bibliographies 12/13/12 7:29 PM Mimicry David W. Kikuchi, David W. Pfennig Introduction Among nature’s most exquisite adaptations are examples in which natural selection has favored a species (the mimic) to resemble a second, often unrelated species (the model) because it confuses a third species (the receiver). For example, the individual members of a nontoxic species that happen to resemble a toxic species may dupe any predators by behaving as if they are also dangerous and should therefore be avoided. In this way, adaptive resemblances can evolve via natural selection. When this phenomenon—dubbed “mimicry”—was first outlined by Henry Walter Bates in the middle of the 19th century, its intuitive appeal was so great that Charles Darwin immediately seized upon it as one of the finest examples of evolution by means of natural selection. Even today, mimicry is often used as a prime example in textbooks and in the popular press as a superlative example of natural selection’s efficacy. Moreover, mimicry remains an active area of research, and studies of mimicry have helped illuminate such diverse topics as how novel, complex traits arise; how new species form; and how animals make complex decisions. General Overviews Since Henry Walter Bates first published his theories of mimicry in 1862 (see Bates 1862, cited under Historical Background), there have been periodic reviews of our knowledge in the subject area. Cott 1940 was mainly concerned with animal coloration. Subsequent reviews, such as Edmunds 1974 and Ruxton, et al. 2004, have focused on types of mimicry associated with defense from predators. -
Motion Dazzle and the Effects of Target Patterning on Capture Success
BMC Evolutionary Biology This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon. Motion dazzle and the effects of target patterning on capture success BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14:201 doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0201-4 Anna Hughes ([email protected]) Jolyon Troscianko ([email protected]) Martin Stevens ([email protected]) Sample ISSN 1471-2148 Article type Research article Submission date 5 June 2014 Acceptance date 9 September 2014 Article URL http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/14/201 Like all articles in BMC journals, this peer-reviewed article can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). Articles in BMC journals are listed in PubMed and archived at PubMed Central. For information about publishing your research in BMC journals or any BioMed Central journal, go to http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/authors/ © Hughes et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Motion dazzle and the effects of target patterning on capture success -
About the Book the Format Acknowledgments
About the Book For more than ten years I have been working on a book on bryophyte ecology and was joined by Heinjo During, who has been very helpful in critiquing multiple versions of the chapters. But as the book progressed, the field of bryophyte ecology progressed faster. No chapter ever seemed to stay finished, hence the decision to publish online. Furthermore, rather than being a textbook, it is evolving into an encyclopedia that would be at least three volumes. Having reached the age when I could retire whenever I wanted to, I no longer needed be so concerned with the publish or perish paradigm. In keeping with the sharing nature of bryologists, and the need to educate the non-bryologists about the nature and role of bryophytes in the ecosystem, it seemed my personal goals could best be accomplished by publishing online. This has several advantages for me. I can choose the format I want, I can include lots of color images, and I can post chapters or parts of chapters as I complete them and update later if I find it important. Throughout the book I have posed questions. I have even attempt to offer hypotheses for many of these. It is my hope that these questions and hypotheses will inspire students of all ages to attempt to answer these. Some are simple and could even be done by elementary school children. Others are suitable for undergraduate projects. And some will take lifelong work or a large team of researchers around the world. Have fun with them! The Format The decision to publish Bryophyte Ecology as an ebook occurred after I had a publisher, and I am sure I have not thought of all the complexities of publishing as I complete things, rather than in the order of the planned organization. -
Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage & Mimicry
Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage & Mimicry OCN 201 Biology Lecture 11 http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml Symbiosis • Parasitism - negative effect on host • Commensalism - no effect on host • Mutualism - both parties benefit Often involves food but benefits may also include protection from predators, dispersal, or habitat Parasitism Leeches (Segmented Worms) Tongue Louse (Crustacean) Nematodes (Roundworms) Commensalism or Mutualism? Anemone shrimp http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ Anemone fish http://www.scuba-equipment-usa.com/marine/APR04/ Mutualism Cleaner Shrimp and Eel http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ Whale Barnacles & Lice What kinds of symbioses are these? Commensal Parasite Camouflage • Often important for predators and prey to avoid being seen • Predators to catch their prey and prey to hide from their predators • Camouflage: Passive or adaptive Passive Camouflage Countershading Sharks Birds Countershading coloration of the Caribbean reef shark © George Ryschkewitsch Fish JONATHAN CHESTER Mammals shiftingbaselines.org/blog/big_tuna.jpg http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/images/cetaceans/orca_spyhopping-noaa.jpg Passive Camouflage http://www.cspangler.com/images/photos/aquarium/weedy-sea-dragon2.jpg Adaptive Camouflage Camouflage by Accessorizing Decorator crab Friday Harbor Marine Health Observatory http://www.projectnoah.org/ Camouflage by Mimicry http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml Mimicry • Animals can gain protection (or even access to prey) by looking -
Müllerian and Batesian Mimicry Rings of White- Variegated Aposematic Spiny and Thorny Plants: a Hypothesis
Israel Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 0792-9978 (Print) 2223-8980 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tips20 Müllerian and Batesian mimicry rings of white- variegated aposematic spiny and thorny plants: A hypothesis Simcha Lev-Yadun To cite this article: Simcha Lev-Yadun (2009) Müllerian and Batesian mimicry rings of white- variegated aposematic spiny and thorny plants: A hypothesis, Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 57:1-2, 107-116 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/IJPS.57.1-2.107 Published online: 14 Mar 2013. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 41 View related articles Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tips20 Download by: [Universitaire De Lausanne] Date: 03 May 2016, At: 02:12 Israel Journal of Plant Sciences Vol. 57 2009 pp. 107–116 DOI: 10.1560/IJPS.57.1–2.107 This paper has been contributed in honor of Azaria Alon on the occasion of his 90th birthday. Müllerian and Batesian mimicry rings of white-variegated aposematic spiny and thorny plants: A hypothesis SIMCHA LEV-YADUN Department of Science Education–Biology, Faculty of Science and Science Education, University of Haifa—Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel (Received 4 August 2008; accepted in revised form 9 March 2009) ABSTRACT Twenty-one wild spiny or thorny plant species growing in Israel have been found so far that are conspicuous because of white stripes and spots found on their leaves. Twenty of these species occupy open habitats, and only one is a climber (Smilax aspera) that is found in both shady and open habitats. -
Mimicry: Ecology, Evolution, and Development
Editorial Mimicry: Ecology, evolution, and development David PFENNIG, Guest Editor Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Coker Hall, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA, [email protected] 1 Introduction 1879), multiple undesirable species (e.g., toxic species) converge on the same warning signal, thereby sharing Mimicry occurs when one species (the “mimic”) the cost of educating predators about their undesirabil- evolves to resemble a second species (the “model”) be- ity. cause of the selective benefits associated with confusing Mimicry is among the most active research areas in a third species (the “receiver”). For example, natural all of evolutionary biology, in part because of the highly selection can favor phenotypic convergence between integrative nature that the study of mimicry necessarily completely unrelated species when an edible species entails. Mimicry involves asking both functional ques- receives the benefit of reduced predation by resembling tions (it involves investigating, for example, the adap- an inedible species that predators avoid. tive significance of more versus less precise resem- Research into mimicry has a rich history that traces blance between models and mimics) and mechanistic back to the beginnings of modern evolutionary biology. ones (it also involves investigating, for example, how In 1862––a scant three years after Darwin had published mimetic phenotypes are produced). Thus, mimicry re- The Origin of Species––Henry Walter Bates (1862), an search draws on diverse fields, many of which are on English explorer and naturalist, first suggested that close the cutting edge of biological research. Indeed, as Bro- resemblances between unrelated species could evolve as die and Brodie (2004, p. -
Antipredator Deception in Terrestrial Vertebrates
Current Zoology 60 (1): 16–25, 2014 Antipredator deception in terrestrial vertebrates Tim CARO* Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, and Center of Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Abstract Deceptive antipredator defense mechanisms fall into three categories: depriving predators of knowledge of prey’s presence, providing cues that deceive predators about prey handling, and dishonest signaling. Deceptive defenses in terrestrial vertebrates include aspects of crypsis such as background matching and countershading, visual and acoustic Batesian mimicry, active defenses that make animals seem more difficult to handle such as increase in apparent size and threats, feigning injury and death, distractive behaviours, and aspects of flight. After reviewing these defenses, I attempt a preliminary evaluation of which aspects of antipredator deception are most widespread in amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds [Current Zoology 60 (1): 16 25, 2014]. Keywords Amphibians, Birds, Defenses, Dishonesty, Mammals, Prey, Reptiles 1 Introduction homeotherms may increase the distance between prey and the pursuing predator or dupe the predator about the In this paper I review forms of deceptive antipredator flight path trajectory, or both (FitzGibbon, 1990). defenses in terrestrial vertebrates, a topic that has been Last, an antipredator defense may be a dishonest largely ignored for 25 years (Pough, 1988). I limit my signal. Bradbury and Vehrencamp (2011) state that “true scope to terrestrial organisms because lighting condi- deception occurs when a sender produces a signal tions in water are different from those in the air and whose reception will benefit it at the expense of the antipredator strategies often differ in the two environ- receiver regardless of the condition with which the sig- ments. -
Mimicry and Other Related Strategies
Tropical ecology WBNZ800 Mimicry and other related strategies Hoverfly (Sirphidae) Wasp (Vespidae) Tomasz W. Pyrcz Zoological Museum Jagiellonian University www.mzuj.uj.edu.pl A clearwing butterfly of the subfamily Ithomiinae Mimicry was described based on the example of tropical butterflies Henry Bates (1862) Fritz Müller (1878) MIMICRY Mimicry is one of the fundamental issues of evolutionary biology Entries on „mimicry” on the Internet (Google) In English – 42 000 000! In Spanish – 978 000 In French – 611 000 In Polish – 46 700 MIMICRY Resemblance Camouflage Signalling MIMICRY – a tripartite system (model) similar appearance (mimic) true signal false signal (operator) Wickler, 1968 Vane-Wright, 1978 Mimicry definitions Mimicry (general definition) is the similarity of one species to another which protects one or both. Mimicry (Polish Wikipedia) – protective adaptations of animals (especially insects) consisting in that harmless animals look like animals able to protect themselves by taking their shapes or colours. They can also take shapes and colous of the environment in order to be more difficult to detect. Mimicry definitions Mimicry (based on Wickler, 1968) is an evolutionary process in which an organism improves its fitness by modifying its appearance towards another organism. Mimicry (Pihneiro, 2004) involves an organism (the mimic) which simulates signal properties of a second living organism (the model), which are received as signals of interest by a third living organism (the operator), such that the mimic gains in fitness as a result of the opertator identifying it as an example of the model This definition does not say whether the fitness of model is affected! CRYPSIS /MIMESIS is not mimicry! Differences between mimicry and crypsis: Mimicry: 1. -
High Evolutionary Potential in the Chemical Defenses of an Aposematic Heliconius Butterfly
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.14.905950; this version posted January 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Article Type: Research Paper Title: High evolutionary potential in the chemical defenses of an aposematic Heliconius butterfly Authors: Mattila, Anniina L. K.1; Jiggins, Chris D.2; Opedal, Øystein H.1,3; Montejo-Kovacevich, Gabriela2; de Castro, Érika2; McMillan, William O.4; Bacquet, Caroline5; Saastamoinen, Marjo1,6 Author affiliations: 1. Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Finland 2. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK 3. Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden 4. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama 5. Universidad Regional Amazónica de Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador 6. Helsinki Life Science Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland Orcid ID: Anniina L. K. Mattila: 0000-0002-6546-6528 Chris D. Jiggins: 0000-0002-7809-062X Øystein H. Opedal: 0000-0002-7841-6933 Gabriela Montejo-Kovacevich: 0000-0003-3716-9929 Érika de Castro: 0000-0002-4731-3835 William O. McMillan: 0000-0003-2805-2745 Caroline Bacquet: 0000-0002-1954-1806 Marjo Saastamoinen: 0000-0001-7009-2527 Keywords: chemical defense – aposematism – mimicry – Heliconius – cyanogenic glucosides – evolvability 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.14.905950; this version posted January 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. -
(Thorn) Automimicry and Mimicry of Aposematic Colorful Thorns
ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Theoretical Biology 224 (2003) 183–188 Weapon (thorn) automimicry and mimicry of aposematic colorful thorns in plants Simcha Lev-Yadun* Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Science Education, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel Received 29 April 2002; received in revised form 21 March 2003; accepted 4 April 2003 Abstract In order to further characterize the function of coloration in plants as defense against herbivory, two types of thorn mimicry are described: (1) A unique type of weapon (thorn) automimicry (within the same individual) that was previously known only in animals, and (2) mimicry of aposematic colorful thorns, by colorful elongated and pointed plant organs (buds, leaves and fruit) that, despite their appearance, are not sharp. Some thorny plants including dozens of species of Agave, one species of Aloe and a palm species have thorn-like imprints or colorations on their leaves, constituting thorn automimicry by giving the impression of more extensive thorns. The mimicry of aposematic colorful thorns is a typical case of Batesian mimicry, but the thorn automimicry is a special intra-organismic Batesian mimicry. I propose that both types of mimicry serve as anti-herbivore mechanisms. r 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Agave; Aloe; Aposematic coloration; Automimicry; Batesian mimicry; Herbivory; Thorns 1. Introduction Several authors have proposed mimicry in plants as an anti-herbivore mechanism. Wiens (1978) estimated Cases of automimicry, i.e. mimicry of some parts in that about 5% of the land plants are mimetic, listing other parts of the same individual, have rarely been several types of protective plant mimicry.