Petras, Siteia E Pre- and Proto-Palatial Cemetery in Context

Petras, Siteia e Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery in context

Acts of a two-day conference held at the Danish Institute at Athens, 14-15 February 2015

Edited by Metaxia Tsipopoulou

Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens Volume 21 is volume is dedicated to all those individuals who participated over the years in the excavation, conservation, study, site development and publication of the results.

is lofty vision for Petras and its region was made possible by their hard work, dedication and support. Petras, Siteia – e Pre- and Proto- palatial cemetery in context © e Danish Institute at Athens and Aarhus University Press, 2017

Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens Volume 21

Series Editor: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen Editor: Metaxia Tsipopoulou Layout and typesetting: Ryevad Graﬁsk is book is typeset in Minion Pro and Warnock Pro and printed on Luxo Satin 130g. Printed at Narayana Press, Denmark, 2017

e publication was sponsored by: e Institute of Aegean Prehistory

ISBN 978 87 7184 157 2 ISSN 1397 1433

Distributed by: AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS Finlandsgade 29 DK-8200 Aarhus N Denmark www.unipress.dk

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/ In accordance with requirements of the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science, the certiﬁcation means that a PhD level peer has made a written assessment justifying this book’s scientiﬁc quality.

Front cover: e Petras cemetery (photo M. Tsipopoulou) and Protopalatial silver signet ring from HT 9 (photo C. Papanikolopoulos) Graphic design: Garifalia Kostopoulou and Metaxia Tsipopoulou Back cover: Excavation of House Tomb 1, Room 6. Prof. S. Triantaphyllou (photo G. Kostopoulou). Contents

11 List of Contributors

15 Preface

19 Abbreviations

21 Works Cited

55 Greetings from Rune Frederiksen Director Emeritus of the Danish Institute at Athens

56 Greetings from Kristina Winther-Jacobsen Director of the Danish Institute at Athens

57 Documenting sociopolitical changes in Pre- and Proto-palatial Petras: e house tomb cemetery Metaxia Tsipopoulou

103 e Tripartite Façade at the Petras cemetery Philip P. Betancourt, Metaxia Tsipopoulou and Miriam Clinton

111 Ceremonial Area 1: Identity and dating of a special ritual space in the Petras cemetery Metaxia Tsipopoulou

131 Pottery fabrics and recipes in the later Pre- and Proto-palatial period at Petras: e petrographic evidence from House Tomb 2 and Ceremonial Area 1 Eleni Nodarou

143 Further seals from the cemetery at Petras Olga Krzyszkowska 159 Variability and differentiation: A first look at the stone vase assemblage in the Petras cemetery Variability and differentiation: A first look at the stone vase assemblage in the Pet- Maria Relaki & Christina Tsoraki

179 !e Petras ‘Sphinx’? An essay on hybridity Anna Simandiraki-Grimshaw

195 !e use of querns and other ground stone hand tools in Early to Middle Minoan mortuary practices at Petras use of querns and other ground stone hand tools in Early to Middle Minoan Heidi M. C. Dierckx

203 Special silver alloys from the Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery of Petras, Crete Alessandra Giumlia-Mair, Philip P. Betancourt, Susan C. Ferrence, & James D. Muhly

215 An intriguing set of discs from the Protopalatial tombs at Petras !omas M. Brogan & Alessandra Giumlia-Mair

225 !e plant remains of the house tombs at Petras: Acts of destruction, transformation and preservation Evi Margaritis

237 Feeding the dead, toasting the living? !e view from faunal remains Valasia Isaakidou - 245 Male bonding and remembering the ancestors? !e Late Minoan III reoccupation and use of the Kephala-Petras Cemetery Area David W. Rupp

269 !e sea in the afterlife of the Minoans: !e shell material from Petras cemetery in context Tatiana !eodoropoulou

271 ‘Όσο ψηλά και αν ανεβείς λέξη μην πεις μεγάλη ‘πο χώμα σε έφτιαξε ο θεός κι εκειά γυρίζεις πάλι’ Cretan mantinada for death sea in the afterlife of the Minoans: !e shell material from Petras cemetery in Sevasti Triantaphyllou

291 House Tomb 5: A preliminary analysis of the human skeletal remains Sevasti Triantaphyllou, Sotiria Kiorpe & Metaxia Tsipopoulou 301 Compare and contrast: e house tomb at Myrtos-Pyrgos Gerald Cadogan

311 Mortuary practices, the ideology of death and social organization of the Siteia area: e Petras cemetery within its broader funerary landscape Yiannis Papadatos

325 Mobility patterns and cultural identities in Pre- and Proto-palatial central and eastern Crete Efthymia Nikita, Sevi Triantaphyllou, Metaxia Tsipopoulou, Diamantis Panagiotopoulos, Lefteris Platon

341 Pezoules Kephala, Zakros. I. Form of the tombs and burial habits Lefteris Platon

355 Pezoules Kephala, Zakros. II. e chronological and evaluative position of the ﬁnds in the framework of the life of the neighboring settlement Lefteris Platon & Maria Tsiboukaki

369 Funerary practices at Sissi: e treatment of the body in the house tombs Ilse Schoep, Isabelle Crevecoeur, Aurore Schmitt & Peter Tomkins

385 Funerary ritual and social structure in the Old Palace period: A multifarious liaison Giorgos Vavouranakis

399 East Cretan networks in the Middle Bronze Age Carl Knappett & Cristina Ichim

413 Final discussion Chaired by Colin F. Macdonald

425 Final remarks: Some comments on the Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery and the Late Minoan IIIC settlement of Petras Kephala Donald C. Haggis

437 Index e conference participants gathered in the courtyard of the Danish Institute at Athens 15 February 2015 List of Contributors

PHILIP P. BETANCOURT SUSAN C. FERRENCE Department of Art History, Temple University Director of Publications, INSTAP Academic Press 2100 North 13th Street, Suite 2101, Philadelpheia, PA 2133 Arch St., Ste. 301, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA 19122, USA [email protected] [email protected] ALESSANDRA GIUMLIAMAIR THOMAS M. BROGAN AGM Archeoanalisi Director, INSTAP Study Center for Eastern Crete Via E. Toti 8, I – 39012, Merano (BZ), Italy Pacheia Ammos, GR-72200 Ierapetra, Crete, Greece Via della Costa 4, I – 39012, Merano (BZ), Italy [email protected] [email protected]

GERALD CADOGAN DONALD C. HAGGIS British School at Athens Nicholas A. Cassas Term Professor of Greek Studies, 3 "e Old Rickyard, Moreton Pinkney, Daventry, NN11 Department of Classics, University of South Carolina at 3TL, United Kingdom Chapel Hill [email protected] 212 Murphey Hall, CB 3145, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3145 [email protected] MIRIAM G. CLINTON Assistant Professor of Art and Art History, Digital Map- VALASIA ISAAKIDOU ping Specialist, Publication Team INSTAP Post-doctoral Research Assistant, "e Agricultural Ori- Department of Art and Art History, Rhodes College, gins of Urban Civilisation Project, Institute of Archaeol- 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA ogy, University of Oxford [email protected] 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 2PG, United Kingdom ISABELLE CREVECOEUR [email protected] Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS CRISTINA ICHIM [email protected] PhD Student, Institute of Archaeology, University College London, United Kingdom HEIDI M.C. DIERCKX Institute of Archaeology, University College London, Associate Professor of Classical Studies, Elmira College 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, United One Park Place, Elmira, NY 14901, USA Kingdom [email protected] [email protected]

List of Contributors 11 KATERINA BOUKALAKARKAGIANNI JAMES D. MUHLY PhD Student, Department of History and Archaeology, Professor Emeritus, University of Pennsylvania National and Kapodistrian University of Athens American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Souidias Fotomara 18, GR-11743, Athens, Greece St. 54, GR-10676, Athens, Greece [email protected] [email protected]

SOTIRIA KIORPE EFTHYMIA NIKITA Graduate Student, Aristotle University of !essaloniki Assistant Professor, Science and Technology in Archae- GR-54124, !essaloniki, Greece ology Research Center (STARC), !e Cyprus Institute [email protected] 20 Konstantinou Kava# Street, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus CARL KNAPPETT e#[email protected] Department of Art, University of Toronto, Canada Department of Art, 6063 Sidney Smith Hall, 100 St. ELENI NODAROU George St., Toronto, M5S 3G3, Ontario, Canada INSTAP Study Center for Eastern Crete [email protected] Pacheia Ammos, GR-72200 Ierapetra, Crete, Greece [email protected] GARIFALIA KOSTOPOULOU Petras Excavations Project DIAMANTIS PANAGIOTOPOULOS Pasifae St. 10, GR-72100, Hagios Nikolaos, Crete, Greece Director, Institute of Classical Archaeology, Heidelberg [email protected] University Karl Jaspers Centre, Voßstraße, Building 4400, 69115, OLGA KRZYSZKOWSKA Heidelberg, Germany Deputy Director, Institute of Classical Studies [email protected] Senate House, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HU, United Kingdom YANNIS PAPADATOS [email protected] Associate Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology Department of History, Archaeology and History of Art, COLIN F. MACDONALD National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School British School at Athens of Philosophy, University Campus, Zographou, GR-15784, Chersiphronos 8, GR-11631, Athens Greece [email protected] [email protected]

EVI MARGARITIS LEFTERIS PLATON Assistant Professor, Science and Technology in Archae- Assistant Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology ology Research Center (STARC), !e Cyprus Institute Department of History, Archaeology and History of Art, Guy Ourisson Building – Athalassa Campus, P.O. Box National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School 27456, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus of Philosophy, University Campus, Zographou, GR-15784, [email protected] Greece [email protected]

12 List of Contributors ADRIANOS PSYCHAS PETER TOMKINS Graduate Student, Department of History and Archae- University of She%eld, Department of Archaeology ology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Northgate House, West Street She%eld S1 4ET, United New Tiryns, GR-21100, Nafplio, Greece Kingdom [email protected] [email protected]

MARIA RELAKI SEVASTI TRIANTAPHYLLOU Associate Lecturer, !e Open University, United King- Associate Professor in Prehistoric Archaeology and Os- dom teoarchaeology 29 Smeeton Road, Kibworth Beauchamp, Leicestershire Department of History and Archaeology, Aristotle Uni- LE8 0LG, United Kingdom versity of !essaloniki, GR-54124, !essaloniki, Greece [email protected] [email protected]

DAVID W. RUPP ΜARIA TSIBOUKAKI Director, Canadian Institute in Greece PhD Candidate, Department of History and Archaeology, Voulgaroktonou 68, GR-11473, Athens, Greece National and Kapodistrian University of Athens [email protected] L. Por&ra 10, Iraklio, GR-14122, Athens, Greece [email protected] AURORE SCHMITT Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS Director Emerita, Hellenic Ministry of Culture, National [email protected] Archive of Monuments, Director of the Petras Excavations Voulgaroktonou 68, GR-11473, Athens, Greece ILSE SCHOEP [email protected] Department of Archaeology, Catholic University Leuven PB 3313, 3000 Leuven, Belgium CHRISTINA TSORAKI [email protected] Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Laboratory for Material Culture Studies ANNA SIMANDIRAKIGRIMSHAW Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, !e Netherlands Humbolt-Universität zu Berlin, Herman von Helmholtz – [email protected] Centre for Cultural Techniques Unter den Linden 6, Room 3029, D-10099, Berlin, Ger- GIORGOS VAVOURANAKIS many Associate Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology: !eoreti- [email protected] cal Archaeology Department of History, Archaeology and History of Art, TATIANA THEODOROPOULOU National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School Wiener Laboratory for Archaeological Science of the of Philosophy, University Campus, Zographou, GR-15784, ASCSA Greece Souidias 54, GR-10676, Athens, Greece [email protected] [email protected]

List of Contributors 13 Abbreviations

Archaeological periods PTSOU Petras Rock Shelter EBA Early Bronze Age Σ-palace Stratigraphical trenches of the palace EH Early Helladic W Wall EM Early Minoan FN Final Neolithic Other LH Late Helladic A.S.L. Above Sea Level LM Late Minoan diam. diameter LN Late Neolithic gr gram LBA Late Bronze Age h height MBA Middle Bronze Age kg kilogram MH Middle Helladic w width MM Middle Minoan wt weight MN Middle Neolithic th thickness lt liter Petras Area MMD Mean Measure of Divergence HT House Tomb MNI Minimum Number of Individuals R Room NISP Number of Identi!able Specimens L Lakkos SM Archaeological Museum, Siteia P Petras vol. volume PTSK Petras Cemetery

"e form of the English language for the native speakers (British or American) was the author’s choice. For the non-native speakers the American form was used.

Abbreviations 19 Bibliographic Abbreviations

AAA – Archaiologika Analekta Athinon CHIC – J.-P. Olivier and L. Godart, Corpus hieroglyphi- ActaPalaeobot – Acta Palaiobotanica carum inscriptionum Cretae (Études Crétoises 31), Ath- AJA – American Journal of Archaeology ens and Rome 1996. AJPA – American Journal of Physical Anthropology CMS – Corpus der minoischen und mykenischen AJS – American Journal of Sociology Siegel, Berlin 1964-2000, Mainz 2002- AmJHumBiol – American Journal of Human Biology CretChron – Kretika Chronika AnnMathStat – Annals of Mathematical Statistics AR – Archaeological Reports EtCret – Études Crétoises Arachne – (on-line access to the CMS, with corrected information and enhanced illustrations) http://arach- JAS – Journal of Archaeological Science ne.uni-koeln.de/drupal/?q=de/node/access date March JMA – Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 2016. ArchDelt – Archaeologikon Deltion Kentro – Kentro: #e Newsletter of the INSTAP Study ArchEph – Archaeologike Ephemeris Center for East Crete AS – O. Krzyszkowska, Aegean seals: an introduction (BICS Suppl. 85), London. ΜΑ – Monumenti Antichi ASAtene – Annuario della Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene OJA – Oxford Journal of Archaeology

BAR-IS – British Archaeological Reports, International Prakt – Praktika tes en Athenais Archaeologikes Series Etaireias BCH – Bulletin se correspondence hellénique BICS – Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of SIMA – Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology the University of London SMEA – Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici BSA – Annual of the British School at Athens

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54 Works Cited Special silver alloys from the Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery of Petras, Crete*

Alessandra Giumlia-Mair, Philip P. Betancourt, Susan C. Ferrence, & James D. Muhly

Abstract A large corpus of metal objects comes from the Early Minoan [EM] I–Middle Minoan [MM] IIA cemetery of a Rock Shelter and house tombs. ey have been analyzed with X-ray uorescence in order to determine their composition and give insight into the local metallurgical tradition, which showed signicant activity in the area from the Final Neolithic. e artifacts mostly comprise jewellery pieces and small tools and weapons. A range of alloys and techniques was used by the local artisans. e production methods and nishing processes of the artifacts allow us to clarify the steps in the fabrication of the pieces. e various classes of objects are representative of diverse techniques and include a range of weapons, tools and objects of personal use. Several copper-, gold- and silver-based alloys have been identied. e gold pieces consist of small delicate bosses, sheets and strips that probably once surrounded wooden buttons and were attached to other organic materials. Cast pieces are also present. e silver alloys – which were used for decorative rivets on several copper-based objects, but also for pendants and bracelets – are particularly interesting, and show a distinctive and unusual composition. Several of the copper-based objects are miniature tools such as cosmetic scrapers that were equipped with holes so that they could be worn as pendants. Other copper/bronze objects include: a chisel, awls, tweezers, knife blades, shhooks, pendants, bracelets, rivets, beads and strips. ese metal pieces provide important information about the people who were buried in the Rock Shelter and the house tombs. e jewellery and other items of personal adornment, together with the other tools, display a relative level of auence that was enjoyed by the local population, a level of prosperity that is further supported by the quality of the other categories of objects that came from the tombs. Furthermore, the special alloys employed for certain types of objects reveal the sophisticated technical knowledge of the metal workshop that was employed by the inhabitants of Petras in the Early and Middle Bronze Age.

In the course of research on the metal nds from * We are indebted to Metaxia Tsipopoulou, director of the Early to Middle Bronze Age cemetery at Petras the Petras Excavations, and the Lasithi Ephorate of in eastern Crete, many jewellery pieces and small Antiquities for permission to analyze and publish the implements have been analyzed by X-ray uores- metal objects from the cemetery. Many thanks to Tem- cence spectroscopy (XRF). e house tombs and ple University, the Institute for Aegean Prehistory and the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete for funding the Rock Shelter contain secondary burial deposits, and logistical support. whose pottery provides ranges of dates for the metal

Giumlia-Mair, Betancourt, Ferrence, & Muhly Special silver alloys from the Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery 203 artifacts. eir style, manufacture and elemental tained impressive metal objects such as daggers with compositions reect the technology employed to midribs and several hand tools such as chisels, saws create the items, which, in turn, contribute signi- and awls.5 cant information about Minoan metallurgy. e XRF analysis, specically of the silver objects, revealed more than just silver in the composition Methodology of the metal used to create them. A few dierent combinations of metals including silver, gold, copper During the excavation of the cemetery, practically and arsenic were alloyed to create metal objects that all of the excavated soil from within the rooms and looked silvery. Gold-rich silver and other polymetal- the Rock Shelter was collected for water sieving. e lic alloys have been identied at Petras. smallest archaeological nds and organic materials were recovered including tiny pieces of metal jewellery such as beads and gold foil. Many of the e Date of the Cemetery catalogued metal objects from the cemetery would not have been discovered without the collection and e extensive cemetery contains a Rock Shelter and water-sieving of the soil samples, and they therefore 13 large house tombs.1 e Rock Shelter excavated would not have been available for XRF analysis. was used from the Early Minoan (EM) I to the Late e XRF equipment used for this project was Minoan (LM) I, but it was unused during much of developed especially for cultural heritage applica- the Middle Minoan (MM) period. Many of the metal tions – when the objects cannot be transferred to a objects from the Rock Shelter could be dated as early laboratory. e system is transportable and consists as EM IB,based on style and associated pottery in- of several components: an XRF source on a support cluding the presence of the Cycladic Kampos Group. with positioning and stabilizing devices, a trans- Early Minoan IIB Vasiliki Ware is also present in former, a stabilizer and a computer with dedicated the Rock Shelter. e house tombs were used from so"ware. e head of the system has an adjustable EM II until MM II. Furthermore, Early Cycladic collimator that can enlarge or reduce the beam di- gurines have been found in and around the house ameter (down to 1 mm). A laser points to the exact tombs.2 location on the object to be analyzed. e correct Additionally, the cemetery is adjacent to the distance (within a span of 0.1 mm) from the artifact Kephala-Petras FN to EM IA settlement that yielded is signaled by an audio sound. Furthermore, two evidence for metallurgy.3 e region surrounding dierent silver standards, containing 4% and 10% Petras had a long history of metallurgy; the large copper respectively, and several standards contain- fortied rectangular building of Hagia Photia-Kou- ing various amounts of arsenic were employed to phota to the east has also produced Early Minoan improve the precision of the system. remnants of metal production.4 Furthermore, a few Before the XRF measurements are taken, a digi- graves at the EM IB cemetery of Hagia Photia con- tal microscope (magnications x10, x50, x200) is used to assess the condition of each piece and rec- 1 For preliminary reports, see Tsipopoulou (ed.) 2012, ognize evidence of manufacturing such as hammer- Tsipopoulou this volume, “Documenting Sociopolitical ing and polishing, and traces of wear. Microscopy Changes”. also helps to locate appropriate spots for analysis 2 Tsipopoulou & Simandiraki in press. 3 Papadatos 2007b. 4 Tsipopoulou 2007. 5 Davaras & Betancourt 2004.

204 Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens. Volume 21 Fig. 1. Selection of special silver-alloy objects that were analyzed with XRF. Photos A. Giumlia-Mair & Chr. Papan- ikolopoulos.

on each object. It is necessary to analyze the metal- lets (PTSU06.36, PTSU06.133, PTSU09.83; lic parts or at least the less corroded areas on each Fig. 1), and a pendant in the form of a spade object, because corrosion can severely inuence the (PTSU06.240). measurements. 2. !e second group is that of objects made of silver alloyed with arsenical copper and very noticeable amounts of gold, varying from 3% to 15%. To Discussion this group belong, for example, the larger spool- shaped beads (PTSK12.495 from House Tomb !e corpus of metal objects from the cemetery rep- 10, Fig. 1; PTSK12.1053 from House Tomb 5, resents di"erent classes of use and types of metals.6 PTSK12.1625 from House Tomb 10), a globular !e XRF analysis of the silver items (Table 1) allow ribbed bead (PTSK12.1674 from House Tomb them to be categorized into four groups. 5; Fig. 1), and the seal ring (PTSK12.199 from 1. !e most numerous group is that of objects made House Tomb 9; Fig. 1).7 of unalloyed silver in which only a few other trace 3. !e third group comprises objects made of silver elements, mainly coming from corrosion prod- alloyed with some copper and low percentages ucts, are present. !ese are, for instance, the nail- of gold (from detection level to up to ca. 1%) shaped pendants (PTSU06.134, PTSU06.140, that might have come from the silver ore. !e PTSU06.219, PTSU06.220, PTSU09.163, silver plating on rivets of tweezers (PTSK05.124, PTSU09.169; Fig. 1), the many tiny ring-shaped PTSK05.141, from House Tomb 2; Fig. 1) are part and barrel-shaped beads (see the long list in Table of this group. 1), a few of the smaller oval spool-shaped beads 4. In the fourth group are pieces made of an alloy (PTSK12.1296, PTSK12.1367, PTSK12.1368, of silver and arsenical copper. In the case of all three from House Tomb 10), the brace- the ring-shaped pendants (PTSU06.122; Fig. 1,

6 Ferrence et al. 2012. 7 See also Krzyszkowska this volume.

Giumlia-Mair, Betancourt, Ferrence, & Muhly Special silver alloys from the Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery 205 Object Type Inv. No. Part Cu Sn As Sb Fe Ag Au Br Pb

Group 1 Objects Nail pendant P.TSU06/134 2 90 8 Nail pendant P.TSU06/140 2 89 9 Nail pendant P.TSU06/219 Tr. 1 92 Tr. 7 Nail pendant P.TSU06/220 1 89 10 Nail pendant P.TSU09/163 1.2 91 8 Tr. Nail pendant P.TSU09/169 3 74 23 Bead P.TSU06/298 Tr. Tr. 1.8 86 11 Bead P.TSU09/96a 2 5 78 15 Bead P.TSU09/97 Tr. Tr. 0.7 90 9 Tr. Bead P.TSU09/128 Tr. Tr. 94 5 Bead P.TSU09/128 Tr. Tr. 1.3 92 6 Tr. Beads P.TSU09/128-3 1.8 87 11 Tr. Bead P.TSU09/147 Tr. 0.4 1 88 Tr. 9 Tr. Bead P.TSU09/147 0.5 82 Tr. 17 Tr. Bead P.TSU09/148 Tr. Tr. 94 5 Tr. Bead P.TSU09/150 Tr. Tr. 93 Tr. 7 Tr. Beads P.TSU09/150 3 of 11 Tr. 95 Tr. 4 Tr. Tiny beads P.TSU09/151 Tr. Tr. 92 Tr. 7 Tiny beads P.TSU09/152 93 Tr. 7 Tr. Beads P.TSU09/154 3 of 7 Tr. Tr. 1 86 8 Bead P.TSU09/159 Tr. 94 5 Tr. Beads P.TSU09/171 1 93 Tr. 6 Beads P.TSU09/174 0.7 Tr. Tr. 0.4 89 8 Tr. Ring beads P.TSU09/174b 95 Tr. 4 Tiny beads P.TSU09/175 Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. 93 6 Tr. Tr. 2.2 88 9 Tiny beads P.TSU09/175 Side 1.3 73 25 Tr. Side 1.4 89 9 Beads P.TSU09/176 1 of 8 Tr. 74 25 Tr. Ring beads P.TSU09/178 Tr. 0.2 Tr. 89 10 Barrel beads P.TSU09/178 0.3 Tr. 94 Tr. 5 Beads P.TSU09/181 78 Tr. 22 Beads P.TSU09/181 2 74 24 Tr. Beads P.TSU09/181c 4 70 Tr. 26 Tr. 0.3 Tr. 89 0.2 10 Tr. Beads P.TSU09/186 0.2 94 0.2 5 Tr. Bead P.TSU09/193 1 74 25 Bead P.TSK13/1490 0.3 92 0.2 7 Tr. Bottom Tr. 2.2 86 11 Side 1.2 87 Tr. 12 Tr. Spool bead P.TSK12/1296 Edge 1 0.3 1 86 12 Edge 1 0.4 0.8 86 12 Top 0.6 tr. 91 8 Tr. Bottom 0.3 0.2 90 Tr. 9 Spool bead P.TSK12/1367 Side 0.4 0.7 90 8 Tr. side 0.4 2.1 88 Tr. 9 0.2 Table 1. Results (%) of XRF analyses on the silver artifacts from the Petras cemetery. Italicized data indicates these objects are corroded, and the results must be considered indicative only. Tr. = trace amount.

206a Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens. Volume 21: Corrigenda Object Type Inv. No. Part Cu Sn As Sb Fe Ag Au Br Pb

Top Tr. 0.3 1.3 85 Tr. 13 Tr. Spool bead P.TSK12/1368 Top 2 86 12 Top edge 1 Tr. Tr. 0.8 86 12 Bracelet P.TSU06/133 1.3 89 9 Bracelet P.TSU06/36 Tr. 5.3 88 Tr. 6 Bracelet P.TSU09/83 0.5 90 9 Spade pendant P.TSU06/240 4 0.2 89 6 Angular pendant P.TSU06/139 5 Tr. Tr. 2 83 9 Sheet fragment P.TSU09/161 1 96 3 Group 2 Objects Top 2 0.3 0.3 0.4 78 5 12 Tr. Spool bead P.TSK12/495 Bottom 2 0.3 0.2 0.2 79 4 13 Side 5 0.4 0.6 79 4 11 Tr. Top 2 0.2 0.5 80 7 11 Spool bead P.TSK12/1625 Bottom 2 0.5 0.6 Tr. 84 6 6 Side 2 0.6 0.5 81 6 11 Tr. Top 6 1.2 0.9 75 15 2 Side 7 0.9 tr. 75 14 2 Spool bead P.TSK12/1053 Solder 5 0.4 0.7 0.9 74 11 7 Tr. Solder 8 1.5 0.8 0.8 74 10 4 Tr. 53 0.2 0.5 0.9 41 tr. 3 Ribbed bead P.TSK12/1674 4 0.5 0.3 86 3 6 Bezel, recto 3 Tr. 0.8 86 9 1 Tr. Bezel, verso 3 Tr. 1 83 10 3 Tr. Band, 2 Tr. Tr. 0.3 83 10 4 large piece Solder 4 Tr. Tr. 1.2 79 9 5 Tr. Seal ring P.TSK12/199 Band, 2 Tr. 84 10 4 small piece Band, 2 0.3 84 10 2 small piece Solder 2 4 Tr. 0.2 0.9 81 9 4 Group 3 Objects Tweezers 98 0.7 Tr. 0.3 Tr. Tweezers P.TSK05/124 Rivet Ag 9 0.2 0.4 89 1 Rivet 2 Ag 9 Tr. 90 1.5 99 0.8 Tr. 15 0.8 0.4 0.6 82 1.3 Rivet 1 Tweezers P.TSK05/141 15 1.5 0.5 0.2 81 0.7 Rivet 2 14 1.3 Tr. Tr. 81 1.4 2 Tr. Rivet 3 15 1.4 0.2 82 0.8 Tr. Group 4 Objects 31 0.4 0.7 67 Tr. Ring pendant P.TSU06/122 32 0.7 0.5 Tr. 66 Tr. 52 0.2 0.3 1.2 43 Tr. 2 Ring pendant P.TSU09/170 53 0.2 0.5 0.9 41 Tr. 3 Anchor pendant P.TSU06/217 54 Tr. 43 Tr. 5 Tr. Table 1, cont. Results (%) of XRF analyses on the silver artifacts from the Petras cemetery. Italicized data indicates these objects are corroded, and the results must be considered indicative only. Tr. = trace amount.

Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens. Volume 21: Corrigenda 206b PTSU09.170), the copper is even predominant. Silver is a so# metal, the most malleable and ese pieces must have been surface treated to ductile a#er gold, and its melting point (960.8°C) is enhance their silvery color. lower than that of unalloyed copper (1083°C). Be- cause of this, it would have been easier to work than any copper alloy available at the time. Small cast Unalloyed Silver objects such as pendants and beads could be easily !led and !nished, while objects such as the simple Most of the pieces belonging to the !rst group of un- bracelets (PTSU06.36, PTSU06.133, PTSU09.83) alloyed silver are heavily corroded and covered by an could be hammered into shape with intermedi- alteration layer consisting mainly of bromine, iron ate annealing between the various working stages and calcium, all elements coming from the environ- so as to retain the elasticity necessary to open the ment. In particular, the tarnished small ring-shaped bracelet. and barrel-shaped beads could not be simply visually e sheet fragment made of unalloyed silver distinguished from the stone beads of the same size, (PTSU09.170) is worth mentioning because it is the and they had to be identi!ed by XRF analysis. e only piece that needed intensive hammering during pieces with serious alteration problems are listed the working process. As in the case of the bracelets in italics in the table of results (Table 1), so as to (though to a greater degree), the sheet needed re- be immediately recognizable. ese data must be peated annealing between the hammering phases considered semiquantitative and indicative. Nev- so as to relieve internal stress and avoid it cracking ertheless, as we possess a relatively large amount under the hammer. Unalloyed silver is very malle- of data, by comparing the results of less corroded able and ductile and could be worked more easily objects with those of items of similar structure, size than a silver alloy; the choice of unalloyed silver for and appearance, it has been possible to hypothesize the production of sheet metal indicates experience with a good degree of likelihood what the probable and empirical knowledge. original composition of the corroded pieces was. In the case of this group, as no other alloying elements could be determined, we can be fairly certain that Silver Alloyed with Arsenical Cop- the metal employed for these small decorative items per and Gold was unalloyed, pure silver. It is conceivable that all the tiny ring-shaped beads and barrel-shaped beads e spool-shaped beads (PTSK12.495, PTSK12.1625, belonged to one or perhaps two ornamental objects, both from House Tomb 10) contain around 80% Ag such as necklaces. and 85% Ag respectively, some gold (ca. 5%–6%) Some of the oval spool-shaped beads are made of and around 2% copper. e alloy, however, also in- unalloyed silver as well (PTSK12.1296, PTSK12.1367, cludes noticeable amounts of arsenic and, in lesser PTSK12.1368, all three from House Tomb 10). is quantities, antimony, suggesting that arsenical cop- seems to suggest that the smaller oval spool-shaped per – rather than unalloyed copper – was added to beads do not belong together with the round and the silver together with some gold. Arsenical copper larger spool-shaped beads containing arsenical cop- was certainly added; it is an alloy silvery in appear- per and gold (see below, for example PTSK12.495 ance, therefore it is very suitable for diluting silver. from House Tomb 10), or at least that they were e addition of arsenical copper also lowered the produced in di"erent workshops, as both shape and melting point of the alloy and rendered the metal composition are di"erent. harder and more wear resistant than unalloyed silver.

Giumlia-Mair, Betancourt, Ferrence, & Muhly Special silver alloys from the Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery 207 e gold present in the alloy makes it less prone to not tarnish, it is seen by many dierent civilizations corrosion and tarnishing. as a sacred incorruptible matter that protects the e large spool-shaped bead (PTSK12.1625 user of the gold-enriched metal object and attracts from House Tomb 10) is perfectly preserved and luck and blessings from the gods. still completely metallic. Its excellent condition is Should the reason for the presence of gold be not certainly due to the presence of gold. e shiny purely metallurgical, but also related to ritual or re- surface of the bead still bears the traces of polish- ligious purposes, the seal ring from Petras would be ing with ne abrasives, such as, for example, nely an excellent example of an object with such a special ground marble powder or wood ashes. e compo- meaning. e alloy is silver, containing around 10% sition of another spool-shaped bead (PTSK12.1053 gold, approximately 3% copper, and only slight, but from House Tomb 5) is very similar to that of the still partly measurable arsenic and antimony per- two others (PTSK12.495, PTSK12.1625, both from centages. Both these elements come from the use House Tomb 10), except for the higher gold content, of arsenic-rich ores. In such ores antimony is o!en which reaches 15%, and a slightly higher Cu content found together with arsenic and also behaves like (6%–7%). arsenic: besides hardening the copper, its presence e globular ribbed bead (PTSK12.1674 from produces a silvery sheen on the surface of copper- House Tomb 10), the seal ring (PTSK12.199 from based objects and enhances the eect of the arsenic. House Tomb 9), and three of the spool-shaped beads e bromine and iron determined by XRF are com- (PTSK12.495 from House Tomb 10, PTSK12.1053 mon alteration products. e ring was used as a seal from House Tomb 5, PTSK12.1625 from House by its owner, and it bears a star motif that perhaps Tomb 10) are made of similar polymetallic silver had some meaning connected with precious metals, alloys containing copper, arsenic and gold, but the as was the case with many examples in Egypt and amounts of each element are not the same. It has to Mesopotamia, as well as elsewhere.11 Religious be- be noted that in one of the beads with higher gold liefs and symbolisms connected with gold and silver content (PTSK12.1053 from House Tomb 5) the cop- are ubiquitous and as old as their earliest uses. per and arsenic amounts are higher too. Apparently Natural electrum of variable composition, some- more gold was added to the alloy to counterbalance times very rich in silver, is found in many alluvial the eect of the addition of the less precious metal. deposits, and this might also be the origin of the We do not know whether the reason for the ad- gold-rich silver employed for some of these nds. dition of gold or electrum was just the desire to Both hypotheses, natural silver-rich electrum or the avoid corrosion, or whether there was some ritual addition of gold to silver, are possible in this case or religious thought behind it. e addition of gold and must be kept in mind. or both gold and silver to copper-based alloys for ritual reasons is widespread and known from various contexts with very dierent chronologies, from Silver Containing Copper and 8 th ancient Egypt to 7 -century AD Tibet and the Traces of Gold Himalayas,9 and modern day India.10 As gold does is group consists only of the plating on ve silver-capped rivets on tweezers (PTSK05.124, 8 See, e.g., Bernstein 2000, 12; Giumlia-Mair 2002, PTSK05.141, both from House Tomb 2). On the ve 317-320. 9 Lo Bue 1981, 41-44. 10 Srinivasan 2015, 217. 11 Partington 1937; Sherwood 1937.

208 Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens. Volume 21 specimens the silver alloy used for the plating of the Silver Alloyed with Copper or rivets contains ca. 10% and 15% copper respectively, Arsenical Copper and only about 1% gold. is is an interesting result, Only three objects from the excavation are made of because it seems to suggest that the gold was not a debased silver alloy, but their technology is quite added to the silver on purpose, but must have been striking and deserves to be discussed here. is small a natural impurity coming from the ore. group includes two ring-shaped pendants made of As discussed by Meyers, van Zelst and Sayre in a two dierent alloys and one anchor-shaped pendant. study on a large database of approximately 500 an- One of the ring pendants (PTSU06.122) contains cient silver objects from various contexts of the early around 30% copper and 0.2% arsenic. e very high 3rd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC and later copper content must have given a pinkish color to Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanian, Central Asian, the alloy, so that the surface must have been pickled and Islamic materials,12 ancient silver mostly con- with organic acids, such as vinegar or acidic plant or tains 0.1% to 0.5% gold, with some higher percent- fruit juices, to eliminate the copper from the upper ages too, but silver obtained from the cupellation layers of the alloy. In the next stage of treatment, the process of argentiferous galena (such as the ores of matt silvery surface achieved in the acid bath had to Lavrion) contains only 0.01% to 0.1% gold.13 Higher be burnished to give the impression of solid silver. gold amounts in silver, as in the plating on the tweez- is method is well known in archaeometallurgy, as er rivets from Petras, thus seem to indicate that the it was used in the Roman Empire during inationary oxidized lead carbonate cerussite was the ore em- periods to improve the look of the debased silver de- ployed for the extraction of this silver. Nevertheless, narii that a!er 63 AD contained "rst ca. 50% silver, Meyers, van Zelst, and Sayre also presented evidence then going down to 12-18% and "nally, in the 3rd for the use of sources of silver dierent from the lead century AD, to only 4% silver in the alloy.18 Several ores of cerussite and galena in the ancient Near East recipes from the Egyptian Leyden and Stockholm of the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC,14 most probably papyri describe this method, too, and it was still silver ores (dry ores) such as argentite, pyrargirite used as late as 1402 AD in the mint of Verona.19 Ap- and cerargirite, i.e., “horn silver”.15 One must wonder parently the famous “silver” daggers from Koumasa whether the dierent silver alloys employed at Petras were produced in the same way.20 might perhaps reect dierent sources and dierent It has to be noted that the two measurements of metallurgical traditions. the ring pendant determined 0.4% and 0.7% of arse- Cupellation remains are known from a number nic. is arsenic percentage must have been higher of localities dating before the beginning of the Early in the copper added to the silver for dilution, as it is Bronze Age, including Habuba Kabira in Syria16 and likely that this copper-arsenic alloy also had a silvery Attica in Greece,17 but we know very little about sheen. e mechanism is by now well known: copper other silver mines in the Near East and their ores. alloys containing arsenic develop the phenomenon of inverse segregation by which the eutectoid Cu-As, containing ca. 21% arsenic, is pushed to the surface 12 Meyers et al. 1973. of the casting during the cooling phase and, depend- 13 Craddock 1995, 213. 14 Meyers et al. 1973. 15 Read 1962, 241-248. 18 Darmstädter 1929; Zwicker et al. 1993; Giumlia-Mair 16 Pernicka et al. 1998. 2001, 770; 2005, 42, "g. 5. 17 Papadimitriou & Kordatos 2001; Kakovogianni et al. 19 Giumlia-Mair 2008. 2008. 20 Stos-Gale & Gale 1985.

Giumlia-Mair, Betancourt, Ferrence, & Muhly Special silver alloys from the Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery 209 ing on various parameters, can form a rather thick 10) and was measured on the top surface and on and homogeneous silvery layer.21 Adding arsenical the edge to see if the observations obtained from copper to silver to dilute it was therefore a logical the other parts of PTSK12.1296 could be con"rmed. choice for metalworkers aware of this technique. While the analysis of the top did not show any cop- e ring pendant (PTSU09.170) contains 52% per, ca. 1% copper and traces of arsenic and antimo- copper, but its arsenic content of 0.2% is relatively ny were determined on the edge of the top. e low low and could be a simple impurity. is very high copper results determined both on the edges of the copper content is matched by that of the anchor pen- open bead (PTSK12.1296) and on the corresponding dant, with 54% copper and only traces of arsenic. edges of the top (PTSK12.1368) suggest that in this Obviously both items must have been surface treated case too some copper or, rather, arsenical copper was to look like silver. added to the metal employed as a solder to lower the melting point of the alloy. It is evident that the metalworkers who produced these pieces were aware Use of Solder of the fact that the addition of copper improves the properties of the solder. e copper content in the e spool-shaped beads are of special interest be- solder must originally have been higher than 1%, cause six examples of the class have been found. and a large part of it leached out of the alloy due to In this case, each bead was made of three di!erent corrosion phenomena. parts: the rolled cylinder and a cap for each end. e e large spool-shaped bead (PTSK12.1625 from parts were attached together by soldering them in House Tomb 10) is quite interesting, not only be- place. A total of 21 analyses were carried out on the cause of its composition with exceptionally high various parts. levels of gold, but also because here too, from the On the side of one of the spool-shaped beads broken part at the top, it is possible to measure the (PTSK12.495 from House Tomb 10), a higher remains of the visible solder. e alteration products amount of copper than in the other parts of the bead such as bromine and iron are higher than on the was identi"ed at a spot on which solder seems to body, and this is one of the reasons why the gold have been applied. e addition of a higher percent- content results are lower. Another reason is that the age of copper would lower the melting point of the metal of the solder must have been diluted with ar- alloy, making it more suitable for use as a solder. An- senical copper as in the previous examples. other spool-shaped bead (PTSK12.1296 from House Some solder is present on the seal ring too, be- Tomb 10) is open, because the top is detached. It is tween the back of the bezel and the band of the ring. therefore possible to compare the composition of e bezel contains 3% copper and the band has 2%. the body with that of the edge, where solder seems e analysis carried out on the solder determined to be present. Low amounts of copper (around 1% 4% copper and slightly higher arsenic and antimo- Cu), have been determined on the edge, but copper ny percentages, indicating that here too some more is otherwise absent from all other measurements copper was added to the solder alloy. e higher iron carried out on the bead. content is due to the porous surface of the solder that e oval top of a spool-shaped bead (PTSK12.1368 retains more alteration products than the polished from House Tomb 10) belongs without doubt to the surface of the band. open spool-bead (PTSK12.1296 from House Tomb

21 Meeks 1993, 267-271; Giumlia-Mair 2001, 771.

210 Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens. Volume 21 Conclusions Important details such as the use of some silver e analyses carried out on the silver nds from Pe- reduced from cerussite or from dry ores and the tras have shown that an array of diverse alloys were employment of surface treatments and solders with employed in the manufacture of the objects. e a lower melting point have been demonstrated by general impression is that the various items might this study. e presence of gold in the ornamental have been produced in several workshops and per- items found in some of the burials suggests symbolic haps in dierent locations. It is also conceivable that additions of precious metal. e results demonstrate the dissimilarities in composition are due to dierent the skill and the wide empirical knowledge of the sources of metal. metalworkers of this period, however many more Beside the already mentioned sources – Lavrion comparisons are needed to conrm our observa- in Attica and Habuba Kabira in Syria – silver was tions. e metallurgical techniques inform us about also available in western Anatolia and elsewhere as the sophisticated technological activity of the people a natural alloy of silver and gold, called electrum.22 of Petras in EM I to MM IIB. e diverse alloys and e gold of the Pactolus River (which ows through unique type of beads indicate that Petras may have Sardis) was actually electrum, however the cemen- fostered a workshop tradition in the early part of the tation process to rene gold and separate it from Middle Bronze Age. the silver seems to have been discovered only at the e meticulous excavation of the Petras cemetery time of King Croesus in the late 7th century BC.23 has greatly increased the number of silver objects Copper deposits that were worked in the third mil- from Minoan Crete. In 2008, Vasilakis counted ca. lennium occur in the Aegean at several locations, 130 silver objects from Bronze Age Crete,25 and now especially Lavrion and the Cycladic islands of Kyth- 60 silver and silver-alloy objects have been cata- nos and Seriphos.24 With an XRF study we cannot logued from the Petras cemetery. e program of determine where the silver and copper used at Petras XRF analyses on the metal objects from the cemetery came from. Destructive analyses on a large number continues to yield new and interesting information of nds would be needed to answer this question. about the Prepalatial metallurgy of Petras.

22 Rehren et al. 1996. 23 Ramage & Craddock 2000. 24 Stos-Gale 1989; 1993; 1998. 25 Vasilakis 2008.

Giumlia-Mair, Betancourt, Ferrence, & Muhly Special silver alloys from the Pre- and Proto-palatial cemetery 211 Discussion

Sotirakopoulou: I was very much interested in what you said, that tin appears as early as the Final Neolithic. is was very impressive, because up to now we believed that it arrived in the Aegean with the Kastri group. Do you have any suggestions about the origin of the tin? Giumlia-Mair: e mystery of tin is a long story. I would say that the origin this time would be Afghani- stan. We have these various alloys. It is di!cult to say where they originated, but still, if you have a single "nd that is so early, it is probably an object of trade and must have come from elsewhere. Sotirakopoulou: As I remember this object comes from an early phase of ermi. Giumlia-Mair: Yes. Muhly: Lapis lazuli came from the same place, from northern Afghanistan. So, it is not at all strange to "nd tin together with lapis lazuli as early as the Early Bronze Age. I think that we are "nding evidence for an increasing use of tin in the EBA, but it is still an exotic material, and the preferred alloy is arsenical copper, throughout the 3rd millennium. Only at the end of the 3rd millennium does bronze really come into wide use, and this is connected with the great innovations in sailing and all of the maritime technology that we can see developing toward the end of the 3rd millennium. at probably created a more constant and predictable supply of tin. If you are going to make a lot of bronze, you really need a secure supply of tin, and that does not happen before the end of the 3rd millennium. Wright: Do we have Final Neolithic and Early Bronze I lapis lazuli? Krzyszkowska: We have no lapis lazuli in the Aegean until MM II. It is obviously present in the 3rd millennium in the Near East, but it has not reached us. Giumlia-Mair: Exactly, and also other materials coming from Afghanistan are those vessels made of chlorite inlaid with semi-precious stones, such as turquoise and lapis lazuli, sometimes, that were found all over the Mediterranean. Betancourt: Let me add that one of the earliest pieces of lapis lazuli is from Petras, from one of the tombs. It is a bead made of gold with a lapis lazuli inlay. It looks Near Eastern, but one cannot be sure. Tsipopoulou: I believe the context might very well be MM II, because the bead was found in an area very much disturbed by the construction of the Rectangular LM III Building, and I think it originally belonged to House Tomb 9, where the silver sphragistic ring was also found.

212 Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens. Volume 21 Muhly: One of the big problems with lapis lazuli is Anatolia. Anatolia seems to have blocked An intriguingthe import set of of lapis discs into the fromEastern Mediterranean the and the Aegean. We have massive quantities of lapis lazuli from Palace* G at Ebla in the mid-3rd millennium, but it did not Protopalatialgo any tombs farther west. at For Petras some reason the Anatolians had practically no interest in lapis lazuli. e only example is of course the battle-axe from Treasure L at Troy, but that is omas M. Broganalmost & an Alessandra anomaly in Bronze Giumlia-Mair Age Anatolia, and, with that big gap, lapis did not manage Muhly: to One make of the its waybig problemsinto the Aegean. with lapis lazuli is Anatolia. Anatolia seems to have blocked Betancourt: Ithe can import add only of lapisone moreinto theanecdotal Eastern comment Mediterranean on lapis and lazuli the and Aegean. that is We that have the Franch-massive thiquantities Cave yielded of lapis one lazuli piece from of Palacelapis found G at Eblain the in screening the mid-3rd of unknown millennium, provenance. but it did Butnot Franchthigo any farther Cave west. is very For early. some reason the Anatolians had practically no interest in lapis lazuli. e only example is of course the battle-axe from Treasure L at Troy, but that is Abstract almost an anomaly in Bronze Age Anatolia, and, with that big gap, lapis did not manage An intriguingGreek set of twelve abstract concaveto make metal its discs way wereinto therecovered Aegean. during excavations in the Pre- and Proto- palatial cemeteryBetancourt at Petras,: all in Protopalatial I can add only contexts, one more between anecdotal 2011 comment and 2014. on Five lapis had lazuli been and placed that inside is that the Franch- Room 2 of HouseΕιδικά Tomb κράματα 10, and από severalthi το Cave νεκροταφείο more yielded were onefound του piece inΠετρά theof lapisexterior found space in thenorth screening of the same of unknown Ceremonial provenance. But Area 2. e discsΜεγάλη are small ομάδα and μετάλλινων haveFranchthi a shallow αντικειμένων Cave but is verynoticeably προέρχεταιearly. concave από prole.το ΠΜ – Where ΜΜ ΙΙΑ preserved νεκροταφείο the upper με τη βραχοσκεπή surface is oenPapadatosκαι polished, τα ταφικά: but κτίρια. there e Αυτά areaddition noαναλύθηκαν other of gold visible intoμε φθορισμό traces silver createsof ακτίνωνdecoration a shiny Χ με eector σκοπό piercing that τον is thatκαθορισμόvisible might to the τηςshed consumer. σύστασής What τους light on their καιuse τηνin antiquity. εξέταση της Toabout τοπικήςdetermine the μεταλλουργικής tin? their Is it function, possible παράδοσης, wefor employedthe consumer η οποία a combination ήτανto know δραστηριοποιημένη whether of contextual tin was and στηνadded? περιοχή ήδη material analysis.από eτην Τελικήdiscs form Νεολιθική. part of Tα a large αντικείμενα deposit είναι of small κυρίως copper, κοσμήματα bronze, και silver μικρά and εργαλεία gold objects και όπλα. in Ευρύ φάσμα Tomb 10. Tenκραμάτων of the discs και were τεχνικών examined είχε χρησιμοποιηθεί by XRF and the από results τους reveal τοπικούς interesting τεχνίτες. choices Οι μέθοδοι of metal. παραγωγής One και τελικής is made of a silverεπεξεργασίας alloy. e των others αντικειμένων are copper μας alloys επιτρέπουν with a high την percentageκατανόηση of των arsenic σταδίων which παραγωγής indicates των that κομματιών. Οι they originallyδιάφορες had a silvery κατηγορίες color. eαντικειμένων use of such αντιπροσωπεύουν a special alloy suggests διαφορετικές the discs τεχνικές had a καιspecic περιλαμβάνουν function ευρύ φάσμα and meaning. όπλων,Various εργαλείων, possibilities και are αντικειμένων explored including καλλωπισμού. their use Ταυτίσθηκαν as balances, ορισμέναmirrors and κράματα ornaments. με βάση το χαλκό, το χρυσό και το ασήμι. Τα χρυσά αντικείμενα περιλαμβάνουν μικρά λεπτά ελάσματα και ταινίες, που πιθανότατα Greek abstract αρχικά περιέβαλαν ξύλινα κουμπιά και ήταν προσδεδεμένα σε οργανικά υλικά. Επίσης υπάρχουν σφυρήλατα Among the objectsΕιδικάκομμάτια. recoveredκράματα Τα κράματα απόin Room το αργύρου νεκροταφείο 2 of —Tomb χρησιμοποιημένα του IIΠετρά levels at για Malia, διακοσμητικά no contemporary καρφιά σε pans μερικά had χάλκινα been αντικείμενα, 10 of the Pre-Μεγάληαλλά and Proto-palatialεπίσης ομάδα και μετάλλινων για περίαπταcemetery αντικειμένων καιat Pet- ψέλλια προέρχεται—found παρουσιάζουν either από on τοthe ιδιαίτερο ΠΜ – island ΜΜ or ενδιαφέρον on ΙΙΑ any νεκροταφείο other και site έχουν in με the χαρακτηριστικήτη βραχοσκεπή ras are a pair καιofκαι bronzeτα ασυνήθιστη ταφικά discs. κτίρια. σύνθεση.Found Αυτά together Αρκετά αναλύθηκαν with από τα με χάλκινα φθορισμόEB or MB αντικείμενα IIακτίνων Aegean. Χ είναι2 μεe σκοπό μικρογραφικάPetras τον material καθορισμό εργαλεία thus posedτης όπως σύστασής κοσμητικά τους MM II material,καιξέστρα theτην objects εξέτασηπου ήταν resembled της εφοδιασμένα τοπικής balance μεταλλουργικής με pans οπές ανάρτησηςseveral παράδοσης, problems, για να η φέρονται οποία including ήταν ως δραστηριοποιημένη περίαπτα.its early date Άλλα (MM χάλκινα/ορειχάλκινα στηνII), περιοχή ήδη which are usuallyGreekαπόαντικείμενα την found Τελικήabstract in περιλαμβάνουν: pairs. Νεολιθική. What Tαmakes ένα αντικείμενα καλέμι, this οπείς, είναιits funerary τριχολαβίδες,κυρίως κοσμήματαcontext λεπίδες which και μαχαιριών, isμικρά more εργαλεία common αγκίστρια, και on όπλα. περίαπτα,the Ευρύ ψέλλια,φάσμα hypothesis so κραμάτωνintriguingκαρφιά, χάνδρες καιis the τεχνικών fact και ταινίες.that είχε so few χρησιμοποιηθείΑυτά sets τα of μετάλλινα mainland, από αντικείμενα τους the τοπικούς small προσφέρουν size τεχνίτες. of the pansσημαντικέςΟι μέθοδοι and the παραγωγήςπληροφορίες apparent και σχετικά τελικής με balance pans hadΕιδικάεπεξεργασίαςτους been ανθρώπους κράματα found των in από που Bronzeαντικειμένων τοείχαν νεκροταφείοAge ταφεί levels μας στη on επιτρέπουν Βραχοσκεπή του lackΠετρά of την suspension και κατανόηση τα ταφικά holes. των κτίρια. σταδίωνWe Ταagreed κοσμήματα παραγωγής to take καιa τωνlook, άλλα κομματιών. αντικείμενα Οι Crete. Moreover,διάφορεςΜεγάληστολισμού, all the ομάδα κατηγορίες extant μαζί μετάλλινων examplesμε άλλα αντικειμένων εργαλεία, come αντικειμένων from αντιπροσωπεύουν δείχνουν προέρχεταιthinking ένα σχετικό some απόδιαφορετικές ofτο επίπεδο the ΠΜ – anomalies ΜΜ τεχνικέςευμάρειας ΙΙΑ might νεκροταφείοκαι του περιλαμβάνουν be οποίου explained με έχαιρε τη βραχοσκεπή ευρύ ο τοπικός φάσμα Late Minoan contexts,όπλων,καιπληθυσμός, τα ταφικά εργαλείων, including γεγονός κτίρια. sevenκαι Αυτά που αντικειμένων sets υποστηρίζεταιαναλύθηκαν of LM IB καλλωπισμού. με επιπλέον φθορισμόby the early από Ταυτίσθηκανακτίνων dateτην ποιότηταof Χ theμε ορισμένασκοπό contexts. των τον άλλων κράματα Moreover,καθορισμό κατηγοριών με ifτηςβάση any σύστασής αντικειμένωντο χαλκό, τους το pans from Mochlosχρυσόκαιτων την τάφων.. καιand εξέταση το Gournia. ασήμι.Εξάλλου, της τοπικήςΤα1 While χρυσά τα ειδικά μεταλλουργικήςa αντικείμεναhandful κράματα περιλαμβάνουνsite ορισμένων παράδοσης, was likely τύπων η toμικρά οποία have αντικειμένων λεπτά ήταν served δραστηριοποιημένηελάσματα as aδηλώνουν gateway και ταινίες, forτην στηνthe πουπολυπλοκότητα περιοχήπιθανότατα ήδη of stone and leadαρχικάαπότης discoid τηντεχνικής περιέβαλαν Τελική weights γνώσης Νεολιθική. ξύλιναwere του found εργαστηρίουκουμπιάTα αντικείμενα in MM και ήταν μεταλλοτεχνίας, είναιintroduction προσδεδεμένα κυρίως κοσμήματα of το measurement σε οποίο οργανικά εφοδίαζεκαι μικρά υλικά. tools τουςεργαλεία andΕπίσης κατοίκους technology, καιυπάρχουν όπλα. του Ευρύ σφυρήλαταΠετρά φάσμα στην κραμάτωνΠρώιμη και και Μέση τεχνικών Εποχή είχε του χρησιμοποιηθεί Χαλκού. από τους τοπικούς τεχνίτες. Οι μέθοδοι παραγωγής και τελικής * Clio Zervakiεπεξεργασίας carefully cleaned των the αντικειμένων objects with the μας επιτρέπουν την κατανόηση των σταδίων παραγωγής των κομματιών. Οι help of a microscope. e objects were then drawn 1 For the Gournia balances, see Boyd-Hawes et al. 1908, διάφορεςGiumlia-Mair, κατηγορίες Betancourt, αντικειμένων Ferrence, &αντιπροσωπεύουν Muhly Special διαφορετικέςsilver alloys from τεχνικές the Pre- και and περιλαμβάνουν Proto-palatial ευρύ cemetery φάσμα 213 by Doug Faulmannόπλων, εργαλείων, & Lily Bonga, και photographed αντικειμένων by καλλωπισμού.34, pl. Ταυτίσθηκαν iv, no. 63a; for the ορισμένα Mochlos κράματαbalances, see με Soles βάση το χαλκό, το Chronis Papanikolopoulos and X-rayed by Kathy Hall. 2008, 147-51; Giumlia-Mair et al. 2011, 151. e authorsχρυσό would και also το like ασήμι. to thank Τα Arielχρυσά Pearce αντικείμενα who περιλαμβάνουν 2 For Malia, see μικρά Alberti λεπτά 2000. ελάσματα For Aegean και pans, ταινίες, see Pet- που πιθανότατα recorded theαρχικά excavation περιέβαλαν diaries for ξύλινα these contexts. κουμπιά και ήταν προσδεδεμέναruso 1992, 75-77; σε οργανικά Michailidou υλικά. 2008, 43-58,Επίσης 131-78. υπάρχουν σφυρήλατα

omas M. BroganGiumlia-Mair, & AlessandraGiumlia-Mair Betancourt, Giumlia-Mair Ferrence, et al. An&An Muhly intriguingintriguing Special set set ofof discs discssilver fromfrom alloys thethe from ProtopalatialProtopalatial the Pre- and tombstombs Proto-palatial atat PetrasPetras: Corrigenda cemetery215 213213

214 Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens. Volume 21