Water Usage Behaviour and Discourse in Cambodia

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Water Usage Behaviour and Discourse in Cambodia Department of Culture and Communication Social Anthropology Water usage behaviour and discourse in Cambodia Lisa Andersson Sköld Mentor: Åsa Nilsson Dahlström Upphovsrätt Detta dokument hålls tillgängligt på Internet – eller dess framtida ersättare – under 25 år från publiceringsdatum under förutsättning att inga extraordinära omständigheter uppstår. Tillgång till dokumentet innebär tillstånd för var och en att läsa, ladda ner, skriva ut enstaka kopior för enskilt bruk och att använda det oförändrat för ickekommersiell forskning och för undervisning. Överföring av upphovsrätten vid en senare tidpunkt kan inte upphäva detta tillstånd. All annan användning av dokumentet kräver upphovsmannens medgivande. För att garantera äktheten, säkerheten och tillgängligheten finns lösningar av teknisk och administrativ art. Upphovsmannens ideella rätt innefattar rätt att bli nämnd som upphovsman i den omfattning som god sed kräver vid användning av dokumentet på ovan beskrivna sätt samt skydd mot att dokumentet ändras eller presenteras i sådan form eller i sådant sammanhang som är kränkande för upphovsmannens litterära eller konstnärliga anseende eller egenart. För ytterligare information om Linköping University Electronic Press se förlagets hemsida http://www.ep.liu.se/. Copyright The publishers will keep this document online on the Internet – or its possible replacement – for a period of 25 years starting from the date of publication barring exceptional circumstances. The online availability of the document implies permanent permission for anyone to read, to download, or to print out single copies for his/hers own use and to use it unchanged for non- commercial research and educational purpose. Subsequent transfers of copyright cannot revoke this permission. All other uses of the document are conditional upon the consent of the copyright owner. The publisher has taken technical and administrative measures to assure authenticity, security and accessibility. According to intellectual property law the author has the right to be mentioned when his/her work is accessed as described above and to be protected against infringement. For additional information about the Linköping University Electronic Press and its procedures for publication and for assurance of document integrity, please refer to its www home page: http://www.ep.liu.se/. © Lisa Andersson Sköld i Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten Institutionen för Kultur och Kommunikation Socialantropologi, D-uppsats Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Science Department of Culture and Communication Social Anthropology, D-thesis Titel: Vattenanvändning i Kambodja - beteende och diskurs Title: Water usage behaviour and discourse in Cambodia Författare: Lisa Andersson Sköld Author: Lisa Andersson Sköld Handledare: Åsa Nilsson Dahlström Mentor: Åsa Nilsson Dahlström Nyckelord: Socialantropologi, vatten, hälsa, beteendeförändring, riskbeteende, Kambodja Key words: Social anthropology, water, health, behaviour change, risk behaviour, Cambodia ii Abstract Cambodia is one of the poorest countries in Asia and the mortality and morbidity due to lack of improved water supply sources are high. Improvement in this area could improve the situation for many Cambodians and as a consequence the situation for the state of Cambodia. The purpose of this thesis is to depict how water issues are being handled in Cambodia. This is done from an anthropological point of view and as a result the focus is on the interviewees of this study. Issues that will be of interest are water consumption and management behaviour, and their explanations. Thoughts and knowledge on water treatments, water safety and how to prevent water related health issues will also be of interest. Other important aspects are sanitation, garbage and the work of non-governmental organizations and the Royal Government of Cambodia. The field work was carried out though interviews and observations in three main areas, urban Phnom Penh, Khsach Kandal and Angk Snuol. The result focuses on risk behaviour and behaviour change and shows that there is a lack of knowledge among the people I talked to when it comes to water related health risks. There is a big mistrust in the quality of the water and most people regard boiling a necessity before drinking the water. However, storage is generally the big problem as well as lack of information on how, where and why water gets contaminated. Another problem that emerged is that there is a lack of financial commitment from the Royal Government of Cambodia and much work is done by NGOs which might be the reason for conflicting and confusing messages towards the public. iii Sammanfattning Kambodja är ett av Asiens fattigaste länder och bristen på tjänliga vattenkällor gör att skade- och dödstalen är höga. Framsteg på detta område skulle förbättra situationen för många kambodjaner och i förlängningen förbättra situationen för Kambodja. Syfte med studien är att beskriva hur problem kring vattenkonsumtion hanteras i Kambodja. Studien har en antropologisk utgångspunkt vilket betyder att fokus ligger på informanterna och deras berättelser. Frågor som var av intresse vara vattenkonsumtion och vattenhanteringsbeteende samt förklarningar kring dessa. Tankar och kunskap kring vattenrening, vattensäkerhet och hur man förebygger vattenrelaterade hälsoproblem är också av intresse för studien. Ytterligare viktiga faktorer är hygien- och avfallsfrågor, samt arbetet som hjälporganisationer och Kambodjas regering utför. Fältstudien utfördes genom intervjuer och observationer i tre områden: Phnom Penh, Khsach Kandal and Angk Snuol. Resultatet av studien fokuserar på riskbeteende och beteendeförändring och visar att det finns kunskapsbrister när det gäller vattenrelaterade hälsorisker bland mina informanter. Det finns ett stort misstroende när det gäller vattenkvaliteten och det flesta ser kokning som ett måste innan de kan dricka vattnet. Generellt sett är dock vattenförvaring ett större problem tillsammans med en brist i hur, var och varför vatten blir förorenat. Ett annat vattenrelaterat problem är brist på ekonomiskt åtagande från den kambodjanska regeringens sida. Mycket av arbetet utförs av olika hjälporganisationer vilket kan vara anledning till den ibland motsägelsefulla och förvirrande information som ges till allmänheten. iv Acknowledgements There are many people to whom I owe gratitude. First of all, I would like to thank all interviewees without whom this study would never have been completed. I am grateful to all my individual interviewees who took time to talk to me and invited me into their homes. I am equally grateful to all professional interviewees who paused there ordinary duties to help me out. In addition I would like to thank Lay Khim at the UNDP Phnom Penh, for some significant advice and guidance. I owe a big thank you to Mr. Sambath, at Forum Syd, Phnom Penh, for all his help getting me started when I first arrived in Cambodia and for getting me in contact with Dani. Of course I also like to thank Dani, for her interpretations, explanations and introductions of the Cambodian ways, as well as being a companion during long working days. At the Department of Culture and Communication, University of Linköping, Björn Alm and Åsa Nilsson Dahlström have been great sources of inspiration during my time as a social anthropology student. In addition, I am forever grateful to Åsa Nilsson Dahlström, my mentor during the field work and the writing of this thesis, who has given me so many invaluable advices during the completion of this thesis. This thesis is the result of a Minor Field Study and I would like to thank everybody who was involved in my application and the preparation course (Gothenburg Dec. 2007) and of course I am grateful to SIDA for rewarding me the grant. Cambodia is a beautiful country and despite all the hardship people are friendly and welcoming. So lastly I would like to thank all the people in Cambodia who made my field work a memory for life, they truly deserve a bright future. v Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Outline.................................................................................................................................... 2 Method ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Interviews ............................................................................................................................... 6 Individual interviewees ...................................................................................................... 7 Professional interviewees................................................................................................... 8 Informants .......................................................................................................................... 9 Using an interpreter............................................................................................................ 9 Observations ........................................................................................................................ 11 Culture relativism, normality and common sense................................................................ 12 Ethical considerations ......................................................................................................... 13 Geographical areas included in
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