Cultural Heritage Ethics Between Theory and Practice CONSTANTINE SANDIS (ED.) To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/276 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. Cultural Heritage Ethics Between Theory and Practice Edited by Constantine Sandis http://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2014 Constantine Sandis. Copyright of individual chapters is maintained by the chapter’s author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that he endorses you or your use of the work). 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Digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at http:// www.openbookpublishers.com/isbn/9781783740673#resources ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-067-3 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-068-0 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-069-7 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-78374-070-3 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 978-1-78374-071-0 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0047 Cover image: Paint Pot Angel by Banksy, Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery. Photograph © Diane Potter. Creative Commons License, Attribution-NoDerivs CC BY-ND. All paper used by Open Book Publishers is SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initiative), and PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) Certified. Printed in the United Kingdom and United States by Lightning Source for Open Book Publishers For Eleni Cubitt Κι οι ποταμοί φουσκώναν μες στη λάσπη το αίμα για ένα λινό κυμάτισμα για μια νεφέλη μιας πεταλούδας τίναγμα το πούπουλο ενός κύκνου για ένα πουκάμισο αδειανό, για μιαν Ελένη. Γιώργος Σεφέρης Contents Notes on Contributors ix List of Illustrations xiii Preface and Acknowledgments xix Introduction 1 I. Meaning and Memory 9 1. Culture, Heritage, and Ethics 11 Constantine Sandis 2. Poppy Politics: Remembrance of Things Present 21 James Fox 3. The Meaning of the Public in an Age of Privatisation 31 Benjamin Ramm II. History and Archaeology 41 4. History as Heritage: Producing the Present in Post-War Sri Lanka 43 Nira Wickramasinghe 5. Looking at the Acropolis of Athens from Modern Times to 57 Antiquity William St Clair 6. South Asian Heritage and Archaeological Practices 103 Sudeshna Guha 7. The Ethics of Digging 117 Geoffrey Scarre III. Ownership and Restitution 129 8. ‘National’ Heritage and Scholarship 131 Sir John Boardman 9. Fear of Cultural Objects 135 Tom Flynn 10. Restitution 149 Sir Mark Jones viii Cultural Heritage Ethics IV. Management and Protection 169 11. The Possibilities and Perils of Heritage Management 171 Michael F. Brown 12. Values in World Heritage Sites 181 Geoffrey Belcher 13. Safeguarding Heritage: From Legal Rights over Objects to Legal 197 Rights for Individuals and Communities? Marie Cornu Appendix: Links to Selected International Charters and 205 Conventions on Cultural Heritage Notes on Contributors Geoffrey Belcher was formerly Coordinator for the UNESCO Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site. He is a member of the RTPI and a RIBA Awarded Conservation Architect. Sir John Boardman is Professor Emeritus of Classical Art and Archaeology at Oxford. He has excavated in Turkey, Greece and Libya, and published books on Greek art, classical gems and the Greeks in Asia. These include The Greeks Overseas (1964; 4th ed. 1999), Excavations at Emporio, Chios (1964), Archaic Greek Gems (1968), Greek Burial Customs (1971), Greek Gems and Finger Rings (1970, new ed. 2001), Persia and the West (2000), The History of Greek Vases (2001), The Archaeology of Nostalgia (2002), Greece and the Hellenistic World (2002), The World of Ancient Art (2006), The Marlborough Gems (2009), and The Relief Plaques of Central Asia and China (2010). Michael F. Brown is President of the School for Advanced Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, and Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA. His books include Who Owns Native Culture? (2003), and Upriver: The Turbulent Life and Times of an Amazonian People (2014). Marie Cornu is Research Director at the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and director of the CECOJI (Research Centre on the International Legal Cooperation). Her research interests focus on cultural property law and art law. In cooperation with Prof. Jérôme Fromageau, she co-leads an international research group that recently published a comparative dictionary on cultural property law. x Cultural Heritage Ethics Tom Flynn is founder of The Sculpture Agency and a visiting lecturer at Kingston University. He has written for The Art Newspaper, Art & Auction, Art Review, Apollo, Art News, Museums Journal, The Spectator, and many others. His books include The Body in Sculpture (1998), Colonialism and the Object: Empire, Material Culture and the Museum (1998, co-edited with T. Barringer), The Paintings of Clive Head (2000), Jedd Novatt (2008), Sean Henry (2009), Skate’s Art Investment Handbook, (2nd ed. 2010), and The Sculpture of Terence Coventry (2012). James Fox is a Research Fellow in Art History at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He has previously held research positions at Harvard, Churchill College, Cambridge, and the Yale Center for British Art. He is currently preparing a monograph on British art during the First World War. Sudeshna Guha is Associate Researcher at the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies (FAMES), and the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge, UK. She researches the history of archaeology and South Asia and has recently submitted for publication her first monograph, Artefacts of History: Archaeology, Historiography and Indian Pasts. Sir Mark Jones is currently Master of St Cross College, Oxford. He was a curator in the British Museum for seventeen years before becoming Director of the National Museums of Scotland and then of the Victoria and Albert Museum. Benjamin Ramm is a writer and broadcaster, and Research Fellow at Gladstone’s Library, Wales. He is the former editor of The Liberal magazine, and author of Citizens: A Manifesto. Constantine Sandis is Professor of Philosophy at Oxford Brookes University and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. He is the author of The Things We Do and Why We Do Them (2012) and has edited numerous books on the philosophy of action and human nature. Geoffrey Scarre is Professor of Philosophy at Durham University, UK and founder and director of the Durham University Centre for the Ethics of Cultural Heritage. His books include Death (2007), Mill’s ‘On Liberty’: A Reader’s Guide (2007) and On Courage (2010); he has also edited (with Chris Scarre) The Ethics of Archaeology (2006) and (with Robin Coningham) Appropriating the Past (2013). Notes on Contributors xi William St Clair is a Fellow of the British Academy and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of English Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London. His books include Lord Elgin and the Marbles (1967; 3rd rev. ed. 1998), That Greece Might Still Be Free (1972, 2nd rev. ed. 2008), Trelawny, the Incurable Romancer (1977), The Godwins and the Shelleys (1989), The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period (2004), and The Grand Slave Emporium (2006). Nira Wickramasinghe is Professor of Modern South Asian Studies at Leiden University and the author and editor of numerous books including Dressing the Colonised Body: Politics, Clothing and Ethnic Politics in Colonial Sri Lanka 1927-1947 (1995), Civil Society in Sri Lanka. New Circles of Power (2001), History Writing: New Trends and Methodologies (2001), Identity in Colonial Sri Lanka (2003), Sri Lanka in the Modern Age – A History of Contested Identities (2006), and Metallic Modern – Everyday Machines in Colonial Sri Lanka (2014). List of Illustrations 1.1 Blue glass sugar bowl inscribed in gilt ‘EAST INDIA SUGAR not 14 made by SLAVES’, Bristol, 1820-30. British Museum. Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:East_India_ Sugar_not_made_by_Slaves_Glass_sugar_bowl_BM.jpg 1.2 Statue of Edward Colston by John Cassidy, erected in 1895 on 14 Colston Avenue, Bristol. Photograph by William Avery (2006). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Edward_Colston_1895_statue.jpg (CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported license). 1.3 English Heritage blue plaque for Nancy Astor. Photograph by 15 Simon Harriyott (2010). Wikimedia Commons: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_Astor_(4313985760).jpg (CC BY 2.0 Generic license). 5.1 The Parthenon from the north-west. Author’s photograph, 6 October 69 2013. 5.2 The Parthenon from the north-west. Entrance ticket to the Acropolis, 69 issued on 6 October 2013. 5.3 The Parthenon from the north-west, c.1909, before the re-erection of 70 the colonnade in the 1920s. Postcard. Pharazes and Michalopoulos of Athens, date of first publication unknown, but some time before the postcard was posted from Athens on 6 April 1909.