This article is about the friar and patron saint. For other uses, see Francis of Assisi (disambiguation).
Saint Francis of Assisi (Italian: San Francesco d'Assisi), born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, informally named as Francesco (1181/1182 – 3 October 1226),[1][4] was an Italian Roman Catholic friar and preacher. He founded the men’s Order of Friars Minor, the women’s Order of Saint Clare, the Third Order of Saint Francis and the Custody of the Holy Land.[1] Francis is one of the most venerated religious figures in history.[1] Pope Gregory IX canonized Francis on 16 July 1228. Along with Saint Catherine of Siena, he was designated Patron saint of Italy. He later became associated with The house where Francis of Assisi lived when young patronage of animals and the natural environment, and it became customary for Catholic and Anglican churches to hold ceremonies blessing animals on his feast day of 4 renamed in infancy, the change can hardly have had any- October.[5] thing to do with his aptitude for learning French, as some In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the have thought.[4] Sultan to put an end to the conflict of the Crusades.[6] While going off to war in 1202, Francis had a vision that By this point, the Franciscan Order had grown to such directed him back to Assisi, where he lost his taste for his an extent that its primitive organizational structure was worldly life.[8] In 1205, Francis left for Apulia to enlist in no longer sufficient. He returned to Italy to organize the army of Walter III, Count of Brienne. the Order. Once his community was authorized by the Pope, he withdrew increasingly from external affairs. Francis lived the high-spirited life typical of a wealthy Francis is also known for his love of the Eucharist.[7] In young man, even fighting as a soldier for Assisi.[8] In 1223, Francis arranged for the first Christmas live nativity 1201, he joined a military expedition against Perugia and scene.[8][9][10] According to Christian tradition, in 1224 was taken as a prisoner at Collestrada, spending a year he received the stigmata during the apparition of Seraphic as a captive.[18] It is possible that his spiritual conversion angels in a religious ecstasy [8] making him the first was a gradual process rooted in this experience. Upon his recorded person in Christian history to bear the wounds return to Assisi in 1203, Francis returned to his carefree of Christ’s Passion.[11] He died during the evening hours life. In 1204, a serious illness led him to a spiritual crisis. of 3 October 1226, while listening to a reading he had A strange vision made him return to Assisi, deepening his requested of Psalm 142 (141). ecclesiastical awakening.[4] On a pilgrimage to Rome, he joined the poor in begging at St. Peter’s Basilica,[8] an experience that moved him to live in poverty.[8] Fran- cis returned home, began preaching on the streets, and 1 Early life soon gathered followers. His Order was authorized by Pope Innocent III in 1210. He then founded the Order Francis of Assisi was one of seven children born in late of Poor Clares, which became an enclosed religious or- 1181 or early 1182 to Pietro di Bernardone, a prosperous der for women, as well as the Order of Brothers and Sis- silk merchant, and his wife Pica de Bourlemont, about ters of Penance (commonly called the Third Order). As whom little is known except that she was a noblewoman a youth, Francesco became a devotee of troubadours and originally from Provence.[15] Pietro was in France on was fascinated with all things Transalpine.[4][17] Although business when Francis was born in Assisi, and Pica had many hagiographers remark about his bright clothing, him baptized as Giovanni.[5][16] Upon his return to As- rich friends, and love of pleasures,[15] his displays of dis- sisi, Pietro took to calling his son Francesco (“the French- illusionment toward the world that surrounded him came man”), possibly in honor of his commercial success and fairly early in his life, as is shown in the “story of the beg- enthusiasm for all things French.[17] Since the child was gar”. In this account, he was selling cloth and velvet in
1 2 1 EARLY LIFE
The San Damiano crucifix
Francis considered his stigmata part of the Imitation of Christ.[12][13] Cigoli, 1699
Francis of Assisi by Cimabue the marketplace on behalf of his father when a beggar came to him and asked for alms. At the conclusion of his business deal, Francis abandoned his wares and ran 3
The Pope approving the statutes of the Order of the Franciscans, by Giotto, 1295–1300
Saint Francis Abandons His Father. Francis of Assisi breaking off his relationship with his father and renouncing his patrimony, laying aside publicly even the garments he had received from him.
Pope Innocent III has a dream of St. Francis of Assisi supporting the tilting church (attributed to Giotto) after the beggar. When he found him, Francis gave the man everything he had in his pockets. His friends quickly chided and mocked him for his act of charity. When he got home, his father scolded him in rage.[19] According to the hagiographic legend, thereafter he be- gan to avoid the sports and the feasts of his former com- St. Francis before the Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt witnessing the panions. In response, they asked him laughingly whether trial by fire (wall fresco, Giotto.) he was thinking of marrying, to which he answered, “Yes, a fairer bride than any of you have ever seen”, meaning his “Lady Poverty”. He spent much time in lonely places, 4 2 FOUNDING OF THE FRANCISCAN ORDERS
Oldest known portrait in existence of the saint, dating back to St. Francis’ retreat to Subiaco (1223–1224): depicted without the stigmata.[14]
Francis of Assisi’s last resting place at Assisi
asking God for spiritual enlightenment. By degrees he took to nursing lepers, the most repulsive victims in the 2 Founding of the Franciscan Or- lazar houses near Assisi. After a pilgrimage to Rome, ders where he joined the poor in begging at the doors of the churches, he said he had a mystical vision of Jesus Christ in the country chapel of San Damiano, just outside Assisi, 2.1 The Friars minor in which the Icon of Christ Crucified said to him, “Fran- cis, Francis, go and repair My house which, as you can At the end of this period (on February 24, 1209, ac- see, is falling into ruins.” He took this to mean the ruined cording to Jordan of Giano), Francis heard a sermon that church in which he was presently praying, and so he sold changed his life forever. The sermon was about Matthew some cloth from his father’s store to assist the priest there 10:9, in which Christ tells his followers they should go for this purpose.[4][20] forth and proclaim that the Kingdom of Heaven was upon His father, Pietro, who was highly indignant, attempted to them, that they should take no money with them, nor even a walking stick or shoes for the road. Francis was inspired change his mind, first with threats and then with beatings. [4] In the midst of legal proceedings before the Bishop of to devote himself to a life of poverty. Assisi, Francis renounced his father and his patrimony, Clad in a rough garment, barefoot, and, after the Gospel laying aside even the garments he had received from him precept, without staff or scrip, he began to preach in front of the public. For the next couple of months he repentance.[4] He was soon joined by his first follower, a lived as a beggar in the region of Assisi. Returning to the prominent fellow townsman, the jurist Bernardo di Quin- countryside around the town for two years, he embraced tavalle, who contributed all that he had to the work. the life of a penitent, during which he restored several Within a year Francis had eleven followers. Francis ruined chapels in the countryside around Assisi, among chose never to be ordained a priest, and the commu- them the Porziuncola, the little chapel of St. Mary of nity lived as “lesser brothers”, fratres minores in Latin.[4] the Angels just outside the town, which later became his The brothers lived a simple life in the deserted lazar favorite abode.[20] house of Rivo Torto near Assisi; but they spent much of 2.1 The Friars minor 5
Habit of Francis of Assisi
Contemporary Franciscan friar
Life of Francis of Assisi by José Benlliure y Gil
their time wandering through the mountainous districts of Umbria, always cheerful and full of songs, yet mak- ing a deep impression upon their hearers by their earnest exhortations.[4] Francis’ preaching to ordinary people was unusual since he had no license to do so.[1] In 1209 he composed a sim- ple rule for his followers (“friars”), the Regula primitiva or “Primitive Rule”, which came from verses in the Bible. The rule was “To follow the teachings of our Lord Je- sus Christ and to walk in his footsteps”. In 1209, Francis led his first eleven followers to Rome to seek permission from Pope Innocent III to found a new religious Order.[21] Upon entry to Rome, the brothers encountered Bishop Guido of Assisi, who had in his company Giovanni di San Paolo, the Cardinal Bishop of Sabina. The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope. Reluctantly, Pope Innocent agreed to meet with Legend of St. Francis, Sermon to the Birds, upper Basilica of Francis and the brothers the next day. After several days, San Francesco d'Assisi the pope agreed to admit the group informally, adding that when God increased the group in grace and number, they could return for an official admittance. The group was tonsured.[22] This was important in part because it 6 3 TRAVELS
night of Palm Sunday, March 28, 1212, Clare clandes- tinely left her family’s palace. Francis received her at the Porziuncola and thereby established the Order of Poor Ladies, later called Poor Clares.[23] This was an Order for women, and he gave Clare a religious habit, or gar- ment, similar to his own, before lodging her and a few female companions in a nearby monastery of Benedictine nuns. Later he transferred them to San Damiano.[1] There they were joined by many other women of Assisi. For those who could not leave their homes, he later formed the Third Order of Brothers and Sisters of Penance, a fra- ternity composed of either laity or clergy whose members neither withdrew from the world nor took religious vows. Instead, they observed the principles of Franciscan life in their daily lives.[1] Before long, this Third Order grew beyond Italy.
3 Travels
Determined to bring the Gospel to all God’s creatures, Francis sought on several occasions to take his message out of Italy. In the late spring of 1212, he set out for Jerusalem, but he was shipwrecked by a storm on the Dalmatian coast, forcing him to return to Italy. On May 8, 1213, he was given the use of the mountain of La Verna (Alverna) as a gift from Count Orlando di Chiusi, who Francis of Assisi Francisco de Zurbarán. Saint Francis’ feast described it as “eminently suitable for whoever wishes to day is observed on October 4. The Evangelical Church in Ger- [24][25] many, however, commemorates St. Francis’ feast day on his do penance in a place remote from mankind”. The death day, October 3. mountain would become one of his favourite retreats for prayer.[25] In the same year, Francis sailed for Morocco, but this recognized Church authority and prevented his follow- time an illness forced him to break off his journey in ing from possible accusations of heresy, as had happened Spain. Back in Assisi, several noblemen (among them to the Waldensians decades earlier. Though Pope Inno- Tommaso da Celano, who would later write the biogra- cent initially had his doubts, following a dream in which phy of St. Francis) and some well-educated men joined he saw Francis holding up the Basilica of St. John Lat- his Order. In 1215, Francis went again to Rome for the eran (the cathedral of Rome, thus the 'home church' of Fourth Lateran Council. During this time, he probably all Christendom), he decided to endorse Francis’ Order. met a canon, Dominic de Guzman[2] (later to be Saint This occurred, according to tradition, on April 16, 1210, Dominic, the founder of the Friars Preachers, another and constituted the official founding of the Franciscan Catholic religious order). In 1217, he offered to go to Order.[1] The group, then the “Lesser Brothers” (Order France. Cardinal Ugolino of Segni (the future Pope Gre- of Friars Minor also known as the Franciscan Order or gory IX), an early and important supporter of Francis, the Seraphic Order), preached on the streets and had no advised him against this and said that he was still needed possessions. They were centered in the Porziuncola and in Italy. preached first in Umbria, before expanding throughout Italy.[1] In 1219, accompanied by another friar and hoping to con- vert the Sultan of Egypt or win martyrdom in the attempt, Francis went to Egypt during the Fifth Crusade where a 2.2 The Poor Clares and the Third Order Crusader army had been encamped for over a year besieg- ing the walled city of Damietta two miles (3.2 kilometres) From then on, the new Order grew quickly with new upstream from the mouth of one of the main channels vocations.[23] Hearing Francis preaching in the church of the Nile. The Sultan, al-Kamil, a nephew of Saladin, of San Rufino in Assisi in 1211, the young noblewoman had succeeded his father as Sultan of Egypt in 1218 and Clare of Assisi became deeply touched by his message was encamped upstream of Damietta, unable to relieve and realized her calling.[23] Her cousin Rufino, the only it. A bloody and futile attack on the city was launched by male member of the family in their generation, was also the Christians on August 29, 1219, following which both attracted to the new Order (which he joined). On the sides agreed to a ceasefire which lasted four weeks.[26] 7
It was most probably during this interlude that Francis was that the friars in Italy were causing problems. The and his companion crossed the Saracen lines and were Franciscan Order had grown at an unprecedented rate brought before the Sultan, remaining in his camp for a few compared to prior religious orders, but its organizational days.[27] The visit is reported in contemporary Crusader sophistication had not kept up with this growth and had sources and in the earliest biographies of Francis, but they little more to govern it than Francis’ example and simple give no information about what transpired during the en- rule.[1] To address this problem, Francis prepared a new counter beyond noting that the Sultan received Francis and more detailed Rule, the “First Rule” or “Rule Without graciously and that Francis preached to the Saracens with- a Papal Bull"(Regula prima, Regula non bullata), which out effect, returning unharmed to the Crusader camp.[28] again asserted devotion to poverty and the apostolic life. No contemporary Arab source mentions the visit.[29] One However, it also introduced greater institutional structure detail, added by Bonaventure in the official life of Francis though this was never officially endorsed by the pope.[1] (written forty years after the event), has Francis offering On September 29, 1220, Francis handed over the gover- to challenge the Sultan’s “priests” to trial-by-fire in order nance of the Order to Brother Peter Catani at the Porzi- to prove the veracity of the Christian Gospel. uncola, but Brother Peter died only five months later, on Such an incident is alluded to in a scene in the late March 10, 1221, and was buried there. When numerous 13th-century fresco cycle, attributed to Giotto, in the up- miracles were attributed to the deceased brother, people per basilica at Assisi (see accompanying illustration).[30] started to flock to the Porziuncola, disturbing the daily It has been suggested that the winged figures atop the life of the Franciscans. Francis then prayed, asking Peter columns piercing the roof of the building on the left of to stop the miracles and to obey in death as he had obeyed the scene are not idols (as Erwin Panofsky had proposed) during his life. but are part of the secular iconography of the sultan, af- The reports of miracles ceased. Brother Peter was suc- firming his worldly power which, as the scene demon- ceeded by Brother Elias as Vicar of Francis. Two years strates, is limited even as regards his own “priests” who [31][32] later, Francis modified the “First Rule”, creating the shun the challenge. Although Bonaventure asserts “Second Rule” or “Rule With a Bull”, which was ap- that the sultan refused to permit the challenge, subsequent proved by Pope Honorius III on November 29, 1223.[1] biographies went further, claiming that a fire was actually As the official Rule of the Order, it called on the friars kindled which Francis unhesitatingly entered without suf- “to observe the Holy Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, fering burns. The scene in the fresco adopts a position living in obedience without anything of our own and in midway between the two extremes. chastity”. In addition, it set regulations for discipline, According to some late sources, the Sultan gave Francis preaching, and entry into the Order.[1] Once the Rule permission to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land and was endorsed by the Pope, Francis withdrew increasingly even to preach there. All that can safely be asserted is from external affairs.[1] During 1221 and 1222, Francis that Francis and his companion left the Crusader camp crossed Italy, first as far south as Catania in Sicily and for Acre, from where they embarked for Italy in the latter afterwards as far north as Bologna. half of 1220. Drawing on a 1267 sermon by Bonaventure, While he was praying on the mountain of Verna, during later sources report that the Sultan secretly converted or a forty-day fast in preparation for Michaelmas (Septem- accepted a death-bed baptism as a result of the encounter [33] ber 29), Francis is said to have had a vision on or about with Francis. The Franciscan Order has been present September 14, 1224, the Feast of the Exaltation of the in the Holy Land almost uninterruptedly since 1217 when Cross, as a result of which he received the stigmata.[36] Brother Elias arrived at Acre. It received concessions Brother Leo, who had been with Francis at the time, left from the Mameluke Sultan in 1333 with regard to cer- a clear and simple account of the event, the first defi- tain Holy Places in Jerusalem and Bethlehem, and (so far nite account of the phenomenon of stigmata.[4][36] “Sud- as concerns the Catholic Church) jurisdictional privileges [34] denly he saw a vision of a seraph, a six-winged angel from Pope Clement VI in 1342. on a cross. This angel gave him the gift of the five wounds of Christ.”[36] Suffering from these stigmata and from trachoma, Francis received care in several cities 4 Reorganization of the Francis- (Siena, Cortona, Nocera) to no avail. In the end, he was brought back to a hut next to the Porziuncola. Here, in can Order and death the place where it all began, feeling the end approach- ing, he spent the last days of his life dictating his spir- By this time, the growing Order of friars was divided itual Testament. He died on the evening of Saturday, into provinces and groups were sent to France, Germany, October 3, 1226, singing Psalm 142 (141), “Voce mea Hungary, and Spain and to the East. Upon receiving a re- ad Dominum”. On July 16, 1228, he was pronounced a port of the martyrdom of five brothers in Morocco, Fran- saint by Pope Gregory IX (the former cardinal Ugolino di cis returned to Italy via Venice.[35] Cardinal Ugolino di Conti, friend of St. Francis and Cardinal Protector of the Conti was then nominated by the Pope as the protector Order). The next day, the Pope laid the foundation stone of the Order. Another reason for Francis’ return to Italy for the Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi. Francis was 8 5 CHARACTER AND LEGACY buried on May 25, 1230, under the Lower Basilica, but ing to Thomas, it was beautiful in its simplicity, with the his tomb was soon hidden on orders of Brother Elias to manger acting as the altar for the Christmas Mass. protect it from Saracen invaders. His exact burial place remained unknown until it was re-discovered in 1818. Pasquale Belli then constructed for the remains a crypt 5.1 Nature and the environment in neo-classical style in the Lower Basilica. It was re- fashioned between 1927 and 1930 into its present form Francis preached the teaching of the Catholic Church, by Ugo Tarchi, stripping the wall of its marble decora- that the world was created good and beautiful by God but tions. In 1978, the remains of St. Francis were examined suffers a need for redemption because of the primordial and confirmed by a commission of scholars appointed by sin of man. He preached to man and beast the universal Pope Paul VI, and put into a glass urn in the ancient stone ability and duty of all creatures to praise God (a com- tomb. mon theme in the Psalms) and the duty of men to protect and enjoy nature as both the stewards of God’s creation and as creatures ourselves.[37] On November 29, 1979, Pope John Paul II declared St. Francis the Patron Saint 5 Character and legacy of Ecology.[40] Many of the stories that surround the life of St. Francis say that he had a great love for animals and It has been argued that no one else in history was as dedi- the environment.[37] cated as Francis to imitate the life, and carry out the work [1] Perhaps the most famous incident that illustrates the of Christ, in Christ’s own way. This is important in Saint’s humility towards nature is recounted in the understanding Francis’ character and his affinity for the “Fioretti” (“Little Flowers”), a collection of legends and Eucharist and respect for the priests who carried out the [1] folklore that sprang up after the Saint’s death. It is said sacrament. that, one day, while Francis was travelling with some He and his followers celebrated and even venerated companions, they happened upon a place in the road poverty. Poverty was so central to his character that in where birds filled the trees on either side. Francis told his last written work, the Testament, he said that absolute his companions to “wait for me while I go to preach to personal and corporate poverty was the essential lifestyle my sisters the birds.”[37] The birds surrounded him, in- for the members of his Order.[1] trigued by the power of his voice, and not one of them He believed that nature itself was the mirror of God. He flew away. He is often portrayed with a bird, typically in called all creatures his “brothers” and “sisters”, and even his hand. preached to the birds[37][38] and supposedly persuaded a Another legend from the Fioretti tells that in the city of wolf to stop attacking some locals if they agreed to feed Gubbio, where Francis lived for some time, was a wolf the wolf. In his “Canticle of the Creatures” (“Praises of “terrifying and ferocious, who devoured men as well as Creatures” or “Canticle of the Sun”), he mentioned the animals”. Francis had compassion upon the townsfolk, “Brother Sun” and “Sister Moon”, the wind and water, and so he went up into the hills to find the wolf. Soon, and “Sister Death”. He referred to his chronic illnesses fear of the animal had caused all his companions to flee, as his “sisters”. His deep sense of brotherhood under though the saint pressed on. When he found the wolf, God embraced others, and he declared that “he consid- he made the sign of the cross and commanded the wolf ered himself no friend of Christ if he did not cherish those to come to him and hurt no one. Miraculously the wolf for whom Christ died”.[1] closed his jaws and lay down at the feet of St. Francis. Francis’ visit to Egypt and attempted rapprochement with “Brother Wolf, you do much harm in these parts and you the Muslim world had far-reaching consequences, long have done great evil”, said Francis. “All these people ac- past his own death, since after the fall of the Crusader cuse you and curse you ... But brother wolf, I would like Kingdom, it would be the Franciscans, of all Catholics, to make peace between you and the people.” Then Fran- who would be allowed to stay on in the Holy Land and be cis led the wolf into the town, and surrounded by startled recognized as "Custodians of the Holy Land" on behalf citizens made a pact between them and the wolf. Be- of the Catholic Church. cause the wolf had “done evil out of hunger, the townsfolk At Greccio near Assisi, around 1220, Francis celebrated were to feed the wolf regularly. In return, the wolf would Christmas by setting up the first known presepio or crèche no longer prey upon them or their flocks. In this man- (Nativity scene).[39] His nativity imagery reflected the ner Gubbio was freed from the menace of the predator. scene in traditional paintings. He used real animals to Francis even made a pact on behalf of the town dogs, that create a living scene so that the worshipers could con- they would not bother the wolf again. Finally, to show template the birth of the child Jesus in a direct way, the townspeople that they would not be harmed, Francis making use of the senses, especially sight.[39] Thomas of blessed the wolf. Celano, a biographer of Francis and Saint Bonaventure Then during the World Environment Day 1982, John Paul both, tell how he used only a straw-filled manger (feed- II said that St. Francis’ love and care for creation was ing trough) set between a real ox and donkey.[39] Accord- a challenge for contemporary Catholics and a reminder 5.3 Papal name 9
“not to behave like dissident predators where nature is of a duplication of the main feast on October 4, and left concerned, but to assume responsibility for it, taking all to the calendars of certain localities and of the Francis- care so that everything stays healthy and integrated, so can Order.[42] Wherever the traditional Roman Missal is as to offer a welcoming and friendly environment even used, however, the feast of the Stigmata remains in the to those who succeed us.” The same Pope wrote on the General Calendar. occasion of the World Day of Peace, January 1, 1990, On June 18, 1939, Pope Pius XII named Francis a joint the saint of Assisi “offers Christians an example of gen- Patron Saint of Italy along with Saint Catherine of Siena uine and deep respect for the integrity of creation ...” with the apostolic letter “Licet Commissa”.[43] Pope Pius He went on to make the point that: “As a friend of the also mentioned the two saints in the laudative discourse poor who was loved by God’s creatures, Saint Francis in- he pronounced on May 5, 1949, in the Church of Santa vited all of creation – animals, plants, natural forces, even Maria sopra Minerva. Brother Sun and Sister Moon – to give honor and praise to the Lord. The poor man of Assisi gives us striking St. Francis is honored in the Church of England, the witness that when we are at peace with God we are bet- Anglican Church of Canada, the Episcopal Church USA, ter able to devote ourselves to building up that peace with the Old Catholic Churches, the Evangelical Lutheran all creation which is inseparable from peace among all Church in America, and other churches and religious peoples.”[41] communities on October 4. The Evangelical Church in Germany, however, commemorates St. Francis’ feast day Pope John Paul II concluded that section of the document on his death day, October 3. with these words, “It is my hope that the inspiration of Saint Francis will help us to keep ever alive a sense of 'fraternity' with all those good and beautiful things which 5.3 Papal name Almighty God has created.” On 13 March 2013, upon his election as Pope, Arch- 5.2 Feast day bishop and Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina chose Francis as his papal name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi, becoming Pope Francis.[44] At his first audience on 16 March 2013, Pope Francis told journalists that he had chosen the name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi, and had done so because he was especially concerned for the well-being of the poor.[45][46][47] He explained that, as it was becoming clear during the conclave voting that he would be elected the new bishop of Rome, the Brazilian Cardinal Cláudio Hummes had embraced him and whispered, “Don't for- get the poor”, which had made Bergoglio think of the saint.[48][49] Bergoglio had previously expressed his ad- miration for St. Francis, explaining that “He brought to Christianity an idea of poverty against the luxury, pride, vanity of the civil and ecclesiastical powers of the time. He changed history.”[50] Bergoglio’s selection of his pa- pal name is the first time that a pope has been named Francis.[lower-alpha 1]
5.4 Protestantism
Main article: Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism
A relic of Francis of Assisi Even in Protestantism, the name and legacy of Saint Fran- cis have endured. Saint Francis’ feast day is observed on October 4. A secondary feast in honor of the stigmata received by St. Francis, celebrated on September 17, was inserted in the General Roman Calendar in 1585 (later than the 6 Main writings Tridentine Calendar) and suppressed in 1604, but was re- stored in 1615. In the New Roman Missal of 1969, it was • Canticum Fratris Solis or Laudes Creaturarum; removed again from the General Calendar, as something Canticle of the Sun. 10 7 IN ART
• Prayer before the Crucifix, 1205 (extant in the orig- 1430–32. 29.3 cm × 33.4 cm (11.5 in × 13.1 in), inal Umbrian dialect as well as in a contemporary Turin version Latin translation);
• Regula non bullata, the Earlier Rule, 1221;
• Regula bullata, the Later Rule, 1223;
• Testament, 1226;
• Admonitions.
For a complete list, see The Franciscan Experience.[52] Saint Francis is considered the first Italian poet by liter- ary critics.[53] He believed commoners should be able to • The Stigmatiza- pray to God in their own language, and he wrote often in tion of St Francis by Domenico Veneziano, (1445) the dialect of Umbria instead of Latin. His writings are considered to have great literary and religious value.[54] The anonymous 20th-century prayer "Make Me an In- strument of Your Peace" is widely but erroneously at- tributed to St. Francis.[55][56]
7 In art
The Franciscan Order promoted devotion to the life of Saint Francis from his canonization onwards, and commissioned large numbers of works for Franciscan • Saint Francis churches, either showing St Francis with sacred figures, in the Desert Giovanni Bellini, c. 1480, Frick or episodes from his life. There are large early fresco cy- Collection cles in the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi, parts of which are shown above.
• Francis of Assisi in art
• Saint Francis with the Blood of Christ Carlo Crivelli, c. 1500 • St. Francis and scenes from his life, 13th century
• El Greco - Saint Fran- • Saint Francis cis Receiving the Stigmata, 1585 until 1590 of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata, Jan van Eyck, c. 11
• Francisco Ribalta, Francis • Francis of of Assisi with angel music, c. 1620 Assisi visiting his convent while far away, in a chariot of fire by José Benlliure y Gil, (1855–1937)
• The Ecstasy of St. Francis, Stefano di Giovanni (1392–1450) 1444 • Saint Francis in Meditation, oil painting by Francisco de Zurbarán (1639)
• Jacopo Chimenti
St. Francis Nicholas Roerich Original Title: Св. Франциск Date: 1931 Style: Symbol- • Saint Francis of Assisi in ism Genre: religious painting Tags: Christian- Ecstasy by Jusepe de Ribera, (1639) ity, saints-and-apostles, St.-Francis-of-Assisi https: //www.wikiart.org/en/nicholas-roerich/st-francis-1931
8 Media
8.1 Films
• The Flowers of St. Francis, a 1950 film directed by Roberto Rossellini and co-written by Federico Fellini[57] • Francis of Assisi, a 1961 film directed by Michael Curtiz, based on the novel The Joyful Beggar by Louis de Wohl[57] • Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy, Caravaggio (c.1595) • Francis of Assisi, a 1966 film directed by Liliana Ca- vani[57] 12 8 MEDIA
Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi
A garden statue of Francis of Assisi with birds
• Brother Sun, Sister Moon, a 1972 film by Franco Zef- St. Francis Abbey, Kilkenny firelli[57] • Francesco, a 1989 film by Liliana Cavani, contem- platively paced, follows Francis of Assisi’s evolution from rich man’s son to religious humanitarian, and eventually to full-fledged self-tortured saint. Saint Francis is played by Mickey Rourke, and the woman who later became Saint Clare, is played by Helena Bonham Carter[57] • St. Francis, a 2002 film directed by Michele Soavi, starring Raoul Bova and Amélie Daure[57] • Clare and Francis, a 2007 film directed by Fabrizio Costa, starring Mary Petruolo and Ettore Bassi[57] • Pranchiyettan and the Saint, a 2010 satirical Indian Malayalam film[57] • Finding Saint Francis, a 2014 film directed by Paul Alexander, starring Peter Stickney
8.2 Music
For musical settings of the prayer incorrectly attributed to Francis, see Prayer of Saint Francis § Musical settings.
Statue of St. Francis in front of the Catholic church of Chania. • Franz Liszt: • Uccellacci e uccellini (The Hawks and the Sparrows), • Cantico del sol di Francesco d'Assisi, S.4 (sa- a 1966 film directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini[57] cred choral work, 1862, 1880–81; versions of 8.3 Books 13
the Prelude for piano, S. 498c, 499, 499a; ver- • Lewis Nielson: St. Francis Preaches to the Birds sion of the Prelude for organ, S. 665, 760; ver- (chamber concerto for violin, 2005) sion of the Hosannah for organ and bass trom- bone, S.677) • Peter Reulein (composer) / Helmut Schlegel (li- bretto): Laudato si' (oratorio, 2016) • St. François d'Assise: La Prédication aux oiseaux, No. 1 of Deux Légendes, S.175 (pi- ano, 1862–63) 8.3 Books • William Henry Draper: All Creatures of Our God • and King (hymn paraphrase of Canticle of the Sun, Francis of Assisi, The Little Flowers (fioretti), Lon- published 1919) don, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-013-0
• Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco: Fioretti (voice and or- • Saint Francis of Assisi, written and illustrated by chestra, 1920) Demi, Wisdom Tales, 2012, ISBN 978-1-937786- 04-5 • Gian Francesco Malipiero: San Francesco d'Assisi (soloists, chorus and orchestra, 1920–21) • Francis of Assisi: A New Biography, by Augustine Thompson, O.P., Cornell University Press, 2012, • Amy Beach: Canticle of the Sun (soloists, chorus and ISBN 978-080145-070-9 orchestra, 1928) • Francis of Assisi in the Sources and Writings, by • Paul Hindemith: Nobilissima Visione (ballet 1938) Robert Rusconi and translated by Nancy Celaschi, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2008. ISBN 978- • Leo Sowerby: Canticle of the Sun (cantata for mixed 1-57659-152-9 voices with accompaniment for piano or orchestra, 1944) • The Stigmata of Francis of Assisi, Franciscan Insti- tute Publications, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57659-140-6 • Francis Poulenc: Quatre petites prières de Saint François d'Assise (men’s chorus, 1948) • Francis of Assisi – The Message in His Writings, by • Seth Bingham: The Canticle of the Sun (cantata for Thaddee Matura, Franciscan Institute Publications, chorus of mixed voices with soli ad lib. and accom- 1997. ISBN 978-1-57659-127-7 paniment for organ or orchestra, 1949) • Saint Francis of Assisi, by John R. H. Moorman, • William Walton: Cantico del sol (chorus, 1973–74) Franciscan Institute Publications, 1987. ISBN 978- 0-8199-0904-6 • Olivier Messiaen: Saint François d'Assise (opera, 1975–83) • First Encounter with Francis of Assisi, by Damien Vorreux and translated by Paul LaChance, Francis- • Juliusz Łuciuk: Święty Franciszek z Asyżu (oratorio can Institute Publications, 1979. ISBN 978-0-8199- for soprano, tenor, baritone, mixed chorus and or- 0698-4 chestra, 1976) • St. Francis of Assisi, by Raoul Manselli, Francis- • Peter Janssens: Franz von Assisi, Musikspiel (Musi- can Institute Publications, 1985. ISBN 978-0-8199- cal play, text: Wilhelm Wilms, 1978) 0880-3
• Michele Paulicelli: Forza venite gente (musical the- • Saint Francis of Assisi, by Thomas of Celano and ater, 1981) translated by Placid Hermann, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8199-0554-3 • Karlheinz Stockhausen: Luzifers Abschied (1982), scene 4 of the opera Samstag aus Licht • Francis the Incomparable Saint, by Joseph Lortz, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1986, ISBN 978- • Libby Larsen: I Will Sing and Raise a Psalm (SATB 1-57659-067-6 chorus and organ, 1995) • • Sofia Gubaidulina: Sonnengesang (solo cello, cham- Respectfully Yours: Signed and Sealed, Francis of ber choir and percussion, 1997) Assisi, by Edith van den Goorbergh and Theodore Zweerman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2001. • Juventude Franciscana: Balada de Francisco (voices ISBN 978-1-57659-178-9 accompanied by guitar, 1999) • The Admonitions of St. Francis: Sources and Mean- • Angelo Branduardi : L'infinitamente piccolo (album, ings, by Robert J. Karris, Franciscan Institute Pub- 2000) lications, 1999. ISBN 978-1-57659-166-6 14 9 SEE ALSO
• We Saw Brother Francis, by Francis de Beer, Fran- • Francis, Brother of the Universe (1982), a 48- ciscan Institute Publications, 1983. ISBN 978-0- page comic book by Marvel Comics on the life of 8199-0803-2 Saint Francis of Assisi written by Father Roy Gas- nik O.F.M. and Mary Jo Duffy, artwork by John • Sant Francesc (Saint Francis, 1895), a book of forty- Buscema and Marie Severin, lettering by Jim No- three Saint Francis poems by Catalan poet-priest vak and edited by Jim Shooter. Jacint Verdaguer, three of which are included in En- glish translation in Selected Poems of Jacint Verda- guer: A Bilingual Edition, edited and translated 8.4 Other by Ronald Puppo, with an introduction by Ramon • Pinyol i Torrents (University of Chicago, 2007). In Rubén Darío's poem Los Motivos Del Lobo (The The three poems are “The Turtledoves”, “Preaching Reasons Of The Wolf) St. Francis tames a terrible to Birds” and “The Pilgrim”. wolf only to discover that the human heart harbors darker desires than those of the beast. • Saint Francis of Assisi (1923), a book by G. K. • In Fyodor Dostoyevsky's The Brothers Karamazov, Chesterton Ivan Karamazov invokes the name of 'Pater Seraph- icus,' an epithet applied to St. Francis, to describe • Blessed Are The Meek (1944). a book by Zofia Kos- Alyosha’s spiritual guide Zosima. The reference sak is found in Goethe’s “Faust”, Part 2, Act 5, lines • Saint Francis of Assisi a Doubleday Image Book 11918–25. translated by T. O'Conor Sloane, Ph.D., LL.D. in • In Mont Saint Michel and Chartres, Henry Adams' 1955 from the Danish original researched and writ- chapter on the “Mystics” discusses Francis exten- ten by Johannes Jorgensen and published in 1912 by sively. Longmans, Green and Company, Inc. • Rich Mullins co-wrote Canticle of the Plains, a mu- • Saint Francis of Assisi (God’s Pauper) (1962), a sical, with Mitch McVicker. Released in 1997, it novel by Nikos Kazantzakis was based on the life of St. Francis of Assisi, but told as a western story. • Scripta Leonis, Rufini Et Angeli Sociorum S. Fran- • cisci: The Writings of Leo, Rufino and Angelo Com- Bernard Malamud's novel The Assistant (1957) fea- panions of St. Francis (1970), edited by Rosalind B. tures a protagonist, Frank Alpine, who exemplifies Brooke, in Latin and English, containing testimony the life of St. Francis in mid-20th-century Brook- recorded by intimate, long-time companions of St. lyn, New York City. Francis
• Saint Francis and His Four Ladies (1970), a book by 9 See also Joan Mowat Erikson • Pardon of Assisi • The Life and Words of St. Francis of Assisi (1973), by Ira Peck • Fraticelli • • The Life of Saint Francis of Assisi (1996), a book by Society of Saint Francis Patricia Stewart • Saint Juniper, one of Francis’ original followers
• Reluctant Saint: The Life of Francis of Assisi (2002), • St. Benedict’s Cave, which contains a portrait of a book by Donald Spoto Francis made during his lifetime • • Flowers for St. Francis (2005), a book by Raj Aru- Saint-François d'Assise, an opera by Olivier Messi- mugam aen • Saint-François (disambiguation) (places named af- • Chasing Francis, 2006, a book by Ian Cron ter Francis of Assisi in French-speaking countries) • John Tolan, St. Francis and the Sultan: The Curious • List of places named after Saint Francis History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Prayers • Vita di un uomo: Francesco d'Assisi (1995) a book • Canticle of the Sun, a prayer by St. Francis by Chiara Frugoni, preface by Jacques Le Goff, Torino: Einaudi. • Prayer of Saint Francis, a prayer not by St. Francis 15
10 Notes [18] Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867). The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda ancti Francisci) (1988 [1] On the day of his election, the Vatican clarified that his ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books & Publishers. p. official papal name was “Francis”, not “Francis I”. A Vat- 190. ISBN 978-0-89555-343-0. ican spokesman said that the name would become Francis [19] Chesterton (1924), pp. 40–41 I if and when there is a Francis II.[46][51] [20] Chesterton (1924), pp. 54–56
[21] Chesterton (1924), pp. 107–108 11 References [22] Galli(2002), pp. 74–80
[1] Brady, Ignatius Charles. "Saint Francis of Assisi.” [23] Chesterton (1924), pp. 110–111 Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [24] Fioretti quoted in: St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Leg- [2] Chesterton (1924), p.126 ends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, ed. Otto Karrer (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979) 244. [3] House & Garden - Volume 158 - Page 86, 1986 [25] Chesterton (1924), p.130 [4] Paschal Robinson (1913). "St. Francis of Assisi". In [26] Steven Runciman, History of the Crusades, vol. 3: The Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades, Cambridge Uni- Robert Appleton Company. versity Press (1951, paperback 1987), pp. 151–161.
[5] “Blessing All Creatures, Great and Small”. Duke Maga- [27] Tolan, pp. 4f. zine. November 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-30. [28] e.g., Jacques de Vitry, Letter 6 of February or March 1220 [6] Tolan, John (2009). St. Francis and the Sultan: The Cu- and Historia orientalis (c. 1223–1225) cap. XXII; Tom- rious History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter. Oxford: maso da Celano, Vita prima (1228), §57: the relevant pas- Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199239726. sages are quoted in an English translation in Tolan, pp. 19f. and 54 respectively. [7] “St. Francis of Assisi – Franciscan Friars of the Renewal”. Franciscanfriars.com. Retrieved 24 October 2012. [29] Tolan, p.5
[8] Cross, F. L., ed. (2005). “Francis of Assisi”. The Ox- [30] e.g., Chesterton, Saint Francis, Hodder & Stoughton ford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Ox- (1924) chapter 8. Tolan (p.126) discusses the incident as ford University Press. ISBN 0199566712. recounted by Bonaventure which does not extend to a fire actually being lit. [9] The Christmas scenes made by Saint Francis at the time were not inanimate objects, but live ones, later com- [31] Péter Bokody, “Idolatry or Power: St. Francis in Front of mercialised into inanimate representations of the Blessed the Sultan”, in: Promoting the Saints: Cults and Their Con- Lord and His parents. texts from Late Antiquity until the Early Modern Period, ed. Ottó Gecser and others (Budapest: CEU Press, 2010), [10] “CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christmas”. 69-81, esp. at pp. 74 and 76-78. The views of Panof- sky (idols: see Renaissance and Renascences in Western [11] Cross, F. L., ed. (2005). “Stigmatization”. The Oxford Art, New York 1972, p.148, n.3) and Tolan (undecided: dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford p.143) are cited at p.73. University Press. ISBN 0199566712. [32] Bonaventure, Legenda major (1260–1263), cap. IX §7– [12] Saint Francis of Assisi by Jacques Le Goff 2003 ISBN 0- 9, criticized by, e.g., Sabatier, La Vie de St. François 415-28473-2 page 44 d'Assise (1894), chapter 13, and Paul Moses, The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of As- [13] The Word made flesh: a history of Christian thought by sisi’s Mission of Peace, Doubleday Religion (2009) ex- Margaret Ruth mi 2004 ISBN 978-1-4051-0846-1 pages cerpted in a restricted-view article in Commonwealth mag- 160–161 azine, September 25, 2009 “Mission improbable: St. Francis & the Sultan”, accessed 4 April 2015 [14] “Italy/Subiaco”. www.paradoxplace.com. [33] For grants of various permissions and privileges to Francis [15] Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New as attributed by later sources, see, e.g., Tolan, pp. 258– York: Barnes & Noble. p. 529. ISBN 978-1-56619-516- 263. The first mention of the Sultan’s conversion occurs 4. in a sermon delivered by Bonaventure on October 4, 1267. See Tolan, pp. 168 [16] Robinson, P. (2009). St. Francis of Assisi. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton [34] Bulla Gratias agimus, commemorated by Pope John Paul Company. Retrieved 2011-10-17 from New Advent. II in a Letter dated November 30, 1992. See also Tolan, p.258. On the Franciscan presence, including an histori- [17] Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). “St. Francis of Assisi” cal overview, see, generally the official website at Custodia (14 ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books: 158. and Custodian of the Holy Land 16 13 FURTHER READING
[35] Bonaventure (1867), p. 162 [55] Renoux, Christian (2001). La prière pour la paix attribuée à saint François: une énigme à résoudre. Paris: Editions [36] Chesterton (1924), p.131 franciscaines. ISBN 2-85020-096-4.
[37] Bonaventure (1867), pp. 78–85 [56] Renoux, Christian. “The Origin of the Peace Prayer of St. Francis”. Retrieved August 9, 2014. [38] Ugolino Brunforte (Brother Ugolino). The Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi. Calvin College: CCEL. ISBN [57] See Francis of Assisi at the Internet Movie Database. 978-1-61025212-6. Quote.
[39] Bonaventure (1867), p. 178
[40] Pope John Paul II (November 29, 1979). “Inter Sanctos 12 Bibliography (Apostolic Letter AAS 71)" (PDF). Retrieved August 7, 2014. • Scripta Leonis, Rufini et Angeli Sociorum S. Fran- cisci: The Writings of Leo, Rufino and Angelo [41] Pope John Paul II (December 8, 1989). “World Day of Peace 1990”. Retrieved October 24, 2012. Companions of St. Francis, original manuscript, 1246, compiled by Brother Leo and other compan- [42] Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana), p. ions (1970, 1990, reprinted with corrections), Ox- 139 ford, Oxford University Press, edited by Rosalind B. Brooke, in Latin and English, ISBN 0-19-822214- [43] Pope Pius XII (June 18, 1939). “Licet Commissa” (Apos- 9, containing testimony recorded by intimate, long- tolic Letter AAS 31, pp. 256–257) time companions of St. Francis [44] Pope Francis (March 16, 2013). “Audience to Represen- tatives of the Communications Media”. Retrieved August • Francis of Assisi, The Little Flowers (fioretti), Lon- 9, 2014. don, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-013-0
[45] “Pope Francis explains decision to take St Francis of As- • Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867). The Life sisi’s name”. London: The Guardian. 16 March 2013. of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Francisci) (1988 ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN [46] “New Pope Fra[n]cis visits St. Mary Major, collects suit- Books & Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89555-343-0 cases and pays bill at hotel”. News.va. 14 March 2013. • Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). St. Francis of As- 4 January 2017. sisi (14 ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books.
[47] Michael Martinez, CNN Vatican analyst: Pope Fran- • Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. cis’ name choice 'precedent shattering', CNN (13 March New York: Barnes & Noble. 2013). Retrieved 13 March 2013. • Karrer, Otto, ed., St. Francis, The Little Flowers, [48] Laura Smith-Spark et al. : Pope Francis explains name, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, (Lon- calls for church 'for the poor' CNN,16 March 2013 don: Sheed and Ward, 1979) [49] “Pope Francis wants 'poor Church for the poor'". BBC News. BBC. 16 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013. • Robinson, Paschal (1913). “St. Francis of As- sisi”. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert [50] Bethune, Brian, “Pope Francis: How the first New World Appleton Company. Herbermann, Charles, ed. pontiff could save the church”, macleans.ca, 26 March (1913). "St._Francis_of_Assisi". Catholic Encyclo- 2013, Retrieved 27 March 2013 pedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
[51] Alpert, Emily (13 March 2013). “Vatican: It’s Pope Fran- • cis, not Pope Francis I”. Los Angeles Times. Archived Tolan, John (2009). Saint Francis and the Sultan. from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 4 January Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2017. [52] “Writings of St. Francis - Part 2”. 13 Further reading [53] Brand, Peter; Pertile, Lino, eds. (1999). “2 - Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff.)". The Cambridge History of • Acocella, Joan, "Rich Man, Poor Man: The Radical Italian Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN Visions of St. Francis", The Critics: Books, The 978-0-52166622-0. Retrieved 2015-12-31. New Yorker 88, no. 43 (January 14, 2013): 72-77 [54] Chesterton, G.K. (1987). St. Francis. Im- (accessed January 23, 2015). age. pp. 160 p. ISBN 0-385-02900-4.https: //wayback.archive.org/web/20151117034706/http: • Antony, Manjiyil. Assisiyile Francis. Alwaye, San- //www.catholic-forum.com/saints/stf01010.htm thome Creations, 2013. 17
• Fioretti di San Francesco, the "Little Flowers of St. Francis", end of the 14th century: an anonymous Italian version of the Actus; the most popular of the sources, but very late and therefore not the best au- thority by any means.
• Friar Julian of Speyer, Vita Sancti Francisci, 1232– 1239.
• Friar Tommaso da Celano: Vita Prima Sancti Fran- cisci, 1228; Vita Secunda Sancti Francisci, 1246– 1247; Tractatus de Miraculis Sancti Francisci, 1252– 1253.
• Friar Elias, Epistola Encyclica de Transitu Sancti Francisci, 1226. • Pope Gregory IX, Bulla “Mira circa nos” for the can- onization of St. Francis, July 19, 1228. • St. Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, Legenda Maior Sancti Francisci, 1260–1263. • The Little Flowers of Saint Francis (Translated by Raphael Brown), Doubleday, 1998. ISBN 978-0- 385-07544-2
• Ugolino da Montegiorgio, Actus Beati Francisci et sociorum eius, 1327–1342.
14 External links
• “Saint Francis of Assisi”, Encyclopædia Britannica online
• “St. Francis of Assisium, Confessor”, Butler’s Lives of the Saints
• The Franciscan Archive • St. Francis of Assisi - Catholic Saints & Angels
• St. Francis of Assisi at the Christian Iconography web site. • Here Followeth the Life of St. Francis from Cax- ton’s translation of the Golden Legend • Colonnade Statue in St Peter’s Square
• Founder Statue in St Peter’s Basilica • Works by or about Francis of Assisi at Internet Archive • Works by Francis of Assisi at LibriVox (public do- main audiobooks) 18 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
15 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
15.1 Text
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15.2 Images • File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:Assisi_San_Francesco_BW_2.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Assisi_San_Francesco_BW_ 2.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Berthold Werner • File:Bartolomeo_Della_Gatta_-_Stigmata_of_St_Francis_-_WGA01336.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/9/9e/Bartolomeo_Della_Gatta_-_Stigmata_of_St_Francis_-_WGA01336.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: Image Info about artwork Original artist: Bartolomeo della Gatta • File:Bled_(5081159596).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Bled_%285081159596%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Eslovenia 11 Original artist: Víctor Vélez from Barcelona, Spain • File:Carlo_Crivelli_-_Saint_Francis_Collecting_the_Blood_of_Christ_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source: https://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Carlo_Crivelli_-_Saint_Francis_Collecting_the_Blood_of_Christ_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: DAEuofusNA3ZeQ at Google Cultural Institute maximum zoom level Original artist: Carlo Crivelli (circa 1435–circa 1495) • File:Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tetraktys • File:Chania_-_Katholische_Kirche_-_Innenhof.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Chania_-_ Katholische_Kirche_-_Innenhof.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wolfgang Sauber • File:Cigoli,_san_francesco.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: Image Info about artwork Original artist: Cigoli • File:Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: 20 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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