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A Nation Unremembered: The Chinese Immigrants in Chicago, 1870-1920 Ilyssa Tuttelman History Honors Thesis University of Florida Advisor: Dr. Steven Noll Spring 2017 1 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Noll. Thank you for your unwavering motivation, guidance, and support during the thesis writing process. I could not have imagined a better advisor and mentor for my history honors thesis. In addition, I thank you for your support during the application process to Graduate School. I would also like to thank Dr. Kroen for shaping my writing over the years and making me a better student. It is hard to believe there was a time before UF in Cambridge where I did not have you to make me a better, more efficient writer. I could not have gotten through the thesis process without you. Thank you to the entire University of Florida History Department. This department is fantastic and provides all students, including myself, with so many opportunities and professors who truly care about their students. I have never had a History professor who did not challenge me and help me. It is my goal to one-day return to contribute academically to this department. Last but not least, thank you to my parents. Thank you for reading all my drafts, for debating historical theories with me, and for the unrelenting support and confidence in my endeavors. Everything I have accomplished, I owe to you both. 2 Abstract The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Chinese sentiments were widely felt in the city of Chicago from 1870-1920; however, history forgets this and focuses on areas affected by the Gold Rush – California, and major immigration ports – New York. The outcome of the 2016 United States Presidential election and the resulting racist uprisings targeting specific religions and peoples can be directly correlated to the treatment of the Chinese in Chicago and nationwide from 1870-1920. This occurred for instance with the passage of the Scott Act, which acted as an extension of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and created a travel ban for Chinese immigrants, which left about 20,000 Chinese immigrants either stranded within the United States, or elsewhere. The Scott Act has similarities to President Trump’s 2017 Executive Order: Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States; which also resulted in thousands of displaced immigrants and a travel ban for certain groups. 3 Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..P. 5 Chapter One………………………………………………………………………………...…..P. 9 Chapter Two……………………………………………………………………………….….P. 20 Chapter Three……….………………………..…………………………………………….…P. 35 Chapter Four……….………………………..……………………………………..……….…P. 44 Conclusion …………………………………………………...…………………………….…P. 49 Work Cited……………………………………………………………………………….……P. 52 4 Introduction - A Scapegoat Nation: the Chinese in Chicago, 1870-1920 “I made up my mind that if our civilization…was to continue, Chinese immigration must be stopped, and I saw in the people the power to enforce that.” - Denis Kearney, anti-Chinese politician, 1889. A year prior to the creation of the Chinese Exclusion Act, Congress created the Bureau of Immigration.1 This was meant to uphold the statute of 1891 which aimed to prevent the entry of: “mentally disturbed persons, persons suffering from a “loathsome or contagious” disease, paupers, persons convicted of a felony or infamous crime or misdemeanor of moral turpitude, and polygamists.2 Chinese immigrants in particular were a community living in a diaspora. They came to the United States tempted by the possibility of a new life due to the California Gold Rush. However, it is necessary to realize that America was not the first place the Chinese went. The Chicago Tribune and Harper’s Weekly databases indicate that beginning in 1867, Chinese were emigrating from China to places like Cuba. These Chinese, nicknamed “coolies,” also sought gold and employment in Australia and Peru. They were sent by agents and “only males are sent, and they generally contract for eight years.”3 The average coolie was “industrious, docile, faithful, efficient, and works for small wages, as is to be expected of those who can live at home upon two dollars a year.”4 Furthermore, there are direct parallels between the view of the Chinese coolies in those countries and in the United States, specifically in Chicago. Twenty years before the passing of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, Americans felt that the Chinese would be an “unnatural addition to this country.”5 By 1885 there was a full-blown Anti-Chinese 1 Roger Daniels and Otis L. Graham, Debating American Immigration, 1882-Present (Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001) 14. 2 Ibid, 14. 3 “The Cooly Importation,” Harper’s Weekly, Aug. 31, 1867. http://immigrants.harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/Items/Item008.htm. 4 “Coolies,” Harper’s Weekly, Aug. 14, 1869. http://immigrants.harpweek.com/. 5 Ibid. 5 Hysteria in America. In Harper’s Weekly it is noted that nativist intolerance of Chinese coolies led to violence, destruction of property, riots, and even massacres.6 This spread across the United States, as exemplified by the Rock Springs Massacre of 1885, Seattle Riot of 1886, and the Chinese Massacre of 1871 in Los Angeles. 7 6 “The Anti-Chinese Hysteria of 1885-1886,” Harper’s Weekly, 1998-1999. http://immigrants.harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/2KeyIssues/TheAntiChineseHysteria.htm. 7 “The Anti-Chinese Riot at Seattle, Washington Territory,” Harper’s Weekly, Mar. 6, 1886. http://immigrants.harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/Illustrations/096AntiChineseRiotMain.htm. 6 This is a Harper’s Weekly depiction of the anger, terror, and chaos during the Seattle Riot of 1886. In the article related to the picture, the author speaks of the increased violence spreading across the northwestern United States at the time, against the Chinese: Since the disgraceful butchery of Chinese in Wyoming several months ago the anti-Chinese feeling in the extreme Northwest has become more violence and more nearly universal.8 The specific mistreatment of Chinese coolies in Chicago is rather unknown. Despite this, the impact and effects felt in Chicago from 1870-1920 are quite noteworthy and crucial to understanding the xenophobic characteristic of this time period. The centralized mistreatment, and blaming of the Chinese immigrants is a concept displayed in the United States still today. The outcome of the 2016 United States presidential election and the resulting racist uprisings targeting specific religions and peoples can be directly correlated to the treatment of the Chinese in Chicago and nationwide from 1870-1920. In my thesis, I will discuss the evolution and connection between American and Chinese politicians, and activists to the overall Chinese crisis in Chicago. This anti-Chinese hysteria began in California and was spread because of a specific activist – Denis Kearney. Kearney was a member of the Workingmen’s Party of the United States and traveled throughout the country delivering speeches about the problem of the Chinese. One of his most noteworthy speeches was in Faneuil Hall, Boston on August 5th, 1878 where he describes “a natural and popular uprising of the [Chinese] people.”9 The influence of Denis Kearney and his speeches was widespread across the United States and contributed to the violence that erupted in Chicago. The Chinese moved to Chicago because it was a large city, farm from the California Gold Rush, with 8 “Anti-Chinese Riot at Seattle,” Harper’s Weekly, Mar. 6, 1886. http://immigrants.harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/Items/Item095L.htm. 9 Denis Kearney, “Kearney at Faneuil Hall,” Aug 5th, 1878. https://archive.org/stream/SpeechesOfDennisKearneyLaborChampion1878/78-kearney- speechesofdeniskearney#page/n1/mode/2up. 7 significant economic opportunities. The Chinese were not only restricted to travel, living, and labor circumstances by the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act they were also deemed a problem by President Grover Cleveland himself. In 1888 Cleveland claimed that, Chinese immigrants provided “an element ignorant of our constitution and laws, impossible of assimilation with our people, and dangerous to our peace and welfare.”10 Although a political leader of a working-class party in California, Denis Kearney had great influence on the situation of the Chinese coolies in Chicago. Kearney made speaking tours in which he spoke with Presidents about what should be done regarding the Chinese. In response to the increased hatred towards Chinese immigrants, Chicago Chinese American Wong Chin Foo rose up in defense of his people; however, Illinois State Attorney opposed him and helped to create a divide and intra-ethnic conflict within the Chinese coolies in Chicago. This escalated into the murder of Chin Wai by Moy Dong Chew in 1908. Fighting, attacks, and murders continued to escalate as the circumstances for the Chinese worsened due to Kearney’s activism and laws passed by the United States Congress. This cyclical series of events continued well into the 1920s: the more government restrictions were placed on the Chinese, the more they would fight within their own community, and as a response the government would place even more restrictions again. 10 Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: Norton & Company, Inc., 1990) 215. 8 Chapter One - Denis Kearney: A California Politician Waging War on the Chinese Although the President of the Workingman’s Party of California, Denis Kearney had great influence on the situation of
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