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abuse and exploitation, 61–4, 69–70, backstage, 16, 34, 145, 213 136, 179–81, 196, 201 see also Becker, Howard, 8, 18, 22, 63, 67, 84, brainwashing, bullying, violence 124, 132, 154, 190–4 academia, 203–6 betrayal, 22, 118, 119, 140–1, 219, accounts, 40, 160, 172, 200, 204, 237 205, 240, 242 see also narratives Big Brother, 43, 90, 111–12 of self biographical identity work, 39–43, addiction, 7, 33, 38, 41, 42, 95, 105, 52, 97, 147, 166, 188, 195, 199, 143, 145, 151, 156, 159, 161–73, 212, 236, 244 see also narratives 207, 229, 236 of self agency, 4–5, 18, 19–21, 23, 24, 26, 28, blogging, 222–4 30, 35, 38, 42, 48, 49–50, 51–2, boarding schools, 175–85, 202–3 70, 93, 105, 132, 138, 143, 145, bodies, 99, 106, 107–15, 176, 184–5, 147, 148–9, 154, 160, 163, 168, 200, 212, 218, 232–3, 238 191, 214, 217, 225, 236, 237, 239, boot camps, 103, 109, 112 244–5 borstals see Young Offender alienative coalition, 22 Institutions (YOIs) Alcoholics Anonymous, 164, 214, brainwashing, 62–3, 70, 216, 240 230 see also twelve step buddying systems, 27, 179, 182 programmes buildings, 12–13, 16, 32, 89, 93, 119, Alpha Course, 70–2 131, 175, 176, 182, 207, 231, 234 anti-psychiatry, 1, 14, 19–20, 31, bullying, 179–81, 205–6 152, 218, 235 bureaucracy, 16, 26, 100, 152 Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs), 33, 92 camaraderie see solidarity and anxiety, 34, 35, 36, 59, 123, 191–4, cohesiveness 194 carceral society, 46, 48, 89, 238 armed forces, 137–9, 139–40 see also career trajectory, 22, 51, 63, 67, 77, military; ships and seafarers 80, 88, 97, 119, 132, 142, 154–6, asylum, psychiatric, 11, 20, 57, 151, 158, 164, 190, 217, 241 173, 234–5 case record, 24, 27, 90, 97 Asylums, 1, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, ceremonies, 16, 40, 56, 57, 78, 79, 19–21, 31, 34, 234–5 119–20, 127, 137, 159, 162, 178, audience reactions see validation of 179, 190 identity claims chapter houses see fraternities and audit culture, 203–6 sororities authenticity, 34, 36, 60, 78, 84, 105, character building, 88, 98, 99, 103–5, 106, 108, 111, 114, 117, 150, 170, 105–6 173, 210, 218, 220, 221, 226–7, charismatic leaders, 62, 63, 70, 71, 74, 233, 236, 243 77, 103, 121, 123, 124, 152, 153, authorship of the self, 4–5, 145, 159 243–5 Children of God, 62 awareness contexts, 171 Christ’s Hospital school, 178–9, 182
273 274 Index civilian, home or outside world, 19, dance, 5 Rhythms, 79–80 22, 28, 44, 51, 137, 144, 148, 159, decarceration, 14, 31–4, 92, 143, 179, 182, 210–11, 213, 217, 225, 235, 238 229, 230–3, 243 degradation ceremonies, 22, 168 class, 12, 13, 35, 55, 60, 76, 78, 79, deindividuation and disinhibition, 83, 99, 125, 129, 143, 175–6, 139, 209, 232 180–1, 187, 186, 209, 210, 236 deviance, 21, 23, 26, 46, 84, 95, 135, closed institutions see impermeability 140–1, 143, 144, 149, 154, 165, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), 169, 205–6, 218, 220, 229, 233 95, 96, 149–51 see also resistance and coercion, 4, 9, 16–19, 21, 26, 28–9, rebellion 30, 42, 234–5, 237 dieting and weight loss, 107–9, cohesion see solidarity and 113–14 see also eating cohesiveness disorders college and university, 185–98, 203–6 disappointment, 39 see also academia; fraternities and disciplinary power, 5, 23, 30, 38, sororities; higher education; 45–9, 50, 64, 68, 76, 78, 82, 86, students 88–115, 147–8, 151, 160, 173, college towns, 130 183, 184, 195, 200, 205, 238, communication out of character, 193, 239, 245 244 discourses, 35, 37, 38, 41, 46–8, 54, competitiveness, 7, 50, 107, 111, 168, 59, 71–2, 74, 88, 97, 113, 143, 169, 178, 184–5, 187, 197, 198, 150, 161, 162, 163, 168, 184, 202–3, 204–6, 218, 226–7, 237, 186, 200, 215, 216, 222, 234, 239, 241 236, 238, 239, 245 see also confession, 23, 38, 42, 95, 96, 97, rhetoric, institutional 112, 113, 116, 165, 168, 172 dramaturgy, 9–10, 16, 18, 35, 43, 50, conflict, 7, 10, 15, 18, 19, 49, 67, 51, 104, 145, 162, 167, 169, 173, 101, 124, 140, 153, 163, 171, 196, 179, 190, 193, 213–14, 223, 225, 197, 206, 218, 240, 241 240–1, 242–3, 244 conformity and compliance, 23, 29, Durkheim, Emile, 55, 74, 78, 120, 57, 96, 138, 158, 170, 171, 216, 126, 130, 158, 159, 164, 165, 240 183, 186, 204, 208, 216, 226 performance of, 25, 50, 51, 57, 88, 90, 96, 104, 138, 169–73, 185, eating disorders, 146–9, 184–5, 203, 190–4, 200, 206, 216, 218–19, 215–19 226, 242 education, 174–206, 239 consumerism and commercialisation, effervescent assemblies, 74–5, 78, 37, 38, 60, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78–9, 120, 126, 155, 159–60, 202 121, 128, 161 emotions, 7, 36, 39, 49, 55, 64, 73, contaminating exposure, 23, 57, 90, 79–80, 83, 84, 104, 105, 106, 237 110, 112, 114, 133, 134, 142, convents, 56–7, 73 143, 146, 149, 150, 153, 154, cultural and social capital, 6, 104, 159, 162, 164, 165, 169, 170–3, 175, 193, 203, 209, 226, 228, 181, 200, 201, 203, 211, 213, 229, 231, 236 224, 241 cultural doping, 38, 48, 239 emotional labour/work, 167–70, cynical performances, 24, 25, 26, 52, 172–3, 225, 244 96, 97, 149, 171, 193, 206 Eton school, 177–8 Index 275 exclusivity, 6, 44, 59, 115, 118, 119, 96, 114, 118, 132, 134, 135, 145, 120, 121, 122, 126, 127, 131, 136, 148, 149, 162, 167, 169, 171, 156, 160, 189, 195, 196, 198, 200, 173, 175, 176, 179, 193, 206, 217, 226 213, 220, 234, 235, 237, 240–1, expert patients, 32, 214 242, 244 ‘good’ inmate see conformity and Facebook, 221, 227–30 compliance, performance of family, 15, 22, 34, 35, 36, 44, 65, 66, Gouldner, Alvin, 16, 26, 241 67, 79, 84, 102, 105, 109, 110–11, governmentality, 88, 100, 238, 239, 112–13, 131, 138, 146, 147, 242 152–7, 166, 175, 176, 179, 181, Grade Point Average (GPA), 187 185, 200, 204, 195 GPA perspective, 191–4, 196 RI as surrogate family, 65–6, 112–13, greedy institution, 43–4, 63, 68, 85, 138, 153, 156, 179, 195, 200 117, 158, 192, 196, 200–1, 211, fandom, online, 224–7 236 fashion, 113–15 Greek letter system see fraternities ‘fat camps’, 109–11, 112 and sororities femininity, 78–9, 114–15, 147, 184–5, 187, 204, 208–9, 216 Hare Krishnas/ISKCON, 65 fitness gyms, 107–8 hazing rituals, 135–41, 160, 196 forums, Internet discussion, 212–22 Henderson Hospital, 152, 154–6 Foucault, Michel, 5, 16, 23, 32, 38, hierarchy, 22, 45, 100, 118, 119, 146, 44, 45–9, 64, 88, 146, 165, 176, 153, 163, 176, 179, 209, 210, 218, 205, 238, 241 226, 228 fraternities and sororities, 196, higher education, 174–5, 185–98 129–41, 137, 156, 160, 192, 196, home see civilian, home or outside 211, 217 world freedom and liberation, 46, 98, 105, home improvements, 113 160, 184, 232, 237, 239 Freemasons, 119–21, 137 identity, 2, 4–5, 19–21, 34–9, 40, 54, Friends of the Western Buddhist order 59, 63, 84, 94, 97, 99, 105, 117, (FWBO), 69–70 126, 129, 131, 132, 134, 141, 142, friendship and fraternisation, 27, 148, 173, 178, 182, 183, 184, 188, 65–6, 67–70, 86, 99, 116, 117, 190, 195, 199, 203, 205, 209–12, 122, 125–7, 128, 134, 155, 162, 215, 221, 223, 227, 231, 234, 238, 191–3, 194–5, 214–15, 227–30, 242, 243–5 234, 242 equipment, 22, 120, 176, 182 frontstage, 10, 16, 213 performance, 34, 35, 84, 100, 122, 131, 132, 134, 136, 138, 144, Garfinkel, Harold, 38, 116, 131, 136, 148, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 162, 168, 239 171, 173, 180, 184–5, 200, 203, gender, 12, 13, 78–9, 83–4, 85–7, 205, 218–19, 221–2, 223–4, 98–9, 114–15, 120, 125–7, 129, 241, 242–3 132, 133, 133–4, 136, 139–40, reinvention, 6, 7, 21, 28, 34–9, 41, 145, 146, 147, 162–3, 180–1, 49, 52, 59, 69, 80, 88, 95, 97, 184–5, 187, 204, 208–9, 210, 105, 108–9, 111, 115, 149, 150, 213–14, 229, 232–3 151, 162, 164, 173, 185, 186, Goffman, Erving, 1–2, 5, 8–29, 34, 39, 187–90, 202, 209, 232–3, 235, 43, 44, 49, 51, 56–7, 63, 64, 90, 236, 241, 243, 244, 245 276 Index identity – continued Internet-based communities see work, 39–43, 142, 145, 158, 161, virtual institutions 164, 168, 210, 211, 213, 218 Ivy League, 187 see also biographical identity work Jehovah’s Witnesses, 65 imagined community, 208, 225, 228, 234 kibbutzim, 84–7 impermeability, 12, 15, 28, 44, 59, 63, Kingsley Hall, 152 92, 111, 123, 201, 202 Ku Klux Klan, 121–2, 137 Impostor Phenomenon, 204 incarceration, 14, 19, 31, 43, 46, 88, late modernity, 2, 35, 59, 123, 223, 89, 91, 92, 148 234, 235 individualisation, 36 leisure, 73–5, 81, 83, 95, 98, 103–7, individualism, 34, 55, 123, 190, 208, 125–7 228 liberal arts colleges, 131, 187 indulgency pattern, 16, 26, 27, 45, 97 lifeworld, 35, 36, 58–9, 158–60, 182, informational preserve, 22 184, 207 initiation ceremonies, 6, 40, 118, liminality, 112, 130, 137, 144, 218, 119–20, 137 see also hazing 244 rituals liquid institutions, 35 inmates, 8, 19–21, 26–8, 39, 64, 92, lodge houses, 126 131, 148, 149, 169, 172, 173, 182, looping, 24 205, 219, 228, 235, 239, 241, 242, loyalty, 44, 61, 118, 119, 120, 126, 243, 244, 245 135, 137, 138, 140, 146, 156, inmate culture, 3, 13, 41, 49, 51, 52, 176, 178, 181, 194–5, 201, 208, 53, 69, 82, 85, 86, 92, 94, 100, 219, 236 102, 106, 110–11, 118, 125, 129, Lukes, Steven, 6, 48–9, 160, 240 132, 140, 153, 154, 166, 167–73, 174, 180, 181, 184–5, 190, 191, madness, 11, 14, 32, 94, 142, 152, 192, 194–5, 197–8, 200, 206, 217, 154 237, 242 Magic Circle, 127–9 institutions, 4, 14–15, 37, 43–5, 131, make dos, 27 149, 234, 239, 241, 242, 243 see masculinity, 83–4, 85–7, 98–9, 120, also Total Institution (TI); 123–5, 133–4, 178, 180–1, Reinventive Institution (RI) 213–14, 220 institutionalisation, 13–14, 28, 31, 44, master status, 22, 105, 145, 146, 168, 92, 93–4, 181, 201 192 institutional arrangements, 18, 19, McSelves, 39, 77, 137, 236 21, 24, 27, 28, 29, 38, 51, 81, 86, medicalisation, 11, 32–3, 46, 94, 88, 110, 124, 141, 146, 174, 176, 143, 149, 150, 165, 166, 197, 235, 238, 241 239 insularity, 2, 6, 44, 69, 79, 85, 115, members see inmates 116, 123, 129, 133, 135, 136, 155, mental health and illness, 11, 21, 174, 178, 194–5, 195–8, 199, 201, 79–80, 81–2, 96, 102, 110, 115, 202, 207, 217, 228 142–73, 181–2, 201, 212–14, interaction order, 5, 18, 30, 49, 51–2, 214–22, 223–4, 228–30 240, 245 military, 85–7, 88–115, 98–103, Interlochen Arts Academy, 202–3 151 Internet addiction, 207, 229 monasteries, 56–8, 68, 73 Index 277 morality, 19–21, 24, 32, 34, 38, 42, pressure, 4, 69–70, 72, 85, 107, 109, 44, 51, 82, 90–4, 98, 103, 106, 135–6, 181, 183–4, 187, 192, 108–9, 110, 111, 112, 115, 119, 195, 196, 203, 204, 205, 213, 120, 150, 152, 164, 170, 173, 216–17, 219, 220, 221, 237 177, 183, 184, 195, 235 socialisation, 106, 110, 117, 128, moral career, 5, 21–6, 28, 38, 39, 63, 129, 131, 132, 135, 139, 149, 72, 77, 80, 84, 88, 90, 106, 182, 191–4, 194–5, 200 112–13, 145, 159, 164, 244 surveillance and monitoring, moral loosening, 24 49–52, 54, 69, 82, 85, 88, 89, moral panic, 63, 135, 208, 216, 220, 90, 106–7, 110, 134, 140, 154, 229 155, 160–1, 169–73, 183, 195, mortification, 22, 23, 24, 31, 56–7, 204–6, 210, 218–19, 221, 227, 90, 114, 119, 136, 137, 138, 145, 242 201 People’s Temple, 62 performative regulation, 6, 30, 49–52, narratives of self, 39–43, 49, 55, 80, 53, 59, 69, 131, 134, 155, 160–1, 97, 99, 104, 162, 163, 165–6, 167–73, 181, 183, 200–1, 215, 172, 189, 195, 199, 200, 205, 218–19, 220, 228, 237, 242–3 212, 221–2, 223–4, 234, 236, performativity, 7, 237–43, 243 243–4, 245 see also biographical performing arts academies, 198–203 identity work permeability, 44, 53, 64, 94, 123, naturism, 84 127–8, 133, 182, 236 negotiated order, 5, 13, 15–16, 30, 45, permeable institution, 44–5 49, 50, 100, 183, 197, 241 pharmaceutical revolution, 14, 32 New Age spirituality, 75–6, 83, 150 power, 1–2, 3, 9–10, 16–19, 30, 33–4, New Religious Movements (NRMs), 37, 45–9, 49–52, 118, 122, 123, 54, 60–4, 211 149, 153, 160, 168, 169, 183, 209, 210, 220, 234, 237–43, 245 online communities see virtual prisons, 2, 6, 9, 33, 45, 46, 48, 57, 71, institutions 72, 88–97, 144–6 online resources, 32, 74, 79, 207–33, penal reforms, 90–4 239 prisoner rehabilitation organisations, 14–15, 18, 33, 38, 43, programmes, 94–7, 144–6 62, 116, 134, 161, 211, 230, 234, privilege system, 23, 95 241, 242 pro-anorexia websites, 215–19 aesthetic, network and virtual, problems of living, 7, 32, 33, 98, 143, 43 165, 235 see also medicalisation outside see civilian, home or outside psychiatry, 11–12, 14, 20, 31, 95, 142, world 150, 151, 215, 222, 238 ‘psy’ industries, 37, 46–8, 239 pacts, 136 punishment and sanctioning, 23, 91, Paganism, 77–9 134, 160–1, 167, 168, 169, 180, Panopticon, 46, 48, 51, 89, 110, 112, 215, 220, 238, 242 146, 205, 219, 227, 238 parachurches, 66–7 race and ethnicity, 56, 65, 66–7, 78, peer group 94, 121, 129, 132–3, 133–4, 137, leaders and mentors, 41, 50, 72, 209, 211, 233 139, 156, 179, 182, 190, 194, reality television shows, 109, 111–15, 219, 237, 242 223 278 Index recarceration, 33, 59, 238 rites of passage, 22, 40, 98, 104, 112, recovery, 4, 7, 13, 23, 38, 40, 42, 90, 129, 135, 137, 140, 162, 185 96, 97, 98, 109, 142–73, 215, see also status passage 217, 219, 220, 229, 238, 242 rituals, 6, 22, 38, 53, 55, 56–7, 68, 75, Red Hat Society, 126 78, 118, 119, 120, 121–2, 126, reflexive self, 2, 32, 36, 39, 68, 147, 130, 136, 137, 163, 164, 165, 149, 164, 204, 232, 235, 240, 168, 177–9, 204, 226, 242 242, 243 rivalry see competitiveness; conflict regimes see disciplinary power; rules; Roedean school, 178 treatment regimes; timetables role distance, 26, 50, 95, 138, 146, and schedules 154, 171, 244 rehabilitation, 6, 7, 11, 33, 72, 92, roles, 1, 3, 4, 10, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 94–7, 110, 144, 145–6, 169, 171, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 33, 34, 40, 173, 214, 229, 235 44, 85, 105, 117, 120, 124, 131, reinvention see identity, reinvention 138, 139, 147, 155, 173, 174, 179, of 190, 191, 194, 208, 211, 213, 228, Reinventive Institution (RI), 2, 19, 230, 244, 245 22, 28–9, 30–53, 54, 72, 73, 84, Rose, Nik, 37, 46–8, 54, 77, 98, 160, 86–7, 90, 94, 104, 139, 169, 204, 239 206, 211, 229, 235, 236, 238, Rosenhan, David, 149 241, 242, 243, 244, 245 Rosicrucians, 121 definition, 3, 30–1 rules, 1, 3, 8, 9, 14–16, 17, 18, 21, 22, features, 52–3 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 44, 45, relative evaluation of progress, 4, 6, 52, 69, 85, 90, 94, 100, 101, 112, 49, 51, 53, 90, 97, 106, 142, 169, 114, 129, 135, 148, 149, 153, 155, 172, 204, 218, 226–7, 237, 238, 164, 171, 176, 177, 179, 182, 183, 242 186, 191, 193, 214, 216, 223, 236, release anxiety, 44, 144, 156, 201, 238, 239, 241, 242 219 running, 105–7 religion, 54–87, 105, 120–1, 130, 150, 158, 186, 203, 216, 226 schedules see timetables and resacrilisation, 58–60 schedules Research Assessment Exercise schools, 174–85, 189 see also boarding (RAE)/Research Excellence schools Framework (REF), 204–6 Scientology, 76–7 residential segregation, 12, 92, 123, Second Life, 231–3 129, 176, 202 secondary adjustments, 24, 26, 27, resistance and rebellion, 18, 23, 26–8, 28, 92, 148, 191 51, 52, 94, 132–3, 144, 146, secrecy, 116–18, 136, 156 148–9, 153, 169, 205–6, 215, 219, secret societies, 116–25, 127, 136, 225, 235, 241, 244, 245 140, 164, 217, 219 retreats, 69, 73, 79, 80–3, 106, sects and cults, 60–4, 75, 121, 216, 128 220 revolving door effect, 31, 144 secularisation, 58 rhetoric, institutional, 37, 41, 51, selfhood, 4–5, 17, 19–21, 26, 28, 30, 71–2, 77–8, 88, 95, 110, 122, 139, 34, 35, 41, 95–6, 107, 137, 162, 149, 158, 168, 169, 170, 173, 182, 167, 168, 172, 174, 185, 188, 208, 186, 220 210, 211, 212, 225, 231, 234, 235, Rhodes Farm clinic, 147 240, 242, 243–5 Index 279 self-actualisation, 38, 47, 75–6, 76–7, relations with inmates, 17, 28, 45, 79, 98, 113, 150, 159, 174, 183, 94, 100–1, 132, 146, 153, 218 156–8, 179, 183, 187, 193–4, self-help groups, 37, 161–73, 214–22, 197–8 229 world, 45 self-improvement, 52, 59, 76, 98, status, 2, 3, 12, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 26, 218, 235, 236, 239, 242 28, 30, 40, 44, 45, 57, 61, 95, 100, self-presentation, 10, 22, 43, 50, 104, 101, 111, 112, 117, 119, 124, 125, 145, 162, 167, 170, 205, 209, 128, 130, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 210, 220, 221–2, 241, 242 142, 145, 153, 155, 158, 159, 163, see also dramaturgy; identity 166, 167, 168, 169, 177, 178, 179, performance 180, 184, 185, 186–7, 188, 190, self-religions, 59, 75–83 204, 218, 226, 228, 242, 245 self-respecting tendency, 22 status passage, 41, 162, 185, 187–90 seminars, workshops and courses, 70, Steiner/Waldorf schools, 183 75, 76–7, 79, 81 stigmatisation, 27–8 service clubs, 125–7 Strauss, Anselm, 15–16, 40, 49, 241 sexuality, 66–7, 84, 85–7, 95–6, 132, students, 129–41, 174–203, 242 133–4, 136, 162–3, 179–81, suicide, 220–2 185–6, 210, 232–3 summer camps and festivals, 73–5, sexual violence, 25, 62, 69, 95–6, 121, 202 134, 136, 180–2, 196 Summerhill school, 183 ships and seafarers, 101–3 surveillance, 3, 16, 32, 33, 45–9, shyness clinics, 149–51 111–12, 146, 183, 204–6, 219, Simmel, Georg, 116–18, 136, 154, 238, 239 see also disciplinary 208 power; peer surveillance sincere performances, 24, 51, 132, Symbolic Interactionism, 1, 8, 9–10, 169, 171, 173, 193, 220, 221–2, 13, 17–18, 63, 131, 164, 190–4, 237, 241, 243 212, 221, 234, 240, 243 social movements, 83–7, 234 social networking sites, 210, 220, Theosophy movement, 120 221, 227–30 therapeutic aims, 79–80, 81–2, 88, solidarity and cohesiveness, 7, 13, 16, 103, 110, 142–73, 201, 209, 53, 54, 78, 94, 116, 118, 120, 122, 214 125, 126, 128, 131, 133, 135, 138, Therapeutic Communities (TCs), 140, 141, 146, 153, 160, 162, 177, 151–61 179, 181, 182, 183, 189, 195, 196, therapy culture, 37, 48, 98, 142–3, 197, 199, 208, 212, 214–15, 218, 163, 239 237 time, 92–4, 102–3 Soul Survivor, 73–4 timetables and schedules, 9, 46, 57, space and place, 147, 194–5, 207, 68, 93–4, 159, 176, 235 209, 215, 217, 227, 232, 234, Total Institution (TI), 1, 5, 8–29, 235 31–4, 35, 44, 48, 50, 56–8, 63, 64, spirituality see religion 72, 73, 84, 86–7, 89, 90, 92, 101, Spring Harvest, 74–5 104, 118, 139, 146, 149, 160, 161, staff 175, 176, 234–5, 243, 244, 245 authority and power, 16, 24, 51, definition, features and types, 9 139, 170, 176, 177 Transcendental Meditation (TM), identities, 139, 193, 197–8, 203–6 76–7 280 Index treatment regimes, 94–7, 142–73, Vipassana meditation, 68–9 239–40, 241 virtual community, 207–12, 234 Troubadors, 133–4 virtual institutions, 7, 32, 79, 133, turning points, 40, 113, 244 207–33 twelve step programmes, 95, virtual reality, 230–3 163–6, 167–73, 214, 216, voluntarism, 4, 29, 30, 40, 43, 230 49–50, 51, 52, 53, 61, 64, 77, 98, 102, 105, 111, 147, 154, underlife, 26–7, 28, 51, 92, 241 167, 175, 183, 204, 211, 236–7, Unification Church, 62 244–5 universities, 185–98, 203–6 see also fraternities and sororities; ward system, 23, 148 higher education; students Weber, Max, 8, 55–6, 58, 62, 152 working the system, 26, 100, 148 v-logging, 222–4 validation of identity claims, 131, Young Offender Institutions (YOIs), 162, 163, 165, 167, 173, 185, 91 221–2, 223, 245 young people, 71–2, 73–5, 78–9, 91, victimhood, 39, 70, 143, 163, 165, 103–7, 127, 174–203, 216, 220–1, 168, 169, 173, 215 227, 239 violence, 121, 136, 140, 180–1, 196, 201 zombie institutions, 34