GENERAL INDEX

Abbot H. Thayer, 3, 24, 27, 86 artificial sweeteners, 425–6 and sex, 364 adult mimicry by juveniles, 151, 408 aspartame, 425–6 aposematism, 155–6, 166, 430 aide mémoire mimicry, 97, 127, 155, 159, aspect diversity, 74, 77, 150, 283, 430 counterillumination, 28–9 206, 210, 228, 245, 250, 257, 260, asymmetry, 62–3, 65, 85, 131 bird‐dropping mimicry, 23, 88–9, 91–3, 429, 440 attack deflection, 259–61, 263, 267, 95, 150, 318 aerial crypsis, 38, 429 269–71, 274–5, 277, 279 birds aggressive mimicry, xiii–xiv, 6, 9, 12–16, autoimmune disease, xiv, 424, 425, 430 broken wing display see Aristotelian 85–6, 92, 231, 233–4, 236, 286, automimicry, 12, 97, 120, 151, 164, mimicry 255, 305–51, 363, 366, 406, 410, 188–90, 216, 393, 405, 430–1 edibility of, 124 416, 419, 429–31, 439, 444 see also weapon automimicry eggs, 60–1 alarm calls, 9, 12, 128, 262, 284, 406 autotomy, 80, 277, 430, 432, 443 owl feathers, 307 mimicry of, to gain food, 8, 401–2, 406 aversion induction, 123 pecking order, 400–1 mimicry of, to protect paternity, 365–6 pollination by, 394–7 mimicry of, for protection, 287–8 background matching, 4, 24, 29, 37, 42, song, 8, 324, 340, 401–2, 408 alarm pheromones, 231, 233, 300, 349, 47, 53, 58, 60–1, 64, 90, 110, UV vision in, 30 389, 391, 290, 422 wing tips, 309 alluring prey, 269, 324, 390 background selection, 30, 41–2, 56, 58 bluff, 86, 253–4, 271, 284 ambush predators, 54, 55, 71, 139, bacterial pathogens, 424–5 brood‐site deception, 388–9 306, 313 Baden‐Powell, 254 Browerian mimicry, 188, 431 anal gland spray, 158–9 Bakerian mimicry, 13, 393, 431, 433 bulling see female–female mounting androchromatism, 358–9 Bates, Henry, xiii, 1–2, 7 angling, 269, 324, 390 Batesian load see mimetic load calcium oxalate, 165, 394 anthocyanins, 410, 413, 430 Batesian mimicry, 6–7, 11, 13–14, 16, cantharidine, 145, 146, 431 antiapostatic selection, 73, 74, 78, 182–3, 20, 73, 81, 104, 119, 121–2, 142, capsaicin, 163, 426 204, 430 150, 155–6, 172, 174, 179–81, cardenolides see cardiac glycosides aposematism 183, 185, 187–8, 190, 192–3, 198, cardiac glycosides, 120, 140, 141, 143, and longevity, 121 201, 203–6, 214–16, 239–40, 144, 188, 190, 432 and symmetry, 63 246–51, 253, 320, 323, 430–1 carotenoids, 35, 50, 139, 147, 149, 153 evolution of, 2–3, 104–29 in plants, 293, 381 carrion mimicry, 16, 112, 120, 302, 389, in plants, 163–6 Batesian–Müllerian spectrum, 4 391–2, 419, 441 with non‐chemical defence, 149–50 Batesian–Poultonian mimicry, 431 caterpillars, 3, 5–6, 23–4, 26–8, 30, 32, apostatic selection, 73–4, 183, 204, 430 Batesian–Wallacian mimicry, 431 34–5, 50–3, 61, 72–5, 78, 81–3, 85, appeasement pheromones, 342, 344, 404COPYRIGHTEDbeak marks on butterfly wings, 135–7, 243 MATERIAL88–9, 91, 94–7, 100, 104, 107, 109, appetite suppression, 426 beak‐wiping, 112, 284 112–14, 120, 122–3, 131–4, Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Beau Geste hypothesis, 399, 402, 140–3, 145, 151–2, 160–1, 163, 141–2, 245 408, 431 165, 167, 209, 216, 224, 225, 227, aristolochic acid, 147, 149 bioluminescence, xiii, 45, 435 237–9, 243–4, 246, 248, 255, 260, Aristotelian mimicry, 277, 280, 430 aggressive mimicry, 307, 312, 315–16, 269, 271–2, 294, 299–300, 307, arithmetic mimicry, 10, 12, 260, 430 325, 431 416, 435, 437

Mimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and other Adaptive Resemblances, First Edition. Donald L. J. Quicke. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Chagas’ disease, 424 disruptive selection, 76–7, 184 food dummies for sex, 11, 362–3 chemical mimicry, 346–9 distractive markings, 3, 63–4, 66–8, 161, fruit colour and fruit dispersal, 410–14 chromatophores, 45, 49–50, 54, 194, 277, 328 functional response, 173, 186, 434 57–9, 432 dodecyl acetate, 344 fungal pathogens, 424 chromosomes, 40, 184, 201, 203, 220, Dodsonian mimicry, 382 fungi, xiii, 108, 166–7, 410, 419, 432, 222–3, 332, 436, 441 domestic chicks, 75, 94–5, 104, 106, 440, 443 circadian rhythms, 54 108–9, 120, 122–6, 130–3, 154, as models, 388–90, 417–18 cleaner fish mimicry, 320–2 157, 190, 204, 262, 265–6 pathogenic, 424 climate change, 37 dual signals, xiv, 11, 45, 72–3, 433 clitoris, 403–5, 439 galls, 300, 302 of spotted hyaena, 404, 439 echolocation, 255, 257 gastroenteritis, 425 cognition, 8, 76, 104, 116, 127, 159, edge detection, 63 genetics, xiv, 2, 34, 37, 41, 60, 77, 153, 162, 178, 201, 210–11, 224, 237, edge‐intercepting patches, 46, 61–6 182, 203, 216–20, 223, 266, 358 258, 262, 270, 277, 285, 290, 323, egg dummies/spots, on fish, 299, population, 338 329, 334, 336, 339–40, 344, 347–9, 360–2, 433–4 gentes, 332, 334, 337, 434 354, 362, 367, 410, 423, 433, 441 egg load assessment, 154 Georges Pasteur, 11 colour change, 49–58 egg mimics, on plants, 299–300 ghillie suits, 85–6 effect of diet, 51, 85 eggs glucosides, 3, 122, 145 medium paced, 54–6, 285, 325 cuckoo, 332–8 glucosinolates, 435 rapid, 56–7, 354 ground nesting birds, 58, 60 glycosides, 120, 140–4, 146, 149, slow, 50–3 elaiosomes, 415, 433 188–90, 224, 303, 426, 432, 435 compound mimicry, 235, 432 electrosensory crypsis, 73 green beard selection, 112 computer ‘games’, 43, 69, 77, 196 empathic learning see observational gregariousness, 109, 114, 131–4, 139, coral snake problem see Emsleyan mimicry learning 152, 162, 169, 236, 386 corpse mimicry see thanatosis Emsleyan mimicry, 16, 121, 173, 240–6, guanine, 45, 54, 56 countershading, 3–4, 7, 20, 24, 26–8, 47, 254, 433, 437 Guillain‐Barré syndrome, 424–5 58–9, 94, 157–8, 269, 432, 434, EPB see exploitation of perceptual biases 438, 441 epitopes, 342, 423–4 Hairy‐Downy game, 401 cryptic oestrus, 368 escape mimicry, 129, 150, 434 handicaps, 117–19, 214, 414, 435 cuckoldry, 354, 401, 433 ESS see evolutionary stable strategies handling time, 80, 94, 96, 122, 155, 173 in birds, 329–42 eumelanin, 437 Helmholtz illusion, 67, 367 in insects, 329, 342, 344–5 evolutionary chase, 162, 185, 192, 338 herding, 434 cuticular hydrocarbons, 50, 85, 233, 236, evolutionary stable strategies (ESSs), 15, hierarchies, 9, 363, 400–1, 403 239, 344, 346, 349–50, 376 44, 100, 115–17, 131, 296, 305, hissing cyanogenesis, 296 350, 358, 394–5, 402, 434 by snakes, 156–7, 254 cyanogenic glycosides, 145, 303, exogenous camouflage, 8, 53, 82–3, 434 mimicry of by birds, 156 436–7, 441 exploitation of perceptual biases, 8, homosexual behaviour see female–female 207, 290 mounting dazzle, 3, 10 eyes honest signals, 85, 112, 117, 119, 159, in plants, 291 concealment, 62, 270 165, 284, 408 military, 86 in transparent animals, 45 hormone mimicry, 422, 427 motion, 67, 69–71, 161, 437 stripes, 62, 270 horns, automimicry of, 407–8 decoys eyespots, 15, 62, 89, 137, 192, 250, hunger, 173, 177, 188, 190 duck, 328 260–77, 282–4, 433 military, 86 blinking/winking, 271–2 illicium, 315, 434, 436 deimatic displays, 182, 260, 283–4, 433 immunity, 243, 424 dermal light sensitivity, 54 false heads, 271–7 imperfect mimicry, 78, 196, 196, de‐stinging behaviour, 216 family selection, 113, 134, 152 206–11, 441 detectability dietary conservatism, 109 feeding mimicry see aggressive mimicry individual selection, 5, 104, 112–14, disc equation, 80–1, 173, 188 female–female mounting, 365 121–2, 134, 165 disguise, 7 female mimicry by males, 16, 354–7, 404 innate dispersal femmes fatales, 325 colour preference, 382, 410–11 of individuals, 117–18 flags to attract attention, 396, 411–14 recognition, 110, 127–31, 155, 231, of propagules, 410–20 flash colouration, 260–1, 281–2, 442 236, 242, 250, 260, 262, 283–4, disruptive patterns, 3, 7, 27, 58, 60–5, flirting, 328–9 290, 303 67, 72, 90, 97, 157, 239, 244, flocking see schooling insectivorous plants, 350–1 315, 433 foetid odour, 392 interspecific social dominance mimicry

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iridescence, 45, 47, 151–2, 344 mimic and model relative abundance, 95, ontogenetic changes, 32–4, 37, 53, 81–2, iridoid glycosides, 140–1, 149, 432 172–3, 175, 186, 188, 192, 196, 89, 97, 231, 234 iridophores, 49, 54, 56–7, 362, 436 198, 204, 206, 242, 322 osmeteria, 120 mimicry definitions, 2–5, 7–10, 13 Oudeman’s phenomenon, 90, 438 jamming, 255–7 miracidia, 423 outline concealment/disruption, 265 juvenile mimicry by adults, 400, 404, 408 mobbing, 287, 320 ovulation, 368 mobbing call mimicry, 288, 402 Owen–Owen effect, 178–9, 438 kin selection, 112, 121–2, 131, 133–4, monocrotaline, 143 366, 435–6, 443 Monte Carlo simulations, 177–9, 216 padded bras, 368 kleptocnidae, 147 moss mimicry, 26, 29 paddling for worms, 315 Kirbyan mimicry, 11, 436 motion camouflage/dazzle, 24, 69–71, parasitic ‘worms’, 8, 107, 122, 159, 302, 86, 161, 437 415–16, 422–3, 430 lauryl acetate see dodecyl acetate Müllerian mimicry, 4, 8, 10–11, 14–15, parasitoid wasps, 82, 100, 120, 149, leaf damage, 82–3 131, 145, 151, 156, 162, 165, 151–2, 186, 227, 233, 237, 239, lichen mimicry, 7, 26, 29, 38 172–5, 179, 181, 185–6, 188, 192, 253–5, 297, 302, 326, 333, 347, linamarin, 145, 436 195, 198, 204–6, 215–16, 219, 350, 424, 426, 433, 438 linkage maps, 219, 222 224, 227, 239, 242, 251, 285, 286, Pavlovian predators, 206, 438 lithium chloride, 125, 302, 436 430, 433, 436–7 pebble mimicry, 80, 88, 290, 433, 439 locomotor mimicry, 214–15, 233, 235, 437 in plants, 295, 382 pelt colour, 35, 61, 140, 198, 240–4, longevity, 121, 149, 166, 242, 290 mummy‐berry, 417–19 308, 355, 386 lotaustralin, 145–6, 437 muscimol, 108, 166 penis, 13, 400, 403–6, 439–40 lures, 306–7 musk, 368, 418 petiole clipping, 82 angler fish and relatives, 315–16 mustard oils, 138 phallic mimicry, 405 bolas spiders, 9, 13, 326 myrmecomorphy, 331–6, 346, 349, 438 phaneric mimesis, 88, 439 caudal, 317–18 phenology, 133, 229, 384 dragonfly, 318 nanocrystals, 56 pheromones, 13, 143–5, 194, 201, 231, pretending to be dead, 318 native Americans, 11, 328 233, 255, 256, 300–1, 307, 313, snake tails, 317 nectarless flowers see unrewarding flowers 319, 326, 342, 348–9, 356, 372–3, snake tongues, 317–18 negative frequency‐dependent selection 375–6, 378–9, 381–2, 389, 391, see apostatic selection 404, 431, 433, 439, 440, 442 magnet effect nematocysts, 177, 432 phylogenetics, xiii, 6, 8, 26, 57, 72, 83, in pollination, 374, 386 neophobia, 109, 116, 123, 128–9, 438 89, 119, 121, 124, 133–4, 147, in seed dispersal, 411 nestlings, 58, 60–1, 141–2, 229, 244, 158, 167–8, 203, 214–16, 218, male alternative reproductive tactics, 354–7 246, 248, 259, 280–1, 332, 338–9, 227–8, 231, 236, 242, 270, 302, male mimicry by females, 355, 358–9 364, 430, 436 309, 311, 329, 332, 341–2, 348, masquerade, 4–6, 8–10, 20, 22–3, 25, nests 354, 368, 374, 376, 378–9, 381–2, 50–1, 76, 81, 86, 88–9, 91–7, 104, bird, xv, 60, 85, 153, 157, 259–60, 391, 401, 411 109, 290, 307, 422, 431, 436–7, 277, 288, 320, 329, 332–3 phytoecdysteroids, 427 439, 442 social and other insects, 89, 104, 225, plant galls, 300, 302 melanin, 35, 53–4, 309, 437 227, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239, 251, pleiotropy, 360, 439 melanism, 37, 58, 69 255–6, 301 PMRF see pupal melanisation‐reducing fire, 40–1 neurohormone, 54, 99 factor industrial, 37–40, 436 neuropeptide, 35, 58 poison glands, 119, 147 melatonin, 37 nitrophenathrene see aristolochic acid see also venom memory, 117–18, 126, 154, 173–5, novel world, 128–9, 132–3, 196, 438 polarisation, of light, 49, 54, 68 177–80, 185, 189, 337, 387, 429 novelty, 124, 127–30, 154 pollen, 121, 323, 372, 381–3, 386–9, memory jogging see aide mémoire mimicry nuchal glands, 250 392, 394, 397, 410, 418–19 Mertensian mimicry see Emsleyan nuptial gifts, 99, 357 pollination by birds, 394–7 mimicry polyamines, 390 metapopulations, 116, 131, 211 object mimicry see masquerade polymorphism, 32, 34–5, 51–2, 73–4, metallic colouration, 106, 108, 150, 196, observational learning, 242, 255 76–80, 129, 150, 161–2, 175, 203, 344 odours 184–5, 190, 196, 199–201, 203–4, methyl salicylate, 123 defensive, 108, 120, 158; see also pyrazine 211, 216–17, 219–23, 229, 267, military camouflage, masquerade and floral, 375–6, 379, 392, 418 291, 308, 320, 333, 341, 349, 354, bluff, 3, 10, 85–6, 139, 255 oestrogens (phyto‐), 247 357–8, 375, 386–7, 393, 430 military uniforms, 12, 307 oestrus, 365–6, 368, 403–4, 418 and sex‐limited mimicry, 184, mimetic load, 162, 203–4, 220 olfactory crypsis, 344, 350 198–203, 211, 223, 358, 442

0003158615.INDD 535 7/13/2017 12:33:13 PM 536 General index

population genetics, 338 seaweed, 23, 61, 84–5, 88, 94, supernormal stimuli, 336, 339–40, see also genetics 97, 429 360, 404 predator mimicry, 9, 12, 89, 251–3 search image, 74–8, 80–1, 188, 204, survivorship plots, 28, 64, 65, predator–prey systems, 253–4 286, 430, 441 264, 265, 268 prickles see thorns of plants seasonal colour polymorphism, 32–7 swaying movement, 308 prolactin, 37, 437 seedless fruit, 100–1 switching between prey, 73–75, pseudonectaries, 394, 440 seeds, xiv–xvi, 23, 41, 100–1, 106, 176, 442 pseudoovipositor, 231 122, 126, 138, 150, 163, 165, symmetry deception see reverse pseudopenis, 404–5, 440 300, 368, 374, 387, 409–15, mimicry pseudosting, 230, 440 433, 438 synergistic selection, 104, 165–6 puddling, 135, 260 selection experiments, 17, 34, 99, 362 pupal colour, 32–5 self shadow concealment, 432, 441 tailed moths and reverse mimicry in pupal melanisation‐reducing semiotics, 3 flight, 275 factor, 35 sequestering toxins, 144, 167, 426 tail‐shedding, 277, 279–80 putrid odours see odours from animals, 145–7, 431 tannins, 50 pyrazine, 120, 123–4, 139, 157, 206, from plants, 3, 72, 109, 120, 140, taste avoidance learning, 124, 154 379, 440 142–5, 147, 149, 151, 169, termite balls, 417 pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), 120, 140–2, 188–90, 214, 224, 248, 255, 432, testosterone, 401, 405 144–5, 440 435, 440–1 thanatosis, 12, 15, 97–100, 182, 283, sex‐limited mimicry see polymorphism 318, 432, 441, 443 quasi‐Batesian mimicry, 178, 188, 206, sex pheromones, 13, 143–5, 201, 255–6, thermoregulation, 36–8, 67 323, 440 307, 319, 326, 372–3, 376, 378–9, thorns of plants (also prickles and spines) quasi‐Müllerian mimicry, 12 381–2, 404, 431 advertisement of, 163–5 quinine, 77, 109–10, 124, 126–7, sex skin, 368, 403 mimicry of, 7, 23, 93, 161 130–2, 143, 204–7, 209, sexual deception in pollination, 372, toxin load, 138, 173, 186, 205 243, 441 374–6, 392, 394 trade‐offs, 30–1, 36–7, 61, 75, 85, 100, sexual mimicry in animals, 353–69 137–8, 147, 149, 201, 206–7, 210, rain mimicry, 315 shadowing, 308–9 215, 279, 291, 308, 322, 335, 337, raphids, 165, 441 she‐males, 356–7 358, 393, 395, 404, 443 receiver psychology, 104, 172, 441 shoaling see schooling transformational mimicry see ontogenetic red egg syndrome, 154, 300 simulation modelling see Monte Carlo changes reflectance, 27, 31, 37, 41, 42, 45, 47, simulation transparency, 20, 45–7, 72, 106 54, 374, 482 sluggish behaviour, 139 transvestism, 203, 356 spectra, 55–7, 66, 334, 337, sneaky mating, 400–1 see also female mimicry by males; male 383–4, 393 Snell’s window, 47, 309–10, 442 mimicry by females UV, 152, 313, 335, 410–11 social mimicry, 400–1, 404, 442 trophallaxis, 346, 349, 443 reflex bleeding, 120, 122, 142, 147 social parasites, 342, 344, 346–8, 433 trypanosome, 424 reflexive selection, 77, 79, 150, Spanish fly, 108, 431 two‐step models of evolution 430, 441 sparkles, 260, 267–9 of aposematism, 114, 195 reverse mimicry, 271, 273–7 spatially explicit models, 116–18, 172, of mimicry, 3, 14, 172, 198 rewardless flowers see unrewarding 219–20 flowers spectral sensitivity see visual spectra unfamiliarity see novelty ringed patterns, 107, 141, 242 spicules, 147 unrewarding flowers, 374–5, 387, 393–4 spines in animals, 11, 82, 159–60, 228, urotomy see autotomy; tail‐shedding salicin, 149, 441 360, 441 UV (ultraviolet), 384, 392, 410, satiric mimicry see imperfect mimicry see also thorns of plants 411, 418 Scheinsaftblumen, 374 sporocysts, 16, 416, 423, 437, 442 absorbance, 350 schistosomiasis, 423 stabilimenta, 92, 93, 442 aposematism, 152 schools and schooling, 9–10, 12, status signalling, 401 fluorescence, 155–6 204, 260, 285, 286, 311, 322, stealth, 307 paint, 32 434, 441 stick‐like caterpillars, 6, 50–2, 94–7 reflectance, 45, 54–6, 152–3, 267–8, sea birds studliness, 400 310–11, 313, 335, 374, 384, 392, as mimics, 306–7 subadult plumage, 400, 403 410–11, 418 plumage colouration, 309 sulphur compounds (odourous), 158, vision, 3, 30–1, 54, 106, 209, taste, 124 303, 389, 391–2, 419, 435 267, 384

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Vavilovian mimicry, 414, 415, 443, 444 war see military… weapon venom, 8, 72, 107, 121, 129, 149, warships, 86 advertisement, 158–60 153, 157, 199, 213, 214, 225, warning colouration, 63, 109, 112, automimicry, 163, 165, 407–8, 430, 443 227, 230, 239, 240, 241–4, 246, 115–16, 119–20, 129, 131, 134, Wicklerian mimicry, 403–5, 444 248, 250, 346, 422, 424, 433, 149, 155, 157–9, 165, 185, 240, 439 Wicklerian–Barlowian mimicry, 13 438–9 in mammals, 157–9 Wicklerian–Guthrian mimicry, 405–6 vertebrate mimicry by invertebrates, 246 in plants, 163–5 wild birds, 3, 27–8, 31, 43, 63–4, 66, 73, viper head shape, 244, 248 warning sounds, 155–7 76–8, 152, 204, 206, 208–9, 246, viruses, 425 wasp mimicry, 152, 208–9, 226–9, 250, 262, 266, 268, 414 vision models, 56, 69, 104, 157, 207, 249, 251 winter plumage and pelts, 35–7 218, 334–6, 338, 341, 386, 392, by orchids, 301 ‘wolf in sheep’s clothing’, 322 410–11 Wasmannian mimicry, 13, 231, 233, visual spectra, 30–1, 56, 57, 165, 339 346, 443 zig–zag patterns in snakes, 244, 247–8

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