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Educated Youth Should Go to the Rural Areas: a Tale of Education, Employment and Social Values*
Educated Youth Should Go to the Rural Areas: A Tale of Education, Employment and Social Values* Yang You† Harvard University This draft: July 2018 Abstract I use a quasi-random urban-dweller allocation in rural areas during Mao’s Mass Rustication Movement to identify human capital externalities in education, employment, and social values. First, rural residents acquired an additional 0.1-0.2 years of education from a 1% increase in the density of sent-down youth measured by the number of sent-down youth in 1969 over the population size in 1982. Second, as economic outcomes, people educated during the rustication period suffered from less non-agricultural employment in 1990. Conversely, in 2000, they enjoyed increased hiring in all non-agricultural occupations and lower unemployment. Third, sent-down youth changed the social values of rural residents who reported higher levels of trust, enhanced subjective well-being, altered trust from traditional Chinese medicine to Western medicine, and shifted job attitudes from objective cognitive assessments to affective job satisfaction. To explore the mechanism, I document that sent-down youth served as rural teachers with two new county-level datasets. Keywords: Human Capital Externality, Sent-down Youth, Rural Educational Development, Employment Dynamics, Social Values, Culture JEL: A13, N95, O15, I31, I25, I26 * This paper was previously titled and circulated, “Does living near urban dwellers make you smarter” in 2017 and “The golden era of Chinese rural education: evidence from Mao’s Mass Rustication Movement 1968-1980” in 2015. I am grateful to Richard Freeman, Edward Glaeser, Claudia Goldin, Wei Huang, Lawrence Katz, Lingsheng Meng, Nathan Nunn, Min Ouyang, Andrei Shleifer, and participants at the Harvard Economic History Lunch Seminar, Harvard Development Economics Lunch Seminar, and Harvard China Economy Seminar, for their helpful comments. -
Resettlement Action Plan Report Appendix
Public Disclosure Authorized Resettlement Action Plan Report Appendix Public Disclosure Authorized Newly- built Harbin- Jiamusi Railway Public Disclosure Authorized China Railway Third Survey and Design Institute Company December 2012 Public Disclosure Authorized Statement of Compilation The appendix to the Resettlment Action Plan Report for the newly-built Harbin-Jiamusi Raiwlay is an important part of the Resettlment Action Plan (RAP). This appendix displays data and work achievements that have been gained during field investigation for the RAP and also data information analysis and processing during report compilation. Reference to this attachement has been indicated in the RAP. 1 Appendix of Resettlement Action Plan Report of Newly-built Harbin-Jiamusi Railway STATEMENT OF COMPILATION .......................................... 1 APPENDIX1 RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK ......................... 2 APPENDIX 2 HARBIN –JIAMUSI RAILWAY LINE DIAGRAM ................. 17 APPENDIX 3 PERMANENT LAND REQUISITION STATISTICS BY VILLAGE OF HA-JIA LINE ............................................................. 19 APPENDIX 4 LAND REQUISITION AREA TO CULTIVATED LAND AREA RATIO STATISTICS OF THE AFECTED VILLAGE ........................................... 24 APPENDIX 5 TEMPORARY LAND USING STATISTICS BY VILLAGE OF HA-JIA LINE ................................................................. 31 APPENDIX 6 DEMOLITION STATISTICS BY VILLAGE(STREET) OF HA-JIA LINE 35 SOURCE:BASED ON RESEARCH AND FIELD SURVEY DATA APPENDIX 7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY FOR HAJIA -
Environmental Performance Reviews
OECD Environmental Performance Reviews CHINA ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Also available in French under the title: Examens environnementaux de l’OCDE : CHINE and in Chinese under the title: © OECD 2007 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. -
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115 -
Amur Tiger Conservation in Russia in 2017
Amur Tiger Conservation in Russia in 2017 Progress report by Phoenix Fund January 1 – June 30, 2017 SMART In February 2015, the simultaneous count of Amur tigers and Amur leopards showed that about 523-540 Amur tigers occur today in the Russian Far East (comparing to 430-500 individuals recorded during the previous count in 2005). Same upward tendency was registered with the global population of Amur leopards, which numbers grew from 30 to 60-70 species in a decade. Despite sustained conservation efforts over recent years and encouraging recent monitoring results, the big cats still remain at risk due to poaching, logging, forest fires, and prey depletion. Every year the wild populations of Amur tigers and Amur leopards officially lose up to ten individuals due to poaching, collisions with vehicles and other causes of death. According to official statistics and trusted sources, as many as 11 Amur tigers died from January through June 2017. The ongoing alarming mortality in these species requires powerful and innovative solutions that leverage and build on existing capacity if we are to be successful in halting the loss of invaluable endangered wildlife. In this regard, thanks to continuous support from the Kolmarden Fundraising Foundation Phoenix continued implementing its complex conservation programme with the following objectives: 1) to reduce poaching of Amur tigers and their prey species and improve protection of their habitat; 2) to improve law enforcement efforts within federal-level protected areas; 3) and to raise people’s awareness about the state of, and the threats to, the Amur tiger population and involve the public in nature conservation actions. -
Tiger Conservation in the Russian Far East
Tiger Conservation in the Russian Far East Background The Russian Far East is home to the world’s only remaining population of wild Amur, or Siberian tigers, Panthera tigris altaica (Figures 1&2). Population surveys conducted in 2005 estimated this to be between 430 – 500 individuals (Miquelle et al. 2007), but since then numbers have declined even further, based both on data from the Amur Tiger Monitoring Program (a 13 year collaboration between WCS and Russian partners), and official government reports (Global Tiger Recovery Program 2010). An increase in poaching (Figure 3), combined with habitat loss, is the key driver of this downward trend. Furthermore, the appearance of disease-related deaths in tiger populations represents a new threat of unknown dimensions and one which is only just being acknowledged. WCS-Russia’s overall tiger program in the Russian Far East The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) has been active in the Russian Far East since 1992, working to conserve landscape species including Amur tigers, Far Eastern leopards and Blakiston’s fish owls, whose survival ultimately requires the conservation of the forest ecosystem as a whole. Our science-based approach, which relies on the findings of our research to design effective conservation interventions, emphasizes close collaboration with local stakeholders to improve wildlife and habitat management, both within and outside of protected areas, inclusion of local communities in resolving resource use issues, and the application of robust monitoring programs to understand the effectiveness of conservation interventions. Poaching of tigers and their prey appears to be the number one threat to tigers in the Russian Far East. -
The Example of the Amur Leopard, Panthera Pardus Orientalis
Received: 2 April 2019 | Revised: 10 October 2019 | Accepted: 9 December 2019 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13449 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Assessing the health risks of reintroduction: The example of the Amur leopard, Panthera pardus orientalis John Lewis1 | Alex Tomlinson1 | Martin Gilbert2 | Mikhail Alshinetski3 | Tanya Arzhanova3,4 | Mikhail Goncharuk4 | John Goodrich5 | Linda Kerley4 | Irina Korotkova6 | Dale Miquelle7 | Sergey Naidenko8 | Nadezhda Sulikhan9 | Olga Uphyrkina9 1Wildlife Vets international, Keighley, UK Abstract 2Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Translocation of wildlife as a means of reintroducing or reinforcing threatened popu- Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, lations is an important conservation tool but carries health risks for the translocated USA 3Moscow Zoo, Moscow, Russia animals and their progeny, as well as wildlife, domestic animals and humans in the 4Zoological Society of London and United release area. Disease risk analyses (DRA) are used to identify, prioritize and design Administrations Lazovsky Zapovednik and mitigation strategies to address these threats. Here, we use a DRA undertaken for Zov Tigra National Park, Lazo, Russia Amur leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis) to illustrate how specific methodology can 5Panthera, New York, NY, USA 6Primorskaya State Agricultural Academy, optimize mitigation strategy design. A literature review identified a total of 98 infec- Ussurisk, Russia tious hazards and 28 non-infectious hazards. Separate analyses were undertaken for 7 Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, disease risks in leopards from hazards of source origin (captive zoo collections and the USA 8A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and transit pathway to the Russian Far East), or of destination origin (in breeding enclo- Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, sures and wider release areas); and for disease risks in other wildlife, domesticated Moscow, Russia species or humans, similarly from hazards of source or destination origin. -
Analysis of Compositions and Physical Characteristics of Different Rice from Heilongjiang China
SAMSE IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering1234567890 322 (2018)‘’“” 042009 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/322/4/042009 Analysis of Compositions and Physical Characteristics of Different Rice From Heilongjiang China Fenglian Chena, Xinming Lib, Mingshou Lvc,Yanguo Shid,* Department of Food Science & Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China *Corresponding author e-mail: d*[email protected] [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], Abstract. Diversity and correlation between composition, texture characteristics and sensory features of twenty kinds of purebred rice from Heilongjiang China were studied. Experimental results showed significant differences in content of fat, amylose and protein, however those differences were not extended to perceived taste evaluation by sensory evaluation. More protein led to lower viscosity but better hardness and springiness, higher amylose content resulted lower taste but higher springiness. Moisture content was significantly negatively correlated with resilience; the content of protein was significantly positively correlated with resilience. The adhesiveness of texture characteristic and the viscosity of taste showed significant positive correlation. 1. Introduction Rice is one of the most popular staple foods, and today half of the world population are living depend on it[1]. Rice is being produced in Asia, Southern Europe, tropical America and some parts of Africa, and the total production is ranked 3 among the world's total crop yields[2]. The area of Heilongjiang is located in the center of the northeastern Asia economic zone, which is one of the three world famous black soil zone and the rice produced from Heilongjiang is popular with acceptable quality[3]. -
Distemper, Extinction, and Vaccination of the Amur Tiger
Distemper, extinction, and vaccination of the FROM THE COVER Amur tiger Martin Gilberta,b,c,1, Nadezhda Sulikhand,e, Olga Uphyrkinad, Mikhail Goncharukf,g, Linda Kerleyf,h,i, Enrique Hernandez Castrob, Richard Reeveb, Tracie Seimonc, Denise McAloosec, Ivan V. Seryodkinj,k, Sergey V. Naidenkol, Christopher A. Davism, Gavin S. Wilkiem, Sreenu B. Vattipallym, Walt E. Adamsonb,m, Chris Hindsm, Emma C. Thomsonm, Brian J. Willettm, Margaret J. Hosiem, Nicola Loganm, Michael McDonaldm, Robert J. Ossiboffn, Elena I. Shevtsovae, Stepan Belyakino, Anna A. Yurlovao, Steven A. Osofskya, Dale G. Miquellec, Louise Matthewsb, and Sarah Cleavelandb aCornell Wildlife Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; bBoyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; cWildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460; dFederal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; eLand of the Leopard National Park, Vladivostok 690068, Russia; fZoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; gPrimorskaya State Agricultural Academy, Ussuriisk 692510, Russia; hUnited Administration of Lazovsky Zapovednik and Zov Tigra National Park, Lazo 692890, Russia; iAutonomous Noncommercial Organization “Amur,” Lazo 692890, Russia; jPacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, -
Securing a Future for Amur Leopards and Tigers in Russia
Securing a Future for Amur Leopards and Tigers in Russia – VI 2018 Final Report Phoenix Fund 1 Securing a Future for Amur Leopards and Tigers in Russia – VI • 2018 Final Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Background ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Project Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Project Activities............................................................................................................................................ 4 SMART in five protected areas .................................................................................................................. 4 Annual workshop for educators ................................................................................................................ 8 Education in Khasan, Lazo, Terney and Vladivostok ................................................................................. 9 Tiger Day in Primorye .............................................................................................................................. 11 Art Contest .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Photo credits: PRNCO “Tiger “Centre”, Far Eastern Operational Customs Office, Land of the Leopard National Park, Alexander Ratnikov, and children's paintings -
5 Environmental Baseline
E2646 V1 1. Introduction Public Disclosure Authorized 1.1. Project Background The proposed Harbin-Jiamusi (HaJia Line hereafter) Railway Project is a new 342 km double track railway line starting from the city of Harbin, running through Bing County, Fangzheng County, Yilan County, and ending at the city of Jiasmusi. The Project is located in Heilongjiang Province, and the south of the Songhua River, in the northeast China (See Figure 1-1). The total investment of the Project is RMB 38.66 Billion Yuan, including a World Bank loan of USD 300 million. The construction period is expected to last 4 years, commencing in July 2010. Commissioning of the line is proposed by June 2014. Public Disclosure Authorized HaJia Line, as a Dedicated Passenger Line (DPL) for inter-city communications and an important part of the fast passenger transportation network in northeast of China will extend the Harbin-Dalian dedicated passenger Line to the the northeastern area of Heilongjiang Province, and will be the key line for the transportation system in Heilongjiang Province to go beyond. The project will bring together more closely than before Harbin , Jiamusi and Tongjiang, Shuangyashan, Hegang, Yinchun among which there exists a busy mobility of people potentially demanding high on passenger transportation. The completion of the project will make it possible for the passenger line and cargo train line between Harbin and Jiamusi to be separated, and will extend the the Public Disclosure Authorized line Harbin-Dalian passenger line to the northeast of Heilongjiang Province,It willl also strengthen the skeleton of the railway network of the northeastern part of China and optimize the express passenger transportation network of the northeast. -
Confidential: for Review Only
BMJ Confidential: For Review Only Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in China: population based study, 2010 – 2013 Journal: BMJ Manuscript ID BMJ.2017.040488 Article Type: Research BMJ Journal: BMJ Date Submitted by the Author: 21-Jul-2017 Complete List of Authors: Weng, Jianping; Sun Yat-sen University Third Hospital; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology Zhou, Zhiguang; the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Institue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Guo, Lixin; Beijing Hospital Zhu, Dalong; Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Ji, Linong; Peking University People’s Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Luo, Xiaoping; Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Mu, Yiming; People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, China, Jia, Wei-Ping; The Sixth Affiliated People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, YANG, WEN YING; CHINA JAPAN FRIENDSHIP HOSPITAL, ENDOCRINOLOGY Kuang, Hongyu; The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Li, Qiang; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Li, Yanbing; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Yuan, Li; Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Yu, Xuefeng; Wuhan Tongji Hospital, China, Shan, Zhongyan; First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese Medical University, Ji, Qiuhe; Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Ran, Xing-wu; West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Diabetic