TheAmazingAdventuresof

Featuring C64COMAL 0.14 GettingStarted

page2

How To Do It

page4

JustBeginners

page6

WhatIsCOMAL?

page8

DareTo Compare

BASIC page11

BITESTHE ComparisonChart page11

DUST Questions/Answers

page12

Letters

page14

COMAL Books

page15

Top10Books

page15

4SamplePrograms

page16

BackupDisks

page20

COMAL isthewinner!Seepage11. CopyFiles

page22 INSIDE:4 readytotypeprograms:

DoubleSidedDisks GraphicsDesigner page23 ElectronicPhonebook TheWalker How To Order Ready,Aim,Draw page24

Artworkby:D.EvansandWayneSchmidt

CaptainCOMALisregisteredtrademarkofCOMALUsersGroupUSALtd. HowtoGetStarted

Thereis morethanoneway to startwith wouldliketo run,presstheSTOPkeyto

COMAL.Here are somesuggestions: stopthecatalog.On a blanklinetype:

chain"name"

Get theProgrammersParadisePackageand

optionalTutorialDiskand get twoextra Of course,youwillreplacethename

disksfree:Bestof COMALandAutoRun with the name of the programyou want to

Demo.The packageincludesthe reference see.Spellit right.Don'tusetheshift

bookCOMALFromA To Z and fourback key with letters.

issuesof COMALTODAY.The complete

COMAL0.14systemis on eachdisk,so Use the STOPkey to stopany programyou

you maystartwithany of them.We even try.Thenyou cando thesamething

includea FastLoaderat no extra againwithanotherprogram.

charge.Thispackageis an unbelievable

bargain:only$24.95plus$2 shipping If you are interestedin whata COMAL

(subjectto change- two disksmay be programlookslike,STOPoneof the

suppliedon one doublesideddiskette). programs,and issuethecommand:

list

Onceyou have all this,the question*

becomes:"Whatdo I do next?"First, COMALdisplaystheprogramforyou.The

readthiswholeinformationflyer.Next, CTRLkey slowsthe listingdown.Press

backupthe disksand storethe originals theSPACEBAR to pausethe listing.

in a safe place.A backupprogramis PressSPACEagain to resume.

includedon theProgrammersParadise

Disk(seepage20 for instructions). Onceyou have seen someCOMALprograms

Then,start uptheAutoRun DemoDisk: in action,you shouldbe readyforthe

20 lessontutorial.PlacetheTutorial

Turn computer systemon. ; Diskinto thedriveand startit up:

InsertAutoRun DemoDisk.

Type: load"boot*",8 FROM BASIC:

run load"boot*",8

run

Youwillsee 26 COMALprograms,one

afteranother,all automatically.No FROM COMAL:

needto eventouchthekeyboard.When chain"menu"

you are readyto stop,pressthe STOP

keyto stopa runningprogram.It will Do thelessonsin orderbeginningwith

automaticallyreturnyou to themain lessonone.Aftereachlessonis over,

menu.Thenpressthe STOPkey again.You it willreturnyou backto the menu.

thenwillbe in COMALprogrammingmode.

OnceyouhaveseenCOMALprograms,and

To seemoreCOMALprograms,placethe havelearneda littleaboutCOMALfrom

BestOf COMALor ProgrammersParadise thetutorialsystemtfinda comfortable

Diskin the driveand type: chairand flipthroughthe sampleissues

cat of COMALTODAY.At 80 pageseach,they

arelikesmallbooks. Skipthetechnical

If you seea programlistedthatyou and advancedarticlesand concentrateon

More►

page2,COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432 FILENAMECONVENTIONS How To GetStarted-continued

thebeginninginformation.Youcanread To helpyou distinguishbetweenthemany themagainlaterformoreadvanced typesof diskfilespossible,we use the information.Finally,pagethroughthe followingfilenameconventions(COMAL bookCOMALFromA ToZ. It isa mini 0.14usuallyusesa suffix.COMAL2.0 referenceto theCOMALkeywords. usuallyuses a prefix):

Now,exploreonyourown.Trychanging SuffixedPrefixed Meaning _ someof theprograms.It iseasierat NAME NAME COMALprogramfile firsttostartwitha working program NAME.L LST.NAME ASCIIprogramlist andjustmakechanges!g] NAME.PROCPROC.NAMEPROClistedto disk

NAME.FUNCFUNC.NAMEFUNClistedto disk

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDnDDDDDDDDDnDDnDDDn NAME.DAT DAT.NAME Datafile NAME.TXT TXT.NAME Textfile

NAME.DOC DOC.NAME Documentationfile

HOW TO TYPE IN EXT.NAME ExternalPROC/FUNC COMAL PROGRAMS SHAP.NAMESpriteshapefile FONT.NAMECOMALfontfile

FONT.MC.NAMEMulticolorfontfile

Linenumbersare irrelevantto a running SET.NAME Basictypefontfile

COMALprogram.COMALonlyprovidesline PKG.NAME Packagefile numbersforyourbenefitin editingthe BAT.NAME Batchfile" .] program.Thusmostmagazinesdo notuse SNG.NAME Songfile

linenumberswhenlistinga COMAL HRG.NAME ColorCOMALpicture

program.It is up toYOUto providethe NAME.HRG Black/Whitebitmap

linenumbers.But of course,COMALcan CRG.NAME Compactedcolorpix

do it foryouquiteeasily.Justfollow NAME.CRG CompactedB/W bitmap

thesestepsto type ina COMALprogram: NAME.SRC AssemblerSource NAME.OBJ AssemblerObject

NAME.PPC Paperclipfile© 1) Entercommand:NEW

2) Entercommand:AUTO

3) Typein theprogram

4) Whendone:

Version0.14:Hitkey twice ProgrammersParadiseFeatures

Version2.0 : Hitkey

WhenyougettheProgrammersParadise

Remember- useunshiftedletters Package,you getmore thanthebest

thoughoutenteringtheprogram.If programminglanguage.You alsoget

lettersarecapitalizedin thelisting demonstrationprogramsto showyouwhat

it doesnotmeanto useSHIFTwiththose COMALcan do. One of theseprogramsis

letters.Theyarecapitalizedmerelyto CRG14.VIEWER.Thisprogramletsyouview

be easyto read.The onlyplaceto use compactpicturesstored ondisk (CRGis

SHIFTED lettersis insidequotes.Also, thefilenamesuffixforcompactpicture

youdon'thaveto typeleadingspacesin files).Of coursealso we includesome

a line.Theyarelistedonlyto show compactpicturefilesforyou to start

structures.You DO have to typea space with,includingourownCALVINTHECOMAL

betweenCOMAL wordsin theprogram.g TURTLE(heis smilingon thelastpage).

COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI 53716,phone608-222-4432,page3 HowToDoItInCOMAL

** How to startC64 COMAL0.14 ** How to lookat a program

PutCOMALdiskintodrivethentype: If theprogramis not in thecomputer

load"boot*",8 yet,firstLOADtheprogram:

run load "name"

** How to returnto BASICfrom COMAL To see theprogramin the computertype:

list

Typethecommand:

TheCTRLkey slowsdownthedisplay.To

pauseit,pressthe SPACEBAR.Press

** How to seewhat is on a disk SPACEagainto resume.Seepage38 of

COMALFromA To Z formoreinformation. Putthediskintothe drive.Type:

cat ** How to writea new program

The CTRLkey slowsthe displayscroll. Issuethe commands: new

** How to retrievea programfromdisk auto

Put the diskintothe drive.Find the Now,typein theprogram.Hit RETURNkey

programnameexactspelling(seeCAT twicein a row to stoptheAUTOmode.

above).Typethe command(replacename Seepage3 formoreinformation.

withthenameof theprogramyouwant):

load"name" ** How to eraselinesin a program

** How to run a programthatis already Findthe linenumberof the lineto be

in thecomputer erased(line100 in thisexample),then

issuea DEL command:

Issuethe command: del 100 run

You may deletea blockof linesall at

** How to run a programfromdisk once.Findthe firstand lastline

numbersin theblockof lines(lines500

Putthediskintothe drive.Findthe thru750for thisexample),thenissuea

exactprogramname (seeCAT above).Type DEL command:

thecommand(replacenamewith thename del 500-750

of theprogramyou wantto run):

chain"name" Seepage20 of COMALFromA To Z for

moreinfo.

** How to stopa runningprogram

** How to add linesto theend of a

PresstheSTOPkey.If thatdoesn't program

work,presstheRESTOREkeyandSTOPkey

simultaneously(resets COMAL). Theprogrammustbe in thecomputer.

Findthelastlinenumbercurrentlyused

More►

page4,COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI 53716,phone608-222-4432 !■■■■■■■■■■■■■■

How To Do ItInCOMAL -continued

(630forthisexample).Thenissuethe computer.Issuethe commands:

command: select"lp:"

auto640 list

Specifya startinglinethatis 10 more ** Howto setprinterautolinefeeds

thanthe lastlinein theprogram. linefeed* turnslinefeedson

** How to add linesin the middleof a linefeed- turnslinefeedsoff

program ** Howto accessthedeviceand

Theprogrammustbe in the computer. secondaryaddress

Locatetheplaceyou wishto add a line.

Forexample,betweenthe following: Sendalloutputto printerdevice4,

secondaryaddress7 (lowercasemode):

0040PRINT"WELCOMETO MY PROGRAM" openfile255,"lp:",unit4,7,write

0050PRINT"HOPEYOU ENJOYIT" select"lp:"

Typein the lineto add,usinga line Sendoutputto device5 printer:

numberbetweenthe twolines. openfile255,"lp:",unit5,write select"lp:"

0045PRINT"WRITTENON DECEMBER25, 1985

Accessto diskdrivedevice9 rather

Numberinga programby 10fsallowsyou thandefaultdevice8 by addinga ",9"

to easilyaddup to 9 linesbetweenany at the end of many commands:

currentlines. save,"name",9 load"name",9

** How to renumbera program chain"name",9 openfile2,"name",unit9,read

Ifyouaddor deletelinesin a program,

it is easyto restoretheprogramto be ** How to fliptextand graphicsscreens

numberedby 10fs.Issuethecommand: remun Initializethegraphicsscreenthefirst

time(choosetypeof screen0 or 1):

Seepage51 of COMALFromA To Z for setgraphic0 // <-- hi res

moreinformationaboutRENUM. setgraphic1 // <--multi-color

** How to storea programon disk Oncethescreenis chosen,you can flip

betweengraphicsand texteasilywith

Typethecommand(replacenamewiththe thefunctionkeys:

namethatyou wish to storetheprogram fl - flipsto the textscreen

as): f3 - flipsto the graphicsscreen

save "name" with text windowat top (calledsplitscreen)

** How to lista programon the printer fSL- flipsto the graphicsscreenn

Makesuretheprogramis in the

COMALUsersGroupUSALtd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432,page5 JustForBeginners

Whenyou arejuststartingwith firstis a basicprogramthatis usedto

computers,thingsseemveryconfusing. startCOMAL.The secondis theCOMAL

It becomeseasyonceyouunderstandwhat 0.14systemitself.Thethirdis the

is goingon.Remember,you arenot errormessagesusedby theCOMALSystem.

alone.All of us werebeginnersonce. Finally,HI is theCOMALprogramthat

runsautomaticallywhenCOMALstartsup.

TO LOAD or NOT TO LOAD Immediatelyafterthemnoticetheline:

Thereis one importantthingto ">—programs—<"

remember:you can'tloadeverythingon

thedisk.Somethingson thediskare Thatlinetellsyou thattheprograms

notmeantto be loaded.Theyare there comenext.Programfilesare theones

forotherreasons.The clue thata file thatyou canLOADandRUN likethis:

on thediskis not meantto be loadedis load"menu"

thedot (.)in itsname.We oftenrefer run

to thesenonloadingfilesas DATAFILES.

Seethechartof filenameconventions Or youmayuseonecommandthatis the

on page3 for examples. equivalentof both LOADand RUN at once:

chain"menu"

Lookat thedirectoryof our disks.We

tryto clearlyseparatethe filesthat You can see theCOMALERRORSfileis

areprograms(theonesyou canLOADand beforethe>—programs—< banner.It

RUN)fromthefilesthatarenot.For is separatedpurposelyso youwillnot

example,a partialdirectoryfromour try to LOAD it. The COMALsystemgets

AutoRun Demo Diskfollows: itserrormessagesfromthisfile.Thus,

errormessagescouldbe in Spanish,

AUTO RUN DEMO French,or anyotherlanguage,if an

"bootc64comal" appropriateerrormessagefilewere

ffc64comal0.14" createdand namedCOMALERRORS.

"comalerrors"

"hi" Finally,thefilesat theendof the

">—programs—<" directoryare preceded bythebanner:

"menu"

"Arabesque"

"> datafiles

"Towersof Hanoi" "> follow <"

"> datafiles <"

"> follow <" Remember,datafilesare NOT programs.

"> <" Do not tryto LOADthem.We groupthem

"abc.sprite" togetherso thatwe may clearlymark

"calculator.hrg" themas data files.CALCULATOR.HRGis

"glady.hrg" amongthem.It is a picturefile.Read

thediskdirectorycarefullyand you

The firstfilesat the topof the won'thave problemstryingto LOADa

directoryare theCOMALSystem.The filethatis notmeantto be loaded.

More►

page6,COMALUsersGroupUSALtd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432 !■■■■

JustForBeginners-continued

It is easyto customizethe systemso MAKE A BACKUPCOPY - IT IS IMPORTANT thatit automaticallyrunsany COMAL

"Howdo I makea backupcopy?",you ask. programyouwant!WhenCOMALstarts,the

The answeris so importantthatwe've firstthingit doesis LOADandRUNthe

includeda programon theProgrammers programnamedHI fromthe disk.You can

ParadiseDiskthatwillbackupa disk changethe HIprogramto any COMAL

foryou.See page20 for instructions. programyou like.Justnametheprogram

you want to automaticallystartHI. Or,

MAKEYOUR OWN COMALSTARTUPDISK ifyouwishto keepyourprogramswith theiroriginalnames,justmakea HI

Manyuserswishto createa specialdisk programthatis merelyonelinelong:

thattheycan useto startup COMAL.It 0010chain"start"

wouldincludeCOMAL,the errormessage

file,theSIZZLEfastloader,and theHI Replace"start"withthenameof your

program.To createyour own COMALdisk, programyou want to be run first.Save

get a blankdiskand put it intothe thisone lineprogramas "hi":

drive.Issuethe formatcommand: delete"0:hi" save"0:hi

FromBASIC: OPEN 15,8,15,"N0:DISKNAME,ID" NowwhenCOMALstartsup, it willload andrunyourHI program.ThentheHI CLOSE15 programwill loadand run the program

withthenameyou chose!Automatically!|S) FromCOMAL:

PASS"NO:DISKNAME,ID" DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

Usingthe SingleFileCopierprogram

(instructionson page22) copythese ProgrammersParadiseFeatures

COMALsystemfilesontothenew disk:

bootc64 comal Thereareover40 differentdisksof c64 comal0.14 COMALprogramsavailable.We were hi surprisedthatourFONTDISKbecameone ml.sizzle of themostpopular.A "font"isthe comalerrors definitionofhoweachcharacteris

displayedon yourscreen.Forexample, Thefirstprogramis a BASICprogram our"headline"usesHelveticafont.Our thatstartsup COMALforyou.Makesure addressat thebottomof thispageuses youuse thefilesfromtheProgrammers RomanTimesfont.TheVIEW'FONT/DEMO ParadiseDisksincetheyincludea programon theProgrammersParadiseDisk fastloader(theCOMAL0.14systemitself allowsyouto changethefontusedby hasnot changedsinceNovember1983when COMALto displaycharacterson your was released).Make surethatthe it screen.Of coursewe provideseveral bootprogramis the firstone on thenew alternatefontfileson thediskas disk.Thenyou canstartCOMALwith: well.Ifyoulikeit,we havedozensof

otherfontsavailableon theFONTDISK,

load"*",8 as wellas a FONTEDITORforCOMAL2.0

run thatlet'syoudesignyourownfont.H

COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432,page7 WhatIsCOMAL?

COMALhas anidentitycrisis.It is programscalledtheAutoRunDemoDisk.

idealforbeginners andnon-professionalGetit nowandwe includetheBestOf

programmers.But it is so powerfulthat COMALdiskas well!

professionalprogrammersloveto use it.

Andwithover3,000readyto runCOMAL If youwantonlythebest,a deluxe

programsavailable,manyuseCOMALjust versionof COMALis availableas a

fortheLOADandGO programs. cartridgefortheCommodore64.It has

morememoryspace,morepower,and more

CommodorehasjustannouncedthatCOMAL options.A powerfulversionfor the IBM

is thethirdmostpopularlanguageused PC andMS-DOScomputersis also

on itscomputers.Withover100,000 available.Sincetheseare imported,

COMALusers,thatis to be expected. theirpricemay fluctuate.

BASICandmachinecodeweremorepopular

onlybecausetheycomewiththe COMALIS NOT COPY-PROTECTED!

computer.OK,butwhatexactlyis COMAL? ThediskloadedCOMALfortheCommodore

COMALIS SIMPLYTHE BEST. 64 maybe freelycopied.We giveyou permission!We wanteveryoneto knowand

COMALis a sophisticatedcomputer loveCOMALas muchas we do.

programminglanguagethatis powerful,

yeteasy and funto use.WithCOMALyou WHY COMALWILL REPLACEBASIC

canwriteyourown programs,complete

withspritesandgraphics. *** COMALis FASTER

WHO CAN USE COMAL? In 11 BenchmarktestsbetweenCOMALand

BASIC,COMALwas fasterin everytest.

YOU can!COMALis availableto run on It was 3 timesfasteroverall,and an

manypopularcomputers,including amazing57 timesfasterin string

COMMODORE64,IBMPC,MS-DOS,Commodore searches.IBMPC COMALis evenfaster

128,CommodorePET,CP/M,and soonApple thanTurboPascal(BYTEbenchmark).

lie,Applelie,Macintosh,andAmiga.

*** COMALis STANDARDIZED

IS IT EXPENSIVE?

A standardforCOMALexistscalledthe

If youhavea Commodore64 withdisk COMALKERNAL.Thusas new COMALsystems

drive,thecostis minimal.For only appear,they'llbe virtuallycompatible.

$19.95(subjecttochange)yougetthe Programsyouwritetoday,you can run

ProgrammersParadisePackage.This tomorrowon otherCOMALcomputers.For

includesthecompletediskloadedC64 example,we usea largeCOMALprogramto

COMAL0.14,theCOMALFromA to Z process ordershere.It was writtenfor

referencemanual,a collectionof Commodore8096COMAL2.0.We transferred

severalCOMALTODAYnewslettersand a it via modemto IBMPC COMAL2.0and it

diskfullof demonstrationprograms.For ranafteronlymodifyingthefilenames

only$5 moreyou geta doublesideddisk andonesubstringshortcutthatIBMPC

whichincludestheinteractiveTutorial COMALdoesnot allow! SystemDiskand moredemonstration More►

page8,COMALUsersGroupUSALtd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432 WhatIsCOMAL?-continued

*** COMALis HELPFUL longerhave to purchaseLOGOto enjoy

thishighlyacclaimeddrawingsystem.

COMALcheckseachlineof yourprogram

as you enteritI You are informed,with *** COMALis OFFICIAL

understandableerrormessages,whenever you typein an incorrectprogramline. COMALis the official languagein

COMALalsochecksoveryourentire Denmark,Ireland,Sweden,Scotlandand programbeforeit doesa RUN.Thistakes Norway.Sinceit is so easyto learn,it

lessthana secondandinformsyouof an is idealfor schools.

errorbeforetheprogramactuallystarts

running.Thisis essentialto good *** COMALis STRUCTURED programtestingand is a featuresadly

lackingin BASIC.Errormessagesare Structuredprogrammingmerelymeans automaticallyremovedfromthescreen simplifiedprogramming.COMALincludes whenyoucorrecttheerror. theprogramstructuresthatmadePascal

popular.You no longerhaveto put up

*** COMALis LITERATE withPascal'slimitationsand rigorous

rulesto enjoystructuredprograms.

COMALletsyouuse longvariablenames

andnamedprocedures.To keepa running *** COMALincludesBASICkeywords

total,no needto callthevariableT.

CallitTOTAL.Andto usea pause You cancontinueusingmostof theBASIC

subroutineinBASICyoumighthaveto languageyou mayalreadyknow,in an code: improvedenvironment. XP-4:GOSUB21500

*** COMALhas COLORGRAPHICS

In COMALyou wouldsimplywrite:

PAUSE(4) C64COMALincludesnearly50 keywords

forgraphicscontrol. *** COMALHAS A GOODMEMORY

*** COMALhas SPRITES

Onceyouhavewrittena procedure,you

cancallitby namefrom directmode. C64COMALincludeskeywordsfor

Justlikeaddingyourownkeywords! controllingsprites.No morePEEKand

POKEto createenjoyablegamesand

*** COMALIS WELLDOCUMENTED educationalprograms.The cartridge

versionhas twiceas manycommands,

TheCOMALHandbook(479pages)documents includingeasyspriteanimation!

COMALin an easyto use style.Excellent

tutorialbooksarealsoavailable.Over *** COMALuses the FUNCTIONKEYS

16 differentCOMALbooksin all.

C64COMALutilizesthe functionkeysfor

*** COMALincludeseasyGRAPHICS easyaccessto the graphicsscreen,text

screen,or splitscreen.Flipback and

C64COMALincludestheTURTLEgraphics forthbetweenscreenswiththe touchof

systemas popularizedby LOGO.You no onekey.The C64 COMAL2.0Cartridgeand

COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432,page WhatIsCOMAL? -continued

IBMPC COMALevenallowyou to redefine programsintoCOMALand continueusing thefunctionkeysyourself. thesamedatafiles,bothsequentialand

randomaccess.

*** Programlistings- EASY TO READ

*** COMALis POWERFUL

COMALautomaticallyindentsall structureblocks,makingprogram COMALis alreadyusedin Denmarkto

listingsveryeasyto read. controlseveralairports.It is also

usedin industrialcontrollersandwith

*** COMALis easyto MAINTAIN specialinstrumentsin laboratories.

ComputerAidedLearningsystemsare

SinceCOMALallowsmodularprogramming, alreadyrunningin bothCanadaand

completewithmulti-lineproceduresand Denmark,writtenin COMAL.SeveralData

functions,it is easyto maintaina Basesare availablein COMAL.Accounting

COMALprogram.And in serious Packages,Spreadsheets,and other

programming,programmaintenanceis applicationsare currentlybeingwritten

usuallymoretimeconsumingthanthe in COMAL.

originalprogrammingtime.

*** CONSISTENTand WELL DESIGNED

*** NOT SLOWEDDOWNby remarks

COMALbenefitsfromover10 yearsof

Many magazinearticlesrecommendthat developement.It is not a seriesof

you removeREMARKstatementsfroma "patches"to BASIC,but a well

finishedBASICprogramto speedup its researchedand designedlanguage.COMAL

execution.ThisBAD programmingpractice ig whatBASICshouldhavebeen.

is totallyunnecessaryin COMAL.

*** COMALIS AVAILABLENOW

*** LONGVARIABLENAMES

COMALis not a dream.It is a finished

A longvariablenametakes upmore no product.Thereareover100,000COMAL

programspacethana shortvariable usersalready.You should benext.

name.COMALstoresyour program

efficiently.Youarenotpenalizedfor *** HOW TO GET STARTED

creatinga readableprogram. We put togetherespeciallyforC64

***MERGEprogramsegmentstogether beginners,theProgrammersParadise

Package($19.95).Makesureto getthe

A builtin featureallowsyou to mergea optionalTutorialDiskfor$5 sincewe

programsegmentfromdiskwiththe thenalsogiveyoutheBestOf COMALand

programcurrentlyin memory. AutoRun Demodisksas well.If you want

onlytheBEST,ordertheC64Deluxe

***ReadBASICdiskdatafiles COMAL2.0CartridgePackage.Rememberto

addon shippingcosts($2minimum)and

COMALcanreadandwritefilesin two use ourorderformto avoidconfusion.n

ways:efficientlyin BINARYor theBASIC

way in ASCII.Thusyou can convertBASIC

page10,COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI 53716,phone608-222-4432 DareToCompare

Ifyoutakejusta momentto compare Lookingat thechartbelow,youmight

programminglanguages,youwillseewhy wonderwhy so manypeoplestilluse

COMALis thenumber1 languageof choice. BASICwhenit doesn'thavemanyextra

BASICandMachineLanguagearemore features.You are invitedto joinover

popular- butthatisbecausetheycome 100,000COMALusers.Choosethe language

withthecomputer.A quickglanceat the thatwillbe thenextstandard.Choose

comparisonchartbelowshouldconvince COMAL.The ProgrammersParadisePackage

you - COMAL0.14is preferableover makesstartingeasy.Calltoday.We can

BASIC,andtheCOMAL2.0Cartridgeis quicklysendyou thepackage.(H

evenbetter,perhapstheBESTbarnone!

ComparisonChart

x = included x = included x = included

-= notincluded -= notincluded -= notincluded ^EDITING======/=INPUT-OUTPUT-PRINTER==^GRAPHICS======xx-AUTO-automaticlinenumbers xx -TAB worksonprinterasonscreen xx-TurtlegraphicsandX/Ygraphics

x x-RENUM -renumberlines x x-Variablesizeprintsones x x-Hi-resormulticolorgraphics

x x-MERGE fromdisk xx-Printzone-sameonprinter/screen x x-Splitscreen(text/graphic!)

x x-Syntaxcheckingonentry x --Setupdefaultprintertypes xx-Background/Bordercolorkeywords

x x-Deleteblocksoflines x --Builtingraphicscreendump xx-Mixtextandgraphicsonscreen

x--FINDandCHANGEcommands x --Builtintextscreendump x --Graphicstextinanysite x x-Pauseaprogramlisting xx-PRINTUSINGformattedoutput x --Graphicstextsideways

x--TRACE-fordebuggingyourprogramxx -Selectoutput:printerorscreen x --Saveagraphicsscreentodisk

x--'Quotemode1disable/enable x--Selectinput:keyboard/batchfile x --Windowcapabilities

x--UnderstandsUPPERandlowercase x --INPUTAT andPRINTAT xx -Lineclippingwithinframe

x--Erasetoendofline-CONTROLK x --Automaticprotectedinputfields x --ARC andCIRCLEcommands x --Ooopskey-CONTROLA x x-Allowsnullreplytoinput x x-FILLcommand ==FILES======x x-AllowsSTOPkeyduringinput xx -PLOT apoint

xx-Binarysequential/randomfiles x x -Allowscommaaspartofinput ==SOUND======

xxxASCIIsequential/randomfiles x --Userdefinablecharacterfonts x --BELLcommand xx -Easyonecommandrandomfileuse ==STRUCTURES======x --Builtinsoundcommands x -x GET fromdisk xxx FOR loop x --Controlsoundenvelope x--BuiltintrueASCIIconversion x x-IntegerFOR loop x --Interruptdrivenmusicbuiltin ==DISKCOMMANDS—======xx -REPEAT...UNTILloop ==MACHINELANGUAGE=====

x x-CAT-catalogoffilesondisk x x-WHILE...ENDWHILEloop xxx Callmachinecoderoutines

x--Pausecatalog-sendittoprinter x --LOOP...EXITloop x --Callmachinecodebyname xx -STATUS-statusofthediskdrive x x-CASEstructure x --Linkmachinecodetoprograms

x--COPY-copyfilescommand xx -IF THEN ELSE-multiplelines x--M/Lroutinesparameterpassing

x x-DELETE-scratchfilesfromdisk xx -Callroutinesbyname ==OTHER======:

x--MOUNT -initialiseadisk x --External proceduresandfunctions x --Modemcommunicationsbuiltin

x--RENAME adiskfile xx-Multiplelineprocedure/function xx -Functionkeysdefined

x x-KnowswhenEndOfFileisreachedxx-Parameterswithprocs/fiincs x --Functionkeysalterablebyuser

xx -CHAINoneprogramtoanother xx -LOCALorGLOBALvariables x x-Stopkeydisable/enable

==NUMBERS======x --ERROR HANDLER -traperrors x --Cursorcommand

x --AcceptsHexandBinarynumbers xx -Automaticindentingofstructures x x -No"garbagecollection" x -xIncludesLogicalAND andOR ==SPRITES======x--Joystick/paddle/lightpenkeywords

x --IncludesLogicalXOR x x-Keywordsfordefiningsprites xx -Builtinstringsearch-IN

xxx IncludesTrigfunctions x x-Keywordsforsettingspritecolor x --Storeatextscreenforlateruse

xx -UnderstandsTRUEandFALSE x x-Keywordformovingsprites x x -Longvariablenames

x x -DIVandMOD operators xx -Builtincollisiondetection x --CansenseSRQinterrupt

x x-Arrayswithanyminimumindex x --STAMP aspriteimageontoscreen x x-Canchangepartofastring

xxx Integernumbers x --Animatesprites,interruptdriven x --Builtinclearscreencommand

x x-Producerandomintegerinarange x --Attachspriteshapestoprograms xxxPEEK,POKE,SYS,GOTO ■

COMALUsersGroupUSALtd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432,page11 QuestionsandAnswers

QUESTION:WhatcomputerscanrunCOMAL? TIME.It evenhas featuresyouwould

ANSWER:Commodore64, Commodore128, onlyexpectwith the largestcomputers

PET,CBM8032,CBM8096,MS-DOS,andIBM including:externalproceduresand

PC computers.Europeandistributorsalso functions,a structurederrorhandler,

haveCOMALforCP/M,APPLEwithCP/M protectedINPUTfields,userdefined

card,ACORNElectron,BBCMICRO,Compis, stringfunctions,windows,a builtin

Scandis,Supermax,,RC Piccolo, RC spriteanimationsystem,soundcontrols,

Partner,andmore.PlusseveralEuropean and FINDand CHANGEcommands.

computershaveCOMALbuiltin.We expect

COMALfor theMacintosh,AppleHe, QUESTION:What aboutIBM PC COMAL?

AppleHe, ,andAtariST soon. ANSWER:IBM PC COMALproducedby IBM

Denmarkis writtenby UniComal,the same

QUESTION:DoestheinexpensiveC64 COMAL people whobroughtus C64 COMAL.The IBM

0.14includemuch? versionis a much more seriousand more

ANSWER:Don'tlet thepricefoolyou. powerfulversion.Althoughthe systemis

Comparingit to BASICis likecomparing in English,themanualis in Danish.We

a ModelT to a RollsRoyce.C64COMAL arepatientlywaitingfortheEnglish

0.14is packedwithbuiltin features manualpackagebeforepromotingit much

including:ProgramStructureswith in theUnitedStates.But we do use it

AutomaticIndentation,FullScreen extensivelyourselves.Our order

programediting,Mergingprogram processingsystemrunsunder IBMPC

segmentsfromdisk,Automaticline COMAL,as doesour accountingand

numbering,Line renumbering,Program inventorycontrolsystems.Anyone

chaining,Multilineproceduresand familiarwithCOMAL2.0on theCommodore

functionswithparameterpassing,Local 64 willhaveno problemusingtheIBM

variables,Stopkeydisable,End Of Dataversion.Eventhe fullscreeneditingis

andEndOf Filesystemvariables,Built alike!Thepricefluctuatessince we

in StringSearch,ImmediateSyntax importit fromDenmark.Callto verify

Checking,builtin RunTimeCompiler, thecurrentprice. andmuchmore.It leavesabout12K free

workspaceon theCommodore64 (equals QUESTION:Do you put out a newsletter?

to about18K ofBASICprogramwork Do you havemembershipsto yourgroup? space).If thatisn'tenough,it also ANSWER:OurCOMALTODAYnewsletteris

includesa LOGOcompatibleturtle thesourceof up to dateinformation

graphicsdrawingsystempluseasyto aboutCOMAL.Contributionscomefrom

manipulatesprites. leadingCOMALexpertsas wellas users

world-wide.Membershipis not currently

QUESTION:DoestheCOMAL2.0 Cartridge available,but a subscriptionto COMAL

domorethanthediskloaded COMAL? TODAYis virtuallythe samething. ANSWER:Yes,muchmore.It has over 30K

freeusermemory,PRINTAT,CURSOR,LIST QUESTION:Are your diskscopyprotected?

procedure,addeddiskcommands,both ANSWER:AbsolutelyNOT!Unlikeother

upper andlowercaselettersacceptedon languages,ourC64disksarenotcopy

programentry,GET$,GLOBALvariablesin protected.You may make as manybackup

a CLOSEDprocedure,INTERRUPTmonitoring copiesas you like.If you market

theIEEEinterruptline,STR$,VAL,and programswrittenin C64 COMAL0.14,you

More►

page12,COMALUsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432 QuestionsandAnswers-continued

can includetheCOMALsystemon the disk andtheseare includedin bothC64COMAL

withyourprogramswithoutany royalty andIBMPC COMAL.COMALis thenatural

payments. firstlanguageto learn.In fact,it is

thefirstlanguagetaughtin Ireland,

QUESTION:Can COMALcommunicatevia Sweden,Norway,Scotlandand Denmark. modem?

ANSWER:YES! SeveralCOMALTerminal QUESTION:How aboutsampleprograms?

programsareavailableon ourModem ANSWER:Over3000programsareavailable

Disk.The COMAL2.0Cartridgehas on morethan40 differentdisks.

telecommunicationcapabiltybuiltin.

QUESTION:Can a BASICor LOGOprogram

QUESTION:Is a COMALcompileravailable? run underCOMAL?

ANSWER:All versionsincludea Run Time ANSWER:NO.However,it canbe rewritten

Compiler,with manyof theadvantages.A to do so. Likewise,BASICand LOGO

truecompileris not yetavailable. cannotrun a COMALprogram.

However,IBMPC COMALis fasterthan

TurboPascaljustas itis now! QUESTION:Is COMALCommodoreApproved?

ANSWER:Yes!It is approvedby Commodore

QUESTION:Is COMALfasterthanBASIC? England.CommodoreCanadaintroducedit

ANSWER:Muchfasterin all respects!A at theWorldof CommodoreShow7giving

programwillrun about3 timesfaster awayover500COMALdisksin twodays.

thanan equivalentBASICprogram.Write The COMALHandbookis approvedby

yourprogram3 to 10 timesfasterand CommodoreUSA.And the COMALCartridge

fixanyerrors3 to 10timesfasteras is manufacturedby CommodoreDenmark.

well.Stringsearchesareactuallyover COMALis official.It alsohas been

50 timesfasterwithCOMAL.You do not awardedtheUnitedStatesCommodore

sacrificespeedto gainCOMAL UsersGroupEndorsement(onestephigher

advantages. thanApproval).Officialdistributorin

theUSA is COMALUsersGroupUSA

QUESTION:How about soundcontrol? Limited.IBMPC COMALis alsoofficial,

ANSWER:Soundcantrolcommandsarebuilt producedby IBM Denmark.

intotheCOMALCartridge.COMALTODAY

haspublishedroutinesforusewith QUESTION:Willa standardCOMALprogram

COMAL0.14(onTODAYDISK#S)/ I writeon my Commodore64 runwith IBM

COMAL?

QUESTION:Do you recommendthatstudents ANSWER:Yes.We use a systemof COMAL

startwithCOMALandprogressto LOGOor programsto processordershere.They

BASIC? werewrittenon a Commodorebut now are

ANSWER:Yes!By allmeansstartwith runningon anIBM PC compatiblewith20

COMAL.But NO! LOGOand BASICare not Meg Harddisk.We onlyhad to changethe

neededonceyou are usingCOMAL.BASIC filenamesand removeone shortcut in

is a stepbackwardsandwill onlygive substringsthatCommodoreallowsbut IBM

studentsbadhabitsto UNlearnlater. doesnot. IB)

AndCOMALincludesvirtuallyallof

BASIC,withoutitshassles.LOGOis

usuallychosenfor itsTurtleGraphics-

COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI 53716,phone608-222-4432,page13 Letters

SOMEOF OUR TYPICALLETTERS: * Ifvebeenwritingcompilersand

operatingsystemsforNCR fora number

* Froma Commodore64 publication:C64 of yearsandI'mtotallyamazedat

COMAL0.14mightbe theproductof the COMAL.Thisis trulyan exceptional

year.In my opinion,it is superiorto language.L.F.

Simons1Basicforgraphics!

* I now own 'every1languagethatthe

* As a longtimeprogrammerin BASIC, Commodore64 has...COMALseemsto be

Assembly,andotherlanguages,I am thebestoveralllanguageby a long

speechless.COMAL0.14doesindeedmake shot.R.G.Ohio

BASICobsolete...itis theclearest

languageI haveeverused.J.S.Illinois * I havejustreceivedmy COMALdiskfor

theCommodore64,version0.14.I find

* Beinga collegeseniorin Computer thislanguageabsolutelyfascinating.I

Science,I havebeenexposedto many teachcomputerprogrammingforgifted

fineprogramminglanguages,includingC, children...M.B.Pennsylvania

Ada,andPascal...As a scientist,I am

impressedwithitscontrolstructures, * I'vehadsecondthoughtsaboutmy C64

readability,modularity,and in thepast(itsBASICis thepits!),

maintainability.As a student,I am butwithCOMAL- no more.It isan

impressedwith itsprice...B.P.Maryland unbeatableprice/performance

combination.C.N.Ohio

* ...it seemsthatCOMALis exactlywhat

I havebeenwaitingfor.W.C.Delaware * Nicelanguage!!SurehasBASICbfcat!!

D.H.California * Turtleand Spritecommandsallworkin

program andinteractivemodesand far * I havebeenusingCOMALsinceOctober exceedexpectations.R.H.Montreal 1983ona C64andI getmoreenthused

aboutthislanguageeverytimeI useit.

* I am in lovewithCOMAL.I havebeen N.A.California usingBASICfor aroundfiveyears.It

serveditspurposebut now it is timeto * AfterhavingplayedwithCOMALon my moveon to somethingbetter(nowthatit C64thepastfewdaysI canhonestlysay has arrived).R.J. Iowa I am absolutelyamazed!It reallydoes

seemeasyto learn...C.G.Wisconsin

* I thinkCOMALis the best language

availabletoday!F.K. * I justreceivedtheCOMAL0.14from

youa weekagoand it is great.I have

* I havethe0.14versionon diskand am usedPascalin my job and it appears

reallyastoundedby itspower.A.W. thatCOMALhassomefeaturesPascaldoes

not.B.C.NorthCarolina

* Itis easyto understandyour interest

in COMAL.Whatan excitinglanguage. The* As a languagetyro[Forth,Logo,

factthatso manyfeaturescouldbe put Pascal,Pilot,Fortran,Cobol]I cansay

in a homecomputerlanguageis amazing thatCOMAL'sthebestlanguageI'veseen

to me.K.G.Utah formicro's.D.V.MarylandH

page14,COMALUsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432 COMALBooks

Thereare16COMAL booksavailablenow, CartridgeGraphics& Sound GraphicsPrimer

andmanymoresoontobereleased.A CaptainCOMAL'sFriends MindySkelton

categorylistingofthebooksisbelow.

SeeCOMAL TODAY #7 forfullreviews.GeneralCOMAL Tutorials CaptainCOMAL GetsOrganized

LenLindsay

BeginningCOMAL

COMAL 0.14& 2.0Reference: BorgeChristensen COMAL 2.0Tutorials

COMAL Handbook FoundationsinComputerStudies COMAL 80TutorialBinder

LenLindsay WithCOMAL FrankBason& LeoHojsholt

JohnKelly

COMAL 0.14Reference: OtherCOMAL Books

StructuredProgrammingWithCOMAL

COMAL FromA To Z RoyAtherton LibraryofFunctions

BorgeChristensen KevinQuiggle

StartingWithCOMAL

C64GraphicsWithCOMAL IngvarGratte COMAL Yesterday

LenLindsay ReprintofCOMAL Todayissues1-4

COMAL 0.14Tutorials

COMAL 2.0Reference: COMAL Quick& UtilitesSet2

COMAL Workbook JesseKnight

COMAL 2.0Packages GordonShigley

JesseKnight

TOP 10BESTSELLINGCOMAL BOOKS IN1985

1985! Book !Jan!Feb!Mar!Apr.'May!Jun!JulIAug!Sep!Oct!Nov!Dec!

1 *! COMALFromA To Z ! 2 ! 2 ! 3 ! 5 ! 4 ! - ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 !

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +

2 ! COMALHandbook ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 3 ! 3 ! 2 ! 4 ! - ! 5 ! 4 ! 5 ! - !

+ + + + + + + +— + + + + + +

3 *! CartridgeGraphics& Snd!3!3!2!4!5!3!2!4!3!3!3!3!

+ + — + — + — + — + ---+ — + — + — + — +—+— + +

4 @! CartridgeTutorialBindr!- ! - ! - ! - ! - ! 1 ! 3 ! 3 ! 2 ! 2 ! 2 ! 2 !

+ + +— + — + — + — +—+— +— +— + — +— +— +

5 @! BeginningCOMAL ! - ! 4 ! 1 ! 1 ! - ! 4 ! 5 ! - ! - ! 5 ! - ! - !

+ + — + — + + +— + — + — + — + •+— +—+— +

6 *! COMALWorkbook ! - ! - ! - ! - ! 1 ! 5 ! - ! 2 ! 4 ! 5 ! 4 ! 5 !

+ + — + — + — + —+ +—+ — + — +— + — + — + +

7 *! COMAL2.0Packages ! - ! - ! - ! 2 ! 2 ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - !

+ + +— + — + — + — + —+— + +— + — + — + +

8 @! Foundations...withCOMAL!5 ! - ! 4 ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - !

+ + — + — + + +— +—+ — + — + +— +— + +

9 @!Structured...withCOMAL! 4 ! 5 ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - !

+ + — + — + — + —+ + — +— +— + — + — + —+ +

10 ! COMALYesterday ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! 4 !

+ +—+—+—+—+—+—+—+—+—+—+ — + — +

* meansthisbookis a CaptainCOMALseriesbook

@ meansthisbookis imported H

COMALUsersGroupUSALtd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432,page15 1)InsertyourCOMALdiskindrive*.

2)TypeLOAD"064COMAL*",8

3)TypeRUN (startsCOMAL)

4)TypeAUTO (turnonautoline#ls)

5)Entertheprogramlinesshownbelow

GraphicsDesigner 6)HitRETURN keytwicewhendone

7)TypeRUN

0010,IIsave"design"//incomal

0020repeat

0030 design by CaptainCOMAL 0040untildone

0050II Whome?A designer?Now,an artistI'mnot.But look 0060procdesign 0070 black:=0;white:=l at whatI created(witha littlehelpfromCOMAL).And 0080 backgroundblack

it only tooka fewminutesto writetheprogramthat 0090 pencolorwhite

makesthe design.Bestof all,you can use the program 0100 setgraphic0//highresscreen 0110 //pickrandomnumber& size as a startingpoint.The hardestpartof learningto 0120 number'boxe8:=md(6,36)

programis starting!I learnedto programon my own 0130 box'sise:=rnd(10,60)

0140 forboxes=ltonumber'boxesdo yearsagoby lookingat otherpeoplesprogramsand 0150 box(box'sise) thenchangingthem. 0160 left(360divnumber'boxes)

0170 endforboxes

0180endprocdesign Now,how wouldyou drawa box?Drawa lineand turn90 0190II degrees.Thendo that3 moretimesfor allfoursides: 0200procbox(length)

0210 forsides:=lto4 do

0220 forwardlength SETGRAPHIC0 0230 left90 FORSIDES-1TO 4 0240 endforsides FORWARD20 0250endprocbox 0260 LEFT90 // 0270funcdone ENDFOR 0280 plottext8,8,"doanother?"

0290 whiletruedo//forever

0300 casekey$of Thatwilldrawa box on yourgraphicsscreen(the 0310 when"Y","y" firstlineputsyou in graphicsmode).Try it.Now, 0320 returnfalse

thefunpart.Let'sgive thosefourlineswe just 0330 when"N","n"

0340 returntrue wrotea name.Let'scallthemBOX.Justadd a header 0350 otherwise litmabovethem,andan endinglineafterthem: 0360 borderrnd(0,15)//Hash

0370 endcase

PROCBOX 0380 endwhile 0390endfuncdone

•••••

ENDPROC

Now,onceyourprogramis run,COMALknowswhatyou

meanif you givethe commandBOX.But alwaysdrawinga

size20 box getsboring.Let'sadda parameter!When

we wanta box,we willtellhow big at the sametime: Noticehoweasyitistomakeadesign

usingthebuiltinturtlegraphicsof

BOX(30) COMAL.Line220drawsalineandline 230turnstheturtletoprepareforthe

nextlinedrawn.Settingthescreencolors

ChangeyourBOXprocedureto looklikeit doesin the isequallyeasyasseeninlines70-90. programlistingon the side.Now you can makeboxes Randomnumberscanbeproducedwithin

anyrange(lines120and130).COMAL any sizeyou want.The procedureDESIGNdrawsa series alsounderstandsTRUE andFALSE. of BOXESat differentangles.

* Ifyoudon'thaveCOMAL yet,ordera

Programmer'sParadisePackage-$19.95. Finally,I definedmy own functionnamedDONE. It ItincludesthecompleteCOMAL system

showshow a functioncan includemanylines,and even plusover400pagesofinformation.Add

askyouquestions(muchdifferentthanthe 1 line $5moretogetour20interactivelesson TutorialDisk.Add$2shipping.Visa/MC functionsof BASIC). orUSfundscheckaccepted.H

page16,COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI 53716,frhone608-222-4432 1)InsertyourCOMALdiskindrive*.

2)TypeLOAD"C64COMAL*",8

3)TypeRUN (startsCOMAL)

4)TypeAUTO (turnonautoline#>s)

5)Entertheprogramlinesshownbelow

ElectronicPhonebook(COMALindentslinesforyou)

6)HitRETURNkeytwicewhendone

7)TypeRUN

e=enterf=findl=list

Whatname?COMAL by Captain COMAL COMAL UsersGroup 608-222-4432

0010sone21 //setautotabto21 I'mlate!I bettercallGeorge.Drat!What'shislast 0020dimname!of20,phone!of12 name?Klaverston.No.Calverson?Wait!Whybother?You 0030dimdisk$of 2

havea computer.COMALis goodat searchingfor 0040black:=0;white:=l;yellow:=7

things.Thisprogramdoesit all foryou:createsthe 0050backgroundblack 0060repeat datafile,let'syouenternamesintoit,andbestof 0070 pencolorwhite

all- findsa phonenumberwhenyouneedit.Andyou 0080 print"e=enterf=findl=list"

don'thaveto rememberthepersonsfullnameeither! 0090 casekey!of

0100 when"e","E"

0110 enter'name

Thefindroutineis simple.It is reallydoneallin 0120 when"f","F"

onelineusingIN (seeline440).Thenicethingis 0130 input"Whatname?":name! 0140 find'name(name!) that INlooksovertheentirestringfora match!To 0150 when"1","L"

findthenameGeorgeGalvestonyoucouldaskfor 0160 find'name("")

Georgeand it wouldmatch.Or ask forGalv.ston.or 0170 otherwise 0180 printchr$(147)//dearscreen just£. Theyallwillmatch. 0190 endcase

0200untirtrue=false//forever

Andkeepingtrackof yourdiskfileswithCOMALis 0210// 0220procenter'name easytoo.TheSTATUScommandreportson thestatusof

0230input"Entername:":name! thediskdrive(seeline300).We useit to seeif 0240input"Enterphone:":phone!

openingthe filewas OK ("00").The firsttimeyou run 0250ifname!>""thenadd'toTile 0260endprocenter'name theprogramthedatafilewillnotbe there,andthe 0270// programdetectsthisand startsit foryou.COMAL 0280procadd'to'file

watchesallyourfilesforyou.Wheneveryoureachthe 0290 openfile2("phone.dat",append

0300disk!:=status! endof a fileit setsEOF (forfindOf File)to TRUE. 0310ifdisk!<>"00"then By usingEOF in line420 we makesureour programis 0320 close//datafilenotfound

notupsetif it can'tfindthepersonrequested. 0330 openfile2,"phone.dat",write

0340 endif

0350writefile2:name!,phone! Did you see the ZONEcommandin line10? In BASICyour 0360 close

screenis setup witha defaultzonewidthof 10, 0370endprocadd'toTile 0380// whichis nice,if youhappento needthatspecific 0390procfind'naxne(search!)

setting.In COMAL,you cansetthezoneto be any 0400 pencoloryellow

numberyouwish (0 is thedefaultfornone).Line10 0410 openfile2,"phone.dat",read

0420whilenoteof(2)do setsthezoneto 21,perfectforusewithnamesup to 0430 readfile2:name!,phone! 20 characterslong(whichwe setin line20). 0440 ifsearch!inname!then

0450 printname!,phone!

0460 endif Finally,lookat themultiplechoicesystemCOMALhas. 0470 endwhile

Lines90 through190showtheCASEstructure.KEY$ 0480 close looks atthekeyboardandreturnsthekey youjust 0490 print"Hitwhenready" 0500whilekey!<>chr!(13)donull pressed(ifany).It is thebasisof ourCASE.When 0510endprocfind'name thekey is an E (upperor lowercase)theENTER'NAME

routineis executed.Whenit is F theprogramfirst * Ifyoudon'thaveCOMAL yet,ordera Programmer'sParadisePackage-!19.98. asksfora pieceof information(whatto lookfor)and ItincludesthecompleteCOMAL system

thencallstheroutineFIND'NAMEto do thesearch.If plusover400pagesofinformation.Add

noneof theWHENcasesmatch,COMALprovidesus with !5moretogetour20interactivelesson TutorialDisk.Add!2shipping.Visa/MC theOTHERWISEsection.All quitereadable. orUSfundscheckaccepted.■

COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI 53716,phone608-222-4432,page17 1)InsertyourCOMALdiskindrive1".

2)TypeLOAD"C64COMAL*",8

3)TypeRUN (startsCOMAL) Ready,Aim,Draw 4)TypeAUTO (turnonautoline#fs) 5)Entertheprogramlinesshownbelow.

LinesareindentedbyCOMAL

automaticallywhenyoulistthe

program.Ignoreleadingspaces

whiletypingintheprogram.

by CaptainCOMAL 6)HitRETURNkeytwicewhendone

7)TypeRUN

Oh no!Not anotherdrawingprogram.Yes,dearreaders. 0010setup

We arehappyto presentREADYAIM DRAW.Whilethe 0020repeat programdoesn'tcomecloseto the commercialdrawing 0030 aim

0040untiltrue=false//forever programsor our own GRAPHICSEDITORsystemscheduled 0050//

forCOMALTODAY#22,it doesshowyou how you can 0060procsetup combine spritesand drawingon the graphicsscreen.It 0070 black:=0;white:=l

0080 backgroundblack showshow evensmallprogramscan do this. 0090 pencolorwhite

0100 repeat

The programstartsby settingup things(aptlynamed 0110 input"speed(1-9):":speed

0120 untilspeed>0andspeed<10 SETUP).You shouldgetusedto groupingpartsof your 0130 setgraphic0 programintosmallmodules.Give eachmodulea name 0140 hideturtle

(upto 78 characterslong).Fromthenon,wheneveryou 0150defme'shapefl)

0160 identify1,1 wantto executethelines,justcallthemby name. 0170 spritecolor1.white Anyway,ourprogramusestheSETUPmoduleto setthe 0180 spritesisel,true,true screencolors,definethe sprite,givedirections,and 0190 xpos:=100;ypos:=100

0200 plottextllllNcrsr=moved=drawtt askwhatspeedto use.To definethe spriteshapeit 0210endprocsetup

callsanothermodule,DEFINE'SHAPE(seeline150). 0220//

0230procdefine'shape(num)closed

0240dimshape!of64 We usethebuiltin DEFINEcommandto definea sprite 0250 forx:=lto64do

shape.Thatshapeis setupby a 63 characterstring- 0260 ifnoteodthenreadtemp

plusa 64thcharacterthattellswhetheror not it is 0270 shape$(x):=chr$(temp) 0280 endforx highresolution.OurprogramusesDATAstatementsto 0290 data24,0,0,24,0,0,231,0,0

providetheproperstringcharacters.But notice,we 0300 data231,0,0,24,0,0,24,0

don'thave63 numbers.We onlyuse thenumbersneeded 0310definenum,shape$ 0320endprocdefine'shape to setup thetopcornerof thesprite.Thatis allwe 0330//

need.Therestof thestringis setto CHR$(0)meaning 0340procaim

blank.To do thiswe watchfor the End Of Data (EOD). 0350 spriteposl,xpos,ypos 0360 casekey$of WhenEODbecomesTRUE,we knowwe havereadthe last 0370whenchr$(145)//crsrup

number,and don'treadanymore (justcontinueusing 0380 ypos:+speed

thelastnumberread,whichis 0). 0390whenchr$(17)//crsrdown 0400 ypos:-speed

0410whenchr$(157)//crsrleft

COMALunderstandswhatTRUEandFALSEmean.The 0420 xpos:-speed

programusesthemin line180 to set thespritesize 0430whenchr$(29)//crsrright 0440 xpos:+speed to be expanded.Alsoline 40usesthem.Theprogram 0450when"d","D"//draw

continuesto AIM untilTRUEequalsFALSE(whichis 0460 drawtoxpos+8,ypos-5

never).To stoptheprogramjusthit theSTOPkey! 0470 otherwise 0480 spritecolorl,rnd(l,15)

0490 endcase

Meanwhile,theAIM modulechecksthekeyboard.€*ressa 0500endprocaim

cursorkeyandthesmall crosstargetis moved

* Ifyoudon'thaveCOMALyet,ordera accordingly.PresstheletterJ)to drawa linefrom Programmer'sParadisePackage-!19.95. thelastpointto thepointyou are currentlyaiming ItincludesthecompleteCOMAL system

at.Otherwisetheroutinekeepschangingthecolorof plusover400pagesofinformation.Add

$5moretogetour20interactivelesson thesprite,givinga pulsingeffect. TutorialDisk.Add$2shipping.Visa/MC

orUS fundscheckaccepted.IB

page18,COMALUsersGroupUSALtd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432 1)InsertyourCOMALdiskindrive*.

2)TypeLOAD"C64COMAL*",8

S)TypeRUN (startsCOMAL)

4)TypeAUTO

(COMALprovidesthelinenumbers)

TheWalker 5)Entertheprogramlinesshownbelow

(COMALindentslinesforyou)

6)HitRETURNkeytwicewhendone

7)TypeRUN

Watchananimatedspritehobble

acrossthescreen.Changethe(99) by CaptainCOMAL inline450forreallyfastwalking

0010setup Thereis no needto be frightenedof sprites.COMAL 0020repeat addssimplecommandsto easilycontrolall8 sprites 0030 walking

at once.WALKERis a simpleprogramthatanimatesa 0040untilkey$="q"//QtoQuit

spriteusing4 shapes.Trytheprogram.Watchthe 0050// 0060procsetup WALKERhobbleacrossthescreen.COMALis so fastthat 0070 blue:=14;pink:=10

a pauseroutineis addedto slowthe WALKERdown. 0080 white:=l;black:=0

0090 define'images

0100 repeat Thewholeprogramismerely4 lineslong.Well, 0110 input"speed(1-10):":speed

actually moreif you countalltheprocedurestoo.It 0120 untilspeed>=landspeed<=10

takesadvantageof COMAL1smodularnature,andsetsup 0130 backgroundblack 0140 setgraphic0 proceduresto performthe severalroutinesneeded.The 0150 spritebackblue,pink

firstoneis calledSETUP.As youmightguessit sets 0160 spritecolor1,white

up thingsfortheprogram.Beforesettingup the 0170 spritesisel,false,false

0180 plottextl,l,ttpressq toquit" spritecolorsand sizetheSETUPprocedure,calls 0190endprocsetup

DEFINE'IMAGES.Now,thatis wherethe spriteshapes 0200//

0210procdefine'imagesclosed aredetermined- all four ofthem.

0220dimshape!of64,c$of1

0230shape$(l:64):=""

Spriteimages aredefinedby a 63 bytestring,justas 0240 shape$(64):=chr$(l)//multicolor

in BASIC.ButCOMALdoes allthework.DEFINEputsthe 0250c$:=chr$(0) 0260forx=22to63doshape$(x):=c$ imagesin a specialreservedareaof memoryforyou! 0270c$:=chr$(170)

No PEEKor POKEneeded.ThenIDENTIFYletsany sprite 0280forx=lto21doshape$(x):=c$

use anyof thedefinedshapesat any time,even 0290define0,shape! 0300c$:=chr$(20) simultaneously.Butwhyusea 64 bytestringto DEFINE 0310forx=22to42doshape$(x):=c$

ourshapes?Only63 arefortheshapeitself!If the 0320define1.shape*

64thbyteis a CHR$(0)it tellsCOMALthatthesprite 0330defineS,shape$ 0340c$:=chr$(60) isHi-Res.Otherwisethespritewillbe Multi-Color 0350forx=43to63doshape$(x):=c$

(likein thisprogram).Lines150-170showhoweasyit 0360 define2,shape*

is to setup thecolorsfor oursprites,as wellas to 0370endprocdefine'images 0380// chooseto expandtheirsize. 0390procwalking

0400 forwalk:=lto319divspeeddo

0410 x:=walk*speed Therestof theprogramisa simpleREPEATloop.It 0420 y:=100+walkmod4 continuesWALKINGuntilyou presstheQ key.WALKING 0430 spriteposl,x,y

keepsmovingour spriteacrossthescreenwhile 0440 identifyl.walkmod4

animatingthe images.SPRITEPOSin line430 changes 0450 pause(99) 0460 endforwalk itspositionwhile IDENTIFYin line440givesit an 0470endprocwalking

image.Thenline450pausesa bit.Changethe(99)to 0480//

0490procpause(delay)closed somethingsmallerfora shorterpause.Removetheline 0500 forwait:=ltodelaydonull altogetherforsomereallyfastwalking. 0510endprocpause

youdon'thaveCOMAL yet,ordera Finally,noticetheuse of MOD in lines420and440. *If Programmer'sParadisePackage-!19.95. It doesa divisionand throwsawaytheanswer.The ItincludesthecompleteCOMAL system

onlythingit remembersis theremainder.Thus9 MOD 4 plusover400pagesofinformation.Add

$5moreto getour 20interactivelesson is 1, theremainderof 9 dividedby 4. Thisis a TutorialDisk.Add$2shipping.Visa/MC convenientway to haveimagescycleby fours. orUSfundscheckaccepted.B

COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI 53716,phone608-222-4432,page19 BackupYourDisks

Don'tusethediskswe sendyou!As a If you haveonlya singledrive,you

matterof fact,don'tuse thedisksthat stillcanbackupour disks.Sinceour

any companysendsyou. First,backupthe disksareNOT copyprotected,anydisk

disk.Thenstoretheoriginaldiskin a backupprogramwillwork.Use thebackup

safeplace.Finally,usethecopyof the programyou alreadyhave.If you do not

disk."Whybother?"youmayask.Well, havea diskbackupprogram,we are

if foranyreasonthediskis ruined, providingone foryou on theProgrammers

simplygetouttheoriginaldiskand ParadiseDisk.Sincemaximummemoryis

makeyourselfanothercopy. neededto backupa disk,the program

suppliedis a BASICprogram.Do not try

OK,therearemorereasonsto makethose to loadit intoCOMAL.Do this:

copies.One is compatibility.Thereare

at least threevariationson thepopular 1) Removeany diskfromyour drive.

Commodorediskformat:1541,4040and

MSD.Theyeachcanreadtheotherformat 2) Turnoff the computersystem.

types,thustheyareREADcompatible.

However,theyareNOT WRITEcompatible. 3) Turnon thecomputersystem.

Ifyouusea 1541driveto writeon a

diskthatwascreatedwitha 4040drive 4) InserttheProgrammersParadiseDisk you are askingfor trouble.Problems intoyour drive.Usingunshifted willnotariserightaway.Butoneday - letterstype inthiscommand

ZAP.You willhavemissingfiles!Avoid followedby theRETURNkey:

theheartache. load"backupdisk.basic",8

Manyof ourdisksnow comewithprograms 5) Typethislinefollowedby RETURN: on BOTHsides.Sincewe onlyuse premium run disksspecificallydesignedforthis,it shouldn'tpresenta problem.However, 6) The screenclearsandyou are asked: usingthediskconstantlyfromsideto disk name? sideis not recommended.Copybothsides of thesedisksontotwonew disks. 7) Beforereplying,removetheoriginal

diskfromthedrive.Inserta blank

A finalreasonforcopyingthedisksis disk.The programerasesand formats thatof diskdriveheadalignment.Your thediskforuse as yourbackup. drivemaybe justslightlymisaligned.

Thatwillnotcauseproblemsas longas 8) Typein a nameforthedisk(upto youuse diskswrittenby yourown drive. 16 characters).

How do you makea backupcopyof our 9) Nextyou areasked: disk?If you areone of the luckyones uniquedisk id ? withan MSD DualDriveit is easy.Just placetheoriginaldiskintodrive0 (on Everydiskhas its own two characterID. theleft)and a blankdiskintodrive1 No disksshouldeverhavethesamedisk

(ontheright).Thenissuethiscommand ID. It is hardto emphasizethisenough. fromCOMAL: TheCaptainCOMALGetsOrganizeddisk

PASS"Dl-0" managementsystemwillhelp you keep

More►

page20,COMALUsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432 ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■a*

BackupYourDisks-continued

trackof yourdiskID's(evenprinta numbersare 1-124again,but thisis

chartof thoseyouhavealreadyused). a differentsetof 124blocks):

Fornow,typein two charactersthatyou readingblock#—

are SUREarenot yet usedin yourdisk

library.Try [[ sinceit is unusual. 19)Afterthenext124blocksareread you'llsee themessage:

10)Instructionsappearon thescreen: insertdestinationdisk,pressSPACE

insertsourcedisk,pressSPACE

20)You nowmaygobackto step14 and

11)Removethenew diskfromthedrive. continuethe cycleof swappingdisks

Labelit withthedisknameand ID. backandforthas instructedby the

Insertthe originaldisk,calledthe program.BE PATIENT!It may takeup

sourcedisk.Thenhit the SPACEbar. to 12 diskswaps.Thelastpassof readingblocksfromtheoriginal

12)Ignoreinformationaboutthedisk sourcediskwillprobablystop

thatscrollsby. It endsby beforeit getsto 124.Thatis your

estimatingabouthow longthe copy signthatthisis thefinalswap.

may take.Thenit counts andreads Putin thedestinationdiskas

blocksfromthesourcedisk.The instructed.Afterit writesthe

countis flashedon thebottom finalblocksit liststhedirectory

screenline: of thenewlycreateddisk.H

readingblock#— DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDaDDDDDDODDDD

13)After124blocksareread,more

instructions appearon the screen: HOW COMAL RATES

insertdestinationdisk,pressSPACE

COMALSTARTERSHT 14)Takeouttheoriginalsourcedisk.

Put thenew destinationdiskinto g A A the drive.Thenhit the SPACEbar. CaseofUse A A

DocumentationA A 15)As blocksarewrittento thedisk,

thecountis shown:

writingbuffer# COMAL 0.14

Performance:10

Excellent:8-10 16)Afteralltheblocksarewrittenyou Easeofuse:9 Good:5-7 will see themessage: Reliability:9 Poor:under5

insertsourcedisk,pressSPACE Documentation:8

Fromthebook,TheBestVic/C64Software.Nootherlanguage

gotaratingof10inanycategory,andnoneratedhigherin 17)Removethenewdestinationdisk.Put thesecategories. theoriginalsourcediskback into

thedrive.Thenhit the SPACEbar. COMAL 2.0Cartridgerating:•••••

COMAL 0.14StarterKitrating:****

18)Now thefamiliarmessageappears FromINFOmagazine,COMAL 2.0wasthehighestrated

programminglanguage(5starsisthehighest). again,flashingthroughthenextset

of blocks,1 through124 (yes,the COMALStartersKitisnowcalledProgrammersParadise.Ofi

COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI 53716,phone608-222-4432,page21 CopyFiles

Therearemanytimeswhenyoumaywish If it is a sequentialfile,SEQ in to copyjusta couplefilesfromone the diskcatalog,add a ,s afterits diskontoanother.To helpyouwiththis name.For example: task,we provideda program,SINGLEFILE comalerrors,s

COPY,on TODAYDISK#1 and#2. It is a veryniceprogram,but couldnot copya 8) The programwill initializethe disk largeprogramfilelikeC64COMAL0.24. and will readin all the of the file

So,we havenow providedanothersingle you specified.Thismessagewill filecopyprogram.It is notas friendly appear onthe screen: as thefirstone,but thisonewillcopy Readingfile... up to 40K files(upto about160blocks on a disk).Thus,it willcopytheC64 9) If it encountersa diskerrorit

COMAL0.24file(131blocks).Thisnew will stopand print: program,calledCOPYFILES.BASIC,is on Diskproblem! theProgrammersParadiseDisk.Maximum memorywas neededfor copyinga large If the fileis toobig (over40K)it file,so theprogramwaswrittenin willstopandprint:

BASIC.Do not loadit intoCOMAL.Here File too large! is how to use it:

If all is OK it willpromptyou to

1)Turncomputersystemon. switchdisks:

Insertdisk to writefile to

2) InsertProgrammersParadiseDisk and pressRETURN

intodrive.

10)If allwas OK, takeout theoriginal

3) Enterthesecommands: diskand insertthe diskyou wish to

load"copyflies.basic",8 writethe fileto. Thenhit the

run RETURNkey.

4) Thescreenwillclearandthe 11)Whilethefileis copiedontothe

programwillask: new diskthismessageis displayed

Pleaseenterfilenamewith on your screen:

,s for SEQ or,p for PRG Writingfile...

afterthe name:

12)Whenthefileis completelycopied,

5) Removethedisk fromthedrive. theprogramendswiththismessage:

All done.

6) Insertthediskwiththefileyou

wishto copyon it intothe drive. 13)If youwishto copyanotherfile,

enterthe command:run andcontinue

7) Typein theexactnameof thefile at stepnumber4.

you wishto copy.If it is a program

file,PRG in the diskcatalog,add a See page 7 for instructionson how you

,p afteritsname.For example: can use thisprogramto make your own

c64 comal0.14,p COMALstartupdisk.S

page22,COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI53716,phone608-222-4432 DoubleSidedDisks

"Willa doublesideddiskette,suchas a Thatiswhatyoushoulddowithall

COMALTODAYDisk,workin theCommodore disksyourecievefromus (andother

1541diskdrive?"We'vereceivedcards softwaredistributors).Thediskyou

andlettersfromseveralnew COMALites receiveis consideredyourMASTERDISK.

aroundthecountrywhoweren'ttoosure. Never usea masterdisk.Useonlycopies

of it.Thenif anythinghappensto the

We now distributediskswithprograms disk,youneedonlymakeanothercopy.

storedon BOTHsides.Whilethismethod Thisis especiallytruewithCommodore

is greetedwithjoy by most,somewonder formatdisks,sincethe1541,4040and

how thesinglesided1541diskdrivecan MSDdrivesarereadcompatible- butNOT

reada doublesideddiskette. writecompatible.Ourmasterdisksare

usuallycreatedon a 4040driveandare

The 1541can reada doublesideddisk not copy protected.

onlywitha bit of help.Youmust

providethehelpby flippingthe Masterdisksshouldnever,neverbe

disketteover.Here'show it works. writtenon.To insurethatyoudon't

accidentlywriteon oneof yourMasters,

Forexample,TODAYDISK#9 has COMAL manyof thediskswe distributehaveno

0.14programsstoredon thefrontside. writeprotectnotch.Thatmakesthem

To use theprograms,simplyinsertthe READONLYdisks.M

diskettetheusualway,withthelabel DDDDDDDDDDDanDDnnnDDDDDDDDnDDDDDD up, and followthe loadinginstructions.

ThetrickypartcomeswhenCOMAL2.0 THAT'SWHAT THEY SAID...

cartridgeownerswant to use the 2.0 Iflanguagesinterestyou,thisoneiswellwortha look... programsthatare storedon theback It'sinexpensivetotry.Youmayfindthatit'sjustwhat

sideof thediskette.The1541drivehas youhavebeenlookingfor.

-JimButterfield,Compute! onlyoneread/writehead,not two.You

musttakethe disketteout of the drive COMAL wasjustwhatIwaslookingfor.

and flipit over.Theninsertit in the -ColinThompson,RUN

drivewiththelabeldown. OverallCOMAL averagesouttoabout3 timesfasterthan BASIC.

Afteryou'vedonethis,the1541'sread/ -LorenWright,Micro

writeheadcan readthebacksideof the Thisdiskisfantastic! diskette.The 2.0programscanthen be -Tom Lynch,TheUsersPort loadednormally.

Idon'thaveenoughspacetolistallthegoodpoints!

-Noland Brown,MidniteSoftwareGazette By recordingprogramson both sidesof

thediskyougettwodisksof programs Icanrecommendabetter,faster,andcheaperprogramming

language.It'saflashylittleEuropeanimportcalled on one disk.We use onlyspecialdisks COMAL...themostuser-friendlylanguagearound.

manufacturedspecificallyto be usedon -MarkBrown,Info

bothsidesby flippingthediskover.

CombinessomeofthebestfeaturesoflanguageslikeLogo,

Modula,Pascal,andAdainaneasy-to-useformat. We expectyou to copythe programson -Ahoy

bothsidesto twootherdisks,and then

Everybodywhogetsit,likesit! fileawaythe originaldiskas a Master. -LenLindsay 0

COMAL UsersGroupUSA Ltd,6041MononaDr,Madison,WI 53716,phone608-222-4432,page23 * Subscribersarewelcometo sendus a Exceptionforschoolsonly:we will letterwithquestionsaboutCOMAL. If accepta PurchaseOrderonlyif we are youwisha replyyoumustincludea self guaranteedpaymentwithin30 daysof our addressedstampedenvelope. shippingdateand thatwe do nothaveto filloutany specialforms.We supply

* We nowhavea wideselectionof books severalcopiesof our invoiceto the and disks.COMALTODAY#7 presents schoolunderseparatecoveras our reviewsof thebooks.Disksare requestforpayment. discussedin eachissueof COMALTODAY. * Foreignordersare accepted,but not

* Subscribersgeta discount!Notonly solicited.Theyrequirespecialhandling

is a subscriptionto COMALTODAYgoing whichmeansan extradelay.Alsothe

to helpyouwithinformation,tipsand shippingcostsareveryhigh. programlistings;as a subscriberyou

geta discounton nearlyeveryitemwe * We cannotshipCOMAL2.0 Cartridges

offer(theorderformhas twoprices; outsideofNorthAmericaancfwe cannot

subscribersgetthelowerprice). shipCOMAL0.14to Denmarkor Sweden.

* Rememberto addon theshippingcost HOW TO PLACEAN ORDER

as notedon theorderform.Shippingto

Canada andAPO addressesis more Use theorderformprovidedto orderby

expensive,sincewe can'tuse UPS. mail.Or,MondaythruFriday,8:30am

Overseasshippingis veryexpensive! until4 pm youmay call(608)222-4432 to orderby phone(VISAor MasterCard

* Allordersmustbe prepaid(noCOD). ONLY).IMPORTANT:we needa street

VISAandMasterCardare acceptedand addressfordelivery(noPO boxes).

providethe fastestprocessing.Money

Ordersalsoallowquickservice(a * Allowus 2 weeksto processand ship

CanadianPostalMoneyOrderin US yourorder(timewilloftenbe less-

Dollarsis fine).Checks(inUS Dollars but sometimesmore).Add to thata

drawnon a US bank)areaccepted,but reasonableamountof timefor it to be

shipmentmaybe delayedfor2 weeks delivered(aswellas timeforyour

whilethecheckclearsthebanks. ordertogettousifyoumailit).IS

****************************shipmentsmay include2 disksofprogramsasonedoublesideddisk**♦*♦♦♦*♦***♦♦**♦♦**♦♦**♦♦*♦

BULKRATE COMALUSERSGROUP,U.S.A.,LIMITED U.S.POSTAGE PublishersofComalToday PAID

6041MononaDrive MADISON.WI PERMIT2981 MADISON,Wl53716

Entirecontentscopyright1986COMAL UsersGroup,U.S.A.,Limited.Althoughaccuracyisamajorobjective,COMAL UsersGroup,

U.S.A.,Limitedcannotassumeliabilityforprogramorinformationerrors.Pleasenotethesetrademarks:Commodore64,CBM of

CommodoreElectronicsLtd;PET,EasyScriptofCommodoreBusinessMachines,Inc;CalvintheCOMAL Turtle,CaptainCOMAL,

COMAL TodayofCOMAL UsersGroup,U.S.A.,Limited;Buscard,PaperClipofBatteriesIncluded;CP/MofDigitalResearch;Z-80

ofZilog;IBMofInternationalBusinessMachines;AppleofAppleComputerInc.Sorryifwemissedanyothers.