DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination Author(S): Peter M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination Author(s): Peter M. Haas Source: International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 1, Knowledge, Power, and International Policy Coordination (Winter, 1992), pp. 1-35 Published by: The MIT Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2706951 . Accessed: 05/01/2011 14:40 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mitpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The MIT Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Organization. http://www.jstor.org Introduction:epistemic communities and internationalpolicy coordination Peter M. Haas The growingtechnical uncertainties and complexitiesof problemsof global concern have made internationalpolicy coordinationnot only increasingly necessarybut also increasinglydifficult. If decisionmakers are unfamiliarwith the technicalaspects of a specificproblem, how do theydefine state interests and develop viable solutions? What factorsshape their behavior? Under conditionsof uncertainty,what are the originsof internationalinstitutions? And how can we best studythe processes throughwhich international policy coordinationand orderemerge? While a varietyof analytic approaches have been used to address the problems of internationalcooperation, the approaches have yielded only fragmentaryinsights. At itscore, the studyof policycoordination among states involvesarguments about determinismversus free will and about the ways in which the internationalsystem is maintainedand transformed.Among the overlappingtopics of debate are whethernational behavior is determinedor broadlyconditioned by system-level factors, unit-level factors, or some complex interplaybetween the two; whetherstate policymakerscan identifynational interestsand behave independentlyof pressuresfrom the social groupsthey nominallyrepresent; and whetherstates respond consistently to opportunities to create,defend, or expandtheir own wealth and power,to enhancecollective materialbenefits, or to promotenonmaterial values.' A related question of For theircomments on earlier versionsof this article,I am gratefulto Pete Andrews,Peter Cowhey,Barbara Crane, George Hoberg,Raymond Hopkins, Ethan Kapstein,Peter Katzenstein, StephenKrasner, Craig Murphy,John Odell, Gail Osherenko,M. J.Peterson, Gene Rochlin,and RichardSclove. 1. See, for example, Alexander E. Wendt, "The Agent-StructureProblem," Intemational Organization41 (Summer 1987), pp. 335-70; Margaret S. Archer, "Morphogenesis Versus Structuration:On CombiningStructure and Action," BritishJoumal of Sociology33 (December 1982), pp. 455-83; David Dessler, "What's at Stake in theAgent-Structure Debate?" Intemational Organization43 (Summer1989), pp. 441-73; PeterGourevitch, "The Second Image Reversed:The InternationalSources of Domestic Politics,"Intemational Organization 32 (Autumn 1978), pp. 881-912; Peter J. Katzenstein,ed., BetweenPower and Plenty:Foreign Economic Policies of IntemationalOrganization 46, 1, Winter1992 ? 1992 bythe WorldPeace Foundationand the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology 2 InternationalOrganization debate is the extentto whichstate actorsfully recognize and appreciate the anarchic nature of the systemand, consequently,whether rational choice, deductive-typeapproaches or interpretiveapproaches are mostappropriate for the studyof internationalcooperation.2 In focusingon the structureof internationalor domesticpower in their explanationsof policycoordination, many authors ignore the possibilitythat actors can learn new patternsof reasoningand may consequentlybegin to pursue new state interests.While othersmention this possibility, few investi- gate the conditionsthat foster a change in state interestsand the mechanisms throughwhich the new interestscan be realized.3 In this volume of articles,we acknowledgethat systemicconditions and domesticpressures impose constraintson state behavior,but we argue that thereis stilla wide degree of latitudefor state action. How statesidentify their interestsand recognizethe latitudeof actionsdeemed appropriatein specific issue-areasof policymakingare functionsof the mannerin whichthe problems are understoodby the policymakersor are representedby those to whomthey turn for advice under conditionsof uncertainty.Recognizing that human agency lies at the intersticesbetween systemicconditions, knowledge, and nationalactions, we offeran approach thatexamines the role thatnetworks of knowledge-basedexperts-epistemic communities-play in articulatingthe cause-and-effectrelationships of complex problems,helping states identify their interests,framing the issues for collective debate, proposingspecific policies,and identifyingsalient points for negotiation. We argue thatcontrol overknowledge and informationis an importantdimension of power and that AdvancedIndustrial States (Madison: Universityof WisconsinPress, 1977); Peter J. Katzenstein, Small States in WorldMarkets (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UniversityPress, 1986); Robert Putnam, "Diplomacyand Domestic Politics:The Logic ofTwo-Level Games," IntemationalOrganization 42 (Summer 1988), pp. 427-60; Peter B. Evans, DietrichRueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringingthe StateBack In (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1985); Eric A. Nordlinger, "Taking the State Seriously,"in MyronWeiner and Samuel P. Huntington,eds., Understanding PoliticalDevelopment (Boston: Little,Brown, 1987), pp. 353-90; Roger Benjamin and Raymond Duvall, "The CapitalistState in Context,"in Roger Benjamin and Stephen L. Elkin, eds., The DemocraticState (Lawrence: UniversityPress of Kansas, 1985), pp. 19-57; Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State," ComparativePolitics 16 (January1984), pp. 223-46; and Howard M. Lentner,"The Conceptof the State:A Response to Krasner,"Comparative Politics 16 (April 1984), pp. 367-77. 2. See Robert0. Keohane, "InternationalInstitutions: Two Approaches,"Intemational Studies Quarterly32 (December 1988), pp. 379-96. 3. Krasneracknowledges the importanceof sharedbeliefs in explainingthe Group of 77 (G-77) cooperation and also discusses the role of shared understandingin regime creation. See the followingworks of Stephen D. Krasner: StructuralConflict (Berkeley: Universityof California Press, 1985), p. 9; and "Regimes and the Limitsof Realism: Regimes as AutonomousVariables," in Stephen D. Krasner,ed., IntemationalRegimes (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UniversityPress, 1983), p. 368. Keohane notesthe possibilitythat states may learn to recalculatetheir interests, and Gilpin also acknowledgesthat states occasionally"learn to be more enlightenedin theirdefinitions of theirinterests and can learn to be more cooperativein theirbehavior." See Robert 0. Keohane, AfterHegemony (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), pp. 131-32; and RobertGilpin, Warand Changein WorldPolitics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 227. Introduction 3 thediffusion of new ideas and informationcan lead to newpatterns of behavior and proveto be an importantdeterminant of internationalpolicy coordination. An epistemic communityis a networkof professionalswith recognized expertiseand competencein a particulardomain and an authoritativeclaim to policy-relevantknowledge within that domain or issue-area.4Although an epistemiccommunity may consist of professionalsfrom a varietyof disciplines and backgrounds,they have (1) a shared set of normativeand principled beliefs,which provide a value-based rationalefor the social actionof commu- nitymembers; (2) sharedcausal beliefs,which are derivedfrom their analysis of practicesleading or contributingto a centralset of problemsin theirdomain and whichthen serve as the basis forelucidating the multiplelinkages between possible policyactions and desired outcomes;(3) shared notionsof validity- thatis, intersubjective,internally defined criteria for weighing and validating knowledge in the domain of their expertise; and (4) a common policy enterprise-thatis, a set of commonpractices associated with a set of problems to which their professionalcompetence is directed,presumably out of the convictionthat human welfare will be enhancedas a consequence.5 The causal logic of epistemic policy coordinationis simple. The major dynamicsare uncertainty,interpretation, and institutionalization.In interna- tional policy coordination,the formsof uncertaintythat tend to stimulate demandsfor information are thosewhich arise fromthe strongdependence of states on each other'spolicy choices forsuccess in obtaininggoals and those 4. The term "epistemic communities"has
Recommended publications
  • FLOK POLICY PAPER PUBLIC POLICY for a SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY John Restakis

    FLOK POLICY PAPER PUBLIC POLICY for a SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY John Restakis

    FLOK POLICY PAPER PUBLIC POLICY FOR A SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY John Restakis Section One: Social Knowledge and the Social Economy 1 "Co-intelligence is the capacity to call forth the wisdom and resources of the whole and its members to enhance the long term vitality of the whole and its members." Collectively, a community has more - and more diverse - information, perspective, and resources than any individual has. A wise community, a wise leader, and a wise democracy will use that rich diversity creatively and interactively. The diversity will then be mutually enhancing rather than mutually problematic. The appropriate role of the state is to create enabling conditions for that to happen at all levels and in all sectors and facets of society. - Tom Atlee Executive Summary The realization of a social knowledge economy in Ecuador is a unique and complex undertaking that incorporates a wide range of issues and relationships that, in practice, involve all the economic sectors of the country: the public sector, the private sector – in particular small and medium enterprises – and the social economy (popular and solidarity economy). This document examines the relation between the implementation of a social knowledge economy in Ecuador and the role that the social economy and the broader civil society play in this process. The paper outlines key issues and dynamics that need to be understood and addressed and in particular, the policy implications related to the social infrastructure and institutions needed to make a social knowledge economy a reality in the political economy of the country. Overall, the paper outlines a new framework for a paradigm shift that places an empowered and enriched social economy at the heart of a new social contract that mobilizes open knowledge and digital technology as central resources for the pursuit of the common good.
  • Exploring the Role of Epistemic Communities in Nuclear Non-Proliferation Outcomes

    Exploring the Role of Epistemic Communities in Nuclear Non-Proliferation Outcomes

    Politics & The Bomb: Exploring the Role of Epistemic Communities in Nuclear Non-Proliferation Outcomes. Sara Zahra Kutchesfahani UCL Department of Political Science Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science October 2010 DECLARATION I, Sara Zahra Kutchesfahani, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Sara Zahra Kutchesfahani ii ABSTRACT The role of epistemic communities in influencing policy formulation is underexplored in International Relations theory in general and in nuclear non-proliferation studies in particular. This thesis explores how epistemic communities – groups of experts knowledgeable in niche issue areas – have affected nuclear non-proliferation policy formulation in two important and under-studied cases: the Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (ABACC) and the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program. It demonstrates that applying an epistemic community approach provides explanatory power heretofore lacking in explanations of these cases’ origins. The thesis applies the epistemic community framework to non-proliferation, using Haas’ (1992) seminal exploration of epistemic communities in the context of natural scientific and environmental policies. Specifically, it analyses the creation and successful implementation of ABACC and the CTR Program, which, respectively, verified the non-nuclear weapon status of Argentina and Brazil and facilitated the denuclearisation of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. These cooperative nuclear non- proliferation agreements are shown to be the result of a process involving substantial input and direction from experts constituting epistemic communities. The thesis explores the differences in the emergence, composition, and influence mechanisms of the epistemic communities behind ABACC and the CTR Program.
  • The Political Impact of Technical Expertise Author(S): Dorothy Nelkin Source: Social Studies of Science, Vol

    The Political Impact of Technical Expertise Author(S): Dorothy Nelkin Source: Social Studies of Science, Vol

    The Political Impact of Technical Expertise Author(s): Dorothy Nelkin Source: Social Studies of Science, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Feb., 1975), pp. 35-54 Published by: Sage Publications, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/284554 . Accessed: 20/10/2014 20:36 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Sage Publications, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Social Studies of Science. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.173.127.127 on Mon, 20 Oct 2014 20:36:22 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SocialStudies of Science, 5 (1975), 35-54 The PoliticalImpact of TechnicalExpertise Dorothy Nelkin Technologiesof speedand power - airports,power generating facilities, highways,dams - are oftena focus of bitteropposition. As these technologiesbecome increasinglycontroversial, scientists, whose expertiseforms the basis of technicaldecisions, find themselves involved in publicdisputes. This 'public'role of sciencehas generatedconcern bothwithin the profession and beyond;for a scientist'sinvolvement in controversialissues may violatethe normsof scientificresearch, but have considerableimpact on the politicalprocess. As scientistsare calledupon to addressa widerrange of controversial policy questions,l 'problemsof politicalchoice [may] becomeburied in debateamong expertsover highly technical alternatives'.2 This paperwill discusssome of the implicationsof the increasing involvementof scientistsin controversialareas.
  • L'expropriation De La Santé Ivan Illich

    L'expropriation De La Santé Ivan Illich

    NÉMÉSIS MÉDICALE L’EXPROPRIATION DE LA SANTÉ IVAN ILLICH il a trouvé ma faveur au désert, ce peuple des réchappés du glaive : va vers ton lieu de repos ! jér 312 LE DERNIER ÉVANGILE [NOVISSIMUM EVANGELIUM] Reproduction gratuite par l’association Les Cahiers Jérémie de l’œuvre d’Ivan Illich. Ce fichier ne peut donc faire l’objet d’aucune transaction commerciale. Novembre 2020. www.akklesia.eu Édition d’une réflexion akklésiastique. NÉMÉSIS MÉDICALE L’EXPROPRIATION DE LA SANTÉ IVAN ILLICH 1975 Avant-propos Dans cet essai, j’envisage l’entreprise médicale comme paradigme pour illustrer l’institution industrielle. La médicalisation pernicieuse de la san- té n’est qu’un aspect d’un phénomène généralisé : la paralysie de la produc- tion des valeurs d’usage par l’homme, comme conséquence de l’encombre- ment par des marchandises produites pour lui. L’évaluation de l’entreprise médicale est une tâche politique. Elle exige du non-médecin un effort de recherche personnelle hors de toute tutelle profes- sionnelle. Elle exige du médecin la redécouverte d’une « médecine générale ». L’ensemble des matériaux bibliographiques que j’ai rassemblés et mention- nés dans des notes en bas de pages reflète mon désir d’associer le lecteur à cette aventure. L’engagement dans la recherche d’une alternative concrète au système qui nous opprime présuppose l’ouverture à l’immense richesse des choix. La discussion prématurée de telle ou telle organisation nouvelle du système médical ne serait que pure diversion. J’ai élaboré la présente version française en janvier 1975 à Cuernava- ca avec l’assistance de Jean-Pierre Dupuy.
  • Leveraging Health: the Urban Planner's Dilemma

    Leveraging Health: the Urban Planner's Dilemma

    Leveraging Health: The Urban Planner’s Dilemma THESIS SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR IN PHILOSOPHY BY PETER FAWCETT APRIL 2019 DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND PLANNING SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. vii Part I Introduction and background .................................................................... 1 1. Human health: a “new” agenda for urban planning ................................. 2 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Health in the planning project ........................................................................ 6 1.2.1 The birth of modern urban planning ....................................................... 6 1.2.2 Integration and fragmentation .............................................................. 11 1.2.3 Shifting perspectives and healthy cities ................................................ 15 1.2.4 Cities at the crossroads ........................................................................ 19 1.3 Project details ............................................................................................. 24 1.3.1 Genesis of the research ......................................................................
  • TEMPORARY Benveniste,Guy

    TEMPORARY Benveniste,Guy

    AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR AID USE ONLY WASHINGTON. 0, C. 20523 13 BIBLIOGRAPHIC INPUT SHEET A.A.SUBJECT PRIMARY TEMPORARY r.LASSI­ FICATION b. 3§ r~tJIlA0V 2. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Research priorities for educational planning 3. AUTHOR(S) Benveniste,Guy 4. DOCUMENT DATE 5. NUMBER OF PAGES 6. ARC NUMBER 1964 44p. ARC 7. REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS IIEP S. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponsoring Organization, Publishers, Availability.) (Presented at the 2d sem.on Major Research Needs in Educational Planning, Bellagio,Italy,1964) 9. ABSTRACT (EDUCATION R & D) 10. CONTROL NUMBER II. PRICE OF DOCUMENT PN-AAD-235 12. DESCRIPTORS 13. PROJECT NUMBER 14. CONTRACT NUMBER CSD-844 Res. 1S. TYPE OF DOCUMENT AID 590.1 (4.74) s2A C ) I)W- '4 )riginal: /',Englisht V/!,' -, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATIONAL PLANNING Second Seminar at Bellagio, Italy from July 8 to 18, 1964 on "MAJOR RESEARCH NEEDS IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING" Research priorities for educational planning A draft of the final report of the Bellagio Seminar prepared for discussion at Bellapio by Guy Benveniste of the IIEP 15 June 1964 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements•...................''....''" ii iv The use of this draft report at Bellagio ............. .... .......... I. A framework for establishing research priorities .............. 1 II. Research priorities ............ ............ ,........ *.... "°' 6 6 A. Getting the planning process under way ................... 1. The preconditions for educational planning ........... 6 2. How to start a plan: A study of the experience of selected countries . s * so 7 B. Methodologies for setting educational targets ...... 8 1. Manpower studies in developing countries .... 9 9........• a) Comparative international data on high and medium manpower needs in the modern sector of developing countries .
  • Evidence-Based Policy Research: Critical Review of Some International Programmes on Relationships Between Social Science Research and Policy-Making

    Evidence-Based Policy Research: Critical Review of Some International Programmes on Relationships Between Social Science Research and Policy-Making

    Management of Social Transformations (MOST) Policy is the priority Evidence-based policy While it still promotes international, comparative and policy-relevant research on contemporary social transformations, MOST is now emphasizing the research research: critical review and policy interface as its major raison d’être. Tackling the sustainability of social transformations is the programme’s main task, which implies action at normative, analytical and strategic/political levels. It must concentrate on research of direct use of some international to policy makers and groups involved in advocacy. MOST’s emphasis is thus on establishing and interconnecting international programmes on policy networks with renowned social science researchers to facilitate the use of social science research in policy-making. This means bringing together basic research relationships between with those entrusted with policy formulation in governments, institutions, actors and in UNESCO itself. social science research and Tools for policy-making policy-making The Policy Papers, dedicated to social transformations and based on policy-relevant research results of work carried out by MOST and by other sections of the Social and Human Sciences Sector (SHS), are intended for policy makers, advocacy groups, Carlos R. S. Milani business and media. SHS is seeking new ways of distributing knowledge to target groups, such as ministers of social development, advocacy groups, UNESCO National Commissions and local authorities. It has launched a tool for online knowledge management and meta-networking for decision-making and strategy. This knowledge repository will use innovative and refi ned search tools to facilitate access and intelligibility of Management complex research data for all potential users.
  • Redefining Global Cities the Seven Types of Global Metro Economies

    Redefining Global Cities the Seven Types of Global Metro Economies

    REDEFINING GLOBAL CITIES THE SEVEN TYPES OF GLOBAL METRO ECONOMIES REDEFINING GLOBAL CITIES THE SEVEN TYPES OF GLOBAL METRO ECONOMIES GLOBAL CITIES INITIATIVE A JOINT PROJECT OF BROOKINGS AND JPMORGAN CHASE JESUS LEAL TRUJILLO AND JOSEPH PARILLA THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION | METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM | 2016 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ith more than half the world’s population now living in urban areas, cities are the critical drivers of global economic growth and prosperity. The world’s 123 largest metro areas contain a little Wmore than one-eighth of global population, but generate nearly one-third of global economic output. As societies and economies around the world have urbanized, they have upended the classic notion of a global city. No longer is the global economy driven by a select few major financial centers like New York, London, and Tokyo. Today, members of a vast and complex network of cities participate in international flows of goods, services, people, capital, and ideas, and thus make distinctive contributions to global growth and opportunity. And as the global economy continues to suffer from what the IMF terms “too slow growth for too long,” efforts to understand and enhance cities’ contributions to growth and prosperity become even more important. In view of these trends and challenges, this report redefines global cities. It introduces a new typology that builds from a first-of-its-kind database of dozens of indicators, standardized across the world’s 123 largest metro economies, to examine global city economic characteristics, industrial structure, and key competitive- ness factors: tradable clusters, innovation, talent, and infrastructure connectivity. The typology reveals that, indeed, there is no one way to be a global city.
  • Making Government More Reflexive: the Role of Regulatory Impact Assessment

    Making Government More Reflexive: the Role of Regulatory Impact Assessment

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Wageningen University & Research Publications Making government more reflexive: The role of Regulatory Impact Assessment Julia Hertin Thesis committee Thesis supervisor Prof. dr. Peter H. Feindt Professor of Strategic Communication Wageningen University Other members Prof. dr. John Grin, University of Amsterdam Prof. dr. Cees Leeuwis, Wageningen University Prof. dr. James Meadowcroft, Carleton University, Canada Prof. dr. Jan van Tatenhove, Wageningen University Making government more reflexive: The role of Regulatory Impact Assessment Julia Hertin Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. APJ Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Tuesday 16 February 2016 at 4 p.m. in the Aula. Julia Hertin Making government more reflexive: The role of Regulatory Impact Assessment 160 pages. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2016) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN 978-94-62-6257-638-4 Contents Index of figures and tables ................................................................................................. iv Summary .............................................................................................................................. v 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................................
  • Policy Learning in Comparative Policy Analysis Claire A. Dunlop, University of Exeter, UK C.A.Dunlop@Ex.Ac.Uk Claudio M

    Policy Learning in Comparative Policy Analysis Claire A. Dunlop, University of Exeter, UK [email protected] Claudio M

    Policy Learning in Comparative Policy Analysis Claire A. Dunlop, University of Exeter, UK [email protected] Claudio M. Radaelli, University College London, UK [email protected] Paper delivered to the International Conference on Public Policy (ICPP) Montréal, Canada, 26-28 June 2019 Draft 1 – Work in Progress, Comments Welcome Policy learning has been an enduring lens on the policy process for more than four decades. Despite policy learning having been launched by Heclo’s (1974) groundbreaking comparative study of social policy in Britain and Sweden and further reinforced by Hall’s (1993) within case analysis of economic policy change in Britain 1970-1989, it is not clear what insights for comparative research have been generated by the vast learning literature. This paper begins with a review of the empirical policy learning field examining its comparative content. While the results demonstrate a mix of comparative strategies at work, no coherent research agenda has emerged. This is explained, in part, by the absence of a unifying analytical framework; learning is a classic theme in several theories of the policy process. As a result, piecemeal conceptualisations have flourished at the expense of a cumulative and comparative research agenda. Recent theoretical developments offer a way forward however. Two sets of authors in particular have pushed the agenda – Heikkila and Gerlak on collective learning (2013) and Dunlop and Radaelli’s modes of learning (2013). Here, we focus on modes of learning. We start by outlining the framework and how it addresses four challenges of comparative research: the need for definitional clarity; the creation of a shared conceptualisation that works as a mid-range; a coherent model of causation; and, a contribution to policy design.
  • CIVIC TECH Making Technology Work for People

    CIVIC TECH Making Technology Work for People

    CIVIC TECH Making Technology Work for People Andrew R. Schrock Rogue Academic Press © Andrew Schrock 2018 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. That means you can share this book or PDF freely for non- commercial purposes, as long as you retain attribution and do not modify it. For more information, please see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Printed in the United States of America First Printing, 2018 ISBN 978-1-7320848-0-3 Rogue Academic Press 3321 Monogram Ave. Long Beach, CA 90808 CivicTechs.com R GUE ACADEMIC PRESS ii CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Introduction 1 1. Design Locally 23 2. Hack Infrastructure, Not Technology 40 3. Open Data Can Improve Communication 57 4. Organize Around Public Problems 75 5. Change Government for the Better 91 Conclusion 105 Epilogue 119 IMAGES Participants in Code for Philly (credit Chris 11 Kendig) Brigade Logo (courtesy Code for America) 14 “Debug Politics” Civic Hackathon in Los 17 Angeles (credit author) Jazmyn Latimer Mapping the 27 Expungement Process with a Participant (credit Jazmyn Latimer) Woman Receiving her Deed Through 36 Large Lots (courtesy City of Chicago) Little Free Library in Capitol Hill, Seattle 49 Hack the Commute Civic Hackathon 70 (courtesy City of Seattle) Arts Datathon Team Members (credit 83 Alexia Lewis) iv Alpha 60 Defends Itself 106 Jake Brewer Imagined as a Rebel Pilot 116 Code for Maine Poster (courtesy Andrew 123 Jawitz) v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, thank you to my fellow hacker-for- good François Bar; generous mentor Kerk Kee; and Henry Jenkins, a civic Yoda to me and a whole generation of young scholars.
  • Strategy for Addressing National E-Governance Risk

    Strategy for Addressing National E-Governance Risk

    Strategy for Addressing National e-Governance Risk Abstract: The advent of e-governance has ushered in a new digital innovation in the electronic delivery of public services and information between the government and the citizens. However, the tremendous capabilities of e-governance is threaten due to the risk factors inherent in the current e-governance system . Unfortunately, e-governance risk assessment from cybersecurity point of view receives little or no attention in the handlers of e-governance projects in the country. Cybersecurity of critical components of e-governance infrastructure is currently becoming an extremely urgent subject matter worldwide. Thus, this paper seek to highlight the cybersecurity risk and structural weakness of e-governance, the root cause and the impact on the overall direction e-governance, as well as provoking strategic needs for structural re- adjustment through fundamental engagement of the framework of cybersecurity strategy. The E-Governance (e-G) E-G is the deployment of internet and the World Wide Web for delivery of government information, and services to the citizens (United Nation 2006; AOEMA, 2005). The World Bank defines e-government as “the use of information and communications technologies by governments to enhance the range and quality of information and services provided to citizens, businesses, civil society organizations, and other government agencies in an efficient, cost-effective and convenient manner, making government processes more transparent and accountable and strengthening democracy.” This involves engagement of information technology, communication technology and other web-based telecommunication technologies that have tremendous capabilities to deliver public services, information and data to citizens, while enabling proactive citizens’ participation and active engagement in governance, consultation, deliberation, transaction, services delivery, and knowledge policy.