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Small Scale Fishing Communities' Perceptions of Climate Change And Norwegian University of Life Sciences Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric Faculty of Landscape and Society Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis 2019:16 Small scale fishing communities’ perceptions of climate change and its impact on livelihoods, gender roles and adaptive capacity – A case of Lake Malawi. Småskala fiskesamfunns oppfatninger om klimaendringer og innvirkning på levekår, kjønnsroller og adaptiv kapasitet – et kasus fra Lake Malawi Moses Majid Limuwa Small scale fishing communities’ perceptions of climate change and its impact on livelihoods, gender roles and adaptive capacity – A case of Lake Malawi. Småskala fiskesamfunns oppfatninger om klimaendringer og innvirkning på levekår, kjønnsroller og adaptiv kapasitet – et kasus fra Lake Malawi. Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis Moses Majid Limuwa Department of International Environment and Development Studies Faculty of Landscape and Society Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås - 2019 Thesis number 2019:16 ISSN 1894-6402 ISBN 978-82-575-1551-5 ii Table of Contents Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................................... iii List of papers .............................................................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................ vii Dedication .................................................................................................................................................................. ix Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................... xi Sammendrag ............................................................................................................................................................ xiii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................................... xv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................ xv List of acronyms and abbreviations ................................................................................................................ xvii PART ONE: Synthesis Chapter ........................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background........................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Context of the research ................................................................................................................................... 4 2. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS .............................................................................................. 9 3. MALAWI FISHERIES ............................................................................................................................ 11 3.1 Description of major water bodies ....................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Fisheries development ............................................................................................................................ 13 3.3 Fish catch trends ...................................................................................................................................... 15 3.4 Aquaculture .............................................................................................................................................. 16 3.5 Malawi fisheries legal framework .......................................................................................................... 18 3.6 Fisheries management system ............................................................................................................... 19 4. CLIMATE TRENDS FOR MALAWI ................................................................................................ 23 5. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................................... 27 5.1 Vulnerability context ............................................................................................................................... 28 5.2 Transforming structure and processes ................................................................................................. 31 iii 5.3 Livelihood outcomes ............................................................................................................................... 32 6. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 35 6.1 Study area .................................................................................................................................................. 35 6.2 Philosophical standpoints....................................................................................................................... 37 6.3 Research design and data collection ..................................................................................................... 40 6.4 Data collection preparations .................................................................................................................. 40 6.5 Primary data collection ........................................................................................................................... 40 6.6 Secondary data collection ....................................................................................................................... 42 6.7 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 43 6.8 Validity and reliability .............................................................................................................................. 44 6.9 Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................................................ 45 6.10 Limitations of the research ................................................................................................................ 46 7. SUMMARY OF PAPERS ....................................................................................................................... 47 7.1 Paper I: Evaluation of small-scale fishers’ perceptions on climate change and their coping strategies: Insights from Lake Malawi ............................................................................................................... 47 7.2 Paper II: A gendered perspective on fish value chain, livelihoods patterns and coping strategies under perceived climate change - Insights from Malawi smallscale fishers................................................. 49 7.3 Paper III: Is fish farming an illusion for Lake Malawi riparian communities under environmental changes? .................................................................................................................................................................. 51 7.4 Paper IV: Development initiatives, Livelihood Assets, and Adaptive Capacity ............................ 53 among Lake Malawi Fishing Communities ....................................................................................................... 53 8. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 55 9. RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 59 10. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 61 11. APPENDIX: Household survey questionnaires ............................................................................. 81 PART TWO: Compilation of Papers............................................................................................................... 121 iv List of papers Paper I Limuwa, M. M., Sitaula, B. K., Njaya, F. & Storebakken, T. (2018). Evaluation of Small-Scale Fishers’ Perceptions on Climate Change and their coping strategies: Insights from Lake Malawi. Climate, 6 (34): 1- 23. Paper II Limuwa, M. M., & Synnevåg, G. (2018). A gendered perspective on fish value chain, livelihoods patterns and coping strategies under climate change - insights from Malawi small-scale fisheries. African Journal of Food Nutrition, Agriculture and Development, 18 (2): 13525-13544. Paper III Limuwa, M. M., Singini, W. & Storebakken, T. (2018). Is Fish Farming an Illusion for Lake Malawi Riparian Communities under Environmental Changes? Sustainability, 10 (5): 1-23. Paper IV Limuwa, M. M. & Sjaastad, E.O. Development initiatives, Livelihood Assets, and Adaptive Capacity among Lake Malawi Fishing Communities (Manuscript).
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