BURNLEY COLLEGE, STONEYHOLME, BURNLEY, LANCASHIRE

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Matrix Archaeology

April 2021

BURNLEY COLLEGE, STONEYHOLME, BURNLEY, LANCASHIRE

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Report No. 2021-05 (Project Code: MA792)

Client: Burnley College

© Matrix Archaeology Ltd, 36 Highfield Road, Stretford, Manchester M32 8NQ [email protected]

April 2021

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REPORT CONTENTS

Summary

1. Introduction

2. Scope and Methodology

3. Site Location

4. Archaeological and Historical Development

5. Gazetteer Features

6. Site Interpretation

7. Assessment of Significance and Impact

8. Recommendations

Sources

Figures

Figure 1: Site location map, from O.S. 1:25,000 sheet.

Figure 2: Archaeological Assessment Plan.

Figure 3a: Study area outlined on OS 6in to 1 mile Lancashire sheet 64, originally surveyed 1844 and published 1848. Reproduced at 1:5000.

Figure 3b: Detail of above. Reproduced at 1:2500.

Figure 4: Study area outlined on OS 1:2500 Lancashire sheet LXIV.2, First Edition 1893, surveyed 1890-1, published 1893. Reproduced at 1:2500.

Figure 5: Study area outlined on OS 1:2500 Lancashire sheet LXIV.2, Edition of 1912, revised 1909-10, published 1912. Reproduced at 1:2500.

Figure 6: Study area outlined on OS 1:2500 Lancashire sheet LXIV.2, Edition of 1931, revised 1929. Reproduced at 1:2500.

Plates

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SUMMARY

An archaeological desk-based assessment was undertaken on land adjacent to the River Calder at Stoneyholme, just to the north-west of Burnley town centre. This revealed that industrial development had occurred in close proximity to the study area, although apart from limited infilling, much of the site was little altered. The remains of two late 19th century colliery tramways may be affected by redevelopment, and there is some possible potential for late prehistoric or medieval agricultural activity.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 An archaeological desk-based assessment was undertaken by Matrix Archaeology Ltd on land at Stoneyholme, Burnley, during March 2021 (Figure 1). This was commissioned by Mr Andrew Brown of ABW Architects, on behalf of the client, Burnley College. The assessment was undertaken to inform proposed new building works within the area.

1.2 The study area contained no Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, or Historic Environment Record entries. It comprised about 2.9 hectares of open land, partly in use recently as playing fields.

1.3 Close to the centre of Burnley, industrial and housing developments had previously occurred beyond the site boundary, and had affected the southern part of the site.

1.3 No previous archaeological works had not been undertaken within the site, although several projects had been undertaken in close proximity. In 2007, building recording works were undertaken within the Calder Vale Mill and Print Works, to the south-east of the study area, by Archaeological Services WYAS. In 2008, a desk- based assessment was undertaken of land to the south-east of the study area, on both sides of the River Calder, by White Young Green Environmental Ltd.

1.4 This assessment was undertaken in accordance with the ‘Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment’, published by the CIfA, 2017.

Acknowledgements Dr Peter Arrowsmith undertook the historical research (Section 4), the Scope and Methodology (Section 2), and compiled the Sources. The site walkover and archaeological assessment drawing (Figure 2) was prepared in AutoCAD 2021 by Mark Fletcher, who also compiled the remainder of this report.

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2.0 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Sources

Sources consulted for the assessment included:

• The Lancashire Historic Environment Record (HER), held by Lancashire County Council Planning and Environment Service.

• Published sources

• Historic mapping

Covid-19 restrictions at the time of the research for the assessment meant that it was not possible to consult original material in Burnley Library or Lancashire Archives.

2.2 A site walkover was undertaken, to inform production of Figure 2, a gazetteer of features (Section 5), and photography of potential features (Plates 1 – 7).

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3.0 SITE LOCATION

3.1 The study area was located less than 1km to the north-west of Burnley town centre, in the valley of the River Calder. It comprised an irregular, low lying area, defined on the east by the canalised channel of the Calder, on the north-west by the M65 Motorway, on the west by the natural valley slope, and on the south by the existing Burnley College campus (OSNGR 383500 433150). 3.2 At about 104m AOD, the level site appeared to comprise a broad flood plain associated with the River Calder, which ran within a C19 canalised channel on the eastern site boundary. A minor tributary to the Calder had flowed in an irregular channel across the north part of the site, although this feature was largely culverted. Infill within the south part of the site had resulted in an elevated terrace which rose to 108m AOD. 3.3 Geologically, the solid geology underlying the site comprised mudstone, siltstone and sandstone of the Pennine Lower Coal Measures Formation of the Carboniferous era. Boreholes within the College campus to the south of the assessment site revealed that the rockhead was located at between 85m and 90m AOD. The study area was located within the Burnley Coalfield, and Clifton Colliery was sunk just to the west of the site in 1876. The northern part of the study area was considered as being probably worked by shallow coal mining. 3.4 The drift geology comprised alluvial clay, silt, sand and gravel of the post- glacial Quaternary period. These deposits were laid down in periods of flooding by the River Calder. .

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4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

4.1 Known development within the study area dates from the 19th and 20th centuries. Yates’s map of Lancashire, surveyed in the 1770s and published in 1786, and Greenwood’s county map of 1818 both show a site to the west, which from later mapping can be identified as Whittlefield Farm. Whittlefield and Clifton to the north are documented in the 17th century when they formed part of the estate of Nicholas Townley of Royle Hall, Burnley (died 1645).1

Fishwick’s map of Burnley of 18272 and OS 6in to 1 mile mapping originally surveyed in 1844 (Figure 3) both show the study area as largely coinciding with a single field, which was bounded by a woodland plantation on the west and by the River Calder on the east. On the north-east Fishwick’s map indicates a smaller enclosure bounded by the Calder, which on the OS map is shown as woodland. The OS map also indicates that while the remainder of the study area lay within the township of Habergham Eaves, this smaller enclosure was an appendage of the township of Burnley to the east of the river. On the north both the larger field and smaller enclosure were bounded by a tributary stream of the Calder. On the 1844 map the section of the stream within the study area is bridged by a trackway (site 10).

Prior to the late 19th century, when a recreation ground was created here, this area was known as Slipper Hill (see below, 4.4). In East Lancashire, occurrences of this place- names are also found on uplands to the east of Burnley and to the west of Foulridge. In such instances the meaning of ‘Slipper’ is presumably ‘slippery’, as suggested for the place-names ‘Slipper Low’ in Derbyshire and ‘Slippershaw’ in the West Yorkshire.3 Its significance in the case of the more low lying ground of the study area is unclear.

4.2 In the mid-1820s the Calder Vale Print Works (PRN8614) were established immediately to the south of the study area, on the west bank of the Calder. John Graham states that printing was begun here in 1826 by Margerison and Glover, and that at the time of writing, c 1846, the business was run by Thomas Margerison and Brothers, employing 250 block printers.4 Graham’s date for the start of the business is supported by other evidence: the works appear on Fishwick’s map of 1827, and the firm is not listed among Burnley’s calico printers in Baines’s directory of 1824.5 There may possibly have been a smaller works on this site prior to 1826. According to James Grant writing in 1890, ‘When the Margerison family came to Burnley, they built a new print works on the site of Massys dye-house, though part of the old building is still, I believe, preserved. I need scarcely tell my readers that the print works are now used as a paper making factory’.6

1 Bennett 1949, 46-17. 2 Reproduced in Kendall 2008. 3 OED ‘slipper’ adj; Cameron 1959, 353; Smith 1961, 258. 4 Information from PRN8614. 5 Baines 1824, 572. 6 Quoted by Kendall 2008, 6.

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Fishwick’s map shows the print works as comprising three main parallel ranges set back from the river, with a large double reservoir on the west. The map also shows a smaller building located immediately adjacent to the river, served by a leat which ran from above the confluence of the Calder with the River Brun and which rejoined the river immediately east of this building. On the OS First Edition 6in to 1 mile map, a second larger building is shown standing immediately to its north and the site is identified as the ‘Calder Vale Mill (cotton)’ (PRN8619) (Figure 3). A two-storey mill building was still standing here in 2007 when an archaeological building survey was carried out. From the report, a tailrace arch still survived at this date approximately at the point shown on Fishwick’s plan.7 The original relationship of the cotton mill to the print works is uncertain. However, a waterwheel was listed as part of the power system at the print works in 1875, when these were described as consisting of,

‘about 50,000 square yards of land, a group of buildings containing a floor area of 10,000 square yards, Seven Steam Boilers, McNaughted Beam Engine of 70 horse power, 7 Small Steam Engines, Water Wheel, Two capacious Reservoirs covering 13,097 yards of land, the small reservoir adjoining Calder Vale Road, and a large quantity of Printing Machinery, including 12 Printing Machines, with all the requisite Machinery for Bleaching and Dyeing for the same, Mechanics’ Shop and Joiners’ Shop’.8

To the south of the print works, the railway was constructed by the East Lancashire Railway and opened in 1848. The railway bridge over Clifton Street (PRN16759) and the viaduct to the east (PRN16738) are now Grade II Listed Buildings. A militia depot on Clifton Street (PRN37395), on the north side of the railway, was opened in 1854, following the formation of the 5th Royal Lancashire Militia regiment in Burnley in the previous year.9 On the opposite side of Clifton Street, an inn (PRN19752) with a bowling green to its rear (PRN19751) may have been built to attract the custom of the militia. To the east of the print works, the Stoneyholme Gasworks (PRN19755) were under construction in 1854 when Burnley Gas Company sold its property to the town’s Improvement Commissioners. In its final form the site comprised four gasometers, the last being erected in 1881.10

4.3 In 1875 Burnley Paper Mills Co Ltd was established with the purpose of buying the Calder Vale Print Works and converting these to a paper mill. This new business commenced operation in 1876.11 OS mapping surveyed in 1890-1 (Figure 4) shows the paper mill as occupying a complex of buildings which had been enlarged since the survey of 1844. By 1890-1 Clifton Street had seen further development with the construction of terraced housing and, at the north end of the street, a villa-type house named Woodfield. The latter lay close to Clifton Colliery, situated to the west of the study area.

7 Prudhoe 2007. 8 Burnley Gazette 27 March 1875, p 5 col 2, 9 Bennett 1951, 231; Burnley Advertiser 3 December 1853, p 4 col 4. 10 Bennett 1951, 81-2. 11 Burnley Gazette 27 March 1875, p 5 col 2; 5 June 1875, p 4 col 1; 22 April 1876, 5 col 2.

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Details of Clifton Colliery (PRN19750) are provided by Jack Nadin’s account of the collieries of East Lancashire on which the information on this site in the Lancashire HER is largely based. The colliery was sunk in 1876 by the Exors of John Hargreaves, by far the largest colliery owners in the Burnley Coalfield. The colliery, which worked the Arley and Dandy Mines, had three closely-placed shafts, one being a winding shaft and another a ventilation shaft, both 260 yds deep. Clifton Colliery was a ‘wet mine’, and the third shaft was a pumping shaft, 310 yds deep, which was used to raise a half a million gallons of water a day. The colliery was taken over by the NCB and continued in operation until 1955.12

By 1890-1 three straight tramways ran from the colliery to transhipment or delivery points. One headed south-west and was carried on a viaduct across the Leeds and Liverpool Canal to a coal yard (PRN19721) on the canal’s western bank. This had previously been the site of the Whittlefield Colliery, shown on the 1844 mapping (Figure 3a) and reported to have been abandoned in 1879 when it was no longer economically viable. Its popular name, the Sand Hole, was later transferred to Clifton Colliery.13 A second tramway (PRN20782) ran north-eastwards from Clifton Colliery to railway sidings on the north side of the town, and was carried over the River Calder on a viaduct located immediately to the north of the study area (Figure 4). The third tramway ran eastwards to terminate at the north end of the paper mill. This tramway crossed the south-west corner of the study area (site 04), where the 1890-1 map shows it carried on an embankment.

These tramways were ‘ginney tracks’, a system of transport widely used by collieries in the Burnley area and reportedly first introduced at the town’s Marsden Pit which closed in 1873.14 As described by Nadin, ginney tracks comprised two sets of flanged rails, one for full wagons leaving a pit, the other for wagons returning to be refilled. Wagons were moved along by a continuous chain, which engaged with lugs on top of the wagons, and which at each end of the track passed around a horizontal sprocket wheel. Since the weight of the chain was carried on the wagons, the system needed only a small engine to provide the power. However, it also required straight and evenly graded tracks. ‘This involved building many miles of earth embankment, cuttings and trellis bridgeworks’. Changes in direction, where necessary, were achieved using ‘turning blocks’, large blocks of stone carrying a turnwheel arrangement.15 Nadin notes that one such turning block survived between Stoneyholme School and the M65, to the north-east of the study area, where the longest of the three ginney tracks from Clifton Colliery changed direction.16

The 1890-1 map also shows a branching arrangement of other tramways running from Clifton Colliery which were evidently for the disposal of mining waste (Figure 4). One branch ran to the south across a coal yard and terminated in an area to the north of the railway. Another ran to the east, on a sinuous course which was twice crossed by the ginney tracks to the paper mill. Its termination on the 1890-1 map lies on the

12 Nadin 1997, 50-4. 13 Nadin 1997, 147. 14 Nadin 1997, 110-12. 15 Nadin 1997, 12-13. 16 Nadin 1997, 12-13.

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very south-western edge of the study area, within which the mapping shows a line of waste.

Also shown on the 1890-1 map is a curving linear earthwork (site 04), which ran eastwards into the study area. It is possible that this was associated with an early tramway system supplying the Calder Vale Print Works. When the Burnley Paper Mills Co Ltd was launched in 1875, the prospectus noted of the print works that ‘a tramway from one of the coal pits of the firm of The Exors. of John Hargreaves conveys coal direct into the boiler-house at a merely nominal cost of carriage’.17 This predates the sinking of Clifton Colliery in 1876.

4.4. By 1909-10 the study area had undergone substantial landscaping (Figure 5). At its southernmost end, the disposal area for coal waste seems to have been infilled to the level of the adjacent ginney tracks. Except at its western end, the tributary brook of the Calder had been culverted. Some improvement of the Calder seems to have taken place next to the south-east of the study area by 1890-1, and by 1909-10 work had also been carried out further to the north, where the channel was narrowed and straightened. The open expanse within the study area was now described as a recreation ground. On the north-east a bridge (site 02) provided access across the Calder from Holme Road. A small building stood on its west side, by the entrance into the recreation ground. It is identified on mapping of 1960 as a lavatory.

Stoneyholme Recreation Ground was officially opened by the Corporation in May 1893, as reported in the Burnley Express. The newspaper explained that,

‘Three quarters of an acre have been leased from the Rev. Canon Parker at a rental of £39 12s. 6d., and ten acres one rood have been purchased from Mr. T. T. Townley-Parker. From Holme-road it is approached by a wooden bridge, and there is another entrance from Clifton footpath, so that it will be accessible from Westgate district. The other extremities are bounded by the paper works on the one side and on the other by the colliery tramway. The stream which runs across the ground has been covered over and laid in pipes. Councillor Carrington, upon whom fell the duty of discharging the function, said that he had been closely connected with the ground for 25 years, and 20 years since he little imagined that he would be one day formally opening the ground for the use of the public. It was originally named Slipper Hill. His wife’s father rented it from Mr. Robert Townley Parker [died 1879] at £50 per annum, and great had been the contention and many the fights between the children who played about here and the farmer who rented the ground’.18

The vendor of the land, Thomas Townley Townley-Parker of Cuerden Hall near Preston, was the owner of estates which included Royle in Burnley. This had passed to the Parkers from the Townleys19 and, as noted above (4.1), in the early 17th century had included Whittlefield and Clifton. Canon Parker, the lessor of ¾ acre in 1893, was

17 Burnley Gazette 27 March 1875, p 5 col 2. 18 Burnley Express 20 May 1893, p 5 col 8. 19 Farrer & Brownbill 1911, 25, 445-6.

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rector of Burnley.20 His may have been the portion of the study area in Burnley township. Earlier newspaper accounts refer to the Stoneyholme Recreation Ground by name as early as May 1885.21 Evidently, farmland frequented by local children had been leased by the Council for use as an official recreation ground, before being bought, improved and reopened in 1893. It is also reported that the purchase of the Stoneyholme Recreation Ground from Townley-Parker was completed by July 1892, at which point the Council authorised the construction of the bridge to Holme Road (site 02).22 The earlier farmland may have formed part of the ‘15½ acres of meadow and pasture land, known as “Slipper Hills,” within the Borough of Burnley’ which was advertised to let in 1881.23 Bennett writes that the first of the town’s recreation grounds, at Healey Heights, opened in 1872 on land leased for £32 10s, and that five others had been established by 1891, including Stoneyholme.24

4.5 Other improvements had been made by 1929 (Figure 6). Tennis courts had been added at the north end of the recreation ground and a small pavilion built on their south side. To its west a playground had been created and, outside the study area, there were now two bowling greens with pavilions.

4.6 The ginney tracks from the Clifton Colliery were still extant in 1929, but are no longer present on mapping of 1960.

20 Farrer & Brownbill 1911, 452. 21 Burnley Express 14 May 1885, p 5 col 4. 22 Preston Herald 9 July 1892, p 3 col 2; Burnley Express 30 July 1892, p 5 col 6. 23 Burnley Express 5 November 1881, p 4 col 2. 24 Bennett 1951, 37.

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5.0 GAZETTEER FEATURES

5.1 Within the study area, a number of features of potential significance were identified. These are shown on plan by gazetteer numbers (Sites 1 – 11, Figure 2).

5.2 Site Feature Gazetteer

1 – Calder Vale Mill and Print Works NGR 383600 433100 centre Lancashire HER No. PRN6819 – MLA6817 (cotton mill) Lancashire HER No. PRN8614 - MLA6812 (calico printing works) This extensive site originally comprised a water-powered cotton mill on the east side, adjacent to the river, and a calico print works on the west side adjacent to the large reservoir. In 1875, all of the buildings appear to have been integrated and expanded to become a paper mill. All of these buildings were demolished after 2007.

2 – Bridge over river Calder NGR 383510 433270 The existing vehicle bridge over the river Calder first appeared on the 1909-10 O.S. plan (Figure 5), and was probably intended to facilitate access to the ‘Recreation Ground’ from the housing estate on the east of the river. The bridge was originally constructed of timber, and was authorised by Burnley Council in 1892.

3 – Site of tramway (“ginney track”) NGR 383500 433070 centre This tramway first appears on the 1890-1 O.S. plan (Figure 4); crossing the southernmost part of the study area from east to west. The hachures indicate that it crossed the low-lying valley flood plain on a raised embankment. It was used to deliver coal directly from Clifton Colliery to the boiler house of Calder Vale Works. The construction of the embankment resulted in the creation of a triangular low-lying area defined on the south by the mill pond dam of Calder Vale Works, and on the west by the steep valley flank. This then seems to have been infilled by colliery waste, which was completed before 1909 (Figure 5). Although the walkover determined that the east-west embankment had survived (although infilled on the south side), there was no evidence for rails or sleepers or any other features.

4 – Site of destroyed tramway? NGR 383450 433110 centre The O.S. plan published in 1893 (Figure 4) shows a short length of embankment extending into the study area from the direction of Clifton Colliery to the west. There are no other indications that this may have been a “ginney track”, like (03) to the south, but the form of the earthwork was similar. The 1875 prospectus for the Burnley Paper Mills Co (see 4.3 above) refers to a tramway to the mill which pre-dates the sinking of the Clifton Colliery. There are no surviving traces of this feature, and it was not shown on the 1909 O.S. plan.

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5 – Site of weir NGR 383590 433150 A weir was indicated across the river on the 1890-1 O.S. plan (Figure 4). It does not appear on the 1909-10 plan (Figure 5), and by then, the river appears to have been canalised to its existing form, suggesting that the weir had been removed. The weir may have related to the Stoneyholme Weaving Shed on the east river bank, to backwater a pool from which could be drawn steam engine condenser and boiler water.

6 – Culverted tributary stream NGR 383450 433215 centre The 1844 and 1890-1 O.S. plans (Figures 3a and 4) show a minor tributary of the River Calder flowing northwards following a sinuous course, to join the river near to the northernmost part of the study area. The 1909-10 O.S. plan (Figure 5) showed that much of the channel had been culverted by then, apart from a short section on the westernmost part of the site.

7 – Site of building NGR 383500 433250 A small building was first shown on the 1909-10 O.S. plan (Figure 5), just to the south-west of the bridge (02). This no longer exists, on the 1960 O.S. mapping it was identified as a lavatory.

8 – Site of building NGR 383450 433240 A ‘Tennis Ground’ first appeared on the 1928 O.S. plan (Figure 6). This small building faced onto the Tennis Ground from the south-west, and seems likely to have been a pavilion or changing room.

9 – Site of Tennis Ground NGR 383450 433270 centre The Tennis Ground was created within the northernmost part of the Recreation Ground, in association with a pair of Bowling Greens, which were located to the south-west (outside the study area).

10 – Former trackway NGR 383520 433200 centre A trackway extended from south-east to north-west across the study area; this was first indicated on the 1844 O.S. plan (Figure 3a). It passed over the tributary (06) by a bridge or culvert; and beneath the tramway (11) viaduct, as it passed beyond the study area. It was no longer indicated on the 1909 O.S. plan (Figure 5), as the area had by then become a recreation ground, and the area to the north west of (11) was then being infilled.

11 – Site of tramway (“ginney track”) NGR 383420 433260 centre Lancashire HER No. PRN20782 – MLA20742 This former tramway extended from Clifton Colliery in a north-easterly direction to Daneshouse, forming the north-western site boundary at the northernmost part of the study area. It crossed the Calder valley on a viaduct here, but any surviving remnants of this feature were destroyed after 1963. Much of this route has now been overlaid by the construction of the M65 Motorway.

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6.0 SITE INTERPRETATION

6.1 Late prehistoric period The Pennine uplands to the west of Burnley contain a significant number of late prehistoric settlement and burial sites. However, it seems likely that the lowland areas, especially the fertile alluvial flood plains, were intensively used for agriculture during the Bronze and Iron Ages, and into the Roman period. It seems possible that evidence for such agrarian activity (or even settlement activity) may survive within the valley of the River Calder.

6.2 Late medieval/early post medieval periods The pre-industrial market town of Burnley developed just a short distance to the south-east of the study area. It seems likely that the fertile soils of the Calder valley would have been exploited during this period, when it was part of the Royle Hall estate, although this may have comprised nothing more than arable farming, which may have resulted in relic ‘ridge and furrow’ being sealed beneath or within the alluvial deposits. The trackway (10) may have originated in this period.

6.3 Late post-medieval period It was only during the second half of the 19th century that the growth of the industrial town of Burnley, in part driven by the exploitation of the Lancashire Coalfield, impacted directly upon the study area. The fast-flowing River Calder was harnessed initially for its water power potential to drive the Calder Vale Cotton Mill, and subsequently for steam engine condenser and boiler feed water. Water was also required for the Calder Vale Printworks and for the paper mill which succeeded it.

Direct impacts upon the study area were a result of coal being supplied by tramway to this works, resulting in (03), and possibly (04). Site (11) lay just outside the study area.

The formalisation of the ‘Recreation Ground’ just prior to 1893 seems to have resulted in extensive modification of the local landscape. This entailed the canalisation of the River Calder, requiring infilling of much of the western riverbank, and of the valley of the minor tributary within the northern part of the study area. Bridge (02) and building (07) probably formed part of these works.

By 1928, further refinements to the ‘Recreation Ground’ included laying out of the ‘Tennis Ground’ (09), and construction of probable pavilion (08). The ‘Play Ground’ and the two ‘Bowling Greens’ were probably contemporary features.

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7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 It seems likely that much of the study area has not been physically affected by post-medieval developments, apart from possibly below-ground drainage works when the area was designated as a recreation ground in 1893. This raises the possibility that evidence may survive within or upon the alluvial flood deposits for late prehistoric or medieval agricultural activity. A limited programme of trial trenching should be undertaken in order to evaluate these deposits to determine if they contain any such evidence.

7.2 The only possibly significant features to survive within the study area were the two tramways (03) and (04). Evidence for both of these may survive below ground, and targeted evaluation trenches may reveal sleepers or even rails.

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SOURCES

Bibliography

Baines E 1824 History, Directory and Gazatteer of the County Palatine of Lancaster, vol 1 (reprinted 1968, David & Charles, Newton Abbot).

Bennett W 1949 The History of Burnley 1650 to 1850, County Borough of Burnley.

Bennett W 1951 The History of Burnley from 1850, County Borough of Burnley (reprinted Burnley & District Historical Society, 1998).

Cameron K 1959 The Place-names of Derbyshire, Part Three, English Place-name Society vol 29.

Farrer W & Brownbill J (eds) 1911 Victoria History of the County of Lancaster, vol 6, Constable & Co.

Kendall G 2008 Burnley College Relocation Scheme, Burnley: Historical Assessment for the Calder Vale Mill and Print Works, White Young Green Environmental, unpublished report for AA Projects.

Nadin J 1997 The Coal Mines of East-Lancashire, British Mining No 58, Keighley, The Northern Mine Research Society.

Prudhoe J 2007 Calder Vale Mill and Print Works, Stoneyholme, Burnley: Building Recording, Archaeological Services WYAS, unpublished report.

Smith A H 1961 The Place-names of The West Riding of Yorkshire, Part Three, English Place-name Society vol 32.

Maps

W Yates’s map of Lancashire, published 1786, surveyed 1770s. C Greenwood’s map of Lancashire, surveyed 1818. Plan of the Town of Burnley by H Gazetteer Fishwick, 1827.

OS 6in to 1 mile Lancashire sheet 64, surveyed 1844, published 1848.

OS 1:2500 Lancashire sheet LXIV.2, First Edition 1893, surveyed 1890-1, published 1893.

OS 1:2500 Lancashire sheet LXIV.2, Edition of 1912, revised 1909-10, published 1912.

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OS 1:2500 Lancashire sheet LXIV.2, Edition of 1931, revised 1929.

OS 1:2500 sheet SD 83 33, 1960.

Websites

Geology of Britain viewer | British Geological Survey (BGS)

Interactive Map Viewer | Coal Authority (bgs.ac.uk)

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Figure 1. Site location map, based upon O.S. 1:25,000 sheet. Crown copyright, Matrix Archaeology O.S. Licence No. AL100032621.

0 150 Metres

103.07

G2.0

G2.0

103.35

103.10

MG MG I\R

103.37 G1.0 103.28

103.20 103.25 N 103.32 G2.0 103.27

103.35 PT 103.20

I\R

TREES/BUSHES 103.17 103.22

PT PT 103.27 103.25 103.58 103.23 103.27 103.12 103.20 103.30 103.24 103.24 103.24

103.21 103.29 103.28 SoL102.78 G2.0

103.19 G0.7 I\R 103.26 SoL102.90 BRICK WALL 103.27 103.25 103.22

I\R 103.30

103.32 I\R 103.45 103.26 G3.0 103.26 BRICK WALL 103.28 103.12

104.27 103.22 G0.7 104.41 103.28 PT 02 103.28 103.23 103.25 103.49 09 TREES/BUSHES 103.15 103.32 PT 103.22PT

103.23 LP 103.49 MG

GRASS 103.24 MG MG 103.29 I\R

PT 103.40 MG 103.19 102.87 103.40 103.32 IC CL103.21

103.51 103.32 103.19 G1.0 103.11

11 G0.7 103.28 103.32

MG 103.37 103.21 TREES/BUSHES 103.32 I\R 103.38 103.34 MG

MG

103.51

G0.7 103.19 103.43

103.38 MG 103.32 G0.7 103.27

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103.43

I\R 06 MG 103.51 103.48 07 G1.0 MG 103.43 CONC WALL 103.47 R I V E R C A L D E R 103.56 103.64 MG 103.33 103.51 103.69 G0.7 103.37 103.56 103.51 DC1

103.58 103.26

103.56 LP 103.42 MG IC 103.48 CL103.45 103.55 103.67 103.59 103.41

103.68 103.50 MG G0.6 103.65 08 IC CL103.94 CONC WALL 103.72 G1.0 103.56 103.95 IC GRASS 103.50 CL103.43 103.49 G2.0 103.55 MG 103.75 G3.0 103.72

103.56 104.01 103.84 103.78

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103.80 103.57 103.96 IC

103.49 CL103.68

G2.0 103.60 103.47 103.12 G3.0 G3.0 103.81 103.63

103.56 103.74 103.47

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I\R

103.56 103.68 103.48 103.77 103.74 103.79 103.67 103.75 103.81

103.90

103.52

103.66 103.21 103.62 LP 103.56 103.62

103.73 103.59

103.52

103.68 103.72

103.76 103.67 103.34

103.44 103.57 103.60

103.80 G3.0 103.71 06 103.61 103.66 103.40 103.65

103.58 103.66

103.75 103.69 103.68 103.57

103.50 103.92 G3.0 103.66 103.64

103.63 G3.0 103.74 103.70 103.71 G3.0

LP

I\R 103.72 103.66 10 103.73 103.70 103.55

103.83 103.68 G3.0 103.71 103.66 103.92

104.12 GRASS 103.61 103.60 PT 103.55 PT 103.71 G2.0 103.76

G3.0

103.83 G3.0 PT 103.71 103.72 103.99

103.82 103.90 103.69 STUMP 103.73

104.02 103.53

G2.0 103.70 PT 103.53 103.62 103.72 103.96 103.94 103.77 103.83 104.01 G2.0 LP 103.72 103.75 103.73 104.00 MG 103.69 103.80 103.96 DC2 G1.6 104.07 103.95 I\R 103.66 GRASS

G1.6 103.87LP 104.27 103.72 103.78 103.73 103.59 103.84

103.81

MG 104.17 104.02 103.72 104.25 103.67

103.68 103.82 103.85 103.83 G1.2 104.15 103.90

103.80 G1.0 104.75 103.90 103.70 104.25 MG 103.74 LP 104.13 G1.0 05 103.88 104.68 104.50 103.76 104.01 104.09 103.69 103.64 103.95 104.18 104.25 PT 104.88 103.84 105.10 104.78 103.81 104.21 G1.0 104.06 105.00 G1.0 104.93 SoL104.03 104.59IL103.37 I\R 105.04 PT 105.05 103.91 104.91 105.02 G1.0 103.75 104.10 TREES/BUSHES 104.00 104.58 103.43 G1.0 104.99 104.93

105.09 BW 103.83 105.18 103.73 105.36 104.97 104.61 103.90 G1.1 G3.0 LP 103.73 104.33

103.57 104.00 104.74

LP 103.58 104.62 G0.5 I\R105.19 104.00 104.81 103.95

103.73 103.84 103.82 104.20 G0.8 104.08 103.77 G3.0 105.34 LP 103.94 103.80 104.98 MG 105.28 104.85 104.70 103.79 104.54 MG 103.91 103.89 104.83 105.24 MG MG 104.05 GRASS 104.20 104.92 104.41 105.45 103.85 103.77 G0.8 104.18 105.16G1.0 G0.7 104.02 I\R 103.87 103.80

104.08 103.82 G0.6 MH MG CL105.32 MG G0.6 103.94 105.15 103.98 105.61 G0.7 104.13 104.75 105.54 G0.6 104.99 G1.1 G0.7 103.82 104.31 TBM 104.16 MG G0.6 103.91 104.51 MG 105.47 103.91 105.47 MG 104.02 G2.3 G0.8 104.27 105.80 104.04 10 G0.5 MG MG MG MG 104.54 103.87 103.82 105.30 LP 103.88

104.41 G1.6 103.91 104.24 G0.5 104.69 104.40 G1.0 MG 104.02 103.98 104.77 104.90 MG I\R MG 103.88 104.37 MG 104.71 104.78 G0.7 104.06 104.73 MG 104.10 104.90 104.99

106.34 103.81 MG 104.47 105.72 I\R 104.97 105.15 104.94 103.97 105.15 104.98 103.81 104.30 STUMP 105.41 MG 105.09 104.06 MG PT 103.92

104.63 106.96 105.26 104.01 104.13 104.88 106.26 103.94 105.29 106.07 MG 104.08 103.89 CCTV 107.05 GRASS 104.27 04 105.31 107.12 105.57 106.19 G1.4 G0.6 106.97 105.57 106.96 106.02 103.98 103.82 107.02 107.04107.02 105.77 104.16 104.49 107.00 106.89 103.90 106.90 G2.5 105.14 107.02 107.35 106.89

BRICK RTW SMOKING SHELTER 107.00 105.94 104.23 G1.5 107.02 PT 106.90 103.99 104.81 LP 106.90 106.95 LP GRASS 106.90 107.38 104.17 105.34 MG PT 104.05 105.28 107.16 107.00 107.65 104.03 107.03 106.97 PAVING

107.43 104.13 106.98 105.85 103.85 103.93 GRASS 104.70 107.04 104.24 G0.7 104.17 G1.0 107.19 103.95 104.14 104.45 105.39 107.07 104.29 104.03 107.24 MG 107.12 P/R

DRAINAGE CHANNEL G0.5 107.15 107.28 104.56 105.44 107.01 107.64 104.15 105.80 104.29 103.99 MG 106.99 107.05 105.14 I/R 104.14 107.11107.14 104.81 104.16 104.00 104.64 107.21 107.15 107.14 107.08 107.04 107.10 104.19 104.21 G1.6 LP 106.25 103.94 G0.7 PAVING 107.21 107.97 105.99 107.16 STEPS 104.33 104.13 105.62 107.81 SHRUBS PAVING G1.7 107.06 SP 107.19 107.92 107.77 107.25 104.02 G1.6 104.01 104.54 107.35 105.72 107.22 CONC 104.02 107.00 107.18 104.20 107.22 107.10 G0.6 107.09 107.06 107.29 106.56 G1.6 107.87 G0.6 107.94 107.93 104.02 LP 107.16 I/R 104.05 105.64 105.70

CONC 104.17 107.82 G0.6 107.17 GRASS 107.96 104.04 107.31 107.20 G1.3 107.18 107.11 107.29 107.89 G0.2 107.14 107.41 108.02 107.41 108.00 GRASS 107.24 104.19 107.30 LIGHT 107.94 DRAINAGE CHANNEL 107.16 103.97 G1.5 107.24 107.29 104.06 104.36 MG 105.75 107.14 108.13 PAVING 107.24 G0.6 107.16 107.27 104.15 BRICK RTW 107.12 107.26 105.62 107.15 105.51 104.10 107.01 G1.2 G0.7 PAVING TARMAC I/R 107.69 104.15 CAR PARK 107.96 G0.4 107.17 G1.5 107.25 107.13 107.31 107.30 107.21 DRAINAGE CHANNEL G1.8 107.22 104.04 105.84 107.36 G0.9 G1.0 104.41 G1.6 LP 108.17 108.18 G1.1 104.11 107.41 104.15 107.29 104.19 107.20 PAVING 104.08 MG 105.90 107.35 107.43 105.59 104.17 G1.7 107.22 107.54 107.34 107.51 G0.9 107.40 104.25 107.54 104.36 STUMP 107.45 107.23 107.36 107.31 107.48 107.21 107.24 107.38 G2.1 LP 107.26 107.48 107.87 107.20 PAVING G0.6 106.03 107.43

G2.1 106.04 107.34 SPEED 105.66 107.47 107.47 G0.7 107.58 RAMP GRASS 107.59 G0.5 107.25 107.48 MG 107.45 MG 107.27 107.38 107.29 MG G1.2 107.37 SHRUBS 107.42 107.49 107.61 107.29 107.35 107.57 105.49 107.50 107.31 107.49 107.50 105.40 105.60 MG SAP 105.46 105.51 G2.3 107.43 107.71 106.37 107.51 MG 108.08 G0.6 IC 107.32 SHRUBS 107.34 01 CL107.55 107.45 107.50 107.46 107.71 106.28 PAVING 107.47 107.63 107.34 107.48 107.53 GRAVEL TAC 107.61 107.47 107.64 DRAINAGE CHANNEL 107.64 107.52 107.46 107.99 106.74 107.51 MG 107.38 107.38 107.51 107.50 107.38 107.46 107.65 107.38 107.65 107.59 107.16 107.84 107.37 107.62 107.85 PAVING 107.72107.72 107.67 107.62 107.44 G1.5 MG 107.40 107.45 BS 107.86 107.27 107.51 108.17 106.62 107.65 107.52 GRASS MG 107.66 107.61 107.61 107.53 107.61 107.54 107.51 107.61 LP 107.62 PAVING 107.60 STUMP 107.47 107.46 107.67 MG 107.59 107.58 BOL 107.68LP 107.60 107.62 BOL 107.47 IC 107.95 MG 106.95 TARMAC 107.63 CL107.67 CAR PARK 107.57 107.71 107.96 107.69 107.84 107.68 107.53 107.56 107.73 BOL 107.22 107.61 BRICK RTW 107.62 BOL 107.57 107.56 107.57 108.01 107.90 MG 03 107.73 03 107.24 107.72BOL 107.61 PAVING 107.55 BOL 107.49 107.59 GRASS 107.75 107.69 107.56 107.58 107.61 107.73 107.65 107.96 107.71 107.69 107.62 MG 107.69 107.59 BOL DRAINAGE CHANNEL 107.66 107.98 PAVING BOL 107.74 MG 107.64 G0.7 107.64 107.62 107.62 107.65 107.57 107.68 BOL 107.75 107.99 107.52 107.75 107.69 G0.4 107.64

MG 107.83 PAVING BOL 107.77 107.82 108.13 107.97 MG 107.63 107.72 BOL MG 107.73 107.62 IC 107.73 107.59 107.71 G0.3 107.73 CL107.72 BOL 107.86 107.72 107.73 BOL

SP 107.73 BOL 107.73 107.75 DR 107.60 107.83 107.71 107.73 G0.3 MG 107.82BOL 108.02 LP 107.62 SHRUBS PT LIGHT 107.63 107.71 MG 107.98 PT BOL BOL 107.89 107.74 107.76 BOL MG 107.92 107.75 BIKE SHELTER 107.72 BOL MG 107.65 MG 107.65 LP 107.77 BOL BOL 107.77 BOL 107.78 107.87BOL 107.64 107.67 MG BOL PT BOL PT DR LIGHT 108.62 107.81 BOL G0.3 MG BOL 107.97 LIGHT 108.06 107.81 107.82 107.82 MG 107.92 BOL BOL 107.85 IC CL107.85 DR BOL 107.84 107.90 107.75 107.87G0.3 DRAINAGE CHANNEL LP TARMAC 107.85 107.74 108.00 BOL MG

G1.9 BRICK RTW 109.13

108.11 107.79 107.77 BOL

107.91 107.84 107.94 IC 108.12 CL107.91

BUILDING HEIGHT SPEED 107.86 119.38 107.96 RAMP 107.88 107.82 107.88 107.96 ER 107.94 BOL 107.84

107.91 BOL 107.79 BOL BOL 107.95 SO1 FL108.04 107.92 BOL LP 107.80 BOL 107.93 BOL TAC 107.82 107.97 107.82 - GAZETTEER NUMBER 107.85 BOL BOL 107.95

107.81 107.83 BOL 03 PAVING 107.92 BOL 107.93 107.89 BOL 107.89 TAC BOL BURNLEY COLLEGE, STONEYHOLME, 107.92 107.94 BOL BOL 107.95 BOL LP 108.01 107.96 BOL - FORMER STRUCTURE BOL BOL ER BOL

107.85

107.99 108.02 BOL BURNLEY, LANCASHIRE PAVING 107.96 BOL DRAINAGE CHANNEL - FORMER WATER FEATURE TARMAC Archaeological Assessment Plan 107.85 - FORMER LINEAR FEATURE Copyright Matrix Archaeology Ltd, 2021, based upon topographic survey supplied by client - AREAS OF C19 INFILL? Figure 2

Figure 3a: Study area outlined on OS 6in to 1 mile Lancashire sheet 64, originally surveyed 1844 and published 1848. Reproduced at 1:5000.

Figure 3b: Detail of above. Reproduced at 1:2500.

Figure 4: Study area outlined on OS 1:2500 Lancashire sheet LXIV.2, First Edition 1893, surveyed 1890-1, published 1893. Reproduced at 1:2500. Figure 5: Study area outlined on OS 1:2500 Lancashire sheet LXIV.2, Edition of 1912, revised 1909-10, published 1912. Reproduced at 1:2500.

Figure 6: Study area outlined on OS 1:2500 Lancashire sheet LXIV.2, Edition of 1931, revised 1929. Reproduced at 1:2500.

Plate 1. Bridge over River Calder (site 02), viewed from north-east.

Plate 2. River Calder looking downstream (northwards), at site of weir (site 05).

Plate 3. River Calder channel, looking downstream from bridge (site 02).

Plate 4. River Calder, looking upstream into former Calder Vale Works site (site 01).

Plate 5. Site of Tennis Ground (site 09), viewed from south-east.

Plate 6. Looking eastwards across study area from high ground to west.

Plate 7. Looking eastwards across study area, tree on terrace followed by tramway (site 03).