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The Roots of the Cretan Polis. Surface Evidence for the History of Large Settlements in Central Crete

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The Roots of the Cretan Polis. Surface Evidence for the History of Large Settlements in Central Crete https://publications.dainst.org iDAI.publications ELEKTRONISCHE PUBLIKATIONEN DES DEUTSCHEN ARCHÄOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTS Dies ist ein digitaler Sonderdruck des Beitrags / This is a digital offprint of the article Saro Wallace The Roots of the Cretan Polis. Surface Evidence for the History of Large Settlements in Central Crete aus / from Archäologischer Anzeiger Ausgabe / Issue 1 • 2010 Seite / Page 13–90 https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa/64/4811 • urn:nbn:de:0048-journals.aa-2010-1-p13-90-v4811.6 Verantwortliche Redaktion / Publishing editor Redaktion der Zentrale | Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Weitere Informationen unter / For further information see https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa ISSN der Online-Ausgabe / ISSN of the online edition 2510-4713 Verlag / Publisher Hirmer Verlag GmbH, München ©2017 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Zentrale, Podbielskiallee 69–71, 14195 Berlin, Tel: +49 30 187711-0 Email: [email protected] / Web: dainst.org Nutzungsbedingungen: Mit dem Herunterladen erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen (https://publications.dainst.org/terms-of-use) von iDAI.publications an. 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Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Saro Wallace The Roots of the Cretan Polis Surface Evidence for the History of Large Settlements in Central Crete Part 1: Introduction – The Background of Research – Chronology Introduction The issues of how Archaic to Classical Cretan states formed, and why they took such an unusual form (numerous and densely-packed; conflict-ridden; conservative; oligarchically structured) remain greatly under-researched1. Text sources relating to the states’ early development and structure are sparse. Only recently has interest grown in undertaking large-scale, modern, and systematic archaeological research on the large sites which formed the spine of Crete’s settlement pattern, and the centres of state territories, by the seventh century BC2. Despite these advances, if we wish properly to understand the state development process in terms of its cultural and historical drivers and context (and to highlight and explore its sub-regional trajectories) we need to look at a much broader range of sites than the few so far targeted. This paper uses surface pottery collected by scholars from the British School at Athens in the 1930s–1960s at a number of large unexcavated settlements in central Crete, together with new observations made during more recent visits to these sites and to other contemporary sites in the island, to develop and enrich existing narratives of large polity emergence and expansion in the island during the Early Iron Age (EIA: c. 1200–700 BC) through Archaic (A: 700–480 BC) This paper is dedicated to the memory Research Grant, by a grant from the year that Geometric deposits were dis- of Professor Nicolas Coldstream, whose Mediterranean Archaeological Trust, covered; I thank Anna Lucia D’Agata uniquely wide- ranging, systematic, and and by a 2-year postdoctoral fellowship and Metaxia Tsipopoulou respectively energetic research on Greek Iron Age from the Leverhulme Trust. Documen- for allowing me to take part. Among pottery provides an essential ground- tation of the pottery was assisted by the scholars particularly helpful in sharing ing for this work. The way in which he INSTAP Study Team. I thank in par- their expertise on EIA – Archaic pot- continued his research until the very ticular Douglas Faulmann, who made tery were Leslie Day, Donald Haggis, end of his life without any deteriora- and inked many drawings with his cus- Peggy Mook, and Krzysztof Nowicki. tion in its quality or ambition – mak- tomary good humour. Kostas Pascha- Emanuela Santaniello kindly showed ing incisive new analyses of the data as lidis also undertook a great deal of ink- me around her new excavations at Prof- well as publishing it in primary form – ing work. Nicolas Coldstream gave itis Elias, Gortyn, and Lena Sjögren vis- offers an outstanding model of scholar- permission for me to study the North ited some of the sites here with me in ship for my own generation of scholars. Cemetery assemblage, and Hugh Sack- 2002, resulting in many interesting dis- I thank Sinclair Hood for permission ett the Unexplored Mansion assem- cussions. Peter Callaghan kindly cast an to study the material collected by his blage (both held in the Stratigraphical eye over Classical and Hellenistic sherds field teams in the 1950s–60s, and the Museum) as bases for comparison with from the collections I studied. BSA for allowing me to use the Strati- the material presented here. My oppor- 1 Erickson 2004; Lemos 2002, 1; graphical Museum facilities at Knos- tunity to work for a season on the site, Morris 1997, 100; Perlman 2000, sos to study this material (and that col- and with the pottery, at Thronos Kefala Wallace in press a. lected by John Pendlebury during the in 2002 proved extremely helpful, as 2 e. g. D’Agata 2002; Haggis et al. 1930s) in 2002–2003. The fieldwork did my participation in the Monasti- 2004; Haggis et al. 2007 a; Haggis et al. was funded by a British Academy Small raki Chalasmeno excavations in the 2007 b; Whitley in prep. AA 2010/1, 13–90 14 Saro Wallace periods. Though one would not normally expect surface assemblages to offer the best insight into ceramic development, Cretan settlement pottery of the Protogeometric (PG: c. 1000–800 BC) to Archaic periods has seen such lim- ited study that a significantly improved under standing of fabrics, technology and shapes can be built up, and light thrown on chronology, by comparing surface material with the few excavated assemblages. Sub-regional distinc- tions in all these aspects, as well as broad interregional similarities, can be noted. They suggest that even while these large sites formed part of the same broad cultural and political network, the production of material culture in this period was adapted to fit local resources, construct group identities, and serve specific kinds of consumer demand. The brief macroscopic studies of fabrics undertaken here enhance and extend inferences drawn from stylistic and chronological analysis, and pave the way for more systematic, targeted fabric studies (including petrographic analysis) on both excavated and sur- face assemblages. The paper aims to contextualise the data it presents with regard to regional models of settlement change, and their implications for social and political change, during this period. Central Cretan settlement is particu- larly under-researched for this period, yet developments in this large region must have had major implications for the history of the island as a whole: it contained the main concentration of prime arable, the best harbours and coastal access, and the core population mass. Continuity of use from the Late Bronze Age (LBA) right through the Early Iron Age at the former palatial sites of Knossos and Phaistos has long been known, and aspects of the EIA record at each site have been studied in some depth3. Many ancient literary and inscriptional sources relating to Cretan states make reference to, or originate in, the central region4. What we still lack is the structured investi gation of developments in the wider central Cretan landscape of this period – of which Knossos and Phaistos are in many respects unrepresenta- tive. Though a few other (more typical) large EIA – Classical sites in the region have been excavated as part of long-term projects started in the early twentieth century (Afrati Profitis Elias [Arkades]), Gortyn, Prinias), the results for the relevant periods are still only patchily published, derive from the use of basic, often outdated, excavation methods, and have not yet been fully analysed in a wide-ranging contextual perspective5. Nor has the cen- tral region yet been extensively surveyed. The Western Mesara and Lasithi surveys covered only small (though contrasting) parts of it 6. A recent survey project covering the north-eastern part of the region (the Pediada Survey) has as yet produced no primary publication of data for the EIA –
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