DE LA SÉRIALITÉ À LA SÉRIE TÉLÉVISÉE FANTASTIQUE Enjeux Et Réappropriation D'un Genre

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DE LA SÉRIALITÉ À LA SÉRIE TÉLÉVISÉE FANTASTIQUE Enjeux Et Réappropriation D'un Genre UNIVERSITÉ SORBONNE NOUVELLE – PARIS 3 ED 267 – Arts & Médias EA 185-IRCAV Thèse de doctorat en cinéma Mathieu PIERRE DE LA SÉRIALITÉ À LA SÉRIE TÉLÉVISÉE FANTASTIQUE Enjeux et réappropriation d'un genre Thèse dirigée par Madame Giusy PISANO Soutenue le 29 janvier 2016 Jury Marta Boni (Professeure-Adjointe, Université de Montréal) : examinatrice Isabelle Casta (PR, Université D'Artois) : rapporteur Réjane Hamus-Vallée (MCH-HDR, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne ) : rapporteur François Jost (PR, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3) : examinateur Giusy Pisano (PR, ENS Louis-Lumière) : directrice 1 2 Résumé La recherche universitaire sur les séries télévisées en France est relativement récente. Depuis plusieurs années, on peut remarquer que les séries ont acquis peu à peu une certaine forme de légitimité qui tend à se manifester à travers la manière dont le public les aborde. Le postulat de base lorsque l'on aborde la série télévisée est qu'elle serait un sous-genre du cinéma. Elle s'en démarquerait par son format particulier, son aspect feuilletonnesque permettant au spectateur de suivre une histoire sur du long terme, tout en s'identifiant plus facilement aux personnages dont il va suivre les pérégrinations pendant des semaines, voire des années. Pourtant si elle possède les marques du cinéma, ses références ainsi qu'un mode semblable de création et de production, elle est également à rapprocher de tous les avatars de la sérialité qui l'ont précédé (roman-feuilleton, radio- drama, etc.). Des budgets de plus en plus conséquents sont alloués à la création de séries aux États-Unis et l'on confie ces projets à des réalisateurs soucieux de se démarquer et de donner une profondeur à leur travail à travers des sujets les plus originaux possibles. On a pu voir alors depuis les années 90, la qualité de la série télévisée américaine s'imposer sur les autres et se développer à travers une myriade de thèmes différents. Comme pour les autres médias, nous désignons les séries à travers le prisme de la catégorie générique. La notion de genre, qu'elle soit littéraire, cinématographique ou autre, est très difficile à appréhender et à définir. C'est dans la continuité de ces recherches que j'envisage une étude approfondie du médium sériel dans laquelle il conviendrait de se demander si à travers cette notion du genre, la série télévisée américaine n'a fait que réemployer les outils qui étaient à sa disposition ou si, comme les autres arts, elle s'est construite à travers eux, se les appropriant et leur donnant de nouvelles formes. Il s'agit en réalité d'une défense de la série télévisée en tant que médium possédant ses propres codes esthétiques. Il faut alors pour cela choisir un genre connu pour ses formes, ses codes et ses mythes. En cela, le fantastique me semble parfaitement approprié à une étude de cette ampleur. En effet, le fantastique et plus précisément l'apparition du surnaturel est présent depuis toujours dans la culture populaire à travers la littérature, les arts plastiques et picturaux, la musique et le cinéma. Il est donc légitime que la série télévisée se soit appropriée ses thèmes et son imagerie. En partant de réflexions théoriques sur l'étude des formes narratives génériques comme celle de Todorov par exemple il sera possible de bâtir le point de départ de notre démarche. Afin de donner une profondeur au sujet et de pouvoir mener une étude concrète, il sera nécessaire de poursuivre cette réflexion sur le seul terrain de la série fictionnelle américaine contemporaine. Il conviendra alors d'étudier à travers des exemples relativement larges 3 (True Blood, Angel, American Horror Story, Buffy, Charmed, Pushing Daisies, Medium, Supernatural, Game of Thrones, The Walking Dead, Teen Wolf, etc.) la manière dont la série américaine traite des thèmes, des figures et des mythes propres au fantastique. Mots clés : séries, télévision, fantastique, radio, cinéma, théâtre, intermédialité 4 Abstract Serial studies in France are relatively recent. But for several years, we can see that the series have gradually acquired some form of legitimacy that tends to manifest itself through the way the public addresses to it. The basic premise when we approach the television series is that it would be a cinema subgenre. It would be different by its format, its “feuilletonnesque” appearance allowing the viewer to follow a story in the long term, while more easily identify himself with the characters he will follow the peregrinations for weeks or even years. Yet if it has the film marks, references and a similar mode of creation and production, it is also close to all the avatars of seriality that preceded (serial novel, radio drama, etc.). More and more budget is allocated to the creation of series in the United States and we entrust these projects to directors eager to stand and give a depth to their work through the most original topics. Then we have seen since the 90's, the quality of the American television series win over others and develop through a myriad of different themes. As other medias, we mean the series through the prism of the generic category. The notion of genre, whether in literature, cinema or otherwise, is very difficult to understand and define. This is a continuation of this research I plan a thorough study of the serial medium in which it would be appropriate to wonder if through this notion of gender, the American television series has only re-employ the tools that were available or if, like the other arts, it has been built through them, appropriating them and giving them new forms. This is actually a defense of the TV series as a medium with its own aesthetic codes. It is then necessary to choose a genre known for its shapes, its codes and myths. In this case, fantasy seems perfectly suitable for a study of this magnitude. Indeed, the fantastic and specifically the appearance of the supernatural is always present in popular culture through literature, visual and pictorial arts, music and film. It is therefore legitimate that the TV series will appropriate its themes and imagery. Starting from theoretical considerations of the study generic narrative forms like Todorov, for example, it will be possible to build the starting point of our thinking. To give depth to the subject and to take concrete study, it will be necessary to continue to reflect on the sole field of contemporary American fiction series. It should be studied through relatively broad examples (True Blood, Angel, American Horror Story, Buffy, Charmed, Pushing Daisies, Medium, Supernatural, Game of Thrones, The Walking Dead, Teen Wolf, etc.) of how the American series deals with themes, figures and myths to the fantastic. Keywords : series, television, fantastic, radio, cinema, theatre, intermediality 5 Remerciements Je tiens tout d'abord à remercier ma directrice de thèse, Giusy Pisano, de m'avoir suivi pendant ces quelques années ainsi que pour ses précieux conseils. Je souhaite remercier également l'Université Paris 3 – La Sorbonne Nouvelle, ainsi que les membres de l'école doctorale Arts & Médias, tout comme chacun des membres du jury : Marta Boni, Isabelle Casta, Réjane Hamus- Vallée et François Jost. Enfin, j'insiste sur le soutien et l'investissement que m'a accordé mon entourage : merci à ma famille, Ivan Berquiez, Nicolas Decherf, Marianne Delcourte, Dalila El Bouazzati, Jérôme Élias, Gabriel Gaudette, Alexis Gautier, Alexandre Haslin, Michel Jocaille, Amandine Laczewny, Hortense Lagrange, Laurent Mastorgio, Amaury Messelier, Vanessa Monsigny, Céline et Charlotte Pierre, Adélaïde Pitel et Marie Servien. 6 Introduction « Il y a un avant et un après Buffy, la série constituant une étape majeure dans la diffusion d'une culture de l'imaginaire populaire auprès d'un public plus large, plus jeune, débordant un ghetto nerd ou geek1 ». En réalité, c'est bien sur toute la période des années 1990 que la télévision américaine semble entamer sa lente mutation. Suite aux avancées technologiques, économiques et idéologiques des décennies précédentes, le paysage audiovisuel américain s'en retrouve profondément altéré. Les grandes chaînes principales (les networks : ABC, CBS et NBC) sont en concurrence face à la naissance de nouveaux réseaux tels que la Fox et les chaines câblées. Pour faire face à des audiences en baisse, elles se doivent d'examiner des solutions viables permettant de conserver leur domination sur la télévision américaine. Leur salut viendra principalement de la production d'oeuvres créées spécifiquement pour le format télévisuel : les séries. Fortement traitées par la recherche anglo-saxonne, les séries ont été « boudées » en France pendant plusieurs décennies. Pourtant, avec l'appui de plusieurs chercheurs, celles-ci commencent à être perçues comme des objets dignes de l'analyse universitaire. Les premières approches se sont tout d'abord faites par le biais de la sociologie et s'éloignent de beaucoup de ce qui peut être réalisé aux USA. David Buxton, sociologue spécialiste des médias et plus particulièrement de la série télévisée, se considère lui-même comme le premier chercheur français à traiter des séries 2. Vingt ans après son premier ouvrage, il publie Les séries télévisées. Formes, idéologies et mode de production3 dans lequel il tente d'observer ce qui a changé dans le médium. Il constate l'émergence de la série feuilletonnante, forme hybride entre les séries et le serial. Il remarque également qu'à présent il n'est plus possible d'étudier les épisodes des séries indépendamment les uns des autres et qu'il est nécessaire de les envisager dans l'intégralité de l'oeuvre. Ce qui, nous le précisons, reste problématique, tant la masse narrative peut être étendue. Pourtant, la réflexion que nous entendons établir ici tentera de démontrer que cela reste envisageable. Buxton affirme également qu'il n'y a pas de mise à distance temporelle entre la diffusion de l'oeuvre et son analyse, c'est-à-dire qu'il préconise d'attendre quelque temps avant de parler d'une série.
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