The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia: Health, Hygiene, and Living Standards, 1943-1953 Donald Filtzer Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11373-1 - The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia: Health, Hygiene, and Living Standards, 1943-1953 Donald Filtzer Index More information

Index

Aaby, Peter, 278 (n. 33), 279 bathhouses, 131, 331, 339 agriculture, 351–2 (n. 15) as primary method of personal hygiene, air pollution 6, 127 in Chelyabinsk, 41 during World War II, 134–7 alimentarnaya distroﬁya, see starvation and frequency of use, 134–6, 137–40, 141–2, malnutrition 143, 144 (n. 31) amenorrhea, 211–12, 223–6 importance of for disease control, 19, 127 Andreev, E. M., 258 (Tab. 5.2), 285 in Arkhangel’sk, 137 anthropometric studies, 183–4 (n. 40), 267–8 in Chelyabinsk, 134, 135, 137, 139 antibiotics, see infant mortality (Tab. 3.1), 143 anti-pollution legislation, 105 in Chkalov, 137 after World War II, 113–24 in Gor’kii, 137, 139 (Tab. 3.1) before World War II, 106–13 in Gor’kii oblast’, 142 Aralovets, N. A., 276 in Ivanovo and Ivanovo oblast’, 134, 137, Austria and Austria-Hungary 138 (Tab. 3.1), 140, 142, 143 infant mortality in, 255, 256 (Tab. 5.1), in Kazan’, 135, 136, 137, 139 (Tab. 3.1) 257, 258 (Tab. 5.2) in Kemerovo oblast’, 139–40 (Tab. 3.1), measles in during World War II, 280 143–4 (n. 36) in Kuibyshev, 135, 137, 139 (Tab. 3.1) in Leningrad, 137 Balakhna cardboard factory, 79, 81, 110 in Magnitogorsk, 135 (Tab. 2.1) in Molotov oblast’, 139 (Tab. 3.1), 144 Balakhna paper combine, 79, 80–1, 105, in Moscow, 134, 137, 138 (Tab. 3.1), 141–2 107, 110 (Tab. 2.1) in Moscow oblast’, 134, 137, 138 banya, see bathhouses (Tab. 3.1), 142 barbers, see hairdressers in nineteenth- and early twentieth- Bashkiriya century Britain, 132–3 diet of workers and peasants in, 189 in nineteenth-century Europe, 8–9 (Tab. 4.4), 190 (Tab. 4.5), 193 in Novosibirsk, 137 (Fig. 4.1f), 197 (Fig. 4.2f), 206 in Saratov, 137 (Tab. 4.7), 209, 227 (Tab. 4.12), in Sverdlovsk, 139 (Tab. 3.1) 228 (Tab. 4.13), 236 (Tab. 4.15), in Sverdlovsk oblast’, 135–6 240, 242 (Tab. 4.16), 248 in Ul’yanovsk, 137 (Tab. 4.19) in Yaroslavl’ and Yaroslavl’ oblast’, 134, infant mortality in, 210, 271 (Tab. 5.5), 136, 138–9 (Tab. 3.1) 275 (Fig. 5.2g), 284 (Tab. 5.7), 289 workers’ grievances over, 143 (Fig. 5.3g), 290, 292 (Tab. 5.8), 304 see also personal hygiene; soap shortage (Tab. 5.10), 328 (Tab. 5.13), 329, Belgium, infant mortality in, 258 (Tab. 5.2) 333 (Fig. 5.8e) Belikov, Peter, 1, 2 see also Ufa Berezniki soda factory, 99 Bater, James, 25–6 (n. 11) Beria, Lavrentii, 123

366

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Index 367

besprizorniki, 131, 149–50, 159 Chelyabinsk oblast’ beznadzorniki, 131, 149–50 diet of workers in, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 Bogoslovskii aluminum factory, 98, 123 (Tab. 4.5), 192 (Fig. 4.1d), 196 Boldyrev, T. E., 103 (n. 76), 118 (Fig. 4.2d), 206 (Tab. 4.7), 227 Boyd Orr, John, 198 (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. 4.13), 236 Bradford (Tab. 4.15), 240, 242 (Tab. 4.16), infant mortality in, 290 248 (Tab. 4.19) sanitary conditions in, 24, 25 infant mortality in, 210, 271 (Tab. 5.5), bread, see diet and nutrition 274 (Fig. 5.2e), 283–4 (Tab. 5.7), Brezhnev, Leonid, 106 288 (Fig. 5.3e), 290, 291–2 British Medical Association, 198 (Tab. 5.8), 301, 302, 303–4 Brožek, Josef, 180 (n. 33) (Tab. 5.10), 307 (Fig. 5.4f), 328 Budapest (Tab. 5.13), 329, 332 (Fig. 5.8d) epidemics in during World War II, mortality in during 1947 famine, 209 280 (n. 36) public laundries in, 148 milk crisis in during World War II, sewage and waste removal in, 46, 52 296 (n. 60) water supplies in, 101–4 Burton, Christopher, 15 (n. 20), 118, 119 worm infestations among children in, 203 Chelyabinsk tractor factory (Kirov Tractor cachexia, see starvation and malnutrition Factory), 40, 41, 57, 201 (n. 59) Calder, Angus, 25 (n. 8) Cherepenina, Nadezhda, 180 capitalism, 7, 343 (n. 1), 344, 345 Chermoz iron and steel factory, 99 and creation of modern slums, xviii, 353 childhood mortality, 178, 276–81 degradation of labor power under, children’s homes, 136, 146, 147, 148, 125, 353 166 (n. 10), 172, 298, 316 economic logic of, 105, 106, 350, 353 China, environmental problems in, xvi, Central Scientiﬁc Medical Library, xvii–xviii Moscow, 15 cholera, Hamburg epidemic (1892), 27 Central Statistical Administration, 15, 18 Chu, F. T., 277 household budget surveys, xviii, 15, 169, Chusovoi (Molotov oblast’), water supply 173, 184 in, 100–1 organization and methodology of, Chusovoi iron and steel factory, 99, 100 185–9, 195, 204 Clarkson, Leslie, 128, 234 population estimates, 13, 14, 254 class Chadwick, Edwin, 4 and class conﬂict under Stalinism, 345–7, Chelyabinsk, 184 351, 353 bathhouses in, 134, 135, 137, 139 and social inequality in USSR, 34, (Tab. 3.1), 143 184 (n. 40), 265–9, 335 diet of workers in, 172–3, 187, 189 cleanup campaigns (in towns and cities), 2, (Tab. 4.4), 190 (Tab. 4.5), 192 19, 29, 48, 49, 61–3, 319 (Fig. 4.1d), 196 (Fig. 4.2d), 206 coal mining, living conditions in, 43, 50, 71, (Tab. 4.7), 209, 227 (Tab. 4.12), 228 74, 101, 104, 144, 160 (Tab. 4.13), 236 (Tab. 4.15), 240, coliform index (measure of bacterial 242 (Tab. 4.16), 248 (Tab. 4.19) pollution of water), 75 (n. 20) housing and infrastructure in, 40–2 collective farms (kolkhozy), see peasants and infant mortality in, 210, 271 (Tab. 5.5), peasantry 274 (Fig. 5.2e), 284 (Tab. 5.7), 288 collectivization, 167, 257, 339 (Fig. 5.3e), 290, 292 (Tab. 5.8), 304 coronary artery disease, 180, 183, 218 (Tab. 5.10), 307 (Fig. 5.4f), 328 Crawford, Margaret, 128, 234 (Tab. 5.13), 332 (Fig. 5.8d) Crawford, William, 198 mortality in during World War II, 174 Czechoslovakia, infant mortality in, (Tab. 4.2), 180 256 (Tab. 5.1), 258 (Tab. 5.2) public laundries in, 147 sewage and waste removal in, 57 Darskii, L. E., 258 (Tab. 5.2), 285 water supply in, 93–4 Davis, Mike, xviii

368 Index

Degtyarka copper mines, 97, 109 (Tab. 2.1) and use of antibiotics, 308, 320–1 Denmark, infant mortality in, 258 anthropometric studies by, 183–4 (n. 40) (Tab. 5.2), 286 familiarity of with Western medical Departments of Workers Supply (ORSy), literature, 336 (n. 106) 136, 137 mobilization of for front in World diet and nutrition War II, 217 adequacy of relative to energy protests by against excessive expenditure, 6, 170, 171, 172–3, secrecy, 18 179–80, 200–9, 244–5, 268 training and diagnostic abilities of, 2, 16, after 1947 food crisis, 226–44, 340 180, 182, 185, 217, 281, 308, 314, and differential access to milk among 315, 317, 324, 326, 342 peasants and workers, 235–8, working conditions of, 278 239–40, 242 (Tab. 4.17), 244, 340 domestic labor, see women and productivity of labor power, 244–5 Dunham, Vera, 266 (n. 15) and sugar consumption, 230–4 (Tab. 4.14 Duskin, J. Eric, 266 (n. 15) and Fig. 4.4), 238–9 (n. 119), 243 Dutch “Hunger Winter”, see diet and during 1947 food crisis, 20, 164–6, nutrition, in Netherlands 185–209, 239–40, 340 dysentery, 59, 60, 153 during postwar period (general), 20, and use of bacteriophage to treat, 332–3 168–9, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 (n. 101) (Tab. 4.5), 206 (Tab. 4.7), 227 from contaminated water supplies, 86–7 (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. 4.13), 236 (n. 46), 95, 104 (Tab. 4.15), 240–1, 242 (Tab. 4.17), in Moscow, 33–4 247, 248 (Tab. 4.19) infant mortality from, 33, 217, 293, 294 during prewar period, 167–8, 199 (Tab. 5.9), 308, 312–16, 323 during World War II, 166, 168, 169–73, misdiagnosis of, 2, 33 (n. 27) 267–8, 340 see also gastrointestinal infections; infant impact of on fertility, 223–6 mortality importance of fats for, 171 Dzerzhinsk importance of potatoes for, 163, 170, heights of school children in, 267 226–35, 243, 340 water supply in, 78 in China 1959–1963, 199, 200 (Tab. 4.6) in Germany during World War I, Egor’evsk melange yarn combine, 76 200 (Tab. 4.6), 235 Elektroapparat electrical engineering in Netherlands during Dutch “Hunger factory, Sverdlovsk, 215 Winter” (1944–1945), 198–9, 200 Ellman, Michael, 164, 210–11, 212 (Tab. 4.6), 223, 224, 276 Engels, Friedrich, 4 in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century England and Wales, see Great Britain Britain, 197–8, 200 (Tab. 4.6) epidemics in post-famine Ireland, 197, 200 absence of despite poor sanitary (Tab. 4.6) conditions, 104, 162 see also famines; milk; mortality; starvation and anti-epidemic measures, 10, 15, 63, and malnutrition; individual cities and 127, 131, 132, 136, 137, 318 oblasti against measles, 278–81 diphtheria, 129, 153, 260, 277, 293, 294 against typhus, 129–32, 148, 149–56, (Tab. 5.9), 313, 331 158–61, 222 disinfection chambers (dezkamery), 129, 148 in European colonies, 334 Dneprostroi, 294 (n. 54) and poor sanitation and water Dobryanka iron and steel factory, 99 supply, 27, 32, 54 (n. 75), 60, doctors 102, 134 and attempts to control measles, 279, and sanitary education, 315–20 280, 281 during World War II, 153, 174 and diagnosis of starvation and malnutrition, in nineteenth-century Europe, 8 181, 216, 218 (n. 91), 219 (n. 93), 221 see also individual diseases (n. 96), 267 (n. 18), 297 evacuation councils, 152

Index 369

Evans, Richard, 8, 9, 151 Glasgow exploitation of labor power life expectancy in during nineteenth under capitalism, 125 century, 3 under Stalinism, 125–6 milk depots in, 298 sanitary conditions in, 25, 53, 132 factory farms and allotments, 170 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 106 factory training schools (FZO), see Labor Gor’kii Reserve system bathhouses in, 137, 139 (Tab. 3.1) famines cleanup campaigns in, 62 1921–1922, 167, 209, 226 diet of workers in, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 1932–1933, 168, 180, 209, 226, 339–40 (Tab. 4.5), 191 (Fig. 4.1b), 194 during World War II, 183, 340 (Fig. 4.2b), 206 (Tab. 4.7), 227 1946–1947, 2, 5, 6, 20, 128, 163, 168, (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. 4.13), 236 169, 239–40, 340 (Tab. 4.15), 240, 242 (Tab. 4.16), differential impact of on peasantry and 248 (Tab. 4.19) urbanpopulation, 5,164,185–209,239 heights of school children and young impact of on fertility, 211–12, 223–6 workers in, 267–8 mortality from, 33, 164, 185 (n. 41), housing and infrastructure in, 37–8 209–23 infant mortality in, 210, 271 (Tab. 5.5), typhus epidemic during, 128, 129, 131, 273 (Fig. 5.2b), 283 (Tab. 5.7), 149–50, 156–8, 161, 222–3 287 (Fig. 5.3b), 290, 291 (Tab. 5.8), typology of, 164 302, 303 (Tab. 5.10), 305 see also diet and nutrition; harvests and (Fig. 5.4c), 328 (Tab. 5.13), harvest failures 330 (Fig. 5.8b) Farr, William, 4 public laundries in, 148 Feshbach, Murray, 87 (n. 47), 106, 117 sewage and waste removal in, 53, Fogel, Robert William, 201 (n. 56) 54, 55 food consumption, see diet and nutrition water supply in, 76–7 food safety, 2, 58, 172 (n. 22), 188 (n. 47) Gor’kii milling machine factory, 201 food shortages, see diet and nutrition Gor’kii oblast’ France, xviii bathhouses in, 142 infant mortality in, 256 (Tab. 5.1), 257, diet of workers and peasants in, 189 258 (Tab. 5.2), 259 (Fig. 5.1), 264 (Tab. 4.4), 190 (Tab. 4.5), 191 sanitation and water supplies in, 9, 22, (Fig. 4.1b), 194 (Fig. 4.2b), 206 24, 68 (n. 6), 90 (n. 53) (Tab. 4.7), 227 (Tab. 4.12), Friendly, Alfred, 87 (n. 47), 106, 117 228 (Tab. 4.13), 236 (Tab. 4.15), Frolov, V. A., 117 240, 242 (Tab. 4.16), 248 Fürst, Juliane, xviii (Tab. 4.19) housing and infrastructure in, 44–6 Galley, Chris, 261 infant mortality in, 271 (Tab. 5.5), 273 gastrointestinal infections, 1, 59, 102 (Fig. 5.2b), 276, 283 (Tab. 5.7), (n. 75), 103 (n. 76), 124, 159, 216 287 (Fig. 5.3b), 291 (Tab. 5.8), (Tab. 4.9), 217, 219 (n. 93) 302, 303 (Tab. 5.10), 305 (Fig. see also infant mortality 5.4c), 328 (Tab. 5.13), 329, germ theory of disease, 7–8, 151 330 (Fig. 5.8b) Germany, xviii public laundries in, 148 and war with Soviet Union, 152, 168, 178 sewage and waste removal in, 52, bathhouses in, 132 53, 54 diet in during World War I, 200 water supply in, 77–80 (Tab. 4.6), 235 Gosplan (Gosudarstvennaya planovaya infant mortality in, 58, 255, 257–9, 264, komissiya), see State Planning 265, 269, 270, 302, 331 Commission milk depots in, 298 Gosudarstvennaya sanitarnaya sanitation and water supplies in, 9, 22, inspektsiya (GSI), see State 24, 25, 58, 66, 90 (n. 53), 112, 151 Sanitary Inspectorate

370 Index

Great Britain, xviii, 18 in Moscow, 32 bathhouses in, 127, 132–3, 134 in Moscow oblast’, 42–3 diet in, 197–8, 200 (Tab. 4.6), 234 in Yaroslavl’, 35–6 infant mortality in, 58, 254–4, 257, human immune serum, 153, 277–8 258 (Tab. 5.2), 259 (Fig. 5.1), 260, Hungary, infant mortality in, 255, 261–4, 265 (n. 13), 269, 270, 286, 256 (Tab. 5.1), 257, 258 (Tab. 5.2), 290, 293 (n. 51), 302, 331 259 (Fig. 5.1) life expectancy in, 3, 4 (n. 4) milk safety and milk depots in, 297–8 illegal waste dumps, 59–60 sanitation and water supplies in, 4, 7 “incompleteness” (nekomplektnost’), 113 (n. 12), 9, 14, 15, 22, 23, 25, 58, indentured labor, 19, 43 (n. 42), 130–1, 66, 67, 68 (n. 6), 108, 112, 152, 154–6, 158–61, 339 118 (n. 99), 151 industrialization Great Depression, 350 of Europe, 22, 26, 198 Greater Moscow coal fields, 74 of USSR, 27, 35, 37, 40, 71, 92, 101, 105, Gregory, Paul, 344 (n. 3) 106, 108, 112, 167, 245, 257, 337, GSI (Gosudarstvennaya sanitarnaya 344–8 inspektsiya), see State Sanitary infant mortality, 2, 15, 18, 20 Inspectorate after food crisis of 1947, 301–24 Gubakha coal fields, 99 and antibiotics, 308–9, 320–3, 332 and birth rate, 7, 260, 276 hairdressers, 135 and borrowing of Western medical sanitary controls over, xvii, 14, 150–1 advances, 331–6 Hamburg, 8–9 and breastfeeding, 237, 260, 263, 265, cholera epidemic in (1892), 27, 151 (n. 51) 269, 293–4, 316 harvests and harvest failures and class and income, 260, 264–9, of grain, 4, 158, 163, 164–5, 168 293 (n. 51) of potatoes, 163 and flies, 263, 317 (n. 86) regime response to (1946–1947), and milk supplies 5 (n. 11), 235, 238, 164–6, 169 263, 294–9 see also famines and neonatal and post-neonatal mortality, Haussmann, Baron Georges, 24 262–3, 265, 284, 292–4, 312, health education, see personal hygiene 313–14 Heinzen, James, 266 (n. 15) and nutrition of mothers, 260, 265, 276, Holland, see Netherlands 293–4, 314, 315 Hooper, Cynthia, 266 (n. 15) and poor sanitation and domestic hospitals, 1, 15, 49, 99, 128 (n. 1), 129, 146, hygiene, 6, 7, 58, 64–5, 255, 257, 149, 152, 156, 166 (n. 10), 181, 183, 260, 262–3, 265, 268–70, 276, 281, 282, 284, 296 (n. 60), 297, 315, 296–7, 308, 314, 331, 335–6 319, 320, 321, 323, 324, 341 and quality of medical care, 255, 308, heating in, 201 313–14, 324 sanitary conditions in, xvii, 10, 26, 45, 46, and rationing system, 296 (n. 60) 75, 84, 95, 100, 101, 104, 107, 137, and sanitary education, 315–20, 336 146, 147, 148 and “urban penalty,” 260–3, 302–8 housing basic paradox of, 6–7, 20, 260, 331–6, and measles epidemic in World 340–1 War II, 279 during food crisis of 1947, 210, 240, 276, during 1930s, 27 282–301 during late Stalin period, 31, 64 during late Stalin period (general), 7, 64, in Chelyabinsk, 40–1, 201 (n. 59) 340–1 in Gor’kii, 37, 38 during World War II, 174, 175–6 in Gor’kii oblast’, 44–5 (Tab. 4.3), 178, 256, 259, 270–82, in Greater Moscow coal fields, 74 318, 340 in Ivanovo, 31, 63 from diphtheria, 260, 293, 294 in Molotov, 39 (Tab. 5.9), 313

Index 371

from dysentery, 33, 217, 293, 294 Ireland (Tab. 5.9), 308, 312–16, 323 diet in after 1840s famine, 197, 200 from failure of newborns to thrive, 260, (Tab. 4.6) 294 (Tab. 5.9), 308–14 typhus in, 128 from gastrointestinal infections, 64, 68, Italy, infant mortality in, 256 (Tab. 5.1), 217, 237, 260, 262, 263, 270, 293, 257, 258 (Tab. 5.2), 259 (Fig. 5.1) 294 (Tab. 5.9), 295, 308–12, Ivanovo 314–20, 324–5 bathhouses in, 134, 137, 138 (Tab. 3.1), from inﬂuenza, 260, 313 140, 142 from measles, 260, 262, 293, 294 cleanup campaigns in, 61–2 (Tab. 5.9), 313, 332 diet of workers in (also Ivanovo oblast’), from meningitis, 294 (Tab. 5.9), 313 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 (Tab. 4.5), 191 from pneumonia, 217, 260, 263, 293, (Fig. 4.1b), 194 (Fig. 4.2b), 206 294 (Tab. 5.9), 308–12, 320–5 (Tab. 4.7), 227 (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. from respiratory syncytial virus, 260 4.13), 236 (Tab. 4.15), 240, 241, 242 from scarlet fever, 260, 262, 293, 294 (Tab. 4.16), 243, 248 (Tab. 4.19) (Tab. 5.9), 313 heights of school children and young from starvation, 295 (n. 56) workers in, 267–8 from tuberculosis, 262, 294 housing stock in, 31, 63 (Tab. 5.9), 313 infant mortality in (also Ivanovo oblast’), from whooping cough (pertussis), 260, 210, 271 (Tab. 5.5), 272, 273 293, 294 (Tab. 5.9), 313 (Fig. 5.2b), 283 (Tab. 5.7), 287 in Budapest during World War II, (Fig. 5.3b), 290, 291 (Tab. 5.8), 296 (n. 60) 295, 302, 303 (Tab. 5.10), 328 in modern-day Afghanistan, 255 (n. 2) (Tab. 5.13), 329, 330 (Fig. 5.8b) in modern-day Liberia, 255, 256 milk shortage in, 235–7, 295 (Tab. 5.1) mortality in during 1947 famine, 210 in modern-day Sierra Leone, 255, sewage and waste removal in, 54, 55 256 (Tab. 5.1) water supply in, 85 in nineteenth- and early twentieth- Ivanovo oblast’ century Europe, 255, 256 (Tab. bathhouses in, 138 (Tab. 3.1), 143 5.1), 257, 258 (Tab. 5.2), 259–66, public laundries in, 148 269–70, 289, 290, 331 water supply in, 85–6 in pre-revolutionary Russia, 255, 256 see also Ivanovo (Tab. 5.1), 257, 258 (Tab. 5.2) in RSFSR, 255, 256, 257, 258 (Tab. 5.2), Japan, 334 259–60, 271 (Tab. 5.5), 276, 283 (Tab. 5.7), 302 , 303 (Tab. 5.10), Kalinin cardboard factory (Gor’kii oblast’), 304 (Fig. 5.4a), 328 (Tab. 5.13), 80, 81 329 (Fig. 5.8a) Kalinin Chemical Combine, Dzerzhinsk, 80 in Urals and Western Siberia, 91, 290, Kalinin factory, Sverdlovsk, 215 292, 301, 321–3, 324–6 Karbolit factory, Moscow oblast’, 76, 109 methodological problems measuring, (Tab. 2.1), 111–12 244–5, 282, 284–6 Kassatsier, M. Ya., 282, 292 (n. 50) regional differences in, 256–7, 301, 302, Kazan’ 320–3, 324–33, 341 bathhouses in, 135,136,137,139 (Tab. 3.1) seasonal variations in, 263 cleanup campaigns in, 63 urban–rural differences in, 211, 238, diet of workers in, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 (Tab. 260–3, 264–5, 271–2 (Tab. 5.5), 4.5), 192 (Fig. 4.1c), 195 (Fig. 4.2c), 282–5, 290, 291–2 (Tab. 5.8), 302–8 206 (Tab. 4.7), 227 (Tab. 4.12), 228 see also childhood mortality; individual (Tab. 4.13), 236 (Tab. 4.15), 240, 242 cities and oblasti (Tab. 4.16), 248 (Tab. 4.19) Institute of Nutrition, 187 (n. 46), 204 infant mortality in, 210, 283 (Tab. 5.7), (n. 66), 241 290, 291 (Tab. 5.8) intestinal worms, 59, 202–4 measles in, 278–9, 281

372 Index

Kazan’ (cont.) infant mortality in, 210, 271 (Tab. 5.5), 273 mortality in during World War II, 174 (Fig. 5.2c), 283 (Tab. 5.7), 287 (Fig. (Tab. 4.2), 177 5.3c), 290, 291 (Tab. 5.8), 295–6, 302, sewage and waste removal in, 55, 56 303 (Tab. 5.10), 306 (Fig. 5.4d), 328 (n. 85), 107 (Tab. 5.13), 331 (Fig. 5.8c) water supply in, 87–9 milk shortage in, 295–6 see also Tatariya mortality in during 1947 famine, 210 Kazan’ linen combine, 110 (Tab. 2.1) sewage and waste removal in, 53, 54, 56 Kemerovo coke-oven products factory, 108, starvation of workers in during World 110 (Tab. 2.1), 122 War II, 183 (n. 38) Kemerovo oblast’ water supply in, 89–91 bathhouses in, 139–40 (Tab. 3.1), 143-4 Kuibyshev oblast’ diet of workers in, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 diet of peasants in, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 (Tab. 4.5), 193 (Fig. 4.1f), 197 (Tab. 4.5), 192 (Fig. 4.1c), 195 (Fig. 4.2f), 206 (Tab. 4.7), 208, 227 (Fig. 4.2c), 206 (Tab. 4.7), 227 (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. 4.13), 236 (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. 4.13), 236 (Tab. 4.15), 240, 241, 242 (Tab. 4.15), 240, 242 (Tab. 4.16), (Tab. 4.16), 243, 248 (Tab. 4.19) 248 (Tab. 4.19) infant mortality in, 272 (Tab. 5.5), 275 infant mortality in, 271 (Tab. 5.5), 273 (Fig. 5.2g), 284 (Tab. 5.7), 289 (Fig. 5.2c), 283 (Tab. 5.7), 287 (Fig. 5.3g), 290, 292 (Tab. 5.8), 302, (Fig. 5.3c), 291 (Tab. 5.8), 303 304 (Tab. 5.10), 328 (Tab. 5.13), (Tab. 5.10), 306 (Fig. 5.4d), 328 329, 333 (Fig. 5.8e) (Tab. 5.13), 329, 331 (Fig. 5.8c) sewage and waste removal in, 52, 57 Kuzbass, see Kemerovo oblast’ water supplies in, 96–7 Kuznetsk iron and steel combine, Kerr, James, 132 Kemerovo oblast’, 122 Keys, Ancel, 180 (n. 33), 208 Khar’kova, L. T., 258 (Tab. 5.2), 285 labor days (on collective farms), 165 Khrushchev, Nikita, 10, 336 labor power, erosion of value-creating Kirov Tractor Factory, Chelyabinsk, see properties of, 125, 353 Chelyabinsk tractor factory labor process, 346 Kirovgrad chemical factory (Sverdlovsk labor safety legislation, disincentives to oblast’), 99 enforce during perestroika, 123 Kizel coal ﬁelds, 39, 50, 99, 101 Labor Reserve system, 131, 136, 156, kolkhozy, see peasants and peasantry 159–60, 172, 319 Kolomna locomotive works, 76 health and diet of students in, 184 (n. 40), Komsomol (Communist Youth League), 166 203, 216 (n. 88), 224, 268 Kotkin, Steven, 101, 102 Lavrov, A., 114, 115, 117, 120 (n. 106), Krasnoe Sormovo heavy engineering 121, 124, 125 factory, Gor’kii, 110 (Tab. 2.1) Leningrad, xvii, 11, 28, 31, 109 (Tab. 2.1), Krasnokamsk paper mill, 99 111, 137, 167, 187, 203, 285 (n. 44), Krasnovishersk paper mill, 99, 100 351 (n. 13) Krasnyi Perekop textile factory, Yaroslavl’, diet of workers in, 186, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 84, 110 (Tab. 2.1) 190 (Tab. 4.5), 195, 206 (Tab. 4.7), Krasnyi Pereval textile factory, Yaroslavl’, 84 227 (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. 4.13), 236 Kuhn, Thomas, xvi, xvii (Tab. 4.15), 239, 248 (Tab. 4.19) Kuibyshev infant mortality in, 327 (n. 99) bathhouses in, 135, 137, 139 (Tab. 3.1) measles in, 278 (Tab. 5.6), 279–81 cleanup campaigns in, 62 siege of, 180, 183, 219, 223 diet of workers in, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 typhus in during 1946–1947 famine, 157 (Tab. 4.5), 192 (Fig. 4.1c), 195 (Tab. 3.2), 158 (Fig. 4.2c), 206 (Tab. 4.7), 226, 227 lice and lice control, 19, 128–32, 146, 147, (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. 4.13), 236 222, 339 (Tab. 4.15), 240, 242 (Tab. 4.16), see also bathhouses; public laundries; 243, 248 (Tab. 4.19) typhus

Index 373

life expectancy, in Victorian Britain, 3 Moldavia, 185 limitchiki (internal migrants), 126 and 1947 famine, 164, 209, 218 (n. 93), Lindley, William, 8–9 239, 340 typhus in, 156, 157 (Tab. 3.2) McKhann, Charles Fremont, 277 Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 39, 61 (n. 99) Magnitogorsk Molotov (city) bathhouses in, 135 diet of workers in, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 diet of workers in, 215, 240 (Tab. 4.5), 193 (Fig. 4.1e), 196 infant mortality in, 284 (Tab. 5.7), 290, (Fig. 4.2e), 206 (Tab. 4.7), 209, 291 (Tab. 5.8), 301 227 (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. 4.13), mortality in during 1947 famine, 209 236 (Tab. 4.15), 240, 242 sewage and waste removal in, 57 (Tab. 4.16), 248 (Tab. 4.19) water supply in, 101–2 housing and infrastructure in, 39–40 Magnitogorsk iron and steel combine, 100, infant mortality in, 210, 271 (Tab. 5.5), 101, 102–3 (n. 76), 122, 215 275 (Fig. 5.2f), 276, 283 (Tab. 5.7), Maksim Gor’kii glass factory, Bor 289 (Fig. 5.3f), 290, 291 (Tab. 5.8), (Gor’kii oblast’), 81–2 303 (Tab. 5.10), 307 (Fig. 5.4g), malaria, 36 321–3, 328 (Tab. 5.13), 332 malnutrition, see starvation and malnutrition (Fig. 5.8d) Manchester, 133 milk shortage in, 295 infant mortality in during nineteenth political history, 39 century, 290 sewage and waste removal in, 54, life expectancy in during nineteenth 55, 56 century, 3 water supply in, 94–6 safety of milk supplies in, 297, 298 Molotov engineering works, Molotov, 94 Mardinkovskii, B. I., 181 Molotov motor vehicle works, Gor’kii, 77, Markevich, Andrei, 238 (n. 118) 110 (Tab. 2.1), 348 (n. 11) Marx, Karl, 350 Molotov oblast’ measles, 153, 260, 262, 277–81, 293, 294 bathhouses in, 139 (Tab. 3.1), 144 (Tab. 5.9), 313, 317, 332 diet of workers and peasants in, 189 (Tab. Medical Ofﬁcers of Health (England and 4.4), 190 (Tab. 4.5), 193 (Fig. 4.1e), Wales), 13, 15 196 (Fig. 4.2e), 206 (Tab. 4.7), 227 miasma theory of disease, 8 (n. 13) (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. 4.13), 236 migration, impact of on urban sanitary (Tab. 4.15), 240, 242 (Tab. 4.16), conditions, 27–9 243, 248 (Tab. 4.19) see also indentured labor infant mortality in, 271 (Tab. 5.5), 272, milk 275 (Fig. 5.2f), 276, 283 (Tab. 5.7), and infant mortality, 5, 235, 238, 260, 289 (Fig. 5.3f), 291 (Tab. 5.8), 302, 263, 265 (n. 12), 269, 294, 295–6 303 (Tab. 5.10), 307 (Fig. 5.4g), 328 differential access to among peasants and (Tab. 5.13), 329, 332 (Fig. 5.8d) workers, 226, 230–8, 239–40, 340 lack of infrastructure in, 99 rise in price of (September 1946), mortality in during 1947 famine, 209 4, 165 quality of medical care in, 326 scarcity and safety of, 2, 58, 172, 235–8, sewage and waste removal in, 47, 52–3 242 (Tab. 4.17), 244, 269, 294–301, water supplies in, 99–101 316, 317 (n. 86) mortality (general), 2 milk kitchens, 235, 237–8, 297–301 decline of during late Stalinism despite Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniya slow pace of sanitary reform, 7, 162, (Minzdrav), see Ministry of Health 330–6, 340–2 Ministry for the Improvement of the Water during famine of 1946–1947, 20, Industry (Minvodkhoz), 117 33, 163–4, 209–23, 240, 293, Ministry of Public Health 294 (Tab. 5.9) RSFSR, 15 during World War II, 20, 168, 173–83 USSR, 14, 15, 342 in contemporary Russia, 255 (n. 1) Ministry of Trade, 147, 166 in Europe and USA, 7

374 Index

mortality (general) (cont.) Netherlands in rural areas, 164, 209, 210–12, 213 and Dutch “Hunger Winter” (1944–1945), (Tab. 4.8) 198–9, 200 (Tab. 4.6), 223, 224, 276 methodological problems of data on, infant mortality in, 257, 258 177–8, 184–5, 254–5 (Tab. 5.2), 286 see also famines; infant mortality; New Economic Policy (NEP), 257, 345 starvation and malnutrition Nizhnii Tagil coke-oven products factory, Moscow 98, 119 bathhouses in, 134, 137, 138 (Tab. 3.1), Novo-Tagil iron and steel factory, Nizhnii 141–2 Tagil (Sverdlovsk oblast’), 123 diet of workers in, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 Novotrubnyi iron and steel factory, (Tab. 4.5), 191 (Fig. 4.1a), 194 Pervoural’sk (Sverdlovsk oblast’), (Fig. 4.2a), 206 (Tab. 4.7), 208, 98, 109 (Tab. 2.1) 227 (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. 4.13), nutrition, see diet and nutrition 236 (Tab. 4.15), 239–40, 242 (Tab. 4.16), 248 (Tab. 4.19) Oddy, Derek, 197 housing and infrastructure in, 32–5 Ogle, William, 263 (n. 6) illegal population in, 53–4 organized recruitment (orgnabor), 131 infant mortality in, 33 (n. 27), 51, 210, ORSy, see Departments of Workers’ Supply 257, 271 (Tab. 5.2), 272 (Fig. 5.2a), 283 (Tab. 5.7), 286 (Fig. 5.3a), 291 Panteleeva, E. I., 184 (n. 40), 224–5, 268 (Tab. 5.8), 303 (Tab. 5.10), 305 peasants and peasantry, 170 (Fig. 5.4b), 321–3, 325, 327–33 access of to consumer good, 239 measles in, 278–9 and 1946–1947 famine, 20, 164–5, mortality in 210–12, 213 (Tab. 4.8), 339, 340 during 1947 famine, 210 and number of rural births, 225 during World War II, 174 (Tab. 4.2), attitude of Stalin towards, 342, 345 175 (Tab. 4.3), 177 diets of, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 (Tab. 4.5), public laundries in, 145, 146 (n. 36), 147 191–7 (figs. 4.1 and 4.2), 212, sewage and waste removal in, 50–2, 53, 226–39, 243, 244, 268 (n. 19), 340 55, 56, 57, 327, 329 infant mortality among transient population in, 158–9 in nineteenth- and early twentieth- water supply in, 72–3, 327 century Europe, 260–3 Moscow oblast’ in USSR, 211, 238, 271–2 (Tab. 5.5), bathhousesin, 134,137,138(Tab.3.1), 142 282–5, 291–2 (Tab. 5.8), 303–4 diet of workers and peasants in, 189 (Tab. 5.10) (Tab. 4.4), 190 (Tab. 4.5), 191 poverty of, 266 (Fig. 4.1a), 194 (Fig. 4.2a), 206 perestroika, 123 (Tab. 4.7), 208, 227 (Tab. 4.12), Perm’ Railway, 215 228 (Tab. 4.13), 236 (Tab. 4.15), personal hygiene 240, 242 (Tab. 4.16), 243, 248 and infant mortality, 58 (Tab. 4.19) and installation of gas in Moscow housing and infrastructure in, 42–4 flats, 142 industrial makeup of, 42 and middle-class fears of public disorder, infant mortality in, 271 (Tab. 5.5), 272 8–10, 133 (Fig. 5.2a), 283 (Tab. 5.7), 286 difficulties maintaining in Soviet towns, (Fig. 5.3a), 291 (Tab. 5.8), 303 6, 58–9, 127, 141, 339 (Tab. 5.10), 305 (Fig. 5.4b), 328 public education about, 20, 58, 59, 61, (Tab. 5.13), 329 64, 162, 299 (n. 65), 315–20, measles in, 279, 280 336, 341 sewage and waste removal in, 52 see also bathhouses; lice and lice control; water supply in, 73–6 soap shortage; typhus Moscow–Volga canal, 72 planning and planlessness (of Soviet Moskoff, William, 169–70 (n. 15), economy), 92, 105–6, 111, 113, 170–1, 172 123–4, 343–52

Index 375

pneumonia, 6, 180, 216 (Tab. 4.19), 217, Salford, infant mortality in, 269 260, 263, 293, 294 (Tab. 5.9), Sanitarno-epidemicheskie stantsii (SES), see 295 (n. 56), 308, 309, 310–12, sanitary-epidemic centers 320–7, 332 sanitary control stations, 152–3 Polevskii cryolite factory, Sverdlovsk oblast’, sanitary education and sanitary educators, 109 (Tab. 2.1) 58, 59, 61, 64, 162, 299 (n. 65), population figures, 12–14, 254 336, 341 see also infant mortality; mortality role of in reducing infant mortality, 20, Post, John D., 280 (n. 38) 315–20, 334–5 potatoes, see diet and nutrition sanitary-epidemic centers (SES), 15 (n. 19) Preobrazhensky, E. A., 343 (n. 1) sanitary inspectors, see State Sanitary Preston, Samuel, 333–5, 341 Inspectors Preston curve, see Preston, Samuel sanitary physicians, see State Sanitary prices, changes in following 1946 harvest Inspectors failure, 4–5 sanitary processing (sanitarnaya obrabotka), prison labor, 130, 135 129, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 159, private plots, 170 160, 319, 339 profit-and-loss accounting (khozraschet), 55 sanitary processing stations (sanpropuskniki), impact of on waste removal, 56 129, 152 (n. 52), 159, 339 public baths, see bathhouses sanitary reform public health measures and fall in mortality in USA, 7 as response to demographic crisis of in nineteenth-century Europe, 8 World War II, 177 political and financial motivations as substitute for sanitary reform, 10, 149, behind, 8–10 161–2 slow pace of in USSR, 7 see also lice and lice control; typhus and lack of investment in, 10, 161, public laundries, 131–2, 135, 144–9 342–3 structural reasons for, 343–53 quarantine, 151 see also sanitation; sewerage and sewage removal; water pollution; water railways, 78, 84, 92, 109, 349 supply and impact of 1947 famine on railway sanitation, 2 workers, 215 and adequacy of diet, 6 as vector for spread of epidemics, 130–1, and infant mortality, 6, 7, 64–5 151–2, 160 and susceptibility to disease, 6 hospitals, 321 (n. 94) in nineteenth- and early twentieth- public health measures on, 14, 130–1, 146, century Europe, 22–7 147, 152–3, 154, 155, 158, 159, 319 lack of in twenty-first century, 22 trade schools (ZhU), 131 (n. 5) see also sanitary reform; sewerage and wildcat strikes on, 56 sewage removal workers’ complaints over poor state of scarlet fever, 153, 260, 262, 277, 293, bathhouses on, 143 294 (Tab. 5.9), 313, 318 (n. 91) Rakovsky, Khristian, 347 (n. 8), 348 Scrimshaw, Nevin, 208 rationing self-negating growth (waste), 20–1 during First Five-Year Plan, 168 as driving force of Soviet economy, during World War II, 19–20, 169–73 125–6, 347–53 end of (December 1947), 56 Serov iron and steel factory, 99 in postwar period, 4–5, 165–6 Sevastopol’, 11 residence permits, 53–4 (n. 75) sewage farms, 59 Revda metallurgical factory, 97 sewerage and sewage removal, 19, 337–8 Rikman, O. A., 279 and contamination of water supplies, see river pollution, see water pollution water supply Rostov-on-Don, 11 before World War II, 28–9 Rulon factory, Dzerzhinsk, 78 during late Stalin period, 29–31, 47–8, Russian Revolution (1917), 167 49–58

376 Index

sewerage and sewage removal (cont.) State Planning Commission (Gosplan), 10, during World War II, 28–9, 48–9, 17, 342, 352 113–14, 170 conflict with State Sanitary Inspectorate in Chelyabinsk, 41–2, 49 over anti-pollution legislation, in Chelyabinsk oblast’, 46, 52 116–17 in Gor’kii, 37–8, 53 refusal to fund construction of water and in Gor’kii oblast’, 44–6, 53, 54 waste treatment facilities, 122 in Ivanovo, 54, 55 State Sanitary Inspectorate (GSI), xvii, 2 in Kazan’, 48, 55 conflict with Gosplan over anti-pollution in Kemerovo oblast’, 52, 57 legislation, 116–17 in Kuibyshev, 49, 53, 54, 56, 90 reports of as historical documents, 13, 187 in Molotov, 39–40, 54, 55 organization and duties of, 14–15 in Molotov oblast’, 47, 52–3 see also State Sanitary Inspectors in Moscow, 33–5, 49, 50–8 State Sanitary Inspectors, 2, 9, 18, 19, in Moscow oblast’, 43–4, 52 319 (n. 92) in nineteenth-century Europe, 26–7 lack of enforcement powers of, 10, in Sverdlovsk, 49 122–3, 342 in Sverdlovsk oblast’, 46, 47 organization of cleanup campaigns by, 94 in Victorian Glasgow, 53 unwillingness of to confront factory in Yaroslavl’, 35–6, 55 managers, 120 inhibited by lack of funds, 38, 44, 46, working conditions and status of, 15–17 56, 161 see also State Sanitary Inspectorate see also anti-pollution legislation; sanitary Statistical Administration (SU) of the reform; sanitation; water and waste RSFSR, 12, 15, 254, 292 (n. 50) treatment statistical data Shanghai, xvi, xvii doctors’ protests against excessive secrecy Shapiro, Ann-Louise, 9, 24 of, 18 Shchelkovo chemical combine, 76 methodological problems of, 17–18 shock workers, 267 Stein, Zena, 223, 224 soap shortage, 6, 19, 58, 59, 136–7, 141, strikes, 56 331, 339 sugar consumption, 230–4 (Tab. 4.14 and social inequality, see class Fig. 4.4), 238–9 (n. 119) Spain, infant mortality in, 256 (Tab. 5.1), Sverdlovsk 257, 258 (Tab. 5.2) bathhouses in, 139 (Tab. 3.1) Sredne-Ural’sk copper smelting cleanup campaigns in, 61 factory, 97 diet of workers in, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 Stakhanovism, 267 (Tab. 4.5), 192 (Fig. 4.1d), 196 Stalin factory, Sverdlovsk, 215 (Fig. 4.2d), 206 (Tab. 4.7), 208, Stalingrad, 11 227 (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. 4.13), standard of living 236 (Tab. 4.15), 239, 240, 242 in Victorian Britain, 3–4 (Tab. 4.16), 248 (Tab. 4.19) in USSR, 4–6 infant mortality in, 175–6 (Tab. 4.3), need to broaden conceptualization of, 3, 6 179, 210, 271 (Tab. 5.5), 274 (Fig. starvation and malnutrition, 20, 128, 166, 5.2d), 283 (Tab. 5.7), 288 (Fig. 180 (n. 33), 186, 197, 198, 200 5.3d), 290, 291 (Tab. 5.8), 303 (Tab. (Tab. 4.6), 209, 224, 239, 240, 265, 5.10), 306 (Fig. 5.4e), 308, 321–3, 267 (n. 18), 268, 280, 294 (n. 54), 328 (Tab. 5.13), 332 (Fig. 5.8d) 323, 331 mortality in during World War II, 174 diagnosis and treatment of, 181–3 (Tab. 4.2), 175–6 (Tab. 4.3), 177, during famine of 1946–1947, 164–5, 166, 179 169, 210–12, 215–23, 293, 294 public laundries in, 147 (Tab. 5.9) sewage and waste removal in, 49 during World War II, 168, 179–83 starvation in during World War II, influence of urban environment on, 6 180–3 see also diet and nutrition water supply in, 92–3

Index 377

Sverdlovsk 44 uranium enrichment plant, typhus Novoural’sk (Sverdlovsk oblast’), 99 causesandmethodsoftransmissionof, 128 Sverdlovsk Institute of Labor Hygiene and during 1947 famine, 6, 128, 131, 149–50, Occupational Disease, 180 ff 156–8, 161, 222–3 Sverdlovsk linen spinning factory, 109 during World War II, 158, 318 (Tab. 2.1) in Ireland, 128 Sverdlovsk oblast’ increased risk of due to use of prison and bathhouses in, 135–6 indentured labor, 19, 130–1, 152, diet of workers and peasants in, 189 154–6, 158–61, 339 (Tab. 4.4), 190 (Tab. 4.5), 192 public health measures against, 129–32, (Fig. 4.1d), 196 (Fig. 4.2d), 206 148, 149–56, 158–61, 222, 339 (Tab. 4.7), 208, 227 (Tab. 4.12), 228 role of women in curbing, 129–30 (Tab. 4.13), 236 (Tab. 4.15), 240, see also bathhouses; lice and lice control 242 (Tab. 4.16), 248 (Tab. 4.19) infant mortality in, 271 (Tab. 5.5), 274 Ufa, infant mortality in, 210, 284 (Tab. (Fig. 5.2d), 276, 283 (Tab. 5.7), 288 5.7), 290, 292 (Tab. 5.8) (Fig. 5.3d), 290, 291 (Tab. 5.8), 302, see also Bashkiriya 303 (Tab. 5.10), 306 (Fig. 5.4e), 328 Ukraine, 185, 239, 294 (n. 54) (Tab. 5.13), 329, 332 (Fig. 5.8d) administration of anti-typhus vaccines mortality in during 1947 famine, 209 in, 129 sewage and waste removal in, 46, 47 and 1932–1933 famine, 168 water supplies in, 97–9 deportees from, 155 German occupation of, 163 Tagilstroi construction organization, 123 mortality in during 1947 famine, 164, Tatariya 209, 218 (n. 93), 340 diet of peasants in, 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 postwar reconstruction of, 11 (Tab. 4.5), 192 (Fig. 4.1c), 195 re-evacuation to after World War II, 154 (Fig. 4.2c), 206 (Tab. 4.7), 227 typhus in, 156, 157 (Tab. 3.2) (Tab. 4.12), 228 (Tab. 4.13), 236 water supplies and water pollution in, 71, (Tab. 4.15), 240, 242 (Tab. 4.16), 114, 115 (Tab. 2.2), 121, 124–5 248 (Tab. 4.19) Uralmash heavy engineering factory, infant mortality in, 271 (Tab. 5.5), 273 Sverdlovsk, 92, 110 (Tab. 2.1), 215 (Fig. 5.2c), 276, 283 (Tab. 5.7), 287 Urals Chemical Engineering Factory (Fig. 5.3c), 290, 291 (Tab. 5.8), 302, (Uralkhimmashzavod), 303 (Tab. 5.10), 328 (Tab. 5.13), Sverdlovsk, 92 329, 331 (Fig. 5.8c) Urals Stalin motor vehicle works, Miass see also Kazan’ (Chelyabinsk oblast’), 103–4 Tevosyan, I. F., 103 (n. 76) Titmuss, Richard, 132 (n. 6) vaccines and vaccinations trade schools (RU and ZhU), see Labor against childhood infections, 281–2 Reserve system against dysentery, 161 (n. 72) trade unions, 166, 187, 215, 353 against typhoid fever, 160 Tret’yakov, A., 61 (n. 99) against typhus, 129, 158, 222, 332 Troesken, Werner, 7 and use of human immune serum against TsSU, see Central Statistical Administration measles, 153, 277–8 tuberculosis, 6, 18, 46, 101, 173, 174, 180, Verbitskaya, O. M., 276 184–5 (n. 41), 216 (Tab. 4.9), 217–18, Verkh-Isetskii iron and steel works, 219, 220 (Tab. 4.10), 221–2, 262, 280 109 (Tab. 2.1) (n. 38), 294 (Tab. 5.9), 297, 313, 332 Verkhne-Ural’sk iron and steel works, Turgoyakskoe ore mine administration, Sverdlovsk oblast’, 155 Miass (Chelyabinsk oblast’), 104 Verkhnii Ufalei iron and steel typhoid fever, 60 factory, 104 during World War II, 318 Verkhnii Ufalei nickel factory, 104 from contaminated water supply, 75, 86, Vyksa iron and steel works (Gor’kii oblast’), 88, 101, 102 (n. 75), 104 81–2

378 Index

wages of Izh River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) in USSR, 4 of Kal’mius River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) in Victorian Britain, 3 of Kama River, 91, 94, 115 (Tab. 2.2) of low-paid workers, 186 of Kazanka River, 107 Warsaw ghetto, 280 (n. 36) of Klyaz’ma River, 76, 108, 111, 115 washing machines, domestic ownership of, (Tab. 2.2) 144–6 of Kotorosl’ River, 84 waste (economic category), see self-negating of Krynka River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) growth of Kuban River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) waste removal, see sewerage and sewage of Lopan’ River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) removal of Lugan’ River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) water and waste treatment, 69–70, 71, 104 of Miass River, 41, 42 and non-enforcement of anti-pollution of Mius River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) legislation, 120, 122–3 of Moscow River, 34, 74–6, 115 (Tab. 2.2) and planlessness of Stalinist system, of Moscow–Volga Canal, 72, 115 111–13, 124 (Tab. 2.2) economic obstacles to providing, 121 of Neiva River, 99, 115 (Tab. 2.2) factory and ministerial resistance to of Northern Donets River, 108, providing, 100–1, 102–3 (n. 76), 115 (Tab. 2.2) 103, 111, 119–20 of Northern Dvina River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) ﬁnancial disincentives to provide, 120, of Ob’ River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) 122, 123–4 of Oka River, 38, 45, 76, 77, 80, 82, 108, inadequacy of, 84–6, 90, 104 115 (Tab. 2.2) lack of funding for, 79, 109–10 of Salar River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) (Tab. 2.1), 111 of Sos’va River, 98–9 shortages of chemicals and equipment for, of Tagil River, 91, 98, 115 (Tab. 2.2) 2, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 98, 114 of Tavda River, 99, 115 (Tab. 2.2) slow construction of facilities for, 82, 96, of Tesha River, 79 97, 108, 109–10 (Tab. 2.1), 111–12 of Tom’ River, 91, 96, 108, 115 (Tab. 2.2) see also anti-pollution legislation of Torets River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) water pollution, 19, 338–9 of Tur’ya River, 98 and theory of maximum allowable of Ufalei River, 104 concentrations of toxins, 118 of Ural River, 91, 102, 115 (Tab. 2.2) and theory of “self-cleaning,” 80, of Uvod River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) 118–19 of Vol River, 81 during late Stalin period, 31, 34, 44, 69, of Volga River, 38, 44, 77, 80–2, 83–4, 70, 114–16 and Tab. 2.2 91, 107, 115 (Tab. 2.2) during prewar period, 107–8 of Vyatka River, 108 during World War II, 28 of Yauza River, 74 in nineteenth-century Britain and see also anti-pollution legislation Europe, 26–7, 108 (n. 85) water supply, 6, 338 of Ai River, 103 and domestic labor, 68–9, 145–6 of Azov Sea, 115 (Tab. 2.2) during late Stalin period, 67–72 of Baltic Sea, 115 (Tab. 2.2) health hazards from, 2, 19, 60, 69–70, of Black Sea, 115 (Tab. 2.2) 85–7, 88, 90, 95, 101, 102, 104 of Chirchik River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) in Chelyabinsk, 93–4 of Chusovaya River, 91, 93, 97–8, 100, in Chelyabinsk oblast’, 101–4 115 (Tab. 2.2) in Gor’kii, 76–7 of Dnepr River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) in Gor’kii oblast’, 77–80 of Dno River, 108 in Ivanovo and Ivanovo oblast’, 85–6 of Generalka River, 104 in Kazan’, 87–9 of Guslanka River, 76 in Kemerovo oblast’ (Kuzbass), 96–7 of Irtish River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) in Kuibyshev, 89–91 of Iset’ River, 91, 98, 115 (Tab. 2.2) in Molotov, 94–6 of Ishim River, 115 (Tab. 2.2) in Molotov oblast’, 99–101

Index 379

in Moscow and Moscow oblast’, 72–6 Yanowitch, Murray, 266 (n. 16) in nineteenth-century Europe, Yaroslavl’ 66–7, 68 bathhouses in, 134, 136, 138 (Tab. 3.1) in pre- and postwar Ukraine, 71–2 diet of workers in (also Yaroslavl’ oblast’), in Sverdlovsk, 92–3 189 (Tab. 4.4), 190 (Tab. 4.5), 191 in Sverdlovsk oblast’, 97–9 (Fig. 4.1b), 194 (Fig. 4.2b), 206 in Urals, 92 (Tab. 4.7), 227 (Tab. 4.12), 228 in Yaroslavl’, 83–5 (Tab. 4.13), 236 (Tab. 4.15), 240, lack of funding for, 86, 161 242 (Tab. 4.16), 248 (Tab. 4.19) see also water pollution; water and waste housing in, 35–6 treatment infant mortality in (also Yaroslavl’ Watterson, P. A., 262 oblast’), 210, 273 (Fig. 5.2b), 276, Wells, Samuel, 180 (n. 33) 283 (Tab. 5.7), 287 (Fig. 5.3b), 290, Wheatcroft, Stephen, 167, 184 (n. 40), 204 291 (Tab. 5.8), 292, 302, 303 (n. 66), 226 (Tab. 5.10), 328 (Tab. 5.13), 329, whooping cough, 260, 277, 293, 294 330 (Fig. 5.8b) (Tab. 5.9), 313 sewage and waste removal in, 35–6 Williams, Naomi, 261 water supply in, 83–5 Wohl, Anthony, 23, 132, 234 Yaroslavl’ motor vehicle works, 110 Wolfson, Ze’ev, 106 (Tab. 2.1) women Yaroslavl’ oblast’ and domestic labor, 129–30, 144, bathhouses in, 139 (Tab. 3.1) 148–9 cleanup campaigns in, 62 working conditions of, 145, 146 see also Yaroslavl’ Woods, R. I., 262 young workers, 136 Woodward, J. H., 262 health of, 15, 129, 177, 184 (n. 40), 203, workers and working class, xvii, xviii, 215–16, 268, 339 3, 15 poverty of, 186, 215, 224 and class conﬂict under Stalinism, 345–7, 351, 353 Za blagoustroistvo (local newspaper, geographical distribution of, 12–13 Sverdlovsk), 61 in nineteenth-century Europe, 8–9, Zavodstroi construction organization, 22–7 Dzerzhinsk, 78 wages and living standards of, 4–6, 19–20, Zhdanov factory, Pavlovo 165–6, 168–73, 186, 205 (Gor’kii oblast’), 78 see also bathhouses; diet and nutrition; Zima, V. F., xviii, 219 (n. 93) infant mortality; mortality; personal Zlatoust, infant mortality in, 210, 284 hygiene; sewerage and sewage (Tab. 5.7), 290, 292 (Tab. 5.8), 301 removal; water supply; individual Zlatoust iron and steel factory, 103 cities and oblasti Zubkova, Elena, xviii working week, lengthened during World Zyuzel’skie copper mines, Sverdlovsk War II, 179 oblast’, 110 (Tab. 2.1)