O Crime De Linchamento No Centro De Moçambique: O Caso Da Província De Sofala

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O Crime De Linchamento No Centro De Moçambique: O Caso Da Província De Sofala INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE CIÊNCIAS POLICIAIS E SEGURANÇA INTERNA NELITO DA SILVA ARMANDO GUNGUNHANA Aspirante a Oficial da Polícia Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Policiais XXXI Curso de Formação de Oficiais da Polícia O CRIME DE LINCHAMENTO NO CENTRO DE MOÇAMBIQUE: O CASO DA PROVÍNCIA DE SOFALA ORIENTADOR: PROFESSOR DOUTOR PAULO MACHADO Lisboa e ISCPSI, maio de 2019 O crime de linchamento no centro de Moçambique: o caso da Província de Sofala INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE CIÊNCIAS POLICIAIS E SEGURANÇA INTERNA NELITO DA SILVA ARMANDO GUNGUNHANA Aspirante a Oficial da Polícia Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Policiais XXXI Curso de Formação de Oficiais da Polícia O CRIME DE LINCHAMENTO NO CENTRO DE MOÇAMBIQUE – O CASO DA PROVÍNCIA DE SOFALA ORIENTADOR: PROFESSOR DOUTOR PAULO MACHADO Lisboa e ISCPSI, maio de 2019 O crime de linchamento no centro de Moçambique: o caso da Província de Sofala INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE CIÊNCIAS POLICIAIS E SEGURANÇA INTERNA NELITO DA SILVA ARMANDO GUNGUNHANA Aspirante a Oficial da Polícia Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Policiais XXXI Curso de Formação de Oficiais da Polícia O CRIME DE LINCHAMENTO NO CENTRO DE MOÇAMBIQUE – O CASO DA PROVÍNCIA DE SOFALA Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna, a ser apresentada no Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna (ISCPSI), para obtenção do grau académico de Mestre em Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna, sob orientação do Professor Doutor Paulo Machado, doutorado em Sociologia, docente do ISCPSI e responsável pela UC de Sociologia. Lisboa e ISCPSI, maio de 2019 O crime de linchamento no centro de Moçambique: o caso da Província de Sofala Ficha técnica Estabelecimento de ensino: INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE CIÊNCIAS POLICIAIS E SEGURANÇA INTERNA Curso: XXXI Título: O CRIME DE LINCHAMENTO NO CENTRO DE MOÇAMBIQUE: O CASO DA PROVÍNCIA DE SOFALA Autor: NELITO DA SILVA ARMANDO GUNGUNHANA Local de edição: LISBOA E ISCPSI Editora: ISCPSI Data de edição: MAIO DE 2019 Orientador: PROFESSOR DOUTOR PAULO MACHADO O crime de linchamento no centro de Moçambique: o caso da Província de Sofala “Os principais problemas enfrentados, hoje pelo mundo, só poderão ser resolvidos se melhorarmos nossa compreensão do comportamento humano” (Frederic Skinner) O crime de linchamento no centro de Moçambique: o caso da Província de Sofala Índice geral Dedicatória .............................................................................................................. iv Agradecimentos ........................................................................................................ v Lista de siglas, abreviaturas e acrónimos ................................................................ vi Resumo .................................................................................................................. vii Abstract ................................................................................................................. viii INTRODUÇÃO .........................................................................................................1 CAPÍTULO I: FUNDAMENTAÇÃO TEÓRICA..........................................................4 1.1. O linchamento ...............................................................................................4 1.1.1. Síntese sobre a origem e evolução do termo linchamento ......................5 1.1.2. Teorias explicativas do crime ..................................................................6 1.1.2.1. Teorias funcionalistas ..................................................................6 1.1.2.2. As teorias interacionistas.............................................................9 1.1.2.3. Tipos de linchamentos ..............................................................13 1.1.3. O linchamento como facto social ..........................................................15 1.1.4. O rumor como fenómeno social potenciador dos linchamentos ............17 1.1.4.1. A Violência ................................................................................20 1.1.5. Aceções do termo violência ..................................................................22 1.1.6. Violência simbólica ...............................................................................24 1.1.7. Violência estrutural ...............................................................................24 1.1.8. Problema social complexo ....................................................................24 1.2. Justiça e cultura populares ..........................................................................25 1.3. Enquadramento legal do crime de linchamento em Moçambique ................26 1.4. Os linchamentos na Província de Sofala .....................................................26 1.5. Sentimento de (in) segurança e criminalidade .............................................29 1.5.1. Fatores de insegurança e criminalidade ...............................................31 1.5.1.1. Os mass media e o sentimento de insegurança ........................32 1.5.1.2. Teoria do Pânico Moral .............................................................34 CAPÍTULO II: A POLÍCIA DA REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE ...........................36 2.1. Definição e enquadramento legal ................................................................36 2.1.1. Caracterização da PRM ........................................................................37 2.1.2. Estratégia da PRM para prevenção criminal e violência .......................37 2.1.3. Modelos de policiamento ......................................................................38 2.1.3.1. Policiamento tradicional ............................................................39 i O crime de linchamento no centro de Moçambique: o caso da Província de Sofala 2.1.3.2. Policiamento de proximidade ou comunitário – conceitos..........40 2.1.3.3. Policiamento comunitário na França .........................................42 2.1.3.4. Policiamento comunitário na Grã-Bretanha ...............................43 2.1.3.5. Policiamento comunitário em Portugal ......................................43 2.1.3.6. Policiamento comunitário em Moçambique ...............................44 2.1.4. Modos de reação policial ao crime de linchamento ...............................46 CAPÍTULO III: METODOLOGIA.............................................................................48 3.1. Método ........................................................................................................48 3.1.1. Tipo de pesquisa ..................................................................................48 3.1.2. Técnicas de recolha, tratamento e análise de dados ............................49 CAPÍTULO IV: ANÁLISE E DISCUSSÃO DOS DADOS ........................................50 4.1. Análise descritiva ........................................................................................50 4.1.1. Situação e evolução dos crimes destacados e o linchamento ..............51 4.1.2. Movimento processual dos crimes destacados .....................................55 4.1.3. Descrição e análise de vídeos retirados do YouTube ...........................57 4.2. Possíveis causas dos linchamentos na Província de Sofala ........................61 4.3. Perceções sobre as sanções criminais formais ...........................................64 4.4. Perceções sobre os efeitos sociais dos linchamentos .................................65 4.5. Verificação das hipóteses do estudo ...........................................................66 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS E SUGESTÕES ESTRATÉGICAS .............................67 BIBLIOGRAFIA ......................................................................................................71 Apêndices ...............................................................................................................77 Anexos ...................................................................................................................78 Índice de Figuras Figura 1 – Chamboqueamento público............................................................................28 Figura 2 – Mapa de Moçambique ....................................................................................37 Índice de Tabelas Tabela 1 – Criminalidade destacada (valores percentuais em coluna) ............................51 Tabela 2 - Taxa de variação anual ..................................................................................52 Tabela 3 – Tendências dos linchamentos por Província (2008-2017) ..............................54 Tabela 4 – Detidos e condenados por crimes contra a propriedade ................................56 ii O crime de linchamento no centro de Moçambique: o caso da Província de Sofala Tabela 5 – Detidos e condenados por crimes contra as pessoas ....................................56 Índice de Gráficos Gráfico 1 – Índice de criminalidade geral destacada .......................................................52 Gráfico 2 – Índice por tipo de crime destacado ...............................................................53 Gráfico 3 – Criminalidade destacada e os linchamentos em Moçambique (2009 e 2017) ........................................................................................................................................54 Gráfico 4 – Casos de linchamento por Província (2008-2017) ........................................55 Gráfico 5 – Tendências de Detenções vs. Condenações por crimes destacados ...........57 Índice de Apêndices
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