DOCSLIB.ORG

Language in Algeria : the Continuing Problem

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Language in Algeria : the Continuing Problem LANGUAGE IN ALGERIA : THE CONTINUING PROBLEM. by AHMED DJABRI. This Dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.Ed. of the University of Wales. August, 1981. LANGUAGE IN ALGERIA : THE CONTINUING PROBLEM. TO MY FATHER AND MY DEAR MOTHER. DECLARATION. I hereby declare that this Dissertation is the result of my independent investigation except where I have indicated indebtedness to other sources. I further declare that this work has not been submitted, in substance for any other degree or qualification and is not submitted concurrently for any other degree. SUPERVISOR. CANDIDATE. Dr. S. Delamont. Ahmed Djabri. LANGUAGE IN ALGERIA: THE CONTINUING PROBLEM. LIST OF CONTENTS. Page No. I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1. II. ABSTRACT 4. III. LIST OF TABLES 7. IV. LIST OF FIGURES 8. V. GLOSSARY 9. CHAPTER ONE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ALGERIAN SOCIETY. 14. 1.1 From Antiquity to the Seventh Century A.D. 15. 1.2 The Middle Ages from the Seventh to the Fifteenth Century. 16. 1.3_ Algeria under the Turks, from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century. 17. 1.4 Social and Cultural Appraisal of Algeria before 1830. 19. 1.5 The Algerian Education System before the French Invasion of 1830. 24. CHAPTER TWO: FRENCH CULTURAL-LANGUAGE POLICIES AND THE ALGERIAN RESISTANCE. 30. 2.1 Challenges to the Islamic Culture and Arabic as a means to impose French Culture and Language.32. 2.2 The Destruction of the Algerian Education System and the Implementing of the French 38. System. 2. 2.3 The French Differentiating Language Policy towards Algerians. 50. 2.4 The Algerian Request for Education. 55. 2.5 The Algerian Cultural Resistance. 60. CHAPTER THREE: ALGERIAN CULTURAL-LANGUAGE POLICIES AFTER 1962. 73. 3.1 The Algerian Cultural and Linguistic Problems Inherited from the Colonial Period. 74. 3.2 Some Aspects of Cultural Conflicts. 83. 3.3 Language and Literacy Efforts in Algeria. 90. 3.4 Equality of Opportunities in Education. 101. 3.5 Arabisation. 109. CONCLUSIONS. 124. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 127. 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Dr. Sara Delamont, who guided this study with patience and understanding, and offered valuable advice, criticism and encouragement throughout the writing of this Dissertation. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to the Algerian Government whose encouragement and financial support have sustained me during my course here in Britain. • Finally, I wish to express my appreciation to Mrs. Lindsey Nicholas for her secretarial assistance in assembling and typing this work. 4. ABSTRACT. 5. ABSTRACT. It is customary to say that most nations are multilingual, and the nation which can say, truly, that its citizens are united in speaking only one language is unusual. The existence of more than one language in a nation does not by itself impose a problem, but the favouring of one language at the expense of another, especially if this language is that of the colonial power / or of a small social group is a major issue. On the other hand the official use of more than one language is perceived as a handicap to the country's economic and social progress. Obviously, government's decisions about language use is of great importance to the country's future development and stability. The language problems in developing nations differ largely in degree rather than in kind from those developed nations. _This is because the latter nations have,by and large,based their political modernization and national development on fairly homogeneous language communities. In the case of developing nations (Algeria is one), their development is at an earlier stage. The problems and processes of adopting one single language are more acute in such nations. [In Algeria after almost two decades of national rule, the repreplacement French by Arabic, in administration, economic activities and as 4 medium of instruction in all levels of education, still remains the central issue. of the Algerian Government. French still enjoys an extremely high position, and it is essential to anyone wishing to win the high social and economic occupations. 6. The purpose of this Dissertation is to analyse some colcoloniald post-colonial language policies which have guaranteed the potion of French and have made language in Algeria a continuing problem. Chapter One outlines briefly the general historical background of Algeria. It shows how the Algerians have adopted Arabic as a national language, and describes the socio-linguistic and cultural situation in 1830. Chapter Two consists of two parts, the first discusses the French efforts in making "French" the dominant language in the country. It includes the destruction of the Algerian educational system, the removal of "Arabic" from its legitimate position and its ultimate consideration as a foreign language. The second part is concerned with the analysis of the Algerian cultural and linguistic resistance and how the French reacted to it. The-last Chapter deals with the major cultural and linguistic problems inherited from the French period. It discusses some of the cultural conflicts among the Algerian elite during the French occupation and the first few years of independence. The Chapter also provides an examination for the three educational priorities (literacy, expansion of education and Arabisation) with regards to their limitations and deficiencies. Particular attention is paid to the Arabisation policy efforts and their outcomes. Finally, the findings of this study are stated in the conclusions. 7. LIST OF TABLES. 1. THE ASSIDUITY AND ABSENTEEISM OF ALGERIAN PUPILS IN THE ECOLE RUE PORTE NEUVE, ALGIERS, 1849-1850. 2. PROPORTION OF YEARLY APPROPRIATIONS ALLOCATED TO SCHOOLS' CONSTRUCTION (MILLION OF FRANCS). 3. THE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF 'EUROPEANS' AND ALGERIANS IN EACH PROFESSIONAL CATEGORY IN 1954. 4. THE ESTIMATED LITERACY OBJECTIVES AND ACHIEVEMENTS FOR THE QUADRENNIAL PLAN (1970-73). 8. LIST OF FIGURES. Figure 1. THE PRINCIPLE BERBER SPEAKING ZONES. 9. GLOSSARY. 10. GLOSSARY. Algerian Arabic Dialect. This concept is used here, in this Dissertation, to refer to the spoken language used mostly by Algerian society (except, a small portion of the " Berberphones" mostly old persons who have little contact with Arab speakers.) The Algerian Arabic dialect is not written under normal circumstances, although French colonial policy sometimes Attempted this in order to avoid classical Arabic. Charles F. Gallagher ( 1968). Baccalaureat. Baccalaureate, a French and Algerian school leaving examination equivalent to "A" level certificate. Berber Dialect. It is the mother tongue of the original inhabitants of North Africa. (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia). The term used here to refer to the spoken language by small Algerian minority occasionally but rarely as in 'Kabyle'. It is not used in school or in any official organisation except in Radio. Berber dialect has regional variant, for instance, Kabyle dialect is not entirely identical to Mozabit dialect. Certificat d'etudes primaire.A French examination equivalent to "0" level certificate. Ecoles Arabes Francaises. French schools specialised for Algerian children, established by the French during their occupation of Algeria.. Named Ecoles Arabes Francaises to distinguish it from the Schools of the colonists. Fundamental schools. Called also polytechnic school, is a new and experimental type of school, founded in Algeria in 1975. It is stated that Arabic is the main language of the school curriculum. This school is considered to be as binding together what is taught in school and all industrial and agricultural activities, training the pupils how to cope with the manual work. The pupils in these schools remain until the age of sixteen. F.L.N. Front de liberation Nationale. (National Liberation Front.) Algerian independence movement formed in 1954. Since 1962 the official and legal political party in independent Algeria's single party State. Language. The term has been used throughout this Dissertation to refer either to the French language or Arabic. They are the languages employed in schools economic, and social administration. L'enseignement Arabe Libre. (The Free Arab schooling) called also private education to distinguish it from the French education system. It is of three types: (1) primary Koranic schools where the young Muslim Algerian learns little other than to recite the Koran and to read and write Arabic and sometimes French, (2) primary schools and (3) some secondary modern schools run by the 'Society Reformist Ulema". 'Such schools were established by Muslim Ulema, given Free modern schools as an alternative to those operated for many years by the French in cities and villages throughout the country, to receive interest in Arabic language and culture". (Nelson, 1979, p. 41). Marabout. In North Africa, a holy man, often a sofi Mystic, and teacher venerated locally in rural areas and believed to be touched by divine grace, or baraka (quality of blessedness or grace found mainly in Marabout) which sometimes conferred the right to rule. Frequently called upon to arbitrate tribal disputes, the Marabout was not usually a member of the Ulema. 12. Medrasa (pl. Medaris) Medrasas Eng. An Islamic type of educational institution for elementary and post elementary school for learning the Koran, the traditions of the prophet Mohammed and the literature of Islam in addition to Fikh (knowledge of jurisprudence) and the three R's. Medrasa is for children between the ages of five to sixteen. .M'sids (sing. Msid). Or Mosque school run in almost all Algerian towns by religious scholars in the Islamic field of learning, such as Arabic grammar, theology. Reformist Ulama. Is a Muslin political movement established in 1930 by the leadership of Ben Badis. The Reformist Ulema organised the Algerian Muslim Alema (Association des Ulema Musulmans Algerien) emphasising both the Arab and Islamic character of Algeria. Ribat (pl. Ribatat) They are institutions established along the political boarders for teaching the Koran, Arabic and military training for adult Muslims. One of the major functions of the learners is to defend the country.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • French Memoricides in Algeria: a Study on Socialization Institutions
    ISSN (Online): 2350-0530 International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ISSN (Print): 2394-3629 July 2020, Vol 8(07), 340 – 353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i7.2020.729 FRENCH MEMORICIDES IN ALGERIA: A STUDY ON SOCIALIZATION INSTITUTIONS Delliou Foudil *1 *1 University of Constantine 3, Algeria DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i7.2020.729 Article Type: Case Study ABSTRACT The French occupation of Algeria was a colonial as well as a cultural Article Citation: Delliou Foudil. one, during which many criminal practices were committed against the (2020). FRENCH MEMORICIDES IN Algerians. This work aims to highlight some of these practices, which ALGERIA: A STUDY ON undoubtedly amount to war crimes of cultural genocide against all types of SOCIALIZATION INSTITUTIONS. International Journal of Research - Algerian socialization institutions: religious, educational, media, sports, GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(7), 340-353. charitable ones ... We will try to present some edifying samples of these https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaa institutions after a brief preamble about the Algerian socialization system, layah.v8.i7.2020.729 and how French military and colonists deal with this system through philosophical premises and practical procedures. Finally we will end the Received Date: 13 July 2020 work by citing some reactions of Algerian resistant reactions to these criminal practices. Accepted Date: 31 July 2020 Keywords: French Memoricides Algeria Socialization Institutions 1. INTRODUCTION The French occupation of Algeria (1830-1962) was a settlement and a cultural occupation with a hostile perspective whose background may be traced back to the Crusades, and for that purpose it committed many crimes, which have had the most severe and widespread effects on Algerian generations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Portrayal of the Historical Muslim Female on Screen
    THE PORTRAYAL OF THE HISTORICAL MUSLIM FEMALE ON SCREEN A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2017 SABINA SHAH SCHOOL OF ARTS, LANGUAGES AND CULTURES LIST OF CONTENTS List of Photographs................................................................................................................ 5 List of Diagrams...................................................................................................................... 7 List of Abbreviations.............................................................................................................. 8 Glossary................................................................................................................................... 9 Abstract.................................................................................................................................... 12 Declaration.............................................................................................................................. 13 Copyright Statement.............................................................................................................. 14 Acknowledgements................................................................................................................ 15 Dedication............................................................................................................................... 16 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Arabic Natural Language Processing: an Overview
    Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com Arabic natural language processing: An overview ⇑ Imane Guellil a, , Houda Saâdane b, Faical Azouaou a, Billel Gueni c, Damien Nouvel d a Laboratoire des Méthodes de Conception des Systèmes, Ecole nationale Supérieure d’Informatique, BP 68M, 16309 Oued-Smar, Alger, Algeria b GEOLSemantics, 12 Avenue Raspail, 94250 Gentilly, France c Responsable de la recherche et l’innovation Altran IT, Paris, France d Inalco, France article info abstract Article history: Arabic is recognised as the 4th most used language of the Internet. Arabic has three main varieties: (1) Received 7 October 2018 classical Arabic (CA), (2) Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), (3) Arabic Dialect (AD). MSA and AD could be Revised 28 January 2019 written either in Arabic or in Roman script (Arabizi), which corresponds to Arabic written with Latin let- Accepted 17 February 2019 ters, numerals and punctuation. Due to the complexity of this language and the number of corresponding Available online xxxx challenges for NLP, many surveys have been conducted, in order to synthesise the work done on Arabic. However these surveys principally focus on two varieties of Arabic (MSA and AD, written in Arabic letters Keywords: only), they are slightly old (no such survey since 2015) and therefore do not cover recent resources and Arabic tools. To bridge the gap, we propose a survey focusing on 90 recent research papers (74% of which were MSA AD published after 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Cretaceous Kinematics of the Atlas and Tell Systems in Central Algeria: Early Foreland Folding and Subduction-Related Deformation
    C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006) 115–125 http://france.elsevier.com/direct/CRAS2A/ Geodynamics Post-Cretaceous kinematics of the Atlas and Tell systems in central Algeria: Early foreland folding and subduction-related deformation Narimane Benaouali-Mebarek a, Dominique Frizon de Lamotte b,∗, Eduard Roca c, Rabah Bracene d, Jean-Luc Faure a, William Sassi a, François Roure a a Institut français du pétrole, BP 311, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison cedex, France b Département des sciences de la Terre et de l’environnement, CNRS UMR 7072, université de Cergy-Pontoise, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise cedex, France c Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain d SONATRACH explo, av. du 1er-Novembre, Boumerdès, Algeria Received 4 October 2005; accepted after revision 8 November 2005 Available online 20 December 2005 Written on invitation of the Editorial Board Abstract Available surface and industrial subsurface data provide the basis for a general balanced cross-section from the Sahara platform to the Mediterranean Sea in central Algeria. This section gives an overview of the whole Maghrebian orogen comprising from south to north the following structural domains: the intra-continental Atlas system; the External Tell system, deriving from the African palaeo-margin; the Flyschs domain, representing the cover of the former oceanic domain and, finally, the Kabylides domain of European affinities. Restoration of the southern segment of the section, comprising the Atlas and External Tell systems, yields a minimum value of 40 km (20%) of horizontal shortening. For this part of the section, a four-step kinematic scenario, built using the THRUSTPACK software, illustrates the main stages of the deformation history: (1) Late Eocene ‘Atlas’ deformation pulse, (2) Early Miocene deposition of a thick flexural sequence, (3) Middle–Late Miocene emplacement of the Tell nappes and (4) Late Miocene to present out-of-sequence thrusting.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arab Bureau, Land Policy, and the Doineau Trial in French Algeria, 1830-1870
    “It is Not in a Day That a Man Abandons His Morals and Habits”: The Arab Bureau, Land Policy, and the Doineau Trial in French Algeria, 1830-1870 by K.A. Bowler Department of History Duke University Date:___________________ Approved: ______________________________ William Reddy, Supervisor ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen ______________________________ Akram Khater ______________________________ Donald Reid ______________________________ Alex Roland Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 ABSTRACT: “It is Not in a Day That a Man Abandons His Morals and Habits”: The Arab Bureau, Land Policy, and the Doineau Trial in French Algeria, 1830-1870 by K.A. Bowler Department of History Duke University Date:___________________ Approved: ______________________________ William Reddy, Supervisor ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen ______________________________ Akram Khater ______________________________ Donald Reid ______________________________ Alex Roland An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright 2011 by K.A. Bowler Abstract This dissertation revises influential scholarship on nineteenth-century French colonial policy in Algeria. After French troops conquered Algeria in 1830, French civilian and military administrations competed for control. There were two major points of conflict between the civilian and military administrative branches: the extent to which the French should adopt or tolerate pre-existing political and social norms; and, most important, the process by which Europeans acquired and settled the land belonging to the indigenous population. In general, the military, especially the Arab Bureau, advocated a tolerance for and acceptance of local legal and social customs and supported a slow process of European colonization.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Cleavages and Social Inequalities in Algeria, Iraq, and Turkey, 1990-2019
    World Inequality Lab – Working Paper N° 2021/12 Political Cleavages and Social Inequalities in Algeria, Iraq, and Turkey, 1990-2019 Lydia Assouad Amory Gethin Thomas Piketty Juliet-Nil Uraz March 2021 Political Cleavages and Social Inequalities in Algeria, Iraq, and Turkey, 1990-20191 Lydia Assouad Amory Gethin Thomas Piketty Juliet-Nil Uraz2 Abstract This paper draws on political attitudes surveys to document the evolution of political cleavages in light of inequality dynamics in Algeria (2002-2018), Iraq (2005-2018), and Turkey (1991-2018). We investigate how social divides and ethno-religious conflicts shape voting behaviors in these three countries through their interaction with the voting system and the structure of inequalities. Our findings suggest that identity-based voting remains highly interconnected with social disparities and does not offer extensive explanatory power on its own, except in the extreme case of the Iraqi sectarian political system. Socioeconomic factors play a differentiated role depending on the historical and institutional context and have increasingly been at the heart of popular mobilizations outside of the electoral arena. 1 We are grateful to Ishac Diwan, Dalia Ghanem and Clara Martínez-Toledano for their useful advices. 2 Lydia Assouad, Amory Gethin, Thomas Piketty: Paris School of Economics – World Inequality Lab. Juliet-Nil Uraz: European University Institute. Introduction Shaken by civil wars, interstate conflicts and intifada for several decades, the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region seems to find its unity around the predominance of violence. To explain such a political turmoil, a common view consists in reducing all conflicts in the region to their ethno-religious dimension.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Tyranny of Tolerance: France, Religion, and the Conquest of Algeria, 1830-1870 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/52v9w979 Author Schley, Rachel Eva Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Tyranny of Tolerance: France, Religion, and the Conquest of Algeria, 1830-1870 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Rachel Eva Schley 2015 © Copyright by Rachel Eva Schley 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Tyranny of Tolerance: France, Religion, and the Conquest of Algeria, 1830-1870 by Rachel Eva Schley Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor Caroline Cole Ford, Co-chair Professor Sarah Abrevaya Stein, Co-chair “The Tyranny of Tolerance” examines France’s brutal entry into North Africa and a foundational yet unexplored tenet of French colonial rule: religious tolerance. By selectively tolerating and thereby emphasizing confessional differences, this colonial strategy was fundamentally about reaffirming French authority. It did so by providing colonial leaders with a pliant, ethical and practical framework to both justify and veil the costs of a violent conquest and by eliding ethnic and regional divisions with simplistic categories of religious belonging. By claiming to protect mosques and synagogues and by lauding their purported respect for venerated figures, military leaders believed they would win the strategic support of local communities—and therefore secure the fate of France on African soil. Scholars have long focused on the latter period of French Empire, offering metropole-centric narratives of imperial development.
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopédie Berbère, 26 | 2004 Kabylie : La Région Dans Les Écrits Arabes 2
    Encyclopédie berbère 26 | 2004 26 | Judaïsme – Kabylie Kabylie : La région dans les écrits arabes (Géographes et historiens du Xe – XVIe siècle) R. Bellil Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1405 DOI : 10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1405 ISSN : 2262-7197 Éditeur Peeters Publishers Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 mai 2004 Pagination : 4016-4022 ISBN : 2-7449-0452-X ISSN : 1015-7344 Référence électronique R. Bellil, « Kabylie : La région dans les écrits arabes », Encyclopédie berbère [En ligne], 26 | 2004, document K07, mis en ligne le 01 juin 2011, consulté le 14 décembre 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1405 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ encyclopedieberbere.1405 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 14 décembre 2020. © Tous droits réservés Kabylie : La région dans les écrits arabes 1 Kabylie : La région dans les écrits arabes (Géographes et historiens du Xe – XVIe siècle) R. Bellil 1 Les termes de « Kabylie » et « Kabyles » se sont, comme l’on sait, imposés au milieu du XIXe siècle au moment où, prenant possession de l’Algérie, les Français (militaires, administrateurs puis chercheurs) ont éprouvé le besoin d’identifier les différentes régions de la colonie et les populations qui y étaient établies. Ces termes qui proviennent de l’arabe qabâ’il (sing. qabîla) = « tribu », étaient déjà utilisés par les citadins (Arabes, Berbères arabisés, Andalous et Turcs) pour désigner les ruraux, aussi bien nomades que sédentaires, dont l’organisation sociale et politique reposait sur la forme tribale. Dans ces conditions, il est évidemment difficile de retrouver dans les écrits des historiens et géographes de langue arabe qui écrivaient entre le Xe siècle et le XVIe siècle des informations portant sur un espace et des populations qui ne seront identifiés comme tels que bien plus tard.
    [Show full text]
  • French Republicanism in Algeria
    ZENTRUM FÜR EUROPÄISCHE RECHTSPOLITIK an der Universität Bremen ZERP Edwige Lefebvre French Republicanism in Algeria: "Citoyen-Colon" versus "Sujet-Musulman-Français" ZERP-Diskussionspapier 5/97 Vorwort Seit der Französischen Revolution haben etliche Theoretiker den französischen republikanisch-universalen Staatsbürgerbegriff als ein Instrument der politischen Homogenisierung aufgefaßt. In dieser Studie soll gezeigt werden, daß er in Al- gerien keinesfalls als homogenisierender Faktor gewirkt, sondern vielmehr den Moslems die elementarsten Rechte verweigert hat. Er hat damit zur "Subjection" der einheimischen Bevölkerung beigetragen und in den französischen départe- ments Algeriens die Zweiteilung in französischen Bürger oder citoyen-colon auf der einen Seite und französischen Untertan oder sujet français musulman auf der anderen Seite hervorgebracht. Algerien veranschaulicht die Diskrepanz zwischen Theorie und Praxis der französischen Staatsbürgerschaft und liefert ein extremes Beispiel für die Unfä- higkeit Frankreichs, die volle Staatsbürgerschaft auch jenen Gruppen zu verlei- hen, die sich weigern, nicht nur ihr öffentliches Leben, sondern auch ihre Pri- vatsphäre französischer Kontrolle zu unterwerfen. Parallel dazu erhielten die al- gerischen Juden die französische Staatsbürgerschaft, indem sie - auf Druck der jüdischen Gemeinde Frankreichs - das französisch-jüdische Konsistorium aner- kannten und somit ihr öffentliches und einen Teil ihres privaten Lebens der französischen Gesetzgebung unterwarfen. Die Zweideutigkeit des universalistischen
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of Settler Colonialism in the United States and French Algeria Ashley Sanders Claremont University Consortium
    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont Library Staff ubP lications and Research Library Publications 5-1-2015 Between Two Fires: The Origins of Settler Colonialism in the United States and French Algeria Ashley Sanders Claremont University Consortium Recommended Citation Sanders, Ashley, "Between Two Fires: The Origins of Settler Colonialism in the United States and French Algeria" (2015). Library Staff Publications and Research. Paper 32. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/library_staff/32 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Library Publications at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Library Staff ubP lications and Research by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ! ! ! BETWEEN TWO FIRES: THE ORIGINS OF SETTLER COLONIALISM IN THE UNITED STATES AND FRENCH ALGERIA By Ashley Sanders A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of History – Doctor of Philosophy 2015 ! ABSTRACT' ! BETWEEN TWO FIRES: THE ORIGINS OF SETTLER COLONIALISM IN THE UNITED STATES AND FRENCH ALGERIA By Ashley Sanders This dissertation is a comparative study of the establishment of settler colonies in the American Midwest (1778-1795) and French colonial Algeria (1830-1848). It examines how interactions between the Indigenous populations, colonists, colonial administrators, the military, and the métropole shaped their development and advances the theory of settler colonialism. This study centers on the first fifteen to twenty years of conquest/occupation in the American Midwest, focusing specifically on southern Illinois and Indiana, and the province of Constantine, Algeria. Despite differences in geography, relative size of the military presence and Indigenous demographics, the process of establishing settler colonies in both locations followed similar trajectories.
    [Show full text]
  • Natalya Vince, Colonial and Post-Colonial Identities
    Colonial and Post-Colonial Identities 153 Colonial and Post-Colonial Identities: Women Veterans of the “Battle of Algiers” Natalya Vince* When seventeen-year-old student Baya Hocine was put on trial in Algiers in late 1957, accused of planting bombs for the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), the French colonial authorities sought out her school reports for the case file. Baya Hocine’s teachers describe an excellent student: extremely intelligent with a lively personality, although reluctant to express any unhappy emotions.1 Could her teachers have guessed that this high-achieving pupil of the French education system in colonial Algeria would go on to commit such a violent expression of anti- colonialism, planting a bomb in an Algiers stadium that killed two people and injured 24 others? It seems unlikely. Unrepentant, Baya Hocine was condemned to death, then reprieved, and passed the rest of the liberation struggle in prison until Algerian Independence was finally won in 1962. Twenty years later, she was a deputy in the Algerian National Assembly during the debates around the introduction of a Family Code. Baya Hocine energetically argued against the Code, which institutionalized gender inequality and reduced women to the status of minors for life, only to be * Natalya Vince received her Ph.D. in 2008 from the University of London (Queen Mary) for her thesis, “To be a Moudjahida in Independent Algeria: Itineraries and Memories of Women Veterans of the Algerian War.” Her research interests lie in twentieth century French and North African history, politics and society. She is a lecturer in the School of Languages and Area Studies at the University of Portsmouth.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Covid-19 Outbreak on the Tourism Needs of the Algerian Population
    sustainability Article The Impact of Covid-19 Outbreak on the Tourism Needs of the Algerian Population Azzeddine Madani 1 , Saad Eddine Boutebal 1 , Hinde Benhamida 2 and Christopher Robin Bryant 3,* 1 Faculty of social and human sciences, Khemis Miliana University, Thniet El Had, Khemis-Miliana 44225, Algeria; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (S.E.B.) 2 Institute of social and human sciences, Relizane University, Barmadia, Relizane 48000, Algeria; [email protected] 3 Department of Geography, University of Montreal, Québec, QC H3T 1J4, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 September 2020; Accepted: 22 October 2020; Published: 25 October 2020 Abstract: This research aims to understand the vision and the reaction of the population towards tourism and holidays during this period of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also investigates the tourist needs of the Algerian population after the closure of international borders. Methods: The data were collected using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods through a questionnaire applied to 203 people in different regions of Algeria (a North African country) from 1 June to 13 July 2020. Results: The needs of Algerian tourists were characterized by a great need for leisure to relieve psychological stress caused by COVID-19 (M = 25.33) among the study sample (p < 0.05). The results also show an average need to rationalize the costs of tourist services (M = 5.26) according to the respondents (p < 0.01). This is in addition to the great need (M = 7.75) among respondents (p < 0.05) of the awareness that the tourism sector can contribute to the economic recovery in Algeria after the confinement period.
    [Show full text]