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Handbook for Classical Research

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Handbook for Classical Research HANDBOOK FOR CLASSICAL RESEARCH One of the glories of the Greco-Roman classics is the opportunity that they give us to consider a great culture in its entirety; but our ability to do that depends on our ability to work comfortably with very varied fields of scholarship. The Handbook for Classical Research offers guidance to students needing to learn more about the different fields and subfields of classical research, and its methods and resources. The book is divided into 7 parts: The Basics, Language, The Traditional Fields, The Physical Remains, The Written Word, The Classics and Related Disciplines, and The Classics since Antiquity. Topics covered range from history and literature, lexicography and linguistics, epigraphy and palaeography, to archaeology and numismatics, and the study and reception of the classics. Guidance is given not only on how to read, for example, an archaeological or papyrological report, but also on how to find such sources when they are relevant to research. Concentrating on "how-to" topics, the Handbook for Classical Research is a much needed resource for both teachers and students. David M. Schaps, Associate Professor of Classical Studies at Bar Ilan University, is the author of Economic Rights of Women in Ancient Greece, The Invention of Coinage and the Monetization of Ancient Greece, The Beauty of Japheth (a primer of ancient Greek for speakers of modern Hebrew), and dozens of articles on classical topics covering ancient history, economics, tragedy, metrics, lexicography, epigraphy, palaeography, and classical reception. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41 HANDBOOK FOR CLASSICAL RESEARCH David M. Schaps First published 2011 1 by Routledge 2 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN 3 4 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada 5 by Routledge 6 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 7 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 8 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. 9 10 To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s 1 collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. 2 © 2011 David M. Schaps 43 5 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or 6 reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, 7 mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, 8 including photocopying and recording, or in any information 9 storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from 20 the publishers. 1 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 2 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 3 4 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 5 A catalog record for this book has been requested 6 ISBN 0-203-84437-8 Master e-book ISBN 7 8 9 ISBN 13: 978–0–415–42522–3 (hbk) 30 ISBN 13: 978–0–415–42523–0 (pbk) 1 ISBN 13: 978–0–203–84437–3 (ebk) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41 From my teachers and my students For my students and their students 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41 CONTENTS List of Figures ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xix PART I: THE BASICS 1. The Nature of the Field 3 2. The Stages of Research 15 3. Assembling a Bibliography 26 4. What Are Your Sources? 39 5. Book Reviews 57 PART II: LANGUAGE 6. Lexicography 69 7. Grammar 81 8. Language and Linguistics 88 9. Using Classical Texts 100 PART III: THE TRADITIONAL FIELDS 10. Reading and Understanding Literature 115 11. Oratory and Rhetoric 130 12. Philosophy 141 13. History 155 viii contents PART IV: THE PHYSICAL REMAINS 1 2 14. Archaeology 177 3 15. Mycenaean Studies 192 4 16. Numismatics 200 5 6 PART V: THE WRITTEN WORD 7 8 17. Epigraphy 217 9 18. Papyrology 235 10 19. Palaeography 246 1 20. Editing Classical Texts 257 2 3 PART VI: THE CLASSICS AND RELATED DISCIPLINES 4 5 21. Art 267 6 22. Music and Dance 288 7 23. Science and Technology 296 8 24. Ancient Religion and Mythology 316 9 25. Law 329 20 26. Sociology, Anthropology, Economics and Psychology 343 1 2 PART VII: THE CLASSICS SINCE ANTIQUITY 3 4 27. The Classical Tradition and Classical Reception 359 5 28. History of Classical Scholarship 366 6 29. Reconstructing the Ancient World 374 7 30. Translation 380 8 9 Abbreviations 389 30 Bibliography 397 1 Index 445 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41 FIGURES 8.1 The first sentence of Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum generated by ordered grammatical rules 94 9.1 A page of I. Bywater’s Oxford text of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics with its apparatus criticus 103 17.1 The publication text of IG XII 6 1 264 219 17.2 Scriptura monumentalis: an inscription of the first century CE 223 17.3 A boustrophedon inscription (the law of Gortyn) 225 17.4 A stoichedon inscription (IG I3 48) 226 18.1 The publication text of P.Oxy. LXXII 4895 242 19.1 Greek uncials, third century CE (Ambros. F. 205 inf., Thompson 43) 247 19.2 Latin rustic capitals, fifth century CE (Vat. Palat. 1631, Thompson 84) 247 19.3 Greek cursive, 295 CE (Brit. Mus. pap. 748, Thompson 35) 247 19.4 Latin official cursive 679–80 CE (Paris, Archives Nationales, K. 2, no. 13, Thompson 218) 248 19.5 Greek square majuscules, fourth century BCE (Berlin Museums, Thompson 1) 249 19.6 Latin square majuscules, fourth or fifth century CE (Cod. Sang. 1394, Thompson 82) 249 19.7 Latin uncials, fifth century CE (Vienna Imperial Library Cod. Lat. 15, Thompson 89) 249 19.8 Latin rustic capitals, before 494 CE (Florence, Laur. Plut. xxxix.1, Thompson 86) 250 x figures 19.9 Latin rustic capitals, before 79 CE (Naples, Museo 1 Nazionale, Thompson 83) 250 2 19.10 Latin minuscules, early ninth century CE (Quedlinburg, 3 Thompson 132) 251 4 19.11 Greek minuscules, 888 CE (D’Orville MS 1, Bodleian 5 Library, Thompson 53) 251 6 19.12 Latin minuscules, after 948 CE (Brit. Mus. Add. MS 7 22820, Thompson 165) 251 8 19.13 Latin minuscules, 1312 CE (Brit. Mus. Add. MS 11882, 9 Thompson 190) 252 10 19.14 Latin half-uncials, sixth century CE (Paris, Bibl. Nat., 1 MS Lat. 13367, Thompson 99) 252 2 19.15 Greek minuscules, 1416 CE (Brit. Mus. Add. MS 11728, 3 Thompson 78) 252 4 19.16 Latin cursive, 41–54 CE (Berlin Museums Pap. 8507, 5 Thompson 106) 253 6 19.17 Latin official cursive, England 1270 (Brit. Mus. Add. 7 Ch. 19828, Thompson 233) 253 8 20.1 In this simple stemma, manuscript A and the lost 9 manuscript β both stem from a lost prototype ω; 20 manuscripts B and C derive from the lost β 259 1 20.2 A simple stemma with contaminatio: although 2 manuscripts B and C derive from the lost β, some 3 of the readings of B (but not of C) stem from 4 manuscript A 259 5 21.1 Pharaoh Merenptah thrashes his enemies 268 6 21.2 Battle scene from the Treasury of the Siphnians at 7 Delphi 269 8 21.3 Scene from Trajan’s Column: Roman soldiers build 9 a fort 270 30 21.4 Heracles and Apollo fighting over the Delphic tripod 271 1 21.5 Achilles bandaging Patroclus’ wound 272 2 21.6 Triumphal procession on the Arch of Titus 273 3 21.7 The evacuation of the synagogue at Netzarim, 2005 273 4 21.8 The statue of Augustus from Prima Porta 275 5 6 7 8 9 40 41 PREFACE WHY THIS BOOK WAS WRITTEN Cassius Severus, a noted speaker in the Roman law-courts, once walked into a school of oratory where Lucius Cestius Pius was holding forth. “If I were a gladiator,” said Cestius, “I would be Fusius.1 If I were a mime, I would be Bathyllus; if I were a horse, I would be Melissio.” “If you were a sewer,” added Severus dryly, “you would be the cloaca maxima.”2 My achievements have never allowed me the illusion that I really was Fusius or Bathyllus, much less Alexander or Demosthenes; but when I was younger I indeed harbored the ambition3 to excel in all fields to which I might put my hand, and the advice of Peleus to Achilles4 was the blessing of my beloved teacher, Martin Ostwald, when I finished my under- graduate study.This did not make me the greatest scholar of my genera- tion, nor even the greatest classicist of my generation, but it left me uncomfortable with the super-specialization that would have offered an 1 Apparently an eminent one; such is the nature of fame that Severus and Cestius are little known today, Bathyllus hardly more, Fusius and the horse Melissio not at all. 2 Si cloaca esses, maxima esses: Sen. Contr. 3.17. 3 This delusion of grandeur was perhaps more common in my generation than in others. I was fourteen years old when John F. Kennedy, in his inaugural address, promised a struggle against “tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.” Kennedy was sober enough to realize that those goals would not be realized quickly, “nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet”; but they were goals that offered our generation a heroic view of the tasks before us, and of the importance of our own efforts.
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