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Fiber Optics FIBER OPTICS Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture: 25 Fiber Optic Link Design Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay Page 1 The design criteria for a fiber optic link design procedure is mainly divided into broad categories which can be further subdivided as shown by the tree diagram below: Bit Rate (Dispersion Limitation) Primary Design Criteria Link Length (Attenuation Limitation) Modulation format eg. Analog/Digital Fiber Optic Link Design System Fidelity:BER, SNR Additional Design Cost: components, Parameters installation, maintainance Upgradeability Commercial Availability Figure 25.1: Fiber Optic Link Design Criteria The primary design criteria signify the most basic and fundamental information parameters to be made available by the user to the designer for designing a reliable fiber optic link. The first important information to be specified by the user is the desired bit rate of data transmission. However, the dispersion in the optical fiber exerts a limitation on the maximum achievable and realisable data rate of transmission. The next intricate information to be provided for the design process is the length of the optical link so as to enable the designer to ascertain the position of the optical repeaters along the link for a satisfactory optical data link. Along with the primary design criteria, there are some additional parameters which facilitate better design and quality analysis of the optical link. These factors consist of the scheme of modulation, the system fidelity, cost, upgradeability, commercial availability etc. A fundamental and very simple point-to-point optical communication link can be schematically drawn as shown in the figure below. Figure 25.2: Basic Optical communication link The information source provides the data (analog/digital) at the modulating frequency which are to be transmitted to the end user. These data bits are then impressed on a carrier signal and then coupled onto the optical channel (optical fiber cable) for transmission. The optical fiber carries this signal and the receiver receives the transmitted Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay Page 2 signal at the output of the optical fiber. This received signal is then processed appropriately to retrieve the data in the signal and this data is then communicated to the intended user. Although the above block diagram looks fairly simple and practically inadequate for a reliable communication link, yet it provides the basic structure for designing of advanced optical communication links with diverse capabilities and better performance characteristics. In practical optical communication links, number of different factors need to be ascertained and monitored both online and offline to ensure satisfactory and reliable optical link. The design parameters mentioned above encompass only the three main modules of the optical communication link namely the optical transmitter, optical fiber and the optical receiver. The schematic of the link shown in the above figure is rather very basic. A more appropriate model along with different important performance parameters and factors is shown in the figure below: Figure 25.3: Practical Representation of an optical link The optical transmitter module consists of an optical source such as LASER diode, LED etc. and the light from this source is coupled onto the optical fiber via suitable connector as shown in the above figure 25.3. The quantities indicated below certain components in the above figure signify the amount of optical energy degradation caused in the corresponding component (per metre) when light energy propagates through it. The coupled light in the optical fiber then travels along the fiber to reach the receiving end. However, in practical links, the distance between the transmitter and the receiver modules may range from a few metres to tens of kilometres. To realise an optical link over such long distances, optical fibers of such lengths are not commercially available. Generally optical fibers come in spools which may contain optical fibers upto lengths of about 3-5km and so to realise long distance links, often, spools of optical fibers have to be cascaded and fiber ends have to be joined together. This joint may either be permanent or temporary depending on the requirement. Permanent joints are done by a mechanism called splicing and the joint produced as a result of splicing is called as a splice (as shown in the above figure). Temporary joints are generally done via appropriate connectors. Temporary joints are generally preferred wherever routine monitoring of fiber performance and measurements are necessary so that the fibers can be disconnected/re-connected with ease without causing any significant change to the system performance. The light energy at the output of the optical fiber is then coupled onto the optical receiver via suitable connectors to minimize losses in optical power and to reduce power penalty. Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay Page 3 The diagram below shows the performance of different optical sources and optical receivers with respect to the desired bit rate of data transfer which helps the designer to choose the appropriate optical source and the appropriate optical receiver which would successfully serve the desired application. As seen from the above figure, LEDs generally have an optical output power of about a few micro-watts to a few hundred micro-watts at modulation bandwidths of about 50MHz. However, the LASER diode has a much higher output power at the same input power than the LED which may range from 1mW to tens of miliwatts. One important observation that can be made from the above figure is the decrease in the optical output power from both the type of sources at higher data rates. This observation can be attributed to the fact that both the types of optical sources are based on p-n semiconductor junctions which, in principle, act as low pass filters and therefore the output power reduces at the high frequencies (or higher data rates). The above figure also shows the performance of an optical receiver with respect to increasing data rate of transmission. It is clearly seen from the above figure that as the data rate of transmission increases, the average power required to be detected for an acceptable BER, also increases. This fact was also visible in our discussion of the average power required per bit and the discussions on power penalty that in the presence of noise, as the rate of bit transfer increases, the minimum detectable power required also increases (this increase is almost as the square root of the bandwidth as seen in the thermal noise dominated receiver). In optical link design problems, the power of the optical source and the optical receiver are generally expressed in dBm. The dB equivalent power of 1mW power is taken as the reference i.e. 0 dBm and the increasing powers are expressed in their equivalent Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay Page 4 dBm values by normalizing them with respect to 1mW and for every 10 fold increase in the actual power, increases the dBm equivalent power by 10. That is: For typical optical LASER type of sources the output power normally ranges between 3-5 dBm. And a typical optical receiver requires -30 to -40 dBm of detectable power for a BER of about 10-9. The following figure shows a plot of the sensitivity of different materials that qualify to be used as material for construction of an optical receiver. Figure 25.4: Receiver Sensitivities Vs Data rate The above figure enables a designer to choose the appropriate material based on the desired wavelength of operation and the data rate specified by the user and also helps to calculate the minimum required detectable power for the chosen material so that the system achieves the desired BER performance. The plots are for the variation in the caused in the receiver sensitivity as a result of the variation in the data rate at a particular wavelength. The choice of the wavelength depends upon the characteristic properties of the material. After having chosen an appropriate type of source which emits a known amount of optical power and an equally suitable optical receiver material with known sensitivity at the desired data rate of operation, the next step in the design process is to estimate the maximum possible allowable losses and other performance parameters in the system during operation so that the designed system renders the desired SNR or BER. Such estimations are known as power budget calculations. Hence the two known quantities are: Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay Page 5 ( ) Having fixed the above two parameters, the maximum possible allowable loss that can occur is the difference between the transmitter and the received powers. The loss occurs in the different components connected in the system such as the connectors, splices, the optical fiber and also in the system itself which is known as the system margin. Generally a system margin of about 6dB is pre-set in practical systems. The total loss is, hence, the sum total of all the losses occurring in each of these components (calculated per unit length). ( ) ( ) (25.1) The maximum possible length (LPmax) of the optical fiber that can be used in the above design, without affecting the system BER, can then be determined as: (25.2) ⁄ The length of the fiber determined from the above expression is termed as the power budget limited link length of optical fiber. If an optical fiber of length beyond the power budget limited link length is used, the system BER deteriorates and the system performance degrades. So the power budget calculations are a first priority in optical link design.
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