Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 36(1):1–10, 2020 Copyright Ó 2020 by The American Mosquito Control Association, Inc.

ELEVATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ASIAN TIGER MOSQUITO, AEDES ALBOPICTUS, IN THE INLAND MOUNTAIN AREA OF AND YAMANASHI PREFECTURES,

1 2 2 2 2 KIMIO HIRABAYASHI, NAOKO NIHEI, MUTSUO KOBAYASHI, YOSHIO TSUDA AND KYOKO SAWABE

ABSTRACT. Nagano and Yamanashi comprise an inland mountain area that extends widely north and south, with elevation varying greatly by location. Mosquitoes transmitting infectious disease have a diversity of habitats in Nagano and Yamanashi, and many species can be expected there. However, there have been few reports on mosquito fauna; in particular, little information is available on mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus. The mosquito fauna was investigated to clarify their elevational distribution ranging from 317 to 1,534 m, focusing

especially on Ae. albopictus, in 24 areas in Nagano and Yamanashi prefectures from July to September in 2012–16. Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jamca/article-pdf/36/1/1/2525805/19-6902_1.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Adult mosquitoes were collected using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention traps in each area, in addition to larval mosquito collections at several temple and shrine precincts in each area. At sites where elevations were .800 m (14 sites), no adult Ae. albopictus were captured. In addition, larval Ae. albopictus were not collected at elevations .728 m (15 sites). Aedes albopictus was captured at 20 other sites (annual mean air temperature ranged from 9.4 to 15.28C, July–September mean air temperature ranged from 19.9 to 25.08C).

KEY WORDS Annual mean air temperature, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention trap, elevation, habitat, larval survey

INTRODUCTION including disease vectors, e.g., Ae. albopictus (Kurihara et al. 2000; Shirai et al. 2002; Takahashi Aedes albopictus (Skuse) ranks second only to et al. 2005; Takahashi 2012, 2013). Aedes aegypti (L.) in medical importance as a vector The mosquito fauna was investigated to clarify of dengue virus (Knudsen 1995, Knudsen et al. their elevational distributions, focusing especially on 1996). Dengue fever affects .2.5 billion people Ae. albopictus, in 24 areas in Nagano and Yamanashi living in urban and suburban environments in .100 prefectures from July to September in 2012–16. countries in tropical and subtropical regions around the world (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 2009, Guzman et al. 2010). According to MATERIALS AND METHODS Hotta (1953), Japan experienced endemic dengue outbreaks in several coastal cities in 1942–45. Mosquito surveys were conducted from the end of Although dengue hemorrhagic fever has not been July to early September 2012–14 in 17 areas, prevalent in Japan for the past 50 years, the including 11 cities, 3 towns, 5 villages, and 2 possibility of dengue outbreaks exists due to the highlands, in (Fig. 1 and Table distribution of Ae. albopictus throughout much of 1). Both adults and larvae were collected at a total of Japan (Hotta 1998). Vector control is an essential 91 sampling sites, e.g., temples and shrines. Table 1 measure for controlling viral disease outbreaks, and lists the study areas, sampling sites, elevations (from collecting information about the distribution and 317 to 1,534 m), and environmental conditions ecology of vectors contributes to the development of (annual mean air temperature and July–September effective vector control methods. mean air temperature for each area over 10 years from Nagano and Yamanashi prefectures in Japan 2004 to 2013) of the mosquito collection areas and comprise an inland mountain area that extends surveillance periods/days. The latitude ranged from 35830021.2400 Nto36855028.2300 N, and the longitude widely north and south, with an elevation that varies 0 00 0 00 greatly by location. There are a diversity of larval ranged from 137848 46.32 Eto138838 10.77 E. and adult mosquito habitats in Nagano and Yamana- In Yamanashi Prefecture, mosquito surveillance shi, and many species, including vectors of human was conducted from the end of August to early pathogens, can be expected to be there (Kamimura September of 2015 and 2016 in 7 areas, including 7 1968, Saito 1968, Uchikawa 1977). However, there cities and 3 towns (Fig. 1 and Table 2). Both adults have been few reports on mosquito fauna in that area, and larvae were collected at a total of 26 sampling sites, including temples and shrines. Table 2 lists the 1 Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile study areas, sampling sites, elevations (from 164 to Science and Technology, , 3-15-1, 974 m), and environmental conditions (annual mean Tokida, Ueda City, Nagano Prefecture, 386-8567, Japan. air temperature and July–September mean air 2 Department of Medical Entomology, National Insti- temperature for each area over 10 years from 2007 tute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuki-ku, to 2016) of the mosquito collection areas and Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan. surveillance periods/days. The latitude ranged from

1 2 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION VOL. 36, NO.1 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jamca/article-pdf/36/1/1/2525805/19-6902_1.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021

Fig. 1. Distribution of the 24 survey sites in Nagano and Yamanashi prefectures.

35817041.5700 Nto35852008.8900 N, and the longitude adults were provided a 5% sugar solution and then ranged from 138818007.5400 E to 138847037.3600 E. removed the following day when they were killed by Mosquitoes were collected in the Centers for low temperature (108C) in a freezer and then Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) traps (no light identified to species as described above. source) baited with dry ice and operated over 24 h. Mosquitoes were collected the following morning RESULTS and placed in a cooler and then transported to our laboratory where they were killed by low temperature A total of 324 individual Ae. albopictus (139 adult (108C) in a freezer, and then identified morpholog- mosquitoes from CDC traps and 185 individuals ically to species or species group (Tanaka et al. from larvae) were collected in Nagano Prefecture 1979). (Table 1). Although Ae. albopictus was not collected Larval collection sites were selected from each in the Kamikochi area (elevation 1,534 m, annual sampling area. Larvae were collected at 54 sites (128 mean air temperature 5.58C, July–September mean water samples) in Nagano Prefecture and 23 sites (64 air temperature 17.48C), Sugadaira area (1,253 m, water samples) in Yamanashi Prefecture. Various 6.68C, 17.78C), or Karuizawa area (999 m, 8.68C, kinds of containers, e.g., flower vases in graveyards 18.88C), it was captured in the other 14 areas in of Buddhist temples, stone washbasins in shrines, Nagano Prefecture. A large number of adult Ae. used tires stacked in backyards or along roadsides, albopictus were collected from the Iida area, with a used cans or plastic containers, and bamboo stumps, total of 49 individuals and an average of 7.0 were examined for larvae, which were removed using individuals/night/trap, followed by the Ueda area, a glass pipette and then transferred to small with a total of 14 individuals (only 1 site and 1 night). polypropylene bottles (approximately 100-ml vol- A large number of larval Ae. albopictus were ume). They were transported to our laboratory and collected from the Matsumoto area, with a total of maintained at 25 6 28C. Larvae were transferred to a 84 individuals and an average 3.8 individuals/water rearing plastic bottle (approximately 9 cm diam by samples, followed by the Ueda area with a total of 58 10 cm deep) and reared to adult stage. Emerged individuals (mean 2.2/site). 1 M

Table 1. Environmental conditions of Aedes albopictus collection sites in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. ARCH 10-year annual Elevation mean AT (6 SD)2; Sampling days of adult collection Sampling day of larval collection Total no. Ae. albopictus 2020 Sampling site (m) Jul.–Sep. mean AT (8C) by CDC trap(s) (water samples) (adults, larvae) 5763 10.2 (6 0.7); 21.6 Akataki Shrine 502 Sep. 3–4, 2014 Sep. 3, 2014 (2) 0 (0, 0) Akiba Shrine 601 Sep. 3–4, 2014 Sep. 3, 2014 (1) 0 (0, 0) Kenmeiji Temple 609 Sep. 3–4, 2014 Sep. 3, 2014 (2) 3 (0, 3) Subtotal 3 sites (3 nights); avg. 0 ind./ 3 sites (5 water samples) 3 (0, 3) night by CDC Iiyama 3133 11.5 (6 0.4); 22.6

Hongakuji Temple 317 Sep. 3–4, 2014 Sep. 3, 2014 (1) 3 (3, 0) E

Seikeiji Temple 319 Sep. 3–4, 2014 Sep. 3, 2014 (3) 3 (2, 1) LEVATIONAL Korenji Temple 336 Sep. 3–4, 2014 Sep. 3, 2014 (6) 10 (6, 4) Eiganji Temple 329 Sep. 3–4, 2014 Sep. 3, 2014 (4) 3 (0, 3) Subtotal 4 sites (4 nights); avg. 2.8 ind./ 4 sites (14 water samples) 19 (11, 8) night by CDC D

Kijimadaira None OF ISTRIBUTION Jorenji Temple 332 Sep. 3–4, 2014 Sep. 3, 2014 (1) 9 (8, 1) Kannonji Temple 328 Sep. 3–4, 2014 Sep. 3, 2014 (2) 4 (4, 0) Subtotal 2 sites (2 nights); avg. 6 ind./ 2 sites (3 water samples) 13 (12, 1) night by CDC Shinanomachi 6853 9.5 (6 0.3); 20.2 A

Myosenji Temple 693 Sep. 3–4, 2014 Sep. 3, 2014 (6) 11 (5, 6) E .

Furuma Shrine 662 Sep. 3–4, 2014 Sep. 3, 2014 (2) 3 (2, 1) ALBOPICTUS Suwa Shrine 674 Sep. 3–4, 2014 0 (0, —) Subtotal 3 sites (3 nights); avg. 2.3 ind./ 2 sites (8 water samples) 14 (7, 7) night by CDC Nagano 4183 12.3 (6 0.3); 23.2 Zenkouji Temple 411 Sep. 6, 2012 (4) 1 (—, 1) IN J Zenkouji daihongan Temple 397 Sep. 6, 2012 (1) 0 (—, 0) APAN Zenkouji daikanjin Temple 410 Sep. 6, 2012 (1) 0 (—, 0) Kankiin Temple 404 Sep. 6, 2012 (3) 10 (—, 11) Koumyouin Temple 406 Sep. 4–5, 2014 Sep. 6, 2012 (2) 3 (3, 1) Senpukuji Temple 353 Sep. 4–5, 2014 Sep. 6, 2012 (4); Sep. 4, 2014 (1) 14 (8, 6) Subtotal 2 sites (2 nights); avg. 5.5 ind./ 6 sites (16 water samples) 30 (11, 19) night by CDC Ueda 5023 12.1 (6 0.3); 23.0 Resident’s house 482 Sep. 3–4, 2012 14 (14, —) Dairinji Temple 477 Sep. 5, 2012 (5) 9 (—, 9) Kaizenji Temple 473 Sep. 5, 2012 (4) 0 (—, 0) Teirenji Temple 471 Sep. 5, 2012 (5) 6 (—, 6) Housenji Temple 445 Sep. 5, 2012 (2) 3 (—, 3) Kinshyouji Temple 465 Sep. 5, 2012 (3) 3 (—, 3)

Honyouji Temple 468 Sep. 5, 2012 (5) 11 (—, 11) 3 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jamca/article-pdf/36/1/1/2525805/19-6902_1.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 September 29 on guest by http://meridian.allenpress.com/jamca/article-pdf/36/1/1/2525805/19-6902_1.pdf from Downloaded 4 Table 1. Continued. 10-year annual Elevation mean AT (6 SD)2; Sampling days of adult collection Sampling day of larval collection Total no. Ae. albopictus Sampling site (m) Jul.–Sep. mean AT (8C) by CDC trap(s) (water samples) (adults, larvae) Shinano-Kokubunji Temple 509 Sep. 6, 2012 (1) 25 (—, 25) Car factory (used/old tires) 467 Sep. 5, 2012 (1) 1 (—, 1) Subtotal 1 site (1 night); avg. 14 ind./night 8 sites (26 water samples) 72 (14, 58) by CDC Tomi 9583 9.4 (6 0.4); 19.9

Kouzenji Temple 540 Sep. 4–5, 2014 Sep. 4, 2014 (3) 2 (1, 1) J Shigeno Shrine 773 Sep. 4–5, 2014 0 (0, —) THE OF OURNAL Seitenji Temple 743 Sep. 4–5, 2014 1 (1, —) Joshinin Temple 727 Sep. 4–5, 2014 Sep. 4, 2014 (3) 1 (0, 1) Yamaga Shrine 782 Sep. 4–5, 2014 0 (0, —) Shinkoji Temple 750 Sep. 4–5, 2014 0 (0, —) Chokokuji Temple 866 Sep. 4–5, 2014 Sep. 4, 2014 (3) 0 (0, 0) A

Subtotal 7 sites (7 nights); avg. 0.3 ind./ 3 sites (9 water samples) 4 (2, 2) MERICAN night by CDC Sugadaira 1,2533 6.6 (6 0.6); 17.7 Doko Shrine 1,280 Aug. 4–5, 2014 Sep. 4, 2014 (1) 0 (0, 0) M

Subtotal 1 site (1 night); avg. 0 ind./night 1 site (1 water sample) 0 (0, 0) OSQUITO by CDC Karuizawa 9993 8.6 (6 0.4); 18.8 Seishouji Temple 964 Aug. 1–2, 2012; Aug. 7–8, 2012; Aug. 30, 2012 (2); Aug. 31, 2012 0 (0, 0) C

Aug. 30–31, 2012 (2 times); (2) ONTROL Sep. 3–4, 2012 (2 times) Resident’s house 996 Aug. 1–2, 2012; Aug. 7–8, 2012 0 (0, —)

Subtotal 2 sites (8 nights); avg. 0 ind./ 1 site (4 water samples) 0 (0, 0) A night by CDC SSOCIATION 7033 9.6 (6 0.3); 20.6 Sennenji Temple 685 Aug. 4, 2014 (1) 0 (—, 0) Kan Shrine 743 Aug. 4–5, 2014 1 (1, —) Hirakawa Shrine 707 Aug. 4–5, 2014 0 (0, —) Chokokokuji Temple 739 Aug. 4–5, 2014 Aug. 4, 2014 (2) 0 (0, 0) Teirinji Temple 782 Aug. 4–5, 2014 Aug. 4, 2014 (3) 0 (0, 0) Subtotal 4 sites (4 nights); avg. 0.3 ind./ 3 sites (6 water samples) 1 (1, 0) night by CDC Omachi 7843 9.7 (6 0.4); 20.4

Inari Shrine 779 Aug. 4–5, 2014 0 (0, —) V Nishinakoshindo Temple 768 Aug. 4–5, 2014 0 (0, —) OL Kamado Shrine 735 Aug. 4–5, 2014 1 (1, —) N 36, . Tensyoji Temple 731 Aug. 4–5, 2014 Aug. 4, 2014 (1) 0 (0, 0)

Daitakuji Temple 725 Aug. 4–5, 2014 Aug. 4, 2014 (2) 0 (0, 0) O

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Table 1. Continued. ARCH 10-year annual Elevation mean AT (6 SD)2; Sampling days of adult collection Sampling day of larval collection Total no. Ae. albopictus 2020 Sampling site (m) Jul.–Sep. mean AT (8C) by CDC trap(s) (water samples) (adults, larvae) Tenseiji Temple 728 Aug. 4–5, 2014 Aug. 4, 2014 (1) 1 (1, 0) Chosyoin Temple 722 Aug. 4–5, 2014 Aug. 4, 2014 (1) 0 (0, 0) Ippongi Shrine 693 Aug. 4–5, 2014 0 (0, —) Subtotal 8 sites (8 nights); avg. 0.3 ind./ 4 sites (5 water samples) 2 (2, 0) night by CDC Kamikochi 1,5343 5.5 (6 0.6); 17.4 Kamikoch Station, Shinshu Aug. 4–5, 2014 0 (0, —)

Univ. E

Subtotal 1 site (1 night); avg. 0 ind./night None 0 (0, —) LEVATIONAL by CDC Matsumoto 6103 12.2 (6 0.3); 22.8 Hirano Shrine 671 Jul. 29–30, 2013 0 (0, —) Yokota Shrine 618 Jul. 29–30, 2013 8 (8, —) D

Furumiya Shrine 605 Jul. 29–30, 2013 0 (0, —) OF ISTRIBUTION Kawaiturumiya-hachiman 572 Jul. 29–30, 2013 0 (0, —) Shrine Nisonin Temple 611 Jul. 29–30, 2013 0 (0, —) Jiseiin Temple 602 Jul. 29–30, 2013 Jul. 29, 2013 (2) 5 (0, 5) Mukyokuji Temple 621 Jul. 29–30, 2013 Jul. 30, 2013 (3) 16 (0, 16) A

Chyoshyoji Temple 602 Jul. 29, 2013 (3) 25 (—, 25) E .

Syogakuji Temple 609 Aug. 8, 2013 (10) 24 (—, 24) ALBOPICTUS Yotsubasira Shrine 595 Aug. 8, 2013 (1) 7 (—, 7) Ryukouji Temple 593 Aug. 8, 2013 (2) 6 (—, 6) Parking area (used/old tires) 595 Aug. 8, 2013 (1) 1 (—, 1) Subtotal 7 sites (7 nights); avg. 1.1 ind./ 7 sites (22 water samples) 92 (8, 84) night by CDC IN J Suwa 7603 11.4 (6 0.3); 22.0 APAN Tatemiya Shrine 801 Jul. 12–13, 2013 0 (0, —) Yatsutsurugi Shrine 763 Jul. 12–13, 2013 0 (0, —) Koonji Temple 828 Jul. 12–13, 2013; Aug. 6–7, 2013 0 (0, —) Miwa Shrine 767 Jul. 12–13, 2013; Aug. 6–7, 2013 0 (0, —) Ryunji Temple 830 Aug. 6–7, 2013 0 (0, —) Gokuraku Temple 764 Aug. 6–7, 2013 0 (0, —) Koenji Temple 780 Jul. 12–13, 2013 2 (2,—) Hamatenmangu Shrine 778 Jul. 12–13, 2013 0 (0, —) Oikawakamo Shrine 797 Jul. 12–13, 2013; Aug. 6–7, 2013 0 (0, —) Kubo Temple 786 Jul. 12–13, 2013; Aug. 6–7, 2013 0 (0, —) Keinenji Temple 790 Aug. 6–7, 2013 0 (0, —) Syoukouji Temple 789 Aug. 6–7, 2013 Aug. 7, 2013 (1) 1 (1, 0) Subtotal 12 sites (16 nights); avg. 0.2 ind./ 1 site (1 water sample) 3 (3, 0)

night by CDC 5 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jamca/article-pdf/36/1/1/2525805/19-6902_1.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 September 29 on guest by http://meridian.allenpress.com/jamca/article-pdf/36/1/1/2525805/19-6902_1.pdf from Downloaded 6

Table 1. Continued. 10-year annual Elevation mean AT (6 SD)2; Sampling days of adult collection Sampling day of larval collection Total no. Ae. albopictus Sampling site (m) Jul.–Sep. mean AT (8C) by CDC trap(s) (water samples) (adults, larvae) Ina and 6333 11.8 (6 0.5); 21.9 J Fukushima Shrine 683 Sep. 4–5, 2013 Sep. 4, 2013 (1) 1 (1, 0) THE OF OURNAL Houonji Temple 659 Sep. 4–5, 2013 Sep. 4, 2013 (1) 8 (8, 0) Koukyuji Temple 649 Sep. 4–5, 2013 Sep. 4, 2013 (1) 0 (0, 0) Minamiminowa Ontokuji Temple 736 Sep. 4–5, 2013 Sep. 4, 2013 (1) 1 (1, 0) Subtotal 4 sites (4 nights); avg. 2.5 ind./ 4 sites (4 water samples) 10 (10, 0) A

night by CDC MERICAN Komagane and Miyata None Choshunji Temple 598 Sep. 4–5, 2013 Sep. 4, 2013 (1) 2 (2, 0) Kurasawaji Temple 666 Sep. 4–5, 2013 Sep. 4, 2013 (1) 4 (4, 0) Anrakuji Temple 697 Sep. 4–5, 2013 1 (1, —) M Tsushima Shrine 656 Sep. 4–5, 2013 2 (2, —) OSQUITO Subtotal 4 sites (4 nights); avg. 2.3 ind./ 2 sites (2 water samples) 9 (9, 0) night by CDC

3 C

Iida 516 13.1 (6 0.3); 23.4 ONTROL Tanakayahatamiya Shrine 424 Sep. 3–4, 2013 1 (1, —) Shinkouji Temple 516 Sep. 3–4, 2013 4 (4, —)

Hongakuji Temple 527 Sep. 3, 2013 (1) 2 (—, 2) A

Hakushinji Temple 516 Sep. 3–4, 2013 Sep. 3, 2013 (1) 5 (4, 1) SSOCIATION Hozoji Temple 476 Sep. 3–4, 2013 7 (7, —) Seieiji Temple 505 Sep. 3–4, 2013 11 (11, —) Daiyuji Temple 520 Sep. 3–4, 2013 14 (14, —) Motozenkoji 468 Sep. 3–4, 2013 Sep. 3, 2013 (1) 8 (8, 0) Subtotal 7 sites (7 nights); avg. 7 ind./ 3 sites (3 water samples) 52 (49, 3) night by CDC Total: 91 sites (26 shrines, 60 72 sites (82 nights); avg. 1.7 ind./ 54 sites (128 water samples) 324 (139, 185) temples, and 5 others) night by CDC

1

avg., average; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; ind., individuals. V 2 Annual mean air temperature (AT) at each area during 10 years (2004–13). OL 3 Elevation of the meteorological station in the study area. N 36, . O

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Table 2. Environmental conditions of Aedes albopictus collection sites in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. ARCH 10-year annual Elevation mean AT (6 SD)2; Sampling days of adult Sampling day of larval Total no. Ae. albopictus 2020 Sampling site (m) Jul.–Sep. mean AT (8C) collection by CDC trap(s) collection (water samples) (adults, larvae) Hokuto 8673 11.4 (6 0.4); 21.0 Anrakuji Temple 853 Aug. 30–Sep. 1, 2015 0 (0, —) Doukiin Temple 851 Aug. 30–Sep. 1, 2015 Aug. 30, 2015 (1) 0 (0, 0) Kaiganji Temple 974 Sep. 8–9, 2016 Sep. 8, 2016 (3) 0 (0, 0) Tousenin Temple 798 Sep. 8–9, 2016 Sep. 8, 2016 (2) 1 (1, 0) Toufukuji Temple 821 Sep. 8–9, 2016 Sep. 8, 2016 (1) 0 (0, 0) Youseiin Temple 787 Sep. 8–9, 2016 Sep. 8, 2016 (3) 0 (0, 0)

Ryutakuji Temple 799 Sep. 8–9, 2016 10 (10, —) E Myouyouji Temple 715 Sep. 8–9, 2016 Sep. 8, 2016 (2) 6 (6, 0) LEVATIONAL Raifukuji Temple 700 Sep. 8–9, 2016 Sep. 8, 2016 (1) 13 (6, 7) Jigenji Temple 617 Sep. 8–9, 2016 Sep. 8, 2016 (3) 3 (1, 2) Fukouji Temple 533 Sep. 8–9, 2016 Sep. 8, 2016 (3) 3 (0, 3)

Ryufukuji Temple 603 Sep. 8–9, 2016 Sep. 8, 2016 (3) 15 (5, 10) D

Subtotal 12 sites (12 nights); avg. 10 sites (22 water samples) 51 (29, 22) OF ISTRIBUTION 2.4 ind./night by CDC Nirasaki 3413 13.5 (6 0.3); 23.9 Homi Shrine 423 Aug. 30–Sep. 1, 2015 Aug. 30, 2015 (1) 2 (1, 1) Daikouji Temple 440 Aug. 30, 2015 (5) 0 (—, 0) Abou Shrine 462 Aug. 30–Sep. 1, 2015 0 (0, —) A

Subtotal 2 sites (2 nights); avg. 0.5 2 sites (6 water samples) 2 (1, 1) E .

ind./night by CDC ALBOPICTUS Kofu 2733 15.2 (6 0.3); 25.0 Noujyoji Temple 284 Aug. 30–Sep. 1, 2015 Aug. 30, 2015 (2) 8 (6, 2) Kimyouin Temple 287 Aug. 30–Sep. 1, 2015 Aug. 30, 2015 (2) 0 (0, 0) Jyouonji Temple 276 Aug. 30–Sep. 1, 2015 Sep. 1, 2015 (3) 17 (3, 14) IN Subtotal 3 sites (3 nights); avg. 3.0 3 sites (7 water samples) 25 (9, 16) J ind./night by CDC APAN Koushyu, Fuefuki, and 3943 14.1 (6 0.3); 24.1 Yamanashi Touzenin Temple 370 Aug. 30–Sep. 1, 2015 Aug. 30, 2015 (7) 104 (21, 83) Ichimiyasengen Shrine 354 Aug. 30–Sep. 1, 2015 Aug. 30, 2015 (2) 30 (11, 19) Koumyouji Temple 344 Aug. 30–Sep. 1, 2015 Aug. 30, 2015 (2) 26 (5, 21) Subtotal 3 sites (3 nights); avg. 12.3 3 sites (11 water samples) 160 (37, 123) ind./night by CDC Fujiyoshida and 8603 11.1 (6 0.4); 20.6 Kawaguchiko Sainenji Temple 863 Aug. 30–Sep. 1, 2015 0 (0, —) Entuuji Temple 851 Aug. 30–Sep. 1, 2015 Aug. 31, 2015 (3) 0 (0, 0) Subtotal 2 sites (2 nights); avg. 0 1 site (3 water samples) 0 (0, 0) ind./night by CDC

7 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jamca/article-pdf/36/1/1/2525805/19-6902_1.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 September 29 on guest by http://meridian.allenpress.com/jamca/article-pdf/36/1/1/2525805/19-6902_1.pdf from Downloaded 8 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION VOL. 36, NO.1 Ae. albopictus (adults, larvae) Total no. Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jamca/article-pdf/36/1/1/2525805/19-6902_1.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Sampling day of larval collection (water samples) 2 sites (9 water samples)2 sites (6 water samples)23 sites (64 24 water (2, samples) 22) 34 (13, 296 21) (91, 205) Fig. 2. Relationship between numbers of Aedes albopictus collected by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) trap/night and elevation of the trap site.

In Yamanashi Prefecture, a total of 296 individ- uals of Ae. albopictus were collected (91 adults, 205 larvae) (Table 2). Although Ae. albopictus was not collected in the Fujiyoshida or Kawaguchiko areas (860 m, 11.18C, 20.88C), it was captured in the other 6 areas in Yamanashi Prefecture. A large number of adult Ae. albopictus were collected from the ind./night by CDC ind./night by CDC 3.5 ind./night by CDC Sampling days of adult collection by CDC trap(s) 26 sites (26 nights); avg. Koushyu, Fuefuki, and Yamanashi areas, with a total of 37 individuals (mean 12.3/night/trap),

Table 2. Continued. followed by the Nanbu area with 13 adults (mean 6.5/night/trap). A large number of Ae. albopictus C) ; 8

2 larvae were collected from the Koushyu, Fuefuki, and Yamanashi areas (123 larvae: mean 11.2/site), SD) followed by the Minobu area with 22 larvae (mean 6

0.4); 24.1 0.3); 24.6 2.4/site).

6 6 Figure 2 shows the relationship between the number of Ae. albopictus collected by CDC traps/ 10-year annual 14.1 ( 15.2 (

mean AT ( night and the elevation of the trap site in Nagano

Jul.–Sep. mean AT ( and Yamanashi prefectures. At sites where eleva- tions were .800 m (14 sites), no adult Ae. albopictus were captured. However, 10 adults were collected at Ryutakuji Temple (elevation 799 m) in

3 3 Hokuto, Yamanashi Prefecture, which was the

(m) maximum elevation in this study. Figure 3 shows

Elevation the relationship between the number of Ae. albopictus larvae collected and the elevation of the collection site in Nagano and Yamanashi prefectures. Larval Ae. albopictus were not collect- ed at elevations .728 m (15 sites). One Ae. albopictus larva was collected at Joshinin Temple (elevation 727 m) in Tomi, Nagano Prefecture, which was the maximum elevation at which they were collected. A strong negative correlation was

Sampling site found between the elevation of the meteorological avg., average; CDC, CentersAnnual for mean Disease air Control temperatureElevation and (AT) of Prevention; at the ind., each meteorological individuals. area station during in 10 the years study (2007–16). area. Seidenji TempleMyoukouji TempleSubtotalEnzouin TempleMyoukyuji Temple 299 244Subtotal 164 166 Aug. Aug. 30–Sep. 30–Sep. 1, 1, 2015 2015 Aug. Aug. 30–Sep. 30–Sep. 1, Aug. 1, Aug. 2015 31, 2015 31, 2015 2 2015 (4) sites (5) (2 nights); avg. 1.0 Aug. Aug. 31, 31, 2015 2015 2 (3) (3) sites (2 nights); avg. 6.5 19 (0, 5 19) (2, 3) 13 21 (3, (10, 10) 11) and 24 temples) station in this study area (indicated in Tables 1 and 2 1 2 3 Minobu 226 NanbuTotal: 27 sites (3 shrines 141 for each area), where y ¼123.8x þ 2,048.1, and the MARCH 2020 ELEVATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF AE. ALBOPICTUS IN JAPAN 9

annual mean air temperatures above 11.08C. In our study, Ae. albopictus was not collected in the Kamikochi area, Sugadaira area, or Karuizawa area, located in a high mountainous area with an elevation of 999–1,534 m, where the annual mean air temperature is 5.5–8.68C, or in the Fujiyoshida and Kawaguchiko areas, located at the foot of Mt. Fuji, with an elevation of 851–863 m, where the annual mean air temperature is 11.18C. Aedes albopictus was captured in the other 20 areas (annual mean air temperature ranging from 9.4 to 15.28C). Thus, our result was 1.68C lower than that in the report by Kobayashi et al. (2002). VanRiper et al. (1986) reported that larvae and Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jamca/article-pdf/36/1/1/2525805/19-6902_1.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 pupae of Ae. albopictus were present from sea level to 1,350-m elevation throughout each month on the island of Hawaii. However, during July–August this mosquito was found breeding up to 1,650-m elevation, the highest reaches of extant mesic forest on Mauna Loa. It means that their habitats move Fig. 3. Relationship between numbers of Aedes seasonally. However, on this point we cannot say albopictus larvae collected and elevation of the collection anything from our data. site. This is, to our knowledge, the first reported quantitative data on Ae. albopictus using CDC traps annual mean air temperatures at each area during the in an inland mountain area. Further field investiga- 10 years (x)(r2 ¼ 0.84). tions are necessary to collect more adults and larvae, The minimum annual mean air temperature of using several combined sampling methods and collection sites where adult Ae. albopictus were during other collection periods, which may well collected was 10.18C(y ¼ 799). The minimum annual improve our understanding of the mosquito fauna in mean air temperature of sites where larval Ae. Nagano and Yamanashi prefectures. albopictus were collected was 10.78C(y ¼ 727). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS DISCUSSION We express our sincere thanks to K. Kamimura In Nagano and Yamanashi prefectures, Ae. albo- and T. Kurihara, for their valuable taxonomical pictus is widely distributed. We can estimate that Ae. advice. We express our thanks to M. Takeda and Y. albopictus larvae can inhabit areas in an inland Nagai for their field work support. mountain area with annual mean air temperatures down to 10.78C(Ae. albopictus can inhabit and go through their life cycle in these sites), and that adult REFERENCES CITED Ae. albopictus can be found flying in areas with European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2009. annual mean air temperatures down to 10.18C (larval Development of Aedes albopictus risk maps [Internet]. Ae. albopictus might not survive and complete their Stockholm, Sweden: European Centre for Disease life cycle, but a few adult mosquitoes were Prevention and Control [accessed February 5, 2020]. sometimes collected in these sites). From the Available from: www.ecdc.europa.eu. viewpoint of infectious disease prophylaxis, ‘‘high Guzman MG, Halstead SB, Artsob H, Buchy P, Farrar J, risk area’’ means sites with annual mean air Gubler DJ, Hunsperger E, Kroeger A, Margolis HS, Martinez E, Nathan MB, Pelegrino JL, Simmons C, temperatures down to 10.78C, where both Ae. Yoksan S, Peeling RW. 2010. Dengue: a continuing albopictus adults and larvae could be collected. It global threat. Nat Rev Microbiol 8(Suppl 12):S7–S16. would be assumed that if only larvae were collected, Hotta S. 1953. Dengue epidemics in Japan, 1942–1945. J the adults would also be present, or be present in the Trop Med Hyg 2:83. near future. ‘‘Middle risk area’’ means sites with Hotta S. 1998. Dengue vector mosquitoes in Japan: the role annual mean air temperatures down to 10.18C, where of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the 1942–1944 only a few Ae. albopictus adults could be collected. dengue epidemics of Japan main islands. Med Entomol On the other hand, ‘‘low risk area’’ means sites with Zool 49:267–274. annual mean air temperatures lower than 10.18C, Kamimura K. 1968. The distribution and habit of medically important mosquitoes of Japan. Jpn J Sanit Zool 19:15– where Ae. albopictus adults and larvae could not be 34. collected. Knudsen AB. 1995. Geographic spread of Aedes albopictus Kobayashi et al. (2002) found a strong correlation in Europe and the concern among public health between Ae. albopictus mosquito–infested areas and authorities. Eur J Epidemiol 11:345–348. 10 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION VOL. 36, NO.1

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