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PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/145941 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-09 and may be subject to change. w Refined CO-Laser Photoacoustic Trace Gas Detection; Observation of Anaerobic Processes in Insects, Soil and Fruit Frans Bijnen Refined CO-laser Photoacoustic Trace Gas Detection; Observation of Anaerobic Processes in Insects, Soil and Fruit CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Bijnen, Franciscus Godefridus Casper Refined CO-laser photoacoustic trace gas detection; observation of anaerobic processes in insects, soil and fruit Franciscus Godefridus Casper Bijnen. - [S.l. : s.n.]. - 111. Proefschrift Nijmegen. - Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands. ISBN 90-9008120-8 Trefw.: laser spectroscopy / laser techniques / trace gas detection / entomology / plant physiology / microbiology Refined CO-Laser Photoacoustic Trace Gas Detection; Observation of Anaerobic Processes in Insects, Soil and Fruit een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Natuurwetenschappen PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 17 maart 1995, des namiddags te 1.30 uur precies door Franciscus Godefridus Casper Bijnen geboren op 10 januari 1965 te Waalre Promotor : Prof. Dr. J. Reuss Co-Promotores : Dr. F.J.M. Harren Dr. J.H.P. Hackstein This work has been made possible through the financial support of the Catholic University of Nijmegen (KUN), the European Union (EU) and the Dutch Technology Foundation (STW). Voorwoord Binnen vier jaar is heel wat op te zetten, te onderzoeken en te analyseren. Dat hebben we dan ook uitgebreid gedaan. De vruchten daarvan liggen nu voor uw ogen; het zijn vruchten geworden van diverse pluimage waaraan ik met veel plezier onderzoek heb mogen verrichten. Niet altijd ging het van een leien dakje, maar bij tegenslag waren gelukkig altijd de juiste mensen op de juiste plaatsen aanwezig om een enthousiasteling in nood te helpen. Dankzij hen kon ik weer met goede moed aan de slag. De wil derhalve deze ruimte gebruiken om daar een woord van dank tegenover te zetten. Allereerst mijn promotor, Jörg Reuss. Ik heb van zijn open houding om steeds weer nieuw onderzoek aan te pakken erg veel geleerd. Wonderbaarlijk vond ik zijn enthousiasme dat juist, bij de kleinste nieuwe biologische snoepjes die we vonden, het grootst was. Het heeft de nodige tijd geduurd maar uiteindelijk heeft dit gevoel ook bij mij voet aan de grond gekregen. Mijn co-promotor Frans Harren voor zijn stabiliserende inbreng als het me allemaal even te veel werd. Hij was een oor en steun voor mijn problemen die ik had bij het temmen van het grootste en gewelddadigste "beest" uit mijn onderzoek, de CO-laser. Fotoakoestiek zal onder zijn leiding een zonnige toekomst tegemoet gaan. Mijn andere co-promotor, Johannes Hackstein van de afdeling microbiologie, bleef "riekende" snoepjes aandragen om het 'Ïeest" te voeden. Mede dankzij zijn gigantische voorraad, waarvan we er slechts enkele hebben kunnen nuttigen, is het boekje dik geworden. Thanks to Paul Kestler for his effort to help me understand even the smallest breath of a cockroach Periplaneta americana. Franz Rothfuss for the fine two weeks he spend in Nijmegen and the knowledge he passed on to me about highly structured mud. He convinced me biologists could also work with the CO-laser "beast", although the day he left it died again. Huug, uitstekende collega en man van de tomaten. Zoals men kan zien heeft zijn overtuiging ook bij mij sporen achter gelaten. When finally multi-component analysis of gases was feasable I had no more time to perform experiments. Then, Hannah Zuckermann came as an angel out of the blue Israelian sky. With enthousiasm and skill she performed and analyzed the, so desperately wanted, measurements on tomatoes. There is a great future for her in photoacoustics, I hope. Cor Sikkens en Frans van Rijn, door jullie kon ik raak schieten. We hebben samen interessante technische problemen opgelost. Jullie vakkundige en fantasierijke hulp zijn voor mij uiterst belangrijk geweest. Bedankt ook Annette van der Heijden, John Holtkamp en Chris Timmer voor de positieve inbreng, Teun Diels voor het (gelukkig) vrij vertalen van technische wensen naar constructie tekeningen, Japie Nieboer voor de vakkundige omzetting ervan naar fijnmetaal en Harry Visschers voor het zwaardere werk, Jos Haerkens voor het steeds weer nieuw leven in blazen in het "beest", Harry Schoutissen voor het "alles" kunnende computer sturings programma, Rob Kasman voor het construeren van flinterdunne microfoon membraantjes. Ferry Derksen voor de hulp in de beginfase toen ik het allemaal nog zelf moest bouwen, Michel Peters, Wim Schut, Harry Verscharen en Harry van Brakel voor meedenken en bouwen aan de thermoakoestische resonator, Jan Peters voor de illustraties die uitgebreid in dit boekje zijn te bewonderen en Erik Mansvelders voor 3-D design. Dank ook aan de (ex)studenten die allen stenen hebben bijgedragen. Johan v. Dongen voor het doorzettingsvermogen waarmee hij ondanks tegenslag de draad met hernieuwde inzet oppakte, Theo Brugman voor zijn voorbereidende metingen en onze nep ruzies, Erwin Mateman voor het laten fluctueren van tomaten, John Peeters voor de "koelte" en de power en Ron Raangs voor het succesvol pesten van insekten en steun bij de laatste eindjes, mijn "half studenten Martijn v. Opbergen en Albert Martis voor het uitproberen van nieuwe ontwikkelingen en het aanhoren van mijn (on)mogelijke oplossingen. Dank ook aan Jos, Lucas, Mark, Daniela, Ger, Arjen, Sacco, Nico, Richard, Robert en Mathilde voor de goede sfeer die er bijna altijd onderling heeft geheerst. Tevens alle andere medewerkers en studenten van de afdeling Molecuul- en laserfysica voor de fijne en leerzame tijd. Steun in moeilijke tijden kwam van Marronne, vrienden en natuurlijk van mijn ouders, die me altijd gesteund hebben in mijn keuzes. Refined CO-Laser Photoacoustic Trace gas Detection: Observation of Anaerobic... Contents 1 General introduction 1 1 Trace gases 1 2 The Photoacoustic technique 4 3 Outline of this thesis 5 2 Geometrical optimization of a longitudinal resonant photoacoustic cell; sensitive and fast trace gas detection with an intracavity CO2 waveguide laser setup; its application to cherry tomatoes 9 1 Introduction 10 2 Theory 10 2.1 Acoustical basics 10 2.2 Acoustic transmission line theory 12 2.3 Coupling between circuit elements 14 2.4 Coupling lumped elements to the transmission line 16 3 Experiment 17 3.1 General experimental arrangement 17 3.2 Optimization of buffer dimensions 19 3.2.1 Radius of buffer 20 3.2.2 Length of buffers 21 3.3 Tunable air columns at windows 22 3.4 Coupling of a 1 inch condenser microphone 25 3.5 Trace gas inlet 26 3.6 Non-resonant cell 27 3.7 Limitations of developed model in predicting experimental results 28 4 Optimal detector design, a recipe 28 4.1 Non-resonant cell 29 4.2 Longitudinal resonant cell 30 5 Ethylene release from cherry tomatoes 34 5.1 Introduction 34 5.2 Material and methods 34 5.3 Results 36 5.4 Discussion 39 Appendix: Input impedance of condenser microphone 42 References 45 χ. Contents 3 Intracavity CO-Laser photoacoustic trace gas detection; cyclic CH4, H20 and СО2 emission by cockroaches 47 1 Introduction 48 2 Experimental 49 2 1 The CO-Iaser 49 2 1 1 General 49 2 1 2 Operating conditions 50 2 2 PA detection of trace gases 53 2 2 1 The PA cell 53 2 2 2 Detection limits 55 2 2 3 Row characteristics 58 3 Measurements on the gas exchange of insects 60 3 I Introduction 60 3 1 1 Gas exchange by Breathing 60 3 1 2 CH4 production 62 3 2 Experimental design 62 3 3 Results 64 3 4 Short discussion of the biological measurements 66 4 Conclusions 68 References 68 4 Multi-component analysis by three photoacoustic cells intracavity of a CO- laser; observation of anaerobic and post-anoxic processes in cherry tomatoes 69 1 Introduction 70 2 The CO-laser 71 3 The triple PA cell 73 4 Absorption coefficients 76 5 Multi-component calculus 79 6 Trace gas flows for measurements on cherry tomatoes 80 7 Gas exchange of Cherry Tomatoes under aerobic/anaerobic conditions 83 7 1 Introduction 83 7 2 Method 83 7 3 Material 84 7 4 Results 85 7 4 1 Aerobic to anaerobic transition 85 7 4 2 Anaerobic to aerobic transition 86 7 4 3 Repeated aerobic to anaerobic transition 87 7 4 4 Distinction between stem-pencarp gas-exchange 88 7 5 Discussion 90 Contents XI 7.5.1 Aerobic conditions 90 7.5.2 Anoxia 90 7.5.3 Post-anoxia 92 8 Conclusions 94 References 95 5 Thermoacoustic amplification of photoacoustic signal 97 List of symbols 98 1 Introduction 98 2 Theory 100 2.1 The photoacoustic transmission line model 100 2.2 General thermoacoustics 101 2.3 Thermoacoustics represented in transmission line model 103 2.4 Coupling TA and PA 104 3 Experiment 107 3.1 Experimental setup 107 3.2 Method 108 4 Results 108 4.1 Oscillator experiments 108 4.2 Photoacoustic signal due to gas absorption 108 4.3 Discussion 109 4.4 Modeling of ТАРА cell Ill 5 Conclusions 113 References 113 6 Vertical profile measurements of methane concentration gradients in rice paddy soil. Combining photoacoustics with a gas diffusion probe 115 1 Introduction 116 2 Material & Methods 117 2.1 Construction of the gas diffusion probes 117 2.2 Preparation of standard solutions 117 2.3 Gas flow
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  • The Evolutionary Significance of Rotation of the Oötheca in The

    The Evolutionary Significance of Rotation of the Oötheca in The

    A PSYCHE Vol. 74 June, 1967 No. 2 THE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF ROTATION OF THE OOTHECA IN THE BLATTAR I By Louis M. Roth Pioneering Research Division U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick Mass. ? The newly-formed ootheca of all cockroaches projects from the female in a vertical position, with the keel and micropylar ends of the eggs dorsally oriented. All of the Blattoidea (Fig. 1) and some of the Blaberoidea carry the egg case without changing this position. However, in some of the Polyphagidae (Figs. 11-16) and Blattellidae (Figs. 2,3), and all of the Blaberidae, the female rotates the ootheca 90° so that the keel faces laterally at the time it is deposited on a substrate (Polyphagidae, Blattellidae), carried for the entire embryo- genetic period ( Blattella spp.), or retracted into the uterus (all Blaberidae). According to McKittrick (1964), rotation of the ootheca frees the keel from the valve bases which block an anterior movement of the ootheca while it is in a vertical position, and it orients the ootheca so that its height lies in the plane of the cock- roach’s width, thus making it possible to move the egg case anteriorly beyond the valve. It is likely that by the time the ootheca had evolved to the stage where it was retracted internally, the height of the keel had been greatly reduced (e.g., in Blattella spp.) and it would not be necessary to free its keel from the valve bases. The eggs of Blaberidae increase greatly in size in the uterus during embryogenesis (Roth and Willis, 1955a, 1955b).