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The Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the 2011 Tsunami

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The Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the 2011 Tsunami The Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the 2011 Tsunami PICES North Pacific Marine Science Organization Report submitted to MoE June 2017 Table of Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... iii プロジェクトの実施内容と成果の概要 ........................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 THEME I – Movement of Debris ....................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2: Modeling oceanographic drift of Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris Contributing authors: Nikolai Maximenko1, Amy MacFadyen2, and Masafumi Kamachi3 THEME II – Arrival of Debris ........................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 3: Shoreline monitoring of debris arrival in North America and Hawaii (NOAA monitoring) Contributing authors: Cathryn Clarke Murray1, Nikolai Maximenko2, and Sherry Lippiatt3,4 THEME II – Arrival of Debris ........................................................................................................... 55 Chapter 4: Webcam monitoring of marine and tsunami debris arrival in North America Contributing authors: Atsuhiko Isobe1, Hirofumi Hinata2, Shin’ichiro Kako3, and Tomoya Kataoka4 THEME II – Arrival of Debris ........................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 5: Surveillance of debris in British Columbia, Canada Contributing authors: Tomoya Kataoka1, Cathryn Clarke Murray2, and Atsuhiko Isobe3 THEME II – Arrival of Debris ........................................................................................................... 85 Chapter 6: Surveillance of debris in the Hawai’ian islands Contributing authors: Kirsten Moy1, Brian Neilson2, Anne Rosinski1 , Amber Meadows1 , Miguel Castrence3, Stephen Ambagis3, and Kristine Davidson1 THEME III – Rafting of Japanese Species ........................................................................................ 99 Chapter 7: Characterization of the invertebrate biodiversity arriving with Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris in North America and the Hawaiian Islands Contributing authors: James T. Carlton1, Deborah A. Carlton1, Megan McCuller1, Gregory M. Ruiz2, John W. Chapman3, Jonathan Geller4, and Brian Steves2 THEME III – Rafting of Japanese Species ....................................................................................... 185 Chapter 8: The genetics of invertebrate species associated with Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris Contributing authors: Jonathan Geller1, Hisatsugu Kato2, Michio Otani3, and Taichi Yonezawa2 THEME III – Rafting of Japanese Species ...................................................................................... 213 Chapter 9: Marine algae arriving on Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris Contributing authors: Gayle I. Hansen1, Takeaki Hanyuda2, and Hiroshi Kawai2 PICES/MoE ADRIFT Project i THEME III – Rafting of Japanese Species ...................................................................................... 231 Chapter 10: Genetics of marine algae arriving on Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris and their invasion threat to the Pacific coast of North America Contributing authors: Hiroshi Kawai1, Takeaki Hanyuda1, and Gayle Hansen2 THEME IV – Characteristics of Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris Species ................................... 265 Chapter 11: Survival and fitness of Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris rafting species Contributing authors: Jessica A Miller1, James T Carlton2, John W. Chapman1, Jonathan B. Geller3, and Greg Ruiz4 THEME IV – Characteristics of Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris Species ................................... 279 Chapter 12: Distributional, environmental and life history attributes of Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris biota Contributing authors: Jessica A Miller1, James T Carlton2, Cathryn Clarke Murray3, Jocelyn C. Nelson3, and Reva Gilman1 THEME V – Detection of Invasion ................................................................................................. 307 Chapter 13: Detection of invertebrates from Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris in North American waters Contributing authors: Gregory M. Ruiz1, Rebecca Barnard1, Andrew Chang1, Ruth DiMaria1, Stacey Havard1, Erica Keppel1, Kristen Larson1, Katrina Lohan1, Michelle Marraffini1, Katherine Newcomer1, Brian Steves1, Brianna Tracy1, Thomas Therriault2, and Vanessa Hodes2 THEME V – Detection of Invasion ................................................................................................. 321 Chapter 14: Detection of algae from Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris in North American waters Contributing authors: Hiroshi Kawai1, Gayle Hansen2, and Sandra Lindstrom3 THEME VI – Risk of Invasion ......................................................................................................... 331 Chapter 15: The invasion risk of species associated with Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris in North America and Hawaii Contributing authors: Thomas W. Therriault1, Jocelyn C. Nelson2, James T. Carlton3, Lauran Liggan2, Michio Otani4, Hiroshi Kawai5, Danielle Scriven2, Gregory M. Ruiz6, and Cathryn Clarke Murray1,2 THEME VI - Risk of Invasion .......................................................................................................... 357 Chapter 16: An evaluation of Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris as a potential vector of invasive species Contributing authors: Cathryn Clarke Murray1, James T. Carlton2, Jocelyn C. Nelson1, Gregory Ruiz3, and Thomas W. Therriault4 Chapter 17: Project summary and legacy products .................................................................... 395 Chapter 18: Publications and presentations ............................................................................... 401 Chapter 19: Project Science Team and Research Team members .............................................. 415 ii PICES/MoE ADRIFT Project Executive Summary The Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 created a massive tsunami that washed millions of tons of debris into the Pacific Ocean. The overall goal of this PICES project, funded by the Ministry of the Environment of Japan (MoE), was to assess and forecast the effects of this debris (termed Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris or JTMD), especially those related to non- indigenous species (NIS), on ecosystem structure and function, the coastlines, and communities of the Pacific coast of North America and in Hawaii, and to suggest research and management actions to mitigate any impacts. The project, referred to as ADRIFT (Assessing the Debris-Related Impact From Tsunami) focused on three main areas of research: (1) modeling movement of JTMD in the North Pacific, (2) surveillance and monitoring of JTMD landfall and accumulation, and (3) potential impacts from JTMD and associated NIS to coastal ecosystems in Pacific North America. The modeling group utilized a suite of general circulation models to simulate movement of marine debris arising from the Great Tsunami of 2011. The team developed, refined, and calibrated these models using available observational reports to forecast the distribution of JTMD and timelines of its potential arrival on the Pacific Coast of North America and in Hawaii. These results illustrated how different types of JTMD were transported – light-weight and/or floating debris are transported rapidly and may be removed from the ocean within a year following the tsunami (e.g., polystyrene), while heavy-weight and/or submerged/sunken debris can remain in the ocean considerably longer, with the potential to become entrained in the North Pacific gyre (i.e., garbage patch). Simulated particles reaching the coasts of Washington and Oregon showed a strong seasonal cycle. The models were used to calculate probable trajectories of individual JTMD items to highlight areas where debris was likely to accumulate, as well as probable oceanographic conditions (temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll) along the JTMD trajectories to facilitate NIS risk assessments. The surveillance and monitoring team characterized the temporal and spatial variability in JTMD landfall in North America and Hawaii and its relationship to the reported debris resulting from the Great Tsunami of 2011. Aerial photographic surveys were conducted for the main Hawaiian Islands and the outer coastline of British Columbia, Canada. Analysis of the monitoring data showed a sharp increase in the influx of debris items beginning in May 2012; indicator items, such as beverage containers and other consumer items, increased 10 times over records prior to the tsunami. A webcam system was installed at a site in Oregon during February 2015 to track beach-specific debris landings and removals to better understand temporal dynamics of debris on coastal beaches. The NIS team characterized the invasion potential of species associated with JTMD by 1) documenting the biodiversity allied with arriving JTMD objects, 2) formally evaluating the risk of the species and JTMD as a vector for NIS overall, and 3) conducting detection surveys in Pacific PICES/MoE ADRIFT Project iii Executive Summary North America and Hawaii. Over the course of the project, 650 JTMD items have been intercepted and sampled, from which more than 380 species of algae, invertebrates and fish have been identified. With time, fewer
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