Drawn too Extreme: An Examination of the Satire and the Representations of the Other in the Works of Kurt Westergaard and Zapiro. By Mikkel Simonsen Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts at the University of Stellenbosch Supervisor: Prof. Shaun Viljoen Department of English December 2016 i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. December 2016 Copyright©2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Using as a starting point Voltaire’s statement “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”, coupled with an emphasis on the contrary standpoint that a little censorship and regulation of expression is unavoidable, this thesis seeks to examine the state of global democracy and its freedom of expression. Through the contextualisation and analysis of Kurt Westergaard and Zapiro’s editorial cartoons, the thesis seeks to discuss some of the issues raised in connection with these texts. It contends that the media driven “Clash of Civilisations” informs not only the role of the editorial cartoonist in the 21st century, but is a gauge of the world-wide geopolitical climate. This thesis aims to provide an in-depth examination of how and why these two cartoon crises came to be catalysts in a discussion of integration and transformation of cultures. By studying the genre of editorial cartooning, and drawing on the contrasting ideas of Samuel Huntington and Edward Said, the thesis attempts an analysis of the discourses and binary oppositions that have been the reactions to the cartoon crises involving the works of Kurt Westergaard and Zapiro. Ultimately the thesis challenges the binary oppositions of the “West” and the “Rest” and argues that, whilst editorial cartooning can play an important part in a radical democratic society, integration and transformation must work through respectful inclusion into multicultural societies. Keywords Editorial cartooning, Freedom of Expression, Clash of Civilisations, Satire, ANC, Islam, Humour, Othering, Representation, Discourse, Ideology, Westergaard, Zapiro. iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Opsomming Die gebruik as 'n beginpunt Voltaire se motto "Ek afkeur van wat jy sê, maar ek sal verdedig tot die dood jou reg om dit te sê," en met die klem op die standpunt dat 'n bietjie sensuur en regulering van uitdrukking is onvermydelik, hierdie tesis poog om ondersoek na die stand van die globale demokrasie en die vryheid van uitdrukking. Deur die kontekstualisering en ontleding van Kurt Westergaard en redaksionele spotprente Zapiro se, die tesis poog om 'n paar van die kwessies wat in verband met hierdie tekste te bespreek. Dit beweer dat die media-gedrewe "Clash of Civilisations" lig nie net die rol van die redaksionele spotprenttekenaar in die 21ste eeu, maar is 'n meter van die wêreld-wye geopolitieke klimaat. Hierdie tesis het ten doel om 'n in-diepte ondersoek op soek na antwoorde oor hoe en hoekom hierdie twee cartoon krisis het gekom om katalisator in 'n bespreking van integrasie en transformasie van kulture te voorsien. Deur die bestudering van die genre van redaksionele spotprente, en teken op die idees van Huntington en Said, die proefskrif poog 'n ontleding van die diskoerse en binêre opposisies wat die reaksies gewees het om die spotprent krisisse wat die werke van Kurt Westergaard en Zapiro. Uiteindelik is die tesis uitdagings wat die binêre opposisies van die "Weste" en die "Rus" en beweer dat, terwyl redaksionele spotprente 'n belangrike rol kan speel in 'n radikale demokratiese samelewing, integrasie en transformasie moet bereik word deur respek insluiting in multikulturele gemeenskappe. Sleutelwoorde Redaksionele spotprente, vryheid van uitdrukking, Clash of Civilisations, satire, ANC, Islam, Humor, vervreemding, Verteenwoordiging, diskoers, ideologie, Westergaard, Zapiro. iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements Thanks go to Shaun for guidance, Eben for support and Nina for always believing in me. The thesis is dedicated to the woman that made it all possible: Great Granny Elaine. v Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Table of contents Page 1-19 Chapter 1. The Fundamentalism of Democracy and Freedom of Expression. Subheading: Page 16: The Role of the Media in a Democracy Page 20-44 Chapter 2. The Danish Perspective. Page 45-63 Chapter 3. The South African Perspective. Page 64-109 Chapter 4. Satire and the Cartoons. Subheadings: Page 65: Analysis of the Cartoons. Page 85: Seriously Funny. Page 110-116 Chapter 5. Towards a Comparative Conclusion. Page 117-127 Bibliography. Page 128-147 Appendix. vi Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Chapter 1 The Fundamentalism of Democracy and Freedom of Expression Freiheit ist immer die Freiheit des Andersdenkenden – (Freedom is always and exclusively freedom for the one who thinks differently). Rosa Luxemburg1. Qui plume a, guerre a – (To hold a pen is to be at war). Voltaire2. Introduction This thesis examines the precarious position of freedom of expression in today’s global society. It does so by looking at the role of the art of editorial cartooning, as this has lately been at the very core of the debate about freedom of expression. Placing the cartoons between the opposing ideas of Edward Said and Samuel Huntington, and using a conceptual framework developed by Norman Fairclough, it takes a closer look at the construction of discourses of Otherness. I suggest in this thesis that the two cartoon episodes, Westergaard vs. Islam and Zapiro vs. ANC, have many commonalities, which informs the on-going struggle against the closing down of freedom of expression globally.3 This struggle to maintain one of our most basic and fundamental rights in a democracy is being fought on many fronts, be it culturally, politically or judicially. The thesis argues that what Samuel Huntington refers to as “The clash of civilizations4” is happening both in Europe and in South 1 Rosa Luxemburg was a Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist and activist. Amazingly, she was successively a member of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the Independent Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party of Germany. Today she is seen by many prominent neo-liberalist such as Christopher Hitchens, Ayan Hirsi Ali and Sam Harris as one of the major inspirations for the push for freedom and expression, on par with the founding fathers behind their most venerated document: The American Constitution. 2Voltaire is perhaps most famous for his claim “"I disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”which recognising the power of the word comes from a letter he wrote to Jeanne-Grâce Bosc du Bouchet, comtesse d'Argental (4 October 1748). 3 This development can be seen both in the US treatment of whistle blower Edward Snowden and their Orwellian Patriots Act, but certainly also locally in South Africa and Denmark where a similar trend can be seen in the introduction of media tribunals and a general tightening of rules concerning freedom of expression. 1 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Africa. The main argument in Huntington’s highly influential thesis of the clash of the civilizations is that world politics will be reconfigured along cultural lines. These new “patterns” of conflict will replace those of the Cold War. Huntington speaks of the “fault lines between civilizations” (89) and points to Islam as being the civilization with the largest numbers of these. Islam has “bloody borders” (23) and represent the biggest threat to world peace. In Huntington’s optics African culture is also in an adverse relation to the West, although he has some doubt about whether Africa is developed enough to even qualify as a cultural entity! Huntington’s title is taken from a Bernard Lewis article called “The roots of Islamic Rage” published in 1990. It is from this highly polemical piece that Huntington takes many of his ideas on the incompetence of the Islamic faith and culture. His theory is driven by fearmongering and political agendas, and the two sets of cartoons have indeed become catalysts in this development. However, pivotally, as the clash is enhanced by a media under pressure5 from the freedom of movement of information on the internet, the invested parties therefore are turning their attention from reporting the news to instead pushing their views and driving their ideologies of what Edward Said has termed “Orientalism6”. Interestingly the medium of editorial cartooning, with its inherent ability to conflate many ideas into a single image, seems to have come to form the perfect platform for this development in journalism and politics. As the sides, the West and the East/African parties have become locked into absolutism and fundamentalism, the cartoons continue to be the point of departure for the widening gap in understanding and tolerance between the parties. Editorial cartoons are an ideal way to ask the questions, to raise the issues, but they do not offer any solutions. Satire, it has been said, digs trenches, whereas humour builds bridges and, with this in mind, this thesis argues that we must rediscover the ability to be respectful of one another, whilst preserving the secular society’s capacity for critical discussion of all issues. The thesis aims to expose the hypocrisy of the Western world’s image of itself as the defender of all human rights, showing it to be a highly regulated society, heavily influenced by political and 5 To this effect Trudy Lieberman in ‘Slanting the Story: The Forces That Shape the News’ writes: “News has become a headline service.